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<li id="toc-David_Porter's_cruise_into_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Porter's_cruise_into_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>David Porter's cruise into the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Porter's_cruise_into_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_British_global_intelligence_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_global_intelligence_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The British global intelligence network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_global_intelligence_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The blockade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Engagement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1814 naval battle of the War of 1812</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso%22">"Battle of Valparaíso"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Valparaíso</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NavalMonument10_byAbelBowen_1838.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/NavalMonument10_byAbelBowen_1838.png/300px-NavalMonument10_byAbelBowen_1838.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/NavalMonument10_byAbelBowen_1838.png/450px-NavalMonument10_byAbelBowen_1838.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/NavalMonument10_byAbelBowen_1838.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="283" /></a></span><br /><i>Capture of the Essex</i> by <a href="/wiki/Abel_Bowen" title="Abel Bowen">Abel Bowen</a>, 1838</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>28 March 1814</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">off <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Hillyar" title="James Hillyar">James Hillyar</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> (36 guns)<br />1 <a href="/wiki/Cormorant_class_ship-sloop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cormorant class ship-sloop">sloop-of-war</a> (18 guns)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 <a href="/wiki/Sailing_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing frigate">frigate</a> (36 guns)<sup id="cite_ref-1812.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1812.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1 sloop-of-war (20 guns)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 frigate damaged<br />1 sloop-of-war damaged<br />5 killed<br />10 wounded<br /><b>Total: 15</b></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 frigate captured<br />1 sloop-of-war captured<br />58 killed<br />156 captured (60 wounded)<br /><b>Total: 214</b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Naval" title="Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Naval"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Naval" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: Naval"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Naval" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Naval"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naval_battles_of_the_War_of_1812" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Naval battles of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Atlantic Ocean</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_vs_HMS_Alert" title="USS Essex vs HMS Alert">USS <i>Essex</i> vs HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">Capture of HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)#Engagement_with_USS_Constitution" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">Sinking of HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">Capture of USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Teazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Teazer">Capture of the Young Teazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">Capture of HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Argus_(1803)#Capture_by_HMS_Pelican" title="USS Argus (1803)">Capture of USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">Capture of HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Frolic_(1813)#Career" title="USS Frolic (1813)">Capture of USS <i>Frolic</i> </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">Capture of HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">Sinking of HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">Sinking of HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">Capture of USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane_and_HMS_Levant" title="Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant">Capture of HMS <i>Cyane</i> and HMS <i>Levant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">Capture of HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_East_India_Company_ship_Nautilus" title="Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus">Capture of East India Company ship <i>Nautilus</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>East Coast</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_cutter_Eagle" title="Defense of the cutter Eagle">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Fort Peter</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">1st Sacket's Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Caledonia_and_HMS_Detroit" title="Capture of HMS Caledonia and HMS Detroit">Capture of HMS <i>Caledonia</i> and HMS <i>Detroit</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Fort George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">2nd Sacket's Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Fort Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Lake Champlain</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>West Indies / Gulf Coast</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer#First_battle" title="Fort Bowyer">1st Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">Fort St. Philip</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pacific Ocean</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valparaíso</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Valparaiso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Battle_of_Valparaiso.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Valparaiso.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Battle_of_Valparaiso.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Valparaiso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Battle_of_Valparaiso.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Valparaiso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Valparaíso<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Battle of Valparaíso</b>, also called the <b>Capture of USS <i>Essex</i></b>, was a naval action fought during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. It took place off <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> on March 28, 1814, between the <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(1799)" title="USS Essex (1799)">USS <i>Essex</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</a> <a href="/wiki/Essex_Junior" title="Essex Junior">USS <i>Essex Junior</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Phoebe_(1795)" title="HMS Phoebe (1795)">HMS <i>Phoebe</i></a> and sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cherub_(1806)" title="HMS Cherub (1806)">HMS <i>Cherub</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> ships won the battle, and the American vessels were captured. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Porter's_cruise_into_the_Pacific"><span id="David_Porter.27s_cruise_into_the_Pacific"></span>David Porter's cruise into the Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: David Porter's cruise into the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Captain <a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a> of USS <i>Essex</i> had proposed a Pacific voyage to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> for exploration and colonization before the War of 1812 had begun. Once the war was declared, Porter flew his iconic white ensign with the words "Free Trade and Sailors rights" from <i>Essex</i> which was copied on <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</a>. Porter was assigned to Commodore <a href="/wiki/William_Bainbridge" title="William Bainbridge">William Bainbridge</a>'s squadron in <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a>, but he found no sign of Bainbridge at the rendezvous location at <a href="/wiki/Porto_Praya" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Praya">Porto Praya</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> island or on the Brazil coast. </p><p>Porter captured the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Post Office</a> <a href="/wiki/Packet_boat" title="Packet boat">packet</a> <i>Nocton</i> on 12 December 1812 laden with £15,000 of specie. <i>Nocton</i> was sent home as a prize but recaptured by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Belvidera_(1809)" title="HMS Belvidera (1809)">HMS <i>Belvidera</i></a> on 5 January. He took another prize off <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. He then rounded <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>, following his command to act "for the good of the service". He was aware that the Spanish colonies were in revolt and that they might welcome a warship from the United States, and he was also aware that the British had a lucrative whaling industry and no warships in the Pacific. He planned to masquerade <i>Essex</i> as the more powerful <i>Constitution</i> until he arrived in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5356_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter arrived in <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> on 15 March 1813 where he received a warm welcome from the revolutionary government, and he took advantage of this to take on food, water, and stores for <i>Essex</i>. He refitted <i>Essex</i> for eight days, then sailed north where he captured a Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a>. He recaptured an American <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whaler</a> on his way to the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a>, and he captured 12 British whalers between 29 April and 18 September. The prizes gave him access to stores and food, but water remained short. He armed two of his prizes as auxiliary support and detached them to capture others, and two more ships were returned to their captains to ferry the prisoners to Valparaíso. Porter claimed that he did $5 million (£1.13 million) worth of damage to British commercial shipping, making him the only American frigate captain to effectively raid commerce during the War of 1812. Despite that, the only prize to reach the United States was the <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_Junior" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Essex Junior">whale ship <i>Atlantic</i></a> which Porter armed and renamed <i>Essex Junior</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5369_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5369-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 1813, <i>Essex</i> needed a major refit and Porter picked up rumors that a British <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadron</a> was searching for him. He refitted <i>Essex</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, far from the American coast so as not to encounter the British. He reached <a href="/wiki/Nuka_Hiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuka Hiva">Nuka Hiva</a> on 25 October 1813 and <i>Essex</i> underwent a major overhaul. Porter, meanwhile, fought the island's residents and annexed it for the United States. He renamed the island Madison Island in the hope that its annexation would be ratified by President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison's</a> administration, but the annexation was not approved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porter next sailed to Valparaíso in the hope of encountering a British frigate, and he left Nuka Hiva on 13 December with a small squadron of prizes. He had left officers in charge of the island, but their control did not last long; they were eventually overthrown and fled to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>—only to be captured by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5491_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5491-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 January 1814, <i>Essex</i> arrived in Valparaíso with <i>Essex Junior</i> in company. The <a href="/wiki/Carrera_family" title="Carrera family">Carrera family</a> had supported him nine months earlier, but they were now in jail. A civil war had broken out in Chile and a Spanish counter-attack was expected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5504_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5504-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_global_intelligence_network">The British global intelligence network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The British global intelligence network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To get to the Pacific, Porter had to cross the waters of the <a href="/wiki/South_America_Station" title="South America Station">British Brazil Station</a> which was full of ships trading in specie from South America. After the outbreak of war, the trade in silver was transferred to Navy ships including <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonne_Citoyenne_(1796)" title="HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1796)">HMS <i>Bonne Citoyenne</i></a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Nereus_(1809)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Nereus (1809) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Nereus</i></a>. Through these ships, the whereabouts of USS <i>Constitution</i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(1805)" title="USS Hornet (1805)">USS <i>Hornet</i></a> and USS <i>Essex</i> was relayed to the rest of the British fleet. On 3 April 1813, Captain Heywood of <i>Nereus</i> reported that <i>Essex</i> had arrived in Valparaíso on 15 March intent on a short stay to Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Manley_Dixon" title="Manley Dixon">Manley Dixon</a> in the 74-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Montagu_(1779)" title="HMS Montagu (1779)">HMS <i>Montagu</i></a>. Dixon commanded a squadron of the 24-pounder frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Indefatigable_(1784)" title="HMS Indefatigable (1784)">HMS <i>Indefatigable</i></a>, four 18-pounder frigates, three <a href="/wiki/Sixth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth rate">sixth rates</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a>. By late April it was clear <i>Essex</i> was encountered off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Frio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Frio">Cape Frio</a> in January, not <i>Constitution</i>. Dixon was unable to detach the sloops HMS <i>Cherub</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Racoon_(1808)" title="HMS Racoon (1808)">HMS <i>Racoon</i></a> to pursue <i>Essex</i> as he required all the ships he could to protect the silver trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5369_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5369-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain Heywood of <i>Nereus</i> forwarded a letter from Brown and Watson, British merchants at Valparaíso, to Dixon on 3 June 1813 reporting the welcoming of <i>Essex</i> in the harbor and that <i>Essex</i> had "gone to take and destroy the English whalers on the coast". Rumors had circulated that Porter would sail across the Pacific to the coast of China with orders to "destroy, but capture nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5381_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Racoon</i> had gone to <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and upon her return had reported that it was clear of United States privateers and <a href="/wiki/Men-of-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Men-of-war">men-of-war</a>. Since the trade route was secure, Dixon could direct his attention to the Pacific. On 10 June HMS <i>Phoebe</i> and the merchant ship <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Todd_(1811_ship)" title="Isaac Todd (1811 ship)"><i>Isaac Todd</i></a> joined Dixon's squadron. Phoebe was sent to destroy the trading post at <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a>. Dixon detached <i>Cherub</i> and <i>Racoon</i> to guard the whaling fishery, while <i>Phoebe</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s mission was modified, becoming to seek out and capture or destroy <i>Essex</i>. Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Hillyar" title="James Hillyar">James Hillyar</a> of <i>Phoebe</i> was to keep his mission a secret. The <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> would question why <i>Cherub</i> and <i>Racoon</i> were not detached earlier. Dixon would assert that the specie trade was a priority and that only once <i>Phoebe</i> had arrived, would <i>Cherub</i> and <i>Racoon</i> safely get to the Pacific as if <i>Essex</i> had encountered the two sloops on their own, the ships being much smaller, would have surely been captured. Dixon feared that <i>Essex</i> had reinforcements, which it did not, hence, he intended on detaching another frigate to accompany <i>Phoebe</i> in the event that <i>Essex</i> was not alone, but none were available. Hillyar was given complete discretion as Dixon was aware that new intelligence would reach <i>Phoebe</i> much faster than orders from <i>Montagu</i> in Rio de Janeiro would, the only exception being that <i>Phoebe</i> must not violate the neutrality of the Spanish colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5397_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5397-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nereus</i> would arrive in Rio carrying 2,000,000 Spanish dollars and £100,000 in cash. Dixon would transfer this to <i>Montagu</i> as <i>Montagu</i> was a much more powerful ship and detach <i>Montagu</i> to Britain and switch his command with Heywood of <i>Nereus</i> so as not to have to detach <i>Nereus</i> and an escort to Britain. This way, the maximum number of ships remained at Rio de Janeiro. Dixon would continue his command from smaller frigates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5411_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5411-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain William Bowles of <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Aquilon_(1786)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Aquilon (1786) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Aquilon</i></a> was stationed at the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> station to forward information to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> about the trans-Andean trade routes and the American threat, larger issues of British trade and the disposition of Chilean politics. He intercepted letters that revealed Hillyar's secret mission. He feared that the information would get to Porter in USS <i>Essex</i> and <i>Essex</i> would escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bowles successfully blocked Porter's ability to sell some prizes at Valparaíso through letters from Buenos Aires. After the fall of the Carrera family in 1813, the political situation in Chile began to favor the British. Furthermore, news of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)" title="HMS Shannon (1806)">HMS <i>Shannon</i></a>'s <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">victory</a> over <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a> had arrived in Valparaíso. It was seen that the United States influence was on the decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 July 1813 Hillyar in <i>Phoebe</i> sealed orders for rendezvous and locations to renew stores for <i>Isaac Todd</i>, <i>Cherub</i>, and <i>Racoon</i> without contact of the South American mainland. While rounding Cape Horn, the ships became separated from <i>Isaac Todd</i> and in October, Hillyar received information that <i>Essex</i> had taken her. Hillyar then detached <i>Racoon</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> to destroy the trading post at Astoria. <i>Racoon</i> arrived to discover that the fort had already been secured by the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> on 30 November. Hillyar found that <i>Essex</i> had been sighted at the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>, Valparaíso, and the Galapagos, but didn't know where exactly to find her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, in 1814, Dixon would have enough ships to detach the frigates <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Tagus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Tagus (page does not exist)"><i>Tagus</i></a> and <i>Nereus</i> to reinforce Hillyar, but they would not arrive until after <i>Essex</i> was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5503_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5503-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bowles received information that <i>Essex</i> had arrived in Valparaíso, Chile had fallen into civil war and the Carrera family were no longer in power and forwarded it to Dixon in Rio de Janeiro and to the Admiralty in London. Bowles feared that <i>Essex</i> would leave Valparaíso and capture him in HMS <i>Aquilon</i>. This would give the impression of British weakness and hence the British would lose their influence in South America. Hillyar in <i>Phoebe</i> also received <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s whereabouts and had no intention of allowing <i>Essex</i> to escape from Valparaíso.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5503_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5503-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_opposing_forces">The opposing forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite <i>Essex</i> and <i>Phoebe</i> being nearly equal in length and tonnage, the British had the decisive advantage of carrying long guns rather than the <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</a> <i>Essex</i> was armed with. Furthermore, <i>Cherub</i> was far superior to <i>Essex Junior</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5517_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5517-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Comparison of combatant vessels</b> (English measurement methods used for both ships;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>HMS <i>Phoebe</i></th> <th>USS <i>Essex</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Length (gundeck)</td> <td>142 ft 9 in (43.5 m)</td> <td>138 ft 7 in (42.2 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beam</td> <td>38 ft 3 in (11.7 m)</td> <td>37 ft 3 in (11.4 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonnage</td> <td>926 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">8</span>⁄<span class="den">94</span></span> tons</td> <td>897 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">22</span>⁄<span class="den">94</span></span> tons </td></tr> <tr> <td>Complement</td> <td>264 men</td> <td>260 men </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armament</td> <td>26 × 18-pounder long guns<br />10 × 32-pounder carronades<br /> 10 × 9-pounder long guns</td> <td>40 × 32-pounder carronades<br />6 × 12-pounder long guns </td></tr> <tr> <td>Broadside weight</td> <td>454 lb (206 kg)</td> <td>664 lb (301 kg) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>HMS <i>Cherub</i></th> <th>USS <i>Essex Junior</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Length (gundeck)</td> <td>108 ft 4 in (33.0 m)</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beam</td> <td>29 ft 7 in (9.0 m)</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonnage</td> <td>423 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">79</span>⁄<span class="den">94</span></span> tons</td> <td>378 tons </td></tr> <tr> <td>Complement</td> <td>121 men</td> <td>60 men </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armament</td> <td>16 × 32-pounder carronades<br />8 × 12-pounder carronades<br /> 2 × 6-pounder long guns</td> <td>10 × 18-pounder carronades<br />10 × 6-pounder long guns </td></tr> <tr> <td>Broadside weight</td> <td>304 lb (138 kg)</td> <td>120 lb (54 kg) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_blockade">The blockade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The blockade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 February the 36-gun frigate <i>Phoebe</i> and the 18 gun ship-rigged sloop <i>Cherub</i> arrived at Valparaíso. Hillyar anticipated Porter's moves. Knowing that British diplomatic support was more useful to the Chileans than American support, he knew <i>Essex</i> could not stay long in Valparaíso. British merchant George O'Brien in the <i>Emily</i> sailed out of Valparaíso with intelligence about <i>Essex</i> for Hillyar in <i>Phoebe</i>. Mr. Cromptom and Andrew Bless gave Hillyar the latest on the political situation in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5517_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5517-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter had hoped for a duel, two ships against two ships and had knowingly sailed into Valparaíso to encounter the British. He now found himself blockaded by a squadron of a superior force consisting only of the very two ships he had hoped to engage. Hillyar sailed into the harbor at Valparaíso in <i>Phoebe</i> very close to <i>Essex</i>. <i>Essex</i> had rigged kedge anchors at the ends of its yards to grapple <i>Phoebe</i> and engage. Noticing <i>Essex</i> was ready for battle, Hillyar hauled off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5519_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5519-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hillyar had attempted to cause <i>Essex</i> to fire first and violate the Chilean neutrality, but Porter held his fire. Despite avoiding a diplomatic conflict, Porter nevertheless missed his opportunity to escape to sea while <i>Phoebe</i> was in port. <i>Essex</i> was faster than <i>Cherub</i> and was known to make at least 11.4 knots (21.1 km/h; 13.1 mph), <i>Phoebe</i> on the other hand could sail up to 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) as she was built to a lengthened design of the <a href="/wiki/Perseverance-class_frigate" title="Perseverance-class frigate"><i>Perseverance</i>-class frigate</a> for the very purpose of increasing speed. Therefore, it was unlikely that <i>Essex</i> could have successfully escaped without a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5532_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5532-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, Porter hoisted his ensign written "Free Trade and Sailors' Rights" to the fore topgallant masthead. To counter what Hillyar considered an "insidious effort to shake the loyalty of thoughtless British seamen", <i>Phoebe</i> hoisted a St George's ensign written "God and Country, British Sailors' Best Rights. Traitors Offend Both." Hillyar played <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> and the crew manned the rigging and gave three cheers. Porter then paraded his crew in Valparaíso with flags of American slogans. This propaganda attempt at gaining Chilean support was to little effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5548_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5548-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These displays of morals and philosophy were a reference to the causes of the War of 1812. The Americans had declared war on Britain partly because the British had been impressing American citizens from merchant ships and had cut off the American trade with France, hence, the Americans demanded "Free trade and sailors' rights". The British had asserted that the people they impressed were deserters from the Royal Navy who had been granted citizenship in the United States, hence Hillyar sent his message to the deserters that "God and Country [are a] British Sailor's Best Rights. Traitors Offend Both." Despite these bold displays of their respective national ideology, it is unlikely that the average seaman aboard either ship cared. They were more to intimidate opposing captains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5561_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5561-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter agreed to exchange his British prisoners aboard <i>Essex</i> with Hillyar's American prisoners aboard <i>Phoebe</i>. At this point, all ships were docked in Valparaíso. In doing so, Hillyar confirmed that <i>Essex</i> was only armed with short-range carronades, a vital piece of intelligence. Having renewed stores, <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i> returned to sea on 14 February as Hillyar feared that if <i>Essex</i> sortied, Porter would have <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i> detained for 24 hours as not to violate Chilean neutrality. Lying just outside the range of the Chilean coastal guns(which was a common marker of the end of the neutral range) <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i> could still send boats into the harbor to receive fresh beef and water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5577_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5577-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 February, Porter had the prize <i>Hector</i> towed to sea and burnt in Valparaíso harbor. This being a violation of Chilean neutrality, the Chilean governor was insulted and angry and sent dispatches to Hillyar saying he would ignore the action if <i>Essex</i> would be taken into the harbor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (January 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite his permission, Hillyar did not engage as such a violation of neutrality might be beyond the power of the governor to ignore as the United States would protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5591_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5591-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February <i>Essex</i> and <i>Essex Junior</i> had set sail. <i>Phoebe</i> was denying Porter the opportunity for a close-range engagement where his carronades would be effective. Porter fired a signal gun to <i>Essex Junior</i> and proceeded to fire two shots at <i>Phoebe</i>. Hillyar did not return fire. The American ships returned to port. </p><p>Porter would make complaints about Hillyar violating neutrality to the Chileans in an attempt to allow <i>Essex</i> to sortie. Hillyar asserted that Porter violated neutrality three times. First by burning <i>Hector</i> on 25 February, by firing two shots at <i>Phoebe</i> on 27 February, and by attempting to board Phoebe on 12 March. Fortunately for Hillyar, dispatches had been sent to him with information about the boarding plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5605_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5605-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter then wrote a challenge to Hillyar offering a single ship duel. Numerous challenges had been written during the war of 1812. First was Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Richard_Dacres_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1788)" title="James Richard Dacres (Royal Navy officer, born 1788)">James Dacres</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Guerri%C3%A8re" title="HMS Guerrière">HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a> to Commodore <a href="/wiki/John_Rodgers_(1772%E2%80%931838)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rodgers (1772–1838)">John Rodgers</a> of <a href="/wiki/USS_President_(1800)" title="USS President (1800)">USS <i>President</i></a>; Rodgers declined despite his ship being bigger and better armed. The second was Master Commandant <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</a> of <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(1805)" title="USS Hornet (1805)">USS <i>Hornet</i></a> to Pitt Burnaby Greene of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonne_Citoyenne_(1796)" title="HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1796)">HMS <i>Bonne Citoyenne</i></a>; although Commodore William Bainbridge of the companion ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> pledged not to intervene, the British captain declined to risk his ship. The final challenge was by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Broke" title="Philip Broke">Philip Broke</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)" title="HMS Shannon (1806)">HMS <i>Shannon</i></a> to James Lawrence in <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a>; Lawrence accepted. In this sole match of equal ships during the war, <i>Chesapeake</i> was defeated and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">captured</a> after a short but intense battle. </p><p>Single ship duels such as <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">capture of HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a>, and the capture of USS <i>Chesapeake</i> were a means for captains achieved glory and honor. Hillyar declined this challenge–unlike the all other frigate captains in the War of 1812, Hillyar had already proved himself in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamatave" title="Battle of Tamatave">Battle of Tamatave</a> in 1811. There was no need for heroics on his part. Porter would later claim that he could have easily escaped as he had the faster ship but this was not the case. <i>Phoebe</i> was faster than <i>Essex</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5618_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5618-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dixon detached the frigate HMS <i>Briton</i> to reinforce Hillyar. <i>Nereus</i> and <i>Tagus</i> were already on their way. Dixon received information that the United States 44-gun super-frigates would sortie from American ports and attempt to join up with Porter. Unfortunately for Porter, the big 44-gun ships were effectively blockaded in harbors by British squadrons which included 74-gun ships of the line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <i>Tagus</i> and <i>Nereus</i>, 18-pounder frigates, both more powerful than <i>Essex</i>, began to approach the Pacific, Porter received information of their arrival. It became clear that <i>Essex</i> must escape before reinforcements arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hillyar was warned that Porter would sortie on 23 March by British merchants desperate to resume trade once the threat of being captured by <i>Essex</i> no longer existed. Hillyar was already prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engagement">Engagement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Engagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 March, Porter attempted to mislead Hillyar into thinking he would not sortie by sending his <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">purser</a> onshore and made sure that Hillyar received information of this. That night, Porter sent Lieutenant Maury out to sea in one of <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s boats carrying blue lights and launching rockets. Porter hoped that Hillyar would follow this display to leeward allowing <i>Essex</i> to escape at daybreak. Hillyar spotted the lights, but sighting no ships he realised this was a decoy. He sent both <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i> to windward of where <i>Essex</i> was moored anticipating Porter's plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next morning, 28 March 1814, Porter was disappointed to find <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i> close to the weather point of the bay. Hillyar wore inside and out of the point. The wind picked up from the south-southwest and Porter struck his royal <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">masts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yards</a> at 2:45 pm. Soon after, one of <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s cables parted. <i>Essex</i> then made a break for the sea. Hillyar immediately sailed to cut Porter off. A sudden <a href="/wiki/Squall" title="Squall">squall</a> made away with <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s main-topmast which broke off at the lower cap. Two men, Samuel Miller and Thomas Browne were lost with the topmast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5645_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5645-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hillyar made chase at 3:10. Both <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i> hoisted <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">St George's flag</a> written on them were the words "God and Country, British Sailors Best Rights. Traitors Offend Both"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5645_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5645-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter, having lost his topmast, had no hope of escape. He wore <i>Essex</i> to starboard and cut away the wreckage. Porter was unable to sail back into the port and dropped anchor in a small bay out of sight of the nearest Chilean fort at 3:45 at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> fathoms (57 ft; 17.4 m) from the shore. <i>Essex</i> flew three <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensigns</a>, "FREE TRADE AND SAILORS RIGHTS" from the foretop, "GOD OUR COUNTRY AND LIBERTY. TYRANTS OFFEND THEM" from the mizzen top and the United States colors from the mizzen peak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5658_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5658-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hillyar considered that because <i>Essex</i> was out of the range of Chilean cannon, she was in international waters. At 4:10 Hillyar signaled <i>Cherub</i> to fight at anchor roving extra cables to the anchor so the ship could be worn around and the broadside brought to bear. He sailed <i>Phoebe</i> intent on bringing her broadside to bear on <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s stern. The battle began at 4:20 at half-gunshot (250 yards; 230 m) while Phoebe was still underway. <i>Phoebe</i> opened on <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s stern and starboard quarter. <i>Cherub</i> fired on <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s bow. Heavy fire from <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s long 12-pounder chase guns caused badly wounded Commander Tucker of <i>Cherub</i> to move alongside <i>Phoebe</i>. Tucker nevertheless remained on deck throughout the action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5658_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5658-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter was desperate to bring his guns to bear. He attempted to have a spring rove into his anchor cable and <i>Essex</i> worn, but they were shot away before they could be used. <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 32-pounders, despite Porter claiming they were of no use, were of devastating effectiveness against <i>Phoebe</i>. <i>Phoebe</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s popular first lieutenant was mortally wounded by splinters. Hillyar was forced to increase the range at which he fought to take advantage of the range of his long 18-pounders over the 32-pounder <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5672_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5672-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hillyar had not seen that his firing was effective, but <i>Essex</i> had effectively launched dismantling projectiles from the long 12-pounders and <i>Phoebe</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s topsails were flying loose as their sheets had been cut, the mainsail cut up, the <a href="/wiki/Jibboom" title="Jibboom">jibboom</a> damaged, and the fore main and mizzen stays shot away. Once out of carronade range, Hillyar had his crew mend the rigging and furl the mainsail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5686_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5686-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Hillyar engaged again, he hailed Tucker to keep <i>Cherub</i> underway instead of fighting at anchor. Hillyar approached again in <i>Phoebe</i> engaging with his 9-pounder chase guns and received steady fire from <i>Essex</i> at 5:35. At this point the wind died down, occasionally being completely calm. Hillyar anchored at a greater range of a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mile (0.80 km) that he had done the first time. <i>Phoebe's</i> long 18-pounders were effective against <i>Essex</i> while <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s carronades were not against <i>Phoebe</i> because of the distance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5699_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5699-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the wind picked up, Porter cut his cable and sailed toward <i>Phoebe</i> to board her. At 5:50 Hillyar set sail and avoided <i>Essex</i>. <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s rigging had been shredded by <i>Phoebe</i> making <i>Essex</i> hard to control while underway. <i>Phoebe</i> continued to devastate the drifting <i>Essex</i> cutting down her crew. Hillyar had purposefully targeted the standing rigging and upper deck throughout the battle. Many of the guns aboard <i>Essex</i> had been disabled. A small pile of powder exploded near <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s main hatch. <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew began to lose morale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5714_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5714-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter ordered <i>Essex</i> to be run ashore and blown up as James Lawrence had said about USS <i>Chesapeake</i> when HMS <i>Shannon</i> took her. Porter was forced to surrender when the wind died down again and there was no hope of sailing on shore. Furthermore, too many of the crew were so badly wounded that they could not abandon ship. Nevertheless, 60 or 70 Americans abandoned ship and took boats to the shore. Some swam and drowned, but most were collected by British boats. Approximately 40 escaped to the land. At 6:20 Porter struck his colors. The chaos of <i>Essex</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s rigging and the numerous banners, flags, and ensigns that Porter hoisted caused the British to take ten minutes to realize that <i>Essex</i> had struck. A boat was sent to secure the prize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5730_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5730-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter had been traumatized by the casualties, humiliated by defeat and overwrought by his exertions. Due to the shell shock, he openly wept as he offered his sword to Hillyar. By the next morning, Porter had regained his composure and began debating the specifics of the battle as not to be <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">court-martialled</a> for the loss of <i>Essex</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5749_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5749-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the whole battle <i>Essex Junior</i> was not engaged by the British as they considered her too weak to be a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5766_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5766-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Phoebe</i> suffered four killed and seven wounded, <i>Cherub</i> had one killed and three wounded. <i>Essex</i> had 58 dead and 65 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Phoebe</i> had holes below the <a href="/wiki/Waterline" title="Waterline">waterline</a> as well as her rigging severely cut. <i>Essex</i> had been hit with more than 200 shot and had her stern smashed in, a hole in her counter, her wheel and rudder damaged, all three masts damaged, the figurehead shot away, 15 guns disabled, 55 gun crew killed, 60 gun crew wounded, and the upper works and rigging severely damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5714_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5714-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RADM_Theodore_C._Lockhart,_left,_commander,_South_Atlantic_Force,_is_joined_by_two_Chilean_naval_officers_and_an_unidentified_woman_as_he_pays_his_respects_at_a_marker_dedicated_to_-_DPLA_-_5397eb3592b92445fb6be7b675e0efb3.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RADM_Theodore_C._Lockhart%2C_left%2C_commander%2C_South_Atlantic_Force%2C_is_joined_by_two_Chilean_naval_officers_and_an_unidentified_woman_as_he_pays_his_respects_at_a_marker_dedicated_to_-_DPLA_-_5397eb3592b92445fb6be7b675e0efb3.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RADM_Theodore_C._Lockhart%2C_left%2C_commander%2C_South_Atlantic_Force%2C_is_joined_by_two_Chilean_naval_officers_and_an_unidentified_woman_as_he_pays_his_respects_at_a_marker_dedicated_to_-_DPLA_-_5397eb3592b92445fb6be7b675e0efb3.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RADM_Theodore_C._Lockhart%2C_left%2C_commander%2C_South_Atlantic_Force%2C_is_joined_by_two_Chilean_naval_officers_and_an_unidentified_woman_as_he_pays_his_respects_at_a_marker_dedicated_to_-_DPLA_-_5397eb3592b92445fb6be7b675e0efb3.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption>Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Dissidents_Cemetery" title="Dissidents Cemetery">Dissidents Cemetery</a> in Valparaíso</figcaption></figure> <p>In his final report, David Porter claimed that the British had violated neutrality, conducted themselves dishonorably and inhumanely, and plundered his personal property after the engagement. He stated that the loss of <i>Essex</i> was simply due to a series of misfortunes and blamed <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> for his all short range carronade armament. He wrote to Secretary Jones "I hope, Sir, that our conduct may prove satisfactory to our country." Porter finally claimed that the United States had the right to reclaim <i>Essex</i> from the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5766_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5766-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only viable parts of Porter's report was that <i>Essex</i> was only armed with short-range carronades and that he had lost his top-mast. The British had not violated neutrality, conducted themselves dishonorably, nor plundered his personal belongings. There were no further misfortunes aboard <i>Essex</i>. The entire engagement could have been averted save Porter's desire to achieve personal glory by defeating the British rather than following his orders not to engage. Porter could have very well not returned to Valparaíso where he would be blockaded, as he knew <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i> would arrive. The United States by no means had any right to reclaim <i>Essex</i> given the circumstances of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5780_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5780-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, Hillyar praised Porter for good conduct and claimed he only surrendered when all his options were expended. Hillyar found Essex with provisions for a six-month cruise. He moved all the ships to Valparaíso and transferred the prisoners to a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Prison_hulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison hulk">prison hulk</a>. On 2 April 1814, Hillyar repaired shot holes below <i>Phoebe</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s waterline. On 13 April <i>Tagus</i> and <i>Nereus</i> arrived. On 26 April the prisoners were moved to <i>Essex Junior</i> and ferried away. Hillyar would help reconcile the Peruvian and Chilean governments, which the British gave more attention to as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> had ended and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> was exiled. On 21 May <i>Briton</i> arrived at Valparaíso. Finally on 31 May, <i>Phoebe</i> sailed home to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5793_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5793-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 20 June, Dixon received news of Hillyar's victory which passed over the Andes. Dixon confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lircay" title="Treaty of Lircay">Treaty of Lircay</a>. <i>Briton</i>, <i>Tagus</i>, and <i>Cherub</i> were ordered to remain in the South Pacific to watch the whaling fleet. News of the success reached London in August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Essex</i> served in the Royal Navy as HMS <i>Essex</i> until 1837. <i>Essex Junior</i> encountered <a href="/wiki/HMS_Saturn" title="HMS Saturn">HMS <i>Saturn</i></a> on her return to the United States while carrying the prisoners. While <i>Saturn</i> inspected <i>Essex Junior</i>, Porter escaped from the ship by boat. American <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal batteries</a> were suspicious of the ship and opened fire. The United States believed Porter's explanation. Secretary Jones claimed that they had returned "in triumph though captives". He then decided that <i>Saturn</i> had violated the terms of Porter's parole and that Porter and his crew should be free to serve. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cochrane" title="Alexander Cochrane">Alexander Cochrane</a> was furious, he intended on keeping Porter, a dangerous captain, as a prisoner. Because the case was never closed, Porter would be able to publish his version of his voyage to gain public support for his case. Porter was awarded the command of the new 44-gun frigate USS <i>Columbia</i> which would later be burnt by the British before she was completed. The war would end before Porter would get a chance to go to sea again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter declared himself a hero, repeating his claims of the battle. He claimed that he inflicted $2.5 million in damage and cost the British $6 million to counter his cruise, having to redeploy ships that could counter the United States. In fact, the returns were negligible as only one prize returned to the United States and by 1814, the British had over 100 frigates available as they were no longer fighting Napoleon. Hence the four that sailed to Valparaíso was of insignificant force. Nevertheless, Porter's cruise proved to be the most successful of any American frigate captain of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> criticized Porter's refusal to strike his colors when it became clear that the situation was hopeless, instead of seeking to "crown himself with the glory of the shambles, by permitting his hopeless crew to be butchered before his eyes." "Nor, by thus continuing to fight, did this American frigate, one iota, promote the true interests of her country."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a memorial to the American dead in the <a href="/wiki/Dissidents_Cemetery" title="Dissidents Cemetery">Dissidents Cemetery</a> in Valparaíso. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1812.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1812.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100208223306/http://www.visit1812.com/historic-sites/usnm.html">"National Museum of the United States Navy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visit1812.com/historic-sites/usnm.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Museum+of+the+United+States+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visit1812.com%2Fhistoric-sites%2Fusnm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossing1868" class="citation book cs1">Lossing, Benson (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_29136"><i>The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812</i></a>. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_29136/page/n760">733</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665291364" title="Special:BookSources/9780665291364"><bdi>9780665291364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+Field-Book+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=733&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1868&rft.isbn=9780665291364&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_29136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5356-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5356_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5369-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5369_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5369_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5472_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5491-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5491_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5504-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5504_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5381-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5381_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5397-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5397_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5411-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5411_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5503-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5503_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5503_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5517-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5517_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5517_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Lambert, The Challenge: Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812, Faber and Faber (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5519-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5519_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5532-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5532_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5548-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5548_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5561-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5561_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5577-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5577_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5577.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5591-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5591_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5605-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5605_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5618-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5618_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5632_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5645-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5645_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5645_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5658-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5658_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5658_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5658.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5672-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5672_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5672.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5686-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5686_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5686.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5699-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5699_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5714-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5714_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5714_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5730-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5730_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5730.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5749-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5749_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5749.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5766-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5766_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5766_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner,_Allen_F.,_1794–1851" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Allen F., 1794–1851. <i>Hunting the Essex : a journal of the voyage of HMS Phoebe 1813–1814</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-2623-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-2623-6"><bdi>978-1-4738-2623-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058294792">1058294792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+the+Essex+%3A+a+journal+of+the+voyage+of+HMS+Phoebe+1813%E2%80%931814&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058294792&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-2623-6&rft.au=Gardiner%2C+Allen+F.%2C+1794%E2%80%931851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5780-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5780_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5780.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5793-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5793_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2012location_5809_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2012">Lambert 2012</a>, location 5809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville1850" class="citation book cs1">Melville, Herman (1850). <a href="/wiki/White-Jacket" title="White-Jacket"><i>White-Jacket</i></a>. New American Library. pp. 321–322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White-Jacket&rft.pages=321-322&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2012" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Andrew (2012). <i>The Challenge: Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812</i> (Kindle ed.). Faber and Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge%3A+Britain+Against+America+in+the+Naval+War+of+1812&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Valpara%C3%ADso" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007JVF8UU">B007JVF8UU</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Template:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Template talk:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of War of 1812 battles">Battles of the War of 1812</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Timeline of the War of 1812">Timeline of the War of 1812</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" 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