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searchaux" style="display:none">Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>C16orf90</b> or <b>chromosome 16 open reading frame 90</b> produces uncharacterized protein C16orf90 in homo sapiens.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Nucleotide_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Nucleotide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C16orf90's protein has four predicted alpha-helix domains<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is mildly expressed in the testes<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lowly expressed throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the function of C16orf90 is not yet well understood by the scientific community, it has suspected involvement in the biological stress response and <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> based on expression data from microarrays<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and post-translational modification data.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg/220px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg/330px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg/440px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption>Chromosome 16</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gene">Gene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C16orf90 or Chromosome 16 open reading frame 90 has no aliases<sup id="cite_ref-:10_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spans 3169 nucleotides from 3,493,484 - 3,496,652 on the short arm of chromosome 16.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located in position 16p13.3 on the reverse strand.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Nucleotide_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Nucleotide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 3 exons and the mRNA strand contains 972 base pairs. The C16orf90 protein is 182 amino acids in length.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exons">Exons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C16orf90 contains 3 exon regions and 2 intron regions. The exon boundaries occur between amino acids 30 & 31 and 147 & 148.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first exon is poorly conserved, but exons 2 & 3 are highly conserved.<sup id="cite_ref-Clustal-O_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clustal-O-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C16orf90_marked_on_chromosome_16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/C16orf90_marked_on_chromosome_16.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="570" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>C16orf90 marked on chromosome 16 at 16p13.3</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein">Protein</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C16orf90 has a molecular weight of 21 kDa and an alkaline isoelectric point of 9.2.<sup id="cite_ref-pI/Mw_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pI/Mw-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a soluble protein.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcripts">Transcripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transcripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 3 isoforms of C16orf90.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Nucleotide_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Nucleotide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are uncharacterized protein C16orf90 isoform a (197aa) producing all 3 exons, uncharacterized protein C16orf90 isoform b (175aa) producing the 2nd and 3rd exons, and uncharacterized protein C16orf90 isoform c (95aa) producing the last 95 amino acids of C16orf90.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Nucleotide_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Nucleotide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expression">Expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C16orf90 has relatively high tissue expression in the testes<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and very low (0.213) expression in all other tissues<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in healthy humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under stressful conditions, C16orf90 appears upregulated in graphs found at NCBI Geo.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcellular_location">Subcellular location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subcellular location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nucleus is the most likely home of C16orf90's produced protein<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is not a transmembrane protein.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results were verified by comparing the results of the homologous mouse and dolphin C16orf90 proteins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_structure">Secondary structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Secondary structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="mRNA">mRNA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: mRNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mRNA secondary structure found by RNAfold appeared to show medium to high affinity for the structure produced with stem-loop and hairpin turns. Only two areas indicated a low probability for the secondary structure produced.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protein_2">Protein</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C16orf90's protein contains 4 alpha helices<sup id="cite_ref-:8_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no beta-sheets with coiled-coils likely connecting the helices.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These helices are approximately equally spaced across the protein.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nuclear localization signal<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was identified as well as four alpha-helix domains<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which help determine C16orf90s secondary structure. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UpdatedProteinMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/UpdatedProteinMap.png/280px-UpdatedProteinMap.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/UpdatedProteinMap.png 1.5x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="40" /></a><figcaption>C16orf90 gene schematic<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_structure">Tertiary structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tertiary structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C16orf90's tertiary structure includes linear<sup id="cite_ref-:9_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alpha-helices separated by a disordered or coiled-coil region.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promoter">Promoter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Promoter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using the Genomatix<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tool Gene2Promoter, C16orf90 was found to have 4 possible promoter sequences. The promoter set 3, GXP_644807, is the promoter for the reverse strand because it contained the most CAGE tags, aligned on the 5' end of the gene and contained the correct GeneID. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protein_level_regulation">Protein level regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protein level regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>nuclear localization signal (NLS)</b> at the C-terminus of the protein from 173-197 supports the subcellular localization prediction.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_translational_modifications">Post translational modifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post translational modifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation" title="Protein phosphorylation">Phosphorylation</a> </b>occurs at many amino acids on C16orf90.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red markers on the protein schematic indicate likely phosphorylation sites. NetPhos, a phosphorylation site predictor, returned many sites including amino acids 16, 34, 56, 63, 67, 86, 130, 144, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 165, 167, 174, 177, 189, and 191.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>CTCF binding site</b> (CCCTC-binding factor) is an 11-zinc finger transcription factor that generally represses transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is one indicated location for this binding site on the C16orf90 protein<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its effects could contribute to C16orf90's low expression levels. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/O-GlcNAc" title="O-GlcNAc">O-GlcNAc</a> sites</b> inhibit phosphorylation. C16orf90 has two serine amino acids that are home to potential O-GlcNAc sites at 34 & 144.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O-GlcNAc sites compete with phosphorylation for control of the protein’s activation site so in C16orf90 this property might inactivate the protein until a severe circumstance when the protein is needed and then can be activated. </p><p>NetGlycate<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a <a href="/wiki/Glycation" title="Glycation">glycation</a> prediction tool) found 2 lysine residues at amino acids 70 (.709) and 158 (.595) that predict <b>glycation</b> <b>sites</b>. Glycation sites add sugars to lysines post-translationally and can be necessary for protein folding or stability<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a <b>cleavage site</b> located between 172R & 173K on C16orf90's protein.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This location is also where the nuclear localization signal begins, indicating the NLS may be cleaved to possibly to remove the protein from the nucleus or when the protein requires degradation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homology_and_evolution">Homology and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Homology and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C16orf90 orthologs have a relatively high mutation rate as seen in the graph to the right comparing C16orf90 with <a href="/wiki/Fibrinopeptide" title="Fibrinopeptide">fibrinopeptides</a>, hemoglobin, and cytochrome C.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutation_rate_of_C16orf90.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mutation_rate_of_C16orf90.png/220px-Mutation_rate_of_C16orf90.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mutation_rate_of_C16orf90.png/330px-Mutation_rate_of_C16orf90.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Mutation_rate_of_C16orf90.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>The mutation rate of C16orf90 compared to <a href="/wiki/Fibrinopeptide" title="Fibrinopeptide">fibrinopeptides</a>, hemoglobin, and cytochrome c.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ortholog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortholog">orthologs</a> are sorted by increasing date of divergence and sequence similarity. C16orf90 is limited to mammals but is found in monotremes and marsupials indicating the gene entered the genome around 180 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeTree_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeTree-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><small>Genus</small> </th> <th><small>Species</small> </th> <th><small>Common name</small> </th> <th><small>Taxonomic group</small> </th> <th><small>Date of divergence (MYA)</small> </th> <th><small>Accession number</small> </th> <th><small>Sequence length (AA)</small> </th> <th><small>Sequence identity to human</small> </th> <th><small>Sequence similarity to human</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>sapiens</i></small> </td> <td><small>Humans</small> </td> <td><small>Primates</small> </td> <td><small>0.00</small> </td> <td><small>XP_024306160.1</small> </td> <td><small>197</small> </td> <td><small>100.00%</small> </td> <td><small>100.00%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Gorilla_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorilla (genus)">Gorilla</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>gorilla</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></small> </td> <td><small>Primates</small> </td> <td><small>8.6</small> </td> <td><small>XP_004057139</small> </td> <td><small>185</small> </td> <td><small>82.00%</small> </td> <td><small>82.50%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Mus_(genus)" title="Mus (genus)">Mus</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>musculus</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></small> </td> <td><small>Rodentia</small> </td> <td><small>89</small> </td> <td><small>NP_082760.2</small> </td> <td><small>171</small> </td> <td><small>63.50%</small> </td> <td><small>66.50%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>bison</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a></small> </td> <td><small>Even-Toed Ungulate</small> </td> <td><small>94</small> </td> <td><small>XP_010838682</small> </td> <td><small>186</small> </td> <td><small>65.50%</small> </td> <td><small>69.00%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>californianus</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">Sea lion</a></small> </td> <td><small>Carnivora</small> </td> <td><small>94</small> </td> <td><small>XP_027973424.1</small> </td> <td><small>185</small> </td> <td><small>65.20</small> </td> <td><small>69.10%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Canis lupus</a></i><br /></small> </td> <td><small><i>familiaris</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a></small> </td> <td><small>Carnivora</small> </td> <td><small>94</small> </td> <td><small>XP_003434913.2 </small> </td> <td><small>214</small> </td> <td><small>64.50%</small> </td> <td><small>69.60%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>caballus</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a></small> </td> <td><small>Odd-Toed ungulate</small> </td> <td><small>94</small> </td> <td><small>XP_001502184.1</small> </td> <td><small>183</small> </td> <td><small>63.70%</small> </td> <td><small>67.60%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Sorex" title="Sorex">Sorex</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>araneus</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Common_shrew" title="Common shrew">Common shrew</a></small> </td> <td><small>Soricomorphas</small> </td> <td><small>94</small> </td> <td><small>XP_004600963.1</small> </td> <td><small>320</small> </td> <td><small>63.87%</small> </td> <td><small>70.00%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i><br /></small> </td> <td><small><i>jubatus</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah</a></small> </td> <td><small>Carnivora</small> </td> <td><small>94</small> </td> <td><small>XP_026899211</small> </td> <td><small>225</small> </td> <td><small>61.90%</small> </td> <td><small>67.30%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Pteropus" title="Pteropus">Pteropus</a></i><br /></small> </td> <td><small><i>vampyrus</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Large_flying_fox" title="Large flying fox">Large flying fox</a></small> </td> <td><small>Chiroptera</small> </td> <td><small>94</small> </td> <td><small>XP_023376984.1</small> </td> <td><small>224</small> </td> <td><small>61.80%</small> </td> <td><small>64.50%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Lagenorhynchus" title="Lagenorhynchus">Lagenorhynchus</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>obliquidens</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Pacific_white-sided_dolphin" title="Pacific white-sided dolphin">Pacific white-sided dolphin</a></small> </td> <td><small>Artiodactyla</small> </td> <td><small>94</small> </td> <td><small>XP_026974160</small> </td> <td><small>192</small> </td> <td><small>54.30%</small> </td> <td><small>58.00%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Dasypus" title="Dasypus">Dasypus</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>novemcinctus</i></small> </td> <td><small>Nine-banded armadillo</small> </td> <td><small>Cingulata</small> </td> <td><small>102</small> </td> <td><small>XP_004474400.1</small> </td> <td><small>185</small> </td> <td><small>61.30%</small> </td> <td><small>67.20%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Orycteropus" title="Orycteropus">Orycteropus</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>afer</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Aardvark" title="Aardvark">Aardvark</a></small> </td> <td><small>Tubulidentata</small> </td> <td><small>102.00</small> </td> <td><small>XP_007937762.1</small> </td> <td><small>185</small> </td> <td><small>59.80%</small> </td> <td><small>65.70%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Monodelphis" class="mw-redirect" title="Monodelphis">Monodelphis</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>domestica</i></small> </td> <td><small>Gray short-tailed opossum</small> </td> <td><small>Marsupial</small> </td> <td><small>160.00</small> </td> <td><small>XP_001363889.1</small> </td> <td><small>187</small> </td> <td><small>53.80%</small> </td> <td><small>60.50%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Phascolarctos" title="Phascolarctos">Phascolarctos</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>cinereus</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">Koala</a></small> </td> <td><small>Marsupial</small> </td> <td><small>160.00</small> </td> <td><small>XP_020851162.1</small> </td> <td><small>187</small> </td> <td><small>53.10%</small> </td> <td><small>60.20%</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithorhynchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithorhynchus">Ornithorhynchus</a></i></small> </td> <td><small><i>anatinus</i></small> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">Platypus</a></small> </td> <td><small>Monotreme</small> </td> <td><small>180.00</small> </td> <td><small>XP_016082126.2</small> </td> <td><small>216</small> </td> <td><small>33.90%</small> </td> <td><small>40.40%</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In research, the sequence has been identified as containing a possible pathogenic recessive variant (K53N) for various intellectual disabilities among 31 others.<sup id="cite_ref-Research_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Research-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protein is suspected to be an adaptor/cofactor that binds to other molecules. In this case a non-homologous substitution could change binding to other molecules and potentially cause intellectual disability, inguinal hernia, frontal upsweep of hair, macrotia, high palate, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, abnormality of the cerebrum, or vitamin D deficiency<sup id="cite_ref-Research_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Research-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C16orf90&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_Nucleotide-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Nucleotide_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Nucleotide_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Nucleotide_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Nucleotide_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_024450392.1">"NCBI Nucleotide"</a>. <i>National Center of Biotechnology Information</i>. 6 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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