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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Common features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revenue_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Revenue sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary_caps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary_caps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Salary caps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary_caps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arguments_for" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arguments for</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_against" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_against"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arguments against</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_against-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Type of professional sports organization</div> <p> In sports, a <b>closed league</b> is a type of sports league where the number and identity of the teams taking part in the sports league activities does not change from year to year due to the performance of the member teams. A closed league is the opposite of leagues with <a href="/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation" title="Promotion and relegation">promotion and relegation</a> systems (often referred to as open leagues) where teams can be sent down to lower leagues if their performance is poor enough. Closed leagues are the most common form of sports leagues in North America and Australia and are also a common form of sports league in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motorsport series such as Formula one have also been described as closed leagues. Closed leagues are sometimes considered a form of sport <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation#Historical_comparisons" title="Promotion and relegation">Promotion and relegation § Historical comparisons</a></div> <p>Closed leagues developed in North America during the 19th Century because of the distances between cities, with some teams separated by half of the North American continent, resulting in high traveling costs. The <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs</a> was established in 1876, and its founders determined that they must make baseball's highest level of competition a "closed shop", with a strict limit on the number of teams, and with each member having exclusive local rights. This guarantee of a place in the league year after year would permit each club owner to monopolize fan bases in their respective exclusive territories and give them the confidence to invest in infrastructure, such as improved ballparks. This in turn would guarantee the revenues needed to support traveling across the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the shorter distances between urban areas in England allowed more clubs to develop large fan bases without incurring the same travel costs as in North America. When The Football League, now known as the <a href="/wiki/English_Football_League" title="English Football League">English Football League</a>, was founded in 1888, it was not intended to be a rival of <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a> but rather the top competition within it. The new league was not universally accepted as England's top competition right away. To help win fans of clubs outside The Football League, a system was established in which the worst teams at the end of each season would need to win re-election against any clubs wishing to join. The rival <a href="/wiki/Football_Alliance" title="Football Alliance">Football Alliance</a> was then formed in 1889. When the two merged in 1892 it was not on equal terms, with most of the Alliance clubs being put into new <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division" title="Football League Second Division">Football League Second Division</a>, whose best teams would move up to the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_First_Division" title="Football League First Division">First Division</a> in place of its worst teams. Another merger with the top division of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Football_League" title="Southern Football League">Southern League</a> in 1920 helped form the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division" title="Football League Third Division">Third Division</a> in a similar fashion, firmly establishing the principles of promotion and relegation.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_features">Common features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue_sharing">Revenue sharing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revenue sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Revenue_sharing" title="Revenue sharing">Revenue sharing</a></div> <p>Closed leagues often feature a form of revenue sharing, where forms of revenue are shared equally by all teams, regardless of team performance or a team's number of supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salary_caps">Salary caps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Salary caps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">Salary cap</a></div> <p>Closed leagues often feature salary caps in order to control labor costs and create a more level playing field among its competitors by preventing rich teams from paying the best players salaries that poorer teams cannot match. Salary caps can be "hard", in which case they cannot be circumvented, or "soft", where teams may go over the salary cap in certain cases, but may be penalized financially for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft">Draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Draft_(sports)" title="Draft (sports)">Draft (sports)</a></div> <p>Closed leagues often feature drafts to assign new talent and promote competitive parity by giving teams with good records late picks in the draft while poor performing teams benefit by having good early picks to select talent. Often, closed leagues have a draft lottery to discourage <a href="/wiki/Tanking_(sports)" title="Tanking (sports)">tanking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Closed league systems have been subject to debate over whether the system creates better and more fair competition in comparison to open leagues, and whether they are more financially viable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_for">Arguments for</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arguments for"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents for closed leagues often argue that this system leads to more financially stable and profitable teams and creates less risk for owners due to teams not needing to spend money in order to stay competitive to avoid relegation to a lower league or qualify for tournaments. The world's ten <a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_most_valuable_sports_teams" title="Forbes list of the most valuable sports teams">most valuable sports teams</a> are American teams playing in closed leagues. In addition, proponents of closed leagues also argue that the system creates more competitive balance in a sports league, because teams cannot "buy" a championship and because there is less of an imbalance between the richer and poorer teams in the league, while not impacting the skill ceiling that the league hopes to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_against">Arguments against</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arguments against"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opponents of closed leagues argue that there are more games where something is "at stake" in a promotion and relegation structure, which could increase interest in the league's games. In addition, opponents argue that a closed system leads to teams <a href="/wiki/Tanking_(sports)" title="Tanking (sports)">tanking</a> in order to receive better draft picks. Opponents also argue that a promotion and relegation system increases competition in the different levels of the sporting pyramid, which can further player development and lead to more ambitious strategies from team owners.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports_league_organization" title="Professional sports league organization">Professional sports league organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_league&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sportsbite.blog/north-american-vs-european-sports-system/">"Sports Bite | The North American vs the European Sports System"</a>. <i>SportsBite</i>. 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:League_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:League systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="League_systems_in_sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">League systems in sport</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_system" title="League system">League system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Sports league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports_league_organization" title="Professional sports league organization">Professional sports league organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(sport)" title="Division (sport)">Division (sport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation" title="Promotion and relegation">Promotion and relegation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Closed league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-closed_league" title="Semi-closed league">Semi-closed league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Football_league_systems" title="Category:Football league systems">Association<br />football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">AFC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Afghanistan#League_system" title="Football in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_soccer_league_system" title="Australian soccer league system">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Bahrain#League_system" title="Football in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_football_league_system" title="Bangladeshi football league system">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_football_league_system" title="Chinese football league system">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorense_football_league_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Timorense football league system">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Guam#League_system" title="Football in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_football_league_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong football league system">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_football_league_system" title="Indian football league system">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_football_league_system" title="Indonesian football league system">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_football_league_system" title="Iranian football league system">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_football_league_system" title="Iraqi football league system">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_association_football_league_system" title="Japanese association football league system">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_football_league_system" title="South Korean football league system">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kuwait#League_system" title="Football in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_football_league_system" title="Lebanese football league system">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Macau#League_system" title="Football in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_football_league_system" title="Malaysian football league system">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Mongolia#League_system" title="Football in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Football_Federation" title="Myanmar Football Federation">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands#League_system" title="Football in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_football_league_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan football league system">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_football_league_system" title="Qatar football league system">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_league_system_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Football league system in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Singapore#S.League" title="Football in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Taiwan#League_system" title="Football in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_league_system_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Football league system in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_football_league_system" title="Thai football league system">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkmenistan#League_system" title="Football in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_league_system_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Football league system in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_football_league_system" title="Vietnamese football league system">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">CAF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_football_league_system" title="Algerian football league system">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Burkina_Faso#League_system" title="Football in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Burundi#League_system" title="Football in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_football_league_system" title="Cameroonian football league system">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Cape_Verde#Divisions" title="Football in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Central_African_Republic#League_system" title="Football in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Comoros#League_system" title="Football in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Djibouti#League_system" title="Football in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_football_league_system" title="Egyptian football league system">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Equatorial_Guinea#League_system" title="Football in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Football_Leagues" title="Ghana Football Leagues">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Guinea-Bissau#League_system" title="Football in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_football_league_system" title="Ivorian football league system">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_football_league_system" title="Kenyan football league system">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Madagascar#League_system" title="Football in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Mauritius#League_system" title="Football in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_football_league_system" title="Moroccan football league system">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Mozambique#League_system" title="Football in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_football_league_system" title="Nigerian football league system">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_R%C3%A9union#League_system" title="Football in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe#League_system" title="Football in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Seychelles#League_system" title="Football in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Somalia#League_system" title="Football in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_football_league_system" class="mw-redirect" title="South African football league system">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_football_league_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian football league system">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CONCACAF" title="CONCACAF">CONCACAF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Anguilla#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Aruba#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Bahamas#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Barbados#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Belize#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Bermuda#League_system" title="Football in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Bonaire#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_soccer_league_system" title="Canadian soccer league system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Cayman_Islands#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Costa_Rica#League_system" title="Football in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Cuba#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Cura%C3%A7ao#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Dominican_Republic#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_El_Salvador#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_French_Guiana#League_system" title="Football in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Guadeloupe#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Guatemala#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Haiti#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_football_league_system" title="Honduran football league system">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_football_league_system" title="Jamaican football league system">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Martinique#League_system" title="Football in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_football_league_system" title="Mexican football league system">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Montserrat#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Nicaragua#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Panama#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_football_league_system" title="Puerto Rican football league system">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Saint_Martin#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Sint_Maarten#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_football_league_system" title="Trinidad and Tobago football league system">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands#League_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_soccer_league_system" title="United States soccer league system">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands#League_system" title="Soccer in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CONMEBOL" title="CONMEBOL">CONMEBOL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_football_league_system" title="Argentine football league system">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_football_league_system" title="Bolivian football league system">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_football_league_system" title="Brazilian football league system">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_football_league_system" title="Chilean football league system">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_football_league_system" title="Colombian football league system">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_football_league_system" title="Ecuadorian football league system">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_football_league_system" title="Paraguayan football league system">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_football_league_system" title="Peruvian football league system">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_football_league_system" title="Uruguayan football league system">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_football_league_system" title="Venezuelan football league system">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Football_Confederation" title="Oceania Football Confederation">OFC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_French_Polynesia#League_system" title="Football in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_New_Caledonia#League_system" title="Football in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_football_league_system" title="New Zealand football league system">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_Papua_New_Guinea#League_system" title="Soccer in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_football_league_system" title="Tuvaluan football league system">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Albania#League_system" title="Football in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Andorra#League_system" title="Football in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Armenia#League_system" title="Football in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Austria#League_system" title="Football in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_football_league_system" title="Azerbaijani football league system">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Belarus#League_system" title="Football in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_football_league_system" title="Belgian football league system">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_football_league_system" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina football league system">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_football_league_system" title="Bulgarian football league system">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_football_league_system" title="Croatian football league system">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_football_league_system" title="Cypriot football league system">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_football_league_system" title="Czech Republic football league system">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_football_league_system" title="Danish football league system">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">England</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_football_in_England" title="Women's football in England">women's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Estonia#The_league_system" title="Football in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Faroe_Islands#League_System" title="Football in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_football_league_system" title="Finnish football league system">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_football_league_system" title="French football league system">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Georgia_(country)#Domestic_competition" title="Football in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_football_league_system" title="German football league system">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_women%27s_football_league_system" title="German women's football league system">women's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Gibraltar#League_system" title="Football in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_football_league_system" title="Greek football league system">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_football_league_system" title="Hungarian football league system">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_football_league_system" title="Icelandic football league system">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_football_league_system" title="Republic of Ireland football league system">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_football_league_system" title="Israeli football league system">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_football_league_system" title="Italian football league system">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kazakhstan#League_system" title="Football in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kosovo" title="Football in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Latvia#League_system" title="Football in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Liechtenstein#Domestic_football" title="Football in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Lithuania#League_system" title="Football in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_football_league_system" title="Luxembourg football league system">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_football_league_system" title="Maltese football league system">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Moldova#League_system" title="Football in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Montenegro#League_system" title="Football in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_football_league_system" title="Dutch football league system">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_North_Macedonia#League_system" title="Football in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_football_league_system" title="Northern Ireland football league system">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_football_league_system" title="Norwegian football league system">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_football_league_system" title="Polish football league system">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_football_league_system" title="Portuguese football league system">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_football_league_system" title="Romanian football league system">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Russia#League_system" title="Football in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_San_Marino#League_system" title="Football in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_football_league_system" title="Scottish football league system">Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Draft:Scottish_women%27s_football_league_system" title="Draft:Scottish women's football league system">women's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_football_league_system" title="Serbian football league system">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_football_league_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak football league system">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Slovenia#League_system" title="Football in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_football_league_system" title="Spanish football league system">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_league_system" title="Swedish football league system">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_football_league_system" title="Swiss football league system">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_football_league_system" title="Turkish football league system">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_football_in_Turkey" title="Women's football in Turkey">women's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_football_league_system" title="Ukrainian football league system">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_football_league_system" title="Welsh football league system">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_professional_club_basketball_system" title="European professional club basketball system">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_professional_club_basketball_system" title="South American professional club basketball system">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_basketball_league_system" title="French basketball league system">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_basketball_league_system" title="German basketball league system">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_basketball_league_system" title="Greek basketball league system">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_basketball_league_system" title="Hungarian basketball league system">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_basketball_league_system" title="Icelandic basketball league system">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_basketball_league_system" title="Italian basketball league system">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_basketball_league_system" title="Japanese basketball league system">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_basketball_league_system" title="Polish basketball league system">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_basketball_league_system" title="Russian basketball league system">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_basketball_league_system" title="Serbian basketball league system">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_basketball_league_system" title="Spanish basketball league system">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_basketball_league_system" title="Turkish basketball league system">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_rugby_union_system" title="English rugby union system">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_rugby_union_system" title="French rugby union system">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rugby_union_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish rugby union system">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_rugby_union_in_New_Zealand" title="Structure of rugby union in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_rugby_union_system" title="Scottish rugby union system">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_rugby_union_system" title="Welsh rugby union system">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rugby_league_system" title="British rugby league system">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_rugby_league_system" title="French rugby league system">France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_handball_league_system" title="Danish handball league system">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_handball_league_system" title="Hungarian handball league system">Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup#Structure" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup#Current_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_water_polo_league_system" title="Hungarian water polo league system">Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ice_hockey_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="United States ice hockey structure">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_American_football_league_system" class="mw-redirect" title="German American football league system">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinty_league_system" title="Shinty league system">Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions" title="Professional sumo divisions">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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