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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_brutality_and_racial_partiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_brutality_and_racial_partiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Accusations of brutality and racial partiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_brutality_and_racial_partiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_by_country_and_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_by_country_and_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Usage by country and region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_by_country_and_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Police dog</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="كلب شرطة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلب شرطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perru_polic%C3%ADa" title="Perru policía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perru policía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xidm%C9%99ti_it" title="Xidməti it – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xidməti it" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Полицейско куче – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полицейско куче" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policijski_pas" title="Policijski pas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Policijski pas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gos_policia" title="Gos policia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gos policia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slu%C5%BEebn%C3%AD_pes" title="Služební pes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Služební pes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politihund" title="Politihund – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politihund" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diensthund" title="Diensthund – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diensthund" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politseikoer" title="Politseikoer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Politseikoer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perro_polic%C3%ADa" title="Perro policía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perro policía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichundo" title="Polichundo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polichundo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizia-txakur" title="Polizia-txakur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polizia-txakur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سگ پلیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سگ پلیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_policier" title="Chien policier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chien policier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%B0%B0%EA%B2%AC" title="경찰견 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경찰견" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_cinofila" title="Unità cinofila – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unità cinofila" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94" title="כלב משטרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלב משטרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სასამსახურო ძაღლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სასამსახურო ძაღლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K9_(kuty%C3%A1s_alakulat)" title="K9 (kutyás alakulat) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="K9 (kutyás alakulat)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Полициско куче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полициско куче" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89" title="كلب بوليسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلب بوليسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing_polis" title="Anjing polis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anjing polis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiehond" title="Politiehond – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiehond" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%8A%AC" title="警察犬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="警察犬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politihund" title="Politihund – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politihund" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="پولیس کتا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولیس کتا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pies_s%C5%82u%C5%BCbowy" title="Pies służbowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pies służbowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A3o_policial" title="Cão policial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cão policial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ine_de_poli%C8%9Bie" title="Câine de poliție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Câine de poliție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Разыскная служба (кинология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разыскная служба (кинология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeni_i_policis%C3%AB" title="Qeni i policisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeni i policisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Police dog" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policijski_pes" title="Policijski pes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Policijski pes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سەگی پۆلیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەگی پۆلیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Полицијски пас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полицијски пас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliisikoira" title="Poliisikoira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poliisikoira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishund" title="Polishund – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polishund" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88" title="สุนัขตำรวจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุนัขตำรวจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis_k%C3%B6pe%C4%9Fi" title="Polis köpeği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polis köpeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Службово-розшукові собаки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Службово-розшукові собаки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3nh_khuy%E1%BB%83n" title="Cảnh khuyển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cảnh khuyển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E7%8A%AC" title="警犬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="警犬" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Police_dog_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Police dog (disambiguation)">Police dog (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sussex_Police_Dogs_(9221050585).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sussex_Police_Dogs_%289221050585%29.jpg/220px-Sussex_Police_Dogs_%289221050585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sussex_Police_Dogs_%289221050585%29.jpg/330px-Sussex_Police_Dogs_%289221050585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sussex_Police_Dogs_%289221050585%29.jpg/440px-Sussex_Police_Dogs_%289221050585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Malinois_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Malinois dog">Belgian Malinois</a> police dog during a demonstration in England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_dog_attack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Police_dog_attack.JPG/220px-Police_dog_attack.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Police_dog_attack.JPG/330px-Police_dog_attack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Police_dog_attack.JPG/440px-Police_dog_attack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> dog training</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_Police_K9_(33511712043).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FBI_Police_K9_%2833511712043%29.jpg/220px-FBI_Police_K9_%2833511712043%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FBI_Police_K9_%2833511712043%29.jpg/330px-FBI_Police_K9_%2833511712043%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FBI_Police_K9_%2833511712043%29.jpg/440px-FBI_Police_K9_%2833511712043%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Shepherd" title="Dutch Shepherd">Dutch Shepherd</a> police dog</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>police dog</b>, also known as a <b>K-9</b> (portmanteau of canine),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>is a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> that is trained to assist <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officers</a>. Their duties may include searching for <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>, locating <a href="/wiki/Missing_person" title="Missing person">missing people</a>, finding <a href="/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">crime scene</a> evidence, protecting officers and other people, and <a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">attacking suspects</a> who flee from officers. The <a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">breeds</a> most commonly used by law enforcement are the <a href="/wiki/German_Shepherd" title="German Shepherd">German Shepherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malinois_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Malinois dog">Belgian Malinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloodhound" title="Bloodhound">Bloodhound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Shepherd" title="Dutch Shepherd">Dutch Shepherd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Retriever" title="Labrador Retriever">Labrador Retriever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size, though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police dogs are used on a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local</a> level for law enforcement purposes in many parts of the world. They are often assigned to what in some nations is referred to as a K-9 Unit, with a specific handler, and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year, depending on where and how they are trained, and for what purpose. Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many countries, intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the <a href="/wiki/Parish_constable" title="Parish constable">parish constable</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bloodhound" title="Bloodhound">bloodhounds</a> that were used for hunting down <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaws</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">St. Malo</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, where dogs were used to guard <a href="/wiki/Dock" title="Dock">docks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">piers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 14th century, bloodhounds were used in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, known as "Slough dogs" – the word "Sleuth", (meaning <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detective</a>) was derived from this.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 12th and 20th centuries, police dogs on the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rapid urbanization of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the existing law enforcement, the <a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a>, struggled to contain the crime on their own, and as a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloodhound_from_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bloodhound_from_1915.jpg/220px-Bloodhound_from_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bloodhound_from_1915.jpg/330px-Bloodhound_from_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bloodhound_from_1915.jpg/440px-Bloodhound_from_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Bloodhounds used by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Warren" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Warren">Sir Charles Warren</a> to try to track down the serial killer <a href="/wiki/Jack_The_Ripper" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack The Ripper">Jack The Ripper</a> in the 1880s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14381,_Berlin,_Polizeipatrouille_am_Wahltag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14381%2C_Berlin%2C_Polizeipatrouille_am_Wahltag.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14381%2C_Berlin%2C_Polizeipatrouille_am_Wahltag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14381%2C_Berlin%2C_Polizeipatrouille_am_Wahltag.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14381%2C_Berlin%2C_Polizeipatrouille_am_Wahltag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14381%2C_Berlin%2C_Polizeipatrouille_am_Wahltag.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14381%2C_Berlin%2C_Polizeipatrouille_am_Wahltag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German shepherd in use by <a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Schutzpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Schutzpolizei</a> officer and <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> auxiliary during the <a href="/wiki/German_federal_election,_March_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="German federal election, March 1933">German federal election, March 1933</a>, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">Nazi seizure of power</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">Commissioner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> of London, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Warren" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Warren">Sir Charles Warren</a>. Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using <a href="/wiki/Bloodhound" title="Bloodhound">bloodhounds</a> to track the killer. He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes. The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> that dogs were first used on a large scale. Police in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods soon spread to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training. The German police selected the <a href="/wiki/German_Shepherd_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="German Shepherd Dog">German Shepherd Dog</a> as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, many <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Shepherd" title="Belgian Shepherd">Belgian Malinois</a> dogs were added to the unit. The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals. </p><p>In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(United_Kingdom)" title="North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)">North Eastern Railway</a> Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>. By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois, <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Retriever" title="Labrador Retriever">Labrador Retrievers</a>, and German shepherds.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_(5189220934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg/220px-Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg/330px-Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg/440px-Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3047" data-file-height="2089" /></a><figcaption>Belgian Malinois being trained to attack</figcaption></figure> <p>Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the <a href="/wiki/Airedale_terrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Airedale terrier">Airedale terrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akita_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akita (dog)">Akita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groenendael_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Groenendael dog">Groenendael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tervuren_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervuren dog">Tervueren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malinois_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Malinois dog">Malinois dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Mountain_Dog" title="Bernese Mountain Dog">Bernese Mountain Dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloodhound" title="Bloodhound">Bloodhound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Collie" title="Border Collie">Border Collie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxer_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer (dog)">Boxer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouvier_des_Flandres" title="Bouvier des Flandres">Bouvier des Flandres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Briard" title="Briard">Briard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cane_Corso" title="Cane Corso">Cane Corso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullmastiff" title="Bullmastiff">Bullmastiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sheepdog" title="Croatian Sheepdog">Croatian Sheepdog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doberman_Pinscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Doberman Pinscher">Doberman Pinscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Shepherd" title="German Shepherd">German Shepherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Shorthaired_Pointer" title="German Shorthaired Pointer">German Shorthaired Pointer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Retriever" title="Golden Retriever">Golden Retriever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Retriever" title="Labrador Retriever">Labrador Retriever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rottweiler" title="Rottweiler">Rottweiler</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Springer_Spaniel" title="English Springer Spaniel">English Springer Spaniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogo_Argentino" title="Dogo Argentino">Dogo Argentino</a>. </p><p>Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler. The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability. First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement. However, having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset, this could be dog obedience, crowd control, communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens. </p><p>For a dog to be considered for a police department, it must first pass a basic obedience training course. They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect. Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language. Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands. This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be "single purpose" or "dual purpose". Single-purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking. Dual-purpose dogs, however, are more typical. Dual-purpose dogs do everything that single-purpose dogs do, and also detect either <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotics</a>. Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics. When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on (i.e. bag or vehicle) without a warrant, in most states.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In suspect apprehension, having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay.<sup id="cite_ref-behindthebadge_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behindthebadge-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialization">Specialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Police dogs can be specialized to perform in specific areas. </p> <ul><li>Apprehension and <a href="/wiki/Attack_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack dogs">attack dogs</a> – This dog is used to locate, <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">apprehend</a>, and sometimes subdue suspects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dogs</a> – Trained to detect <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a> or drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, or methamphetamines. Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dual purpose dog – Also known as a patrol dog, these dogs are trained and skilled in tracking, handler protection, off-leash obedience, criminal apprehension, and article, area and building search.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Search and rescue dogs">Search and rescue dogs</a> (SAR) – This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects. Belgian Malinois, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Bloodhounds can all be used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Police_dog" title="Talk:Police dog">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, <a href="/wiki/Pregnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant">pregnant</a> or raising <a href="/wiki/Puppy" title="Puppy">puppies</a>, or are too old or sick to continue working. Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a dog is 6–9 years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing. In 2013, a pension scheme for police dogs in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> was introduced, wherein the police force offered £805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs; the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many countries, police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accusations_of_brutality_and_racial_partiality">Accusations of brutality and racial partiality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accusations of brutality and racial partiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Police_dog" title="Talk:Police dog">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A 2020 investigation coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Project">Marshall Project</a> found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U.S. as <a href="/wiki/Disproportionate_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Disproportionate force">disproportionate force</a> and disproportionately against people of color. A series of 13 linked reports found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K-9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons to catch, bite, and injure people.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rate of police K-9 bites in <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a>, a majority-Black city of 220,000 residents, averages more than double that of the next-ranked city, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, and nearly one-third of the police dog bites are inflicted on teenage men, most of whom are Black. Medical researchers found that police dog attacks are "more like shark attacks than nips from a family pet" due to the aggressive training police dogs undergo. Many people bitten were not violent and were not suspected of crimes. Police officers are often shielded from liability, and federal civil rights laws don't typically cover bystanders who are bitten by mistake. Even when victims can bring cases, lawyers say they struggle because jurors tend to love police dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_by_country_and_region">Usage by country and region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Usage by country and region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_usage_of_police_dogs" title="Worldwide usage of police dogs">Worldwide usage of police dogs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/K-9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:K-9">K-9</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/K9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:K9">K9</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">Dogs in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosework" title="Nosework">Nosework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_dog" title="Working dog">Working dog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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National Police Dog Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>K-9 or K9 (a homophone of canine)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+K-9s&rft.pub=National+Police+Dog+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalpolicedogfoundation.org%2Fabout-k9s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolice+dog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen2019_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/what-do-police-dogs-do/">"What Do K-9 Police Dogs Do?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Kennel_Club" title="American Kennel Club">American Kennel Club</a>. 3 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>They are expected to follow both verbal and hand commands of their handler.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K9+Unit%3A+Duties+and+Responsibilities&rft.pub=New+York+State+Department+of+Environmental+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dec.ny.gov%2Fregulations%2F2775.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolice+dog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northlandk9.org/faqs/">"FAQs"</a>. AMSOIL Northland Law Enforcement K-9 Foundation. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Marshall+Project&rft.atitle=When+Police+Violence+Is+a+Dog+Bite&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=VanSickle&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Challen&rft.au=Martin%2C+Ryan&rft.au=Kelleher%2C+Dana+Brozost&rft.au=Fan%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarshallproject.org%2F2020%2F10%2F02%2Fwhen-police-violence-is-a-dog-bite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolice+dog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemkus2020" class="citation web cs1">Remkus, Ashley (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/10/02/we-spent-a-year-investigating-police-dogs-here-are-six-takeaways">"We Spent A Year Investigating Police Dogs. Here Are Six Takeaways"</a>. <i>The Marshall Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Marshall+Project&rft.atitle=We+Spent+A+Year+Investigating+Police+Dogs.+Here+Are+Six+Takeaways.&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Remkus&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarshallproject.org%2F2020%2F10%2F02%2Fwe-spent-a-year-investigating-police-dogs-here-are-six-takeaways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolice+dog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsopp2012" class="citation book cs1">Allsopp, Nigel (2012). <i>K9 Cops: Police Dogs of the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Newport,_New_South_Wales" title="Newport, New South Wales">Newport</a>, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921-94181-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921-94181-8"><bdi>978-1-921-94181-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K9+Cops%3A+Police+Dogs+of+the+World&rft.place=Newport%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-921-94181-8&rft.aulast=Allsopp&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolice+dog" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_dog&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Police_dogs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Police dogs">Police dogs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npca.net/">National Police Canine Association</a> (US)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspcak9.com/">United States Police Canine Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napwda.com/">The North American Police Work Dog Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lacpca.com/">Los Angeles County Police Canine Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924143829/http://lacpca.com/">Archived</a> 24 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> US</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vapolicek9.com/">Virginia Police Canine Association</a> US</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanworkingdog.com/">American Working Dog Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#c3b091;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_type" title="Dog type">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_village_dog" title="African village dog">African village dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-ranging_dog" title="Free-ranging dog">Free-ranging dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pye-dog" title="Pye-dog">Pye-dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Street dog">Street dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairless_dog" title="Hairless dog">Hairless dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">Herding dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collie" title="Collie">Collie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_guardian_dog" title="Livestock guardian dog">Livestock guardian dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_dog" title="Sheep dog">Sheep dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cur" title="Cur">Cur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feist_(dog_breed)" title="Feist (dog breed)">Feist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurcher" title="Lurcher">Lurcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_dog" title="Pointing dog">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retriever" title="Retriever">Retriever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setter" title="Setter">Setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniel" title="Spaniel">Spaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dog" title="Water dog">Water dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound" title="Hound">Hound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scent_hound" title="Scent hound">Scenthound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basset" title="Basset">Basset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonhound" title="Coonhound">Coonhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxhound" title="Foxhound">Foxhound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighthound" title="Sighthound">Sighthound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdog" title="Longdog">Longdog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrier" title="Terrier">Terrier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_and_terrier" title="Bull and terrier">Bull-type terrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscher" title="Pinscher">Pinscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnauzer" title="Schnauzer">Schnauzer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastiff" title="Mastiff">Mastiff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulldog_type" title="Bulldog type">Bulldog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitz" title="Spitz">Spitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husky" title="Husky">Husky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika_(dog_type)" title="Laika (dog type)">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugou" title="Tugou">Tugou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_dog" title="Toy dog">Toy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichon" title="Bichon">Bichon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnspit_dog" title="Turnspit dog">Turnspit dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">Breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">List of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_crossbreeds" title="List of dog crossbreeds">List of crossbreeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongrel" title="Mongrel">Mixed-breed dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_crossbreed" title="Dog crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_dog_breeds" title="List of extinct dog breeds">Extinct breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_dog_breeds_in_the_United_States" title="List of most popular dog breeds in the United States">Most popular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_assistance_dog" title="Autism assistance dog">Autism dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_dog" title="Hearing dog">Hearing dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_response_dog" title="Medical response dog">Medical response dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_response_dog" title="Seizure response dog">Seizure dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_assistance_dog" title="Mobility assistance dog">Mobility assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assistance_dog" title="Psychiatric assistance dog">Psychiatric assistance dog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">Attack dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_dog" title="Bay dog">Bay dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dog" title="Carriage dog">Carriage dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_dog" title="Catch dog">Catch dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_dog" title="Companion dog">Companion dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Fighting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dog" title="Lap dog">Lap dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Meat dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Police dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_usage_of_police_dogs" title="Worldwide usage of police dogs">usage by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">War dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;"><a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">Behavior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language_of_dogs" title="Body language of dogs">Body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">Howling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_intelligence" title="Dog intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%E2%80%93dog_relationship" title="Cat–dog relationship">Dog–cat relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#d3bf9d;">Human–dog<br />interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal testing on dogs">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiting_(blood_sport)" title="Baiting (blood sport)">Baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed-specific_legislation" title="Breed-specific legislation">Breed-specific legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynanthropy" title="Cynanthropy">Cynanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_bite" title="Dog bite">Dog bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_beach" title="Dog beach">Dog beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_daycare" title="Dog daycare">Dog daycare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_fighting" title="Dog fighting">Dog fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_biscuit" title="Dog biscuit">dog biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">2007 recalls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_grooming" title="Dog grooming">Dog grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_religion" title="Dogs in religion">Dogs in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_licence" title="Dog licence">Dog licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_park" title="Dog park">Dog 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