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id="toc-Antiquity:_polytheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity:_polytheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity: polytheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity:_polytheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages:_Christianisation_and_theocentrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages:_Christianisation_and_theocentrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages: Christianisation and theocentrism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages:_Christianisation_and_theocentrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Era:_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Era:_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early Modern Era: Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Era:_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era:_secularization,_decline_of_Christianity,_and_growth_of_religious_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era:_secularization,_decline_of_Christianity,_and_growth_of_religious_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern era: secularization, decline of Christianity, and growth of religious minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era:_secularization,_decline_of_Christianity,_and_growth_of_religious_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Pluralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cults,_sects_and_new_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cults,_sects_and_new_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Cults, sects and new religious movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cults,_sects_and_new_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_loss_of_Christian_groups_2003–2013_according_to_church_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_loss_of_Christian_groups_2003–2013_according_to_church_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Member loss of Christian groups 2003–2013 according to church reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_loss_of_Christian_groups_2003–2013_according_to_church_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Denominations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Other Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_affiliation_by_year_(1830–2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_affiliation_by_year_(1830–2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religious affiliation by year (1830–2023)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_affiliation_by_year_(1830–2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fundamental_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamental_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fundamental rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamental_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_stipulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_stipulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Constitutional stipulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_stipulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_and_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_and_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Problems and debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_and_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Educational institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in the Netherlands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الدين في هولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في هولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Рэлігія ў Нідэрландах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэлігія ў Нідэрландах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_aux_Pays-Bas" title="Religion aux Pays-Bas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion aux Pays-Bas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religy_yn_Nederl%C3%A2n" title="Religy yn Nederlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Religy yn Nederlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_u_Nizozemskoj" title="Religija u Nizozemskoj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija u Nizozemskoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_nei_Paesi_Bassi" title="Religioni nei Paesi Bassi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni nei Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Религија во Холандија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Холандија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religie_in_Nederland" title="Religie in Nederland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Religie in Nederland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Holandii" title="Religia w Holandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Holandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_nos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Religião nos Países Baixos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião nos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Религия в Нидерландах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Нидерландах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Holand%C3%AB" title="Feja në Holandë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Holandë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskonto_Alankomaissa" title="Uskonto Alankomaissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskonto Alankomaissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollanda%27da_din" title="Hollanda'da din – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hollanda'da din" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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<p>Religions in the Netherlands (15+ population) (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-cbs2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Beige; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">No religion</a> (58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Catholicism</a> (17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:RoyalBlue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in the Netherlands">Protestantism</a> (13%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam</a> (6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other (6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg/250px-DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg/375px-DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg/500px-DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Utrecht" title="St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht">St. Martin's Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Religion in the Netherlands</b> was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> between the 10th and 20th centuries. In the late 19th century, roughly 60% of the population was <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> and 35% was <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>. Also, until the Holocaust, there was a noticeable Jewish minority. Since World War II, there has been a significant decline in Catholic and especially Protestant Christianity, with Protestantism declining to such a degree that Catholicism became the foremost form of the Christian religion. The majority of the Dutch population is <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>. Relatively sizable <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> minorities also exist. </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a>, the government institute that gathers statistical information about the Netherlands, found that 50.1% of the adult (18+) population declared no religious affiliation. Christians comprised 43.8% of the total population; by denomination, Catholicism was 23.7%, the members of the Protestant Church of the Netherlands were 15.5%, and members of other Christian denominations were 4.6%. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> comprised 4.9% of the total population, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> 0.6%, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> 0.4%, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> 0.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Dutch people believe religion should not have a significant role in politics and education. Religion is also primarily considered a personal matter which should not be discussed in public.<sup id="cite_ref-nos.nl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution of the Netherlands</a> guarantees freedom of education, which means that all schools that adhere to general quality criteria receive the same government funding. This includes schools based on religious principles by religious groups. Three out of nineteen political parties in the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">CDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(Netherlands)" title="Christian Union (Netherlands)">CU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">SGP</a>) are based upon Christian belief. Several Christian religious holidays are national holidays (<a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a> are on the rise and are widely accepted and considered to be non-controversial. Even among those who formally adhere to Christianity, there are high percentages of atheists, agnostics, and <a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsists</a>, since affiliation with a Christian denomination is also used in a way of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identification</a> in various parts of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-KnippenbergA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KnippenbergA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, 82% of the Netherlands' population said they never or almost never visited a church, and 59% stated that they had never been to a church of any kind. Of all the people questioned, 24% saw themselves as atheist, an increase of 11% compared to the previous study done in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-BerntsA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ietsism, or spirituality, is rising according to research done in 2015. In 2017 non-religious people were in the majority for the first time. Only 49% of people older than 15 years identified as religious, compared to 54% in 2012. The largest denomination was still Catholicism at 24%, while 5% identified with Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2023-2024 European Social Survey found that 13% identified as Protestant and 11% as Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-p324_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p324-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of religion in the Netherlands">History of religion in the Netherlands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity:_polytheism">Antiquity: polytheism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity: polytheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Religion in the Netherlands">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg/250px-WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg/375px-WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg/500px-WLANL_-_mystic_mabel_-_Voltarief_van_de_Godin_Nehalennia_150-250_na_Chr..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">Altar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nehalennia" title="Nehalennia">Nehalennia</a> 150-250 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest data on the profession of religion by the inhabitants of the regions that are now the "<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>" are passed down by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. Contrary to what ancient sources seem to suggest, the Rhine, which clearly formed the boundary of the Roman Empire, did not appear to form the boundary between residential areas of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germans</a>. There were Germans south of it (Germani Cisrhenani) and many place names and archaeological finds indicate the presence of Celts north of the Rhine. </p><p>Between these Celtic and Germanic peoples, and later the Roman conquerors (<a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a>), a cultural exchange took place. The tribes adapted one another's myths and polytheistic deities, resulting in a synthesis of Germanic, Celtic, and Roman mythology. Gods such as <a href="/wiki/Nehalennia" title="Nehalennia">Nehalennia</a>, Hiudana and <a href="/wiki/Sandraudiga" title="Sandraudiga">Sandraudiga</a> are of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous</a> (Celtic) origin, while gods such as <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wodan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Donar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freya" class="mw-redirect" title="Freya">Freija</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Freya" class="mw-redirect" title="Freya">Freya</a>) came from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic</a> origin. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, were introduced by the Romans. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> also described the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mannus" title="Mannus">Mannus</a>, a primitive man from which all Germanic tribes would have emerged. The Celts and Germans in the Low Countries had tree shrines, following the example of the Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donar%27s_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Donar's oak">Donar's oak</a>. Temples were probably only built during and after the romanization, and have been preserved in places such as <a href="/wiki/Empel" title="Empel">Empel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elst,_Gelderland" title="Elst, Gelderland">Elst</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages:_Christianisation_and_theocentrism">Middle Ages: Christianisation and theocentrism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages: Christianisation and theocentrism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Religion in the Netherlands">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gallee.jpg/220px-Gallee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gallee.jpg/330px-Gallee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gallee.jpg/440px-Gallee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_Baptismal_Vow" title="Old Saxon Baptismal Vow">Old Saxon Baptismal Vow</a>: "<i>Forsachistu diobolae..</i>" (Forsakest thou devils) and "<i>gelobistu in Got alamehtigan fadaer</i>" (believest thou in God almighty father). Left caption in a later writing: "<i>Abrinuciatio diaboli lingua Teotisca veter</i>." = (abjuration of the devil in Old German). Under the Baptismal Vow in Latin an enumeration of the first 20 practices in the <a href="/wiki/Indiculus_superstitionum_et_paganiarum" title="Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum">Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 4th to the 6th century AD <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">The Great Migration</a> took place, in which the small Celtic-Germanic-Roman tribes in the Low Countries were gradually supplanted by three major Germanic tribes: the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>. Around 500 of the Franks, initially residing between the Rhine and the <a href="/wiki/Somme_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme river">Somme</a>, converted to Christianity following the conversion of their king <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Chlodovech</a>. A large part of the area south of the Maas (Meuse) belonged from the early Middle Ages to 1559 to <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kempenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempenland">Kempenland</a>, which was part of the Diocese of Tongeren-Maastricht-Luik (Liege). From the center of the diocese, successively the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Luik</a>, this part of the Netherlands was probably Christianized. </p><p>According to tradition, the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> of Maastricht, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Servatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Servatius">Servatius</a> was buried in this city in 384, though only from Bishop Domitianus (ca. 535) is it established that he resided in Maastricht. However, it would take at least until 1000 AD before all pagan people were actually Christianized and the Frisian and Saxon religions became extinct, and elements of the extinguished pagan religions were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Christian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian religion">Christian religion</a> even after conversion. In the following centuries, Catholicism was the only mainstream religion in the Netherlands. In the 14th and 15th century, the first calls were heard for religious reform. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Getijdenboek_Geert_Grote_Kasteel_Huis_Bergh_%27s_Heerenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Getijdenboek_Geert_Grote_Kasteel_Huis_Bergh_%27s_Heerenberg.jpg/220px-Getijdenboek_Geert_Grote_Kasteel_Huis_Bergh_%27s_Heerenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Getijdenboek_Geert_Grote_Kasteel_Huis_Bergh_%27s_Heerenberg.jpg/330px-Getijdenboek_Geert_Grote_Kasteel_Huis_Bergh_%27s_Heerenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Getijdenboek_Geert_Grote_Kasteel_Huis_Bergh_%27s_Heerenberg.jpg/440px-Getijdenboek_Geert_Grote_Kasteel_Huis_Bergh_%27s_Heerenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>The beginning of the Book of the Hours of Geert Grote</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Era:_Reformation">Early Modern Era: Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Modern Era: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG/220px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG/330px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG/440px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Religion in the Netherlands in 1849 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The rebellious Netherlands that had united in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> (1579) declared their independence from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1581, during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>; Spain finally accepted this in 1648. The Dutch revolt was partially religiously motivated, as during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> many of the Dutch had adopted <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. These religious movements were suppressed by the Spanish, who supported the <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a>. After independence, the Netherlands adopted <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> as an informal <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, but practiced a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Calvinists. It cultivated a reputation as a safe refuge for <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews of the Netherlands">Jewish</a> and Protestant refugees from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. </p><p>There have always been considerable differences between orthodox and liberal interpretations of Calvinism, such as those between <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gomarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomarism">Gomarism</a> in the 17th century and those between the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> (<i>Nederlands Hervormde Kerk</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> (<i>Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland</i>) in the late 19th century, which even led to a denominational difference between <i>hervormd</i> and <i>gereformeerd</i>, though linguistically both mean "reformed". <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands">Catholics</a>, who dominated the southern provinces, were not allowed to practice their religion openly. They were emancipated during the late 19th and early 20th century through <a href="/wiki/Pillarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillarization">pillarization</a>, by forming their own social communities. In 1947, 44.3% belonged to Protestant denominations, 38.7% belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, and 17.1% were unaffiliated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940–45, 75-80% of Dutch Jews were murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_zielenvisserij_-_Fishing_for_souls_(Adriaen_Pietersz._van_de_Venne).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/De_zielenvisserij_-_Fishing_for_souls_%28Adriaen_Pietersz._van_de_Venne%29.jpg/220px-De_zielenvisserij_-_Fishing_for_souls_%28Adriaen_Pietersz._van_de_Venne%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/De_zielenvisserij_-_Fishing_for_souls_%28Adriaen_Pietersz._van_de_Venne%29.jpg/330px-De_zielenvisserij_-_Fishing_for_souls_%28Adriaen_Pietersz._van_de_Venne%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/De_zielenvisserij_-_Fishing_for_souls_%28Adriaen_Pietersz._van_de_Venne%29.jpg/440px-De_zielenvisserij_-_Fishing_for_souls_%28Adriaen_Pietersz._van_de_Venne%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption><i>Fishing for Souls</i> (<i>Zielenvisserij</i>), <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_de_Venne" title="Adriaen van de Venne">Adriaen Pietersz. van de Venne</a>, 1614, (<a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>), a satirical allegory of Protestant-Catholic struggles for souls during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>. On the left are the Protestants including the princes <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau">Maurits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Hendrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederik Hendrik">Frederik Hendrik</a>. Protestants are fishing in the foreground; their nets are marked with <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Fides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a>. On the right are Catholics including <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">archdukes</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Spinola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> carried by cardinals. A bishop and his Catholic priests are fishing in the boat for people.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1880 the major religions began to decline as secularism, socialism and liberalism grew; in the 1960s and 1970s Protestantism and Catholicism began to decline at a rapid rate. The major exception is Islam, which grew considerably largely as a result of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands#Im-_and_Emigration" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">immigration</a>. In 2013, a Catholic became <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era:_secularization,_decline_of_Christianity,_and_growth_of_religious_minorities"><span id="Modern_era:_secularization.2C_decline_of_Christianity.2C_and_growth_of_religious_minorities"></span>Modern era: secularization, decline of Christianity, and growth of religious minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern era: secularization, decline of Christianity, and growth of religious minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion in the Netherlands</a></div><p> Secularization in the Netherlands started around 1880, and major religions began to decline after the Second World War. Religion lost its influence on Dutch politics between the 1960s and 1980s, resulting in liberal Dutch policy. The increasing trend towards secularism is countered by a religious revival in the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt_(Netherlands)" title="Bible Belt (Netherlands)">Bible Belt</a>, and the growth of Muslim and Hindu communities resulting from immigration and high birth rates. As a result of the declining religious adherence, the two major strands of Calvinism, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a>, together with a small Lutheran group began to cooperate, first as the <i>Samen op weg Kerken</i> ("Together on the road churches") and since 2004 as the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, a united Protestant church.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterieur_OVERZICHT_-_Kollumerzwaag_-_20293807_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Exterieur_OVERZICHT_-_Kollumerzwaag_-_20293807_-_RCE.jpg/200px-Exterieur_OVERZICHT_-_Kollumerzwaag_-_20293807_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Exterieur_OVERZICHT_-_Kollumerzwaag_-_20293807_-_RCE.jpg/300px-Exterieur_OVERZICHT_-_Kollumerzwaag_-_20293807_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Exterieur_OVERZICHT_-_Kollumerzwaag_-_20293807_-_RCE.jpg/400px-Exterieur_OVERZICHT_-_Kollumerzwaag_-_20293807_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3054" data-file-height="3054" /></a><figcaption>Lutheran church in <a href="/wiki/Kollumerzwaag" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollumerzwaag">Kollumerzwaag</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the same period, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam</a> increased from essentially nonexistent to 5% of the population. The main sources of Muslim immigrants include <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch empire">decolonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> as migrant workers, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> as refugees. In the early 21st century, religious tensions between native Dutch people and migrant Muslims was increasing. After the rise of politician <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a>, who sought to defend the Dutch liberal culture against what he saw as a "backwards religion",<sup id="cite_ref-controversy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-controversy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stricter immigration laws were enacted. Religious tensions increased after the murders of <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a> in 2002 by environmental extremist <a href="/wiki/Volkert_van_der_Graaf" title="Volkert van der Graaf">Volkert van der Graaf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)" title="Theo van Gogh (film director)">Theo van Gogh</a> in 2004<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In December 2014, for the first time there were more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands, with majorities of the population being agnostic (31%) or <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">spiritual but not religious</a> (27%). <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a> has a notable presence in the Netherlands, with research in 2003 indicating about 9.4% of the population expressing affinity with the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-verwey-jonker.nl2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verwey-jonker.nl2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pluralism">Pluralism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pluralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slightly more than half (52.8%) of the respondents to a research study about humanism in 2003 were affiliated with no religious or philosophical movement at all. In contrast, 8% reported following more than one movement. This form of pluralism occurs in all religious and philosophical Dutch movements but is strongest among supporters of non-<a href="/wiki/Western_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Western religion">Western religions</a>. 75% of Dutch Buddhists also affiliate with other religious or philosophical movements. Among followers of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> in the Netherlands, this ratio is even higher, at 91%. On the other hand, followers of Western religions and humanism, as well as movements in the 'other' category were least likely to affiliate with more than one religious or philosophical movement. </p><p>Within Western movements, the people affiliating with humanism were most likely to also adhere to one or more other movements (47%). Most of these humanists adhere to Catholicism (27%), Protestantism (14%) or Buddhism (12%). Also 9% of Catholics, 6% of Protestants, and 50% of the Buddhists counting themselves as humanists, as well as 25% of Muslims, 55% of the Hindu, 19% of the Jews, and 15% of the supporters of a movement other than these listed.<sup id="cite_ref-verwey-jonker.nl_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verwey-jonker.nl-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cults,_sects_and_new_religious_movements"><span id="Cults.2C_sects_and_new_religious_movements"></span>Cults, sects and new religious movements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cults, sects and new religious movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> have the same legal rights as larger and more mainstream religious movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Foredoomed_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foredoomed-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 214–215">: 214–215 </span></sup> The Dutch government chose not to make special laws regarding <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> (generally all informally called "sekten" in Dutch). This decision was based on reports made after the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> mass murder and suicide. Nor is there any officially assigned institute that provides information to the public about these movements and organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since November 2012, there has been an official complaint website about cults, sects, new religious movements, spiritual courses, philosophy courses, and therapy groups. The website was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Security_and_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Security and Justice">Ministry of Security and Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trouw1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trouw1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The website can also refer people to psychological counsellors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immediate reason for this website was an undercover documentary by the commercial TV station <a href="/wiki/SBS6" title="SBS6">SBS6</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Love" title="Miracle of Love">Miracle of Love</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-trouw1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trouw1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2004, the Netherlands did not have an <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult movement</a> of any significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Foredoomed_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foredoomed-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 213">: 213 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sint-Jans-Hertogenbosch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sint-Jans-Hertogenbosch.jpg/150px-Sint-Jans-Hertogenbosch.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sint-Jans-Hertogenbosch.jpg/225px-Sint-Jans-Hertogenbosch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sint-Jans-Hertogenbosch.jpg/300px-Sint-Jans-Hertogenbosch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral_(%27s-Hertogenbosch)" title="St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)">Sint-Janskathedraal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Den_Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Den Bosch">Den Bosch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While 67.8% of the Dutch population are not members of any religious community<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the remainder report affiliation with a multitude of religions. 24.5% of the Dutch population is affiliated with a Christian church. The largest group, 11.7% in 2015, is Roman Catholic. The rest are distributed over a multitude of Protestant churches, which made up 12.8% of the population in 2012. The largest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (8.6%), which in fact is an alliance of three churches, two Calvinist and one Lutheran. Smaller churches make up about 0.1% of the Dutch population. These churches have either been the result of conflicts within the Calvinist Church or have been imported, mainly from the United States. Other Christians (Eastern Orthodox and Restorationists) make up only a small percentage. The remaining 7.7% of the population are members of another religion, such as Islam (5.8%), Hinduism, Judaism, Baháʼí, Buddhism, or <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">indigenous religions</a>. </p><p>Different sources give very different percentages.<sup id="cite_ref-Knippenberg_page_92_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knippenberg_page_92-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2006, fewer than 7% attend church or mosque regularly (at least once a month). Similar studies were done in 1966, 1979, and 1996, showing a steady decline of religious affiliation. That this trend is likely to continue is illustrated by the fact that in the age group under 35, 69% are non-affiliated. However, those who <i>are</i> religious tend to be more profoundly religious than in the past. Religious belief is also regarded as a very personal affair, as is illustrated by the fact that 60% of self-described believers are not affiliated with any organized religion. There is stronger stress on the positive sides of belief, with <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> and the concept of damnation being pushed into the background. 53% of the Dutch population believe in a form of life after death, of which a third believe in some kind of heaven (with or without a god), but with only 4% believing in Hell. Of the entire population, 10% believe in a reunion of family and loved ones, and 10% in the survival of the spirit, soul or consciousness. Of the people who answer positively to whether they believe there is life after death, 15% think of the afterlife as "living on in the memory of others". Furthermore, 6% believe in reincarnation generally, and 5% in reincarnation in human form exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One-quarter of non-believers sometimes pray, but more in a sense of meditative self-reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-Knippenberg_page_92_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knippenberg_page_92-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atheism, agnosticism, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a> are also on the rise, and are becoming broadly accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-KnippenbergA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KnippenbergA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expected rise of spirituality (<a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">ietsism</a>) has come to a halt according to research in 2015. In 2006 40% of respondents considered themselves spiritual, while by 2015 this had dropped to 31%. The number who believed in the existence of a higher power (theists and certain ietsists) fell from 36% to 28% over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-nos.nl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research done in 2015 by Ton Bernts and Joantine Berghuijs concluded that 67.8% of the Dutch population consider themselves to be irreligious.<sup id="cite_ref-BerntsA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, 51% of the Dutch population were still affiliated church members. In 2015 only 25% of the population adheres to one of the Christian churches, 4% is Muslim and 2% adheres to Hinduism Budism, based on in-depth interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-nos.nl_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Netherlands (82%) claim they never or almost never visit a church, and 59% stated they have never been to a church of any kind. Of all the people questioned, 25% see themselves as atheists, an increase of 11% compared to the previous study done in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Member_loss_of_Christian_groups_2003–2013_according_to_church_reports"><span id="Member_loss_of_Christian_groups_2003.E2.80.932013_according_to_church_reports"></span>Member loss of Christian groups 2003–2013 according to church reports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Member loss of Christian groups 2003–2013 according to church reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all Christian groups show a decrease in the number of members or less stable membership. However, in particular, the loss of members of the two major churches is noticeable, namely the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands, with a membership loss of approximately 589,500 members between 2003 (4,532,000 people, or 27.9% of the population) and 2013 (3,943,000 people, or 23.3%),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, with a membership loss of 737,174 members between 2003 (1,823,085 people, or 11.2% of the population, for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>; 623,100 people or 3.8% for the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands; and 11,989 people or 0.07% for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands; total for these churches of 2,458,174 people, or 15.15% of the population) and 2012 (Protestant Church in the Netherlands, 1,721,000 people or 10.2% of the population). Smaller churches (<a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_the_Netherlands" title="Mennonites in the Netherlands">Mennonite Church in the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>) had a total number of 22,489 members (0.13% of the population) in 2003, which dropped to 17,852 members (0.10% of the population) in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-kaski1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaski1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, the number of members of Christian groups in the Netherlands decreased from 7,013,163 (43.22% of the population) in 2003 to 5,730,852 (34.15% of the population) in 2013. This accounts for a total member loss of 1,282,311 (9.7% overall population) of all churches in the Netherlands within these 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-ru.nl_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru.nl-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers are based on information by KASKI (Katholiek Sociaal-Kerkelijk Insituut / Catholic Social-Ecclesiastical Institute<sup id="cite_ref-ru.nl_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru.nl-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which in turn bases its numbers on information provided by the churches themselves. Independent research in 2015 by the VU University Amsterdam and Radboud University shows significantly lower numbers concerning the percentage of the Dutch population that adheres to almost all the churches named here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominations">Denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Catholic Church in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek,_Maastricht-40301.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek%2C_Maastricht-40301.jpg/150px-Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek%2C_Maastricht-40301.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek%2C_Maastricht-40301.jpg/225px-Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek%2C_Maastricht-40301.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek%2C_Maastricht-40301.jpg/300px-Sint-Janskerk_en_Sint-Servaasbasiliek%2C_Maastricht-40301.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6020" data-file-height="3386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius" title="Basilica of Saint Servatius">Basilica of Saint Servatius</a> (built 570) in Maastricht is the oldest church in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Distribution map <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">pillarised</a> first names<br />Catholic vs Protestant</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elisabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Elisabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png/117px-Elisabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Elisabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png/176px-Elisabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Elisabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png/234px-Elisabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Eli<b>s</b>abeth</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elizabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png/117px-Elizabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elizabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png/176px-Elizabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Elizabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png/234px-Elizabeth-f-init-rel-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Eli<b>z</b>abeth</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerardus-m-init-rel-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerardus-m-init-rel-diff.png/117px-Gerardus-m-init-rel-diff.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerardus-m-init-rel-diff.png/176px-Gerardus-m-init-rel-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerardus-m-init-rel-diff.png/234px-Gerardus-m-init-rel-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gerardus</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerrit-m-init-rel-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gerrit-m-init-rel-diff.png/117px-Gerrit-m-init-rel-diff.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gerrit-m-init-rel-diff.png/176px-Gerrit-m-init-rel-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gerrit-m-init-rel-diff.png/234px-Gerrit-m-init-rel-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gerrit</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelmus-m-init-rel-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wilhelmus-m-init-rel-diff.png/117px-Wilhelmus-m-init-rel-diff.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wilhelmus-m-init-rel-diff.png/176px-Wilhelmus-m-init-rel-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wilhelmus-m-init-rel-diff.png/234px-Wilhelmus-m-init-rel-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Wilhelmus</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem-m-init-rel-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Willem-m-init-rel-diff.png/117px-Willem-m-init-rel-diff.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Willem-m-init-rel-diff.png/176px-Willem-m-init-rel-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Willem-m-init-rel-diff.png/234px-Willem-m-init-rel-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Willem</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrus-m-init-rel-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Petrus-m-init-rel-diff.png/117px-Petrus-m-init-rel-diff.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Petrus-m-init-rel-diff.png/176px-Petrus-m-init-rel-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Petrus-m-init-rel-diff.png/234px-Petrus-m-init-rel-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Petrus</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrik-m-init-rel-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hendrik-m-init-rel-diff.png/117px-Hendrik-m-init-rel-diff.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hendrik-m-init-rel-diff.png/176px-Hendrik-m-init-rel-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hendrik-m-init-rel-diff.png/234px-Hendrik-m-init-rel-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Hendrik</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Currently, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> is the single largest Christian denomination of the Netherlands,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming some 18.3% of the Dutch people in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-cbs2022_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs2022-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down from 40% in the 1960s. According to the church itself, 20.8% of the Dutch population were formal members in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KASKI-Katholieken_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KASKI-Katholieken-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1970, the emphasis on Catholic concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">hell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, divorce and remarriage, <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>, the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> and receiving the <a href="/wiki/Hostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostia">eucharist</a> rapidly disappeared, and these concepts are nowadays seldom or not at all found within contemporary Dutch Catholicism. In the 1980s and 1990s, the church became polarized between conservatives, whose main organization was the Contact Roman Catholics, and liberals, whose main organization was the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_of_May_Movement" title="Eighth of May Movement">Eighth of May Movement</a> (Dutch: "Acht Mei-beweging"), which was founded in 1985. The latter organization had a difficult relationship with Church bishops and was disbanded in 2003. As of 2014, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Wim_Eijk" title="Wim Eijk">Willem Jacobus Eijk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht#Roman_Catholic_archbishops_after_Restoration_of_the_Episcopal_Hierarchy" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht">Archbishop of Utrecht</a>, is the highest Catholic authority. </p><p>In December 2011, a report was published by <a href="/wiki/Wim_Deetman" title="Wim Deetman">Wim Deetman</a>, a former Dutch minister, detailing widespread <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> within the Catholic Church in the Netherlands. 1,800 incidents of abuse "by clergy or volunteers within Dutch Catholic dioceses" were reported to have occurred since 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Protecting_paedophile_priests_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protecting_paedophile_priests-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the report, "The risk of experiencing unwanted sexual advances was twice as great for minors in institutions as the national average of 9.7%. This finding reveals no significant difference between Roman Catholic institutions and other institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2012, however, it was revealed that cases of 10 children being chemically <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a> after reporting being sexually abused to the police had come to light.<sup id="cite_ref-Protecting_paedophile_priests_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protecting_paedophile_priests-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also emerged that in 1956 former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Victor_Marijnen" title="Victor Marijnen">Victor Marijnen</a>, then chairman of a children's home in <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, had covered up the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> of children. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/De_Telegraaf" title="De Telegraaf">De Telegraaf</a></i> newspaper, he "intervened to have prison sentences dropped against several priests convicted of abusing children."<sup id="cite_ref-Protecting_paedophile_priests_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protecting_paedophile_priests-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission rejected all the claims.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Catholics is not only declining, but many people who identify themselves as Catholics also do not regularly attend Sunday Mass. 153,800 people attended Mass in a regular weekend in 2018 according to information by the Catholic Institute for Ecclesiastical Statistics (KASKI).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Catholics live in the southern provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, where they comprise a majority of the population in the diocese of Roermond in the province of Limburg, based on self-reported information by the Catholic Church. </p><p>According to the church administration in 2010, the population of two dioceses, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Roermond" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Roermond">Roermond</a>, were still majority Roman Catholic. However, based on the conflicting SILA numbers, the diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch had already lost its Catholic majority. The church administration only announced 's-Hertogenbosch losing a Catholic majority in 2014. </p><p>The number of parishes in the Netherlands has dropped between 2003 and 2021 from 1525 to 641. The number of churches used for Catholic liturgy dropped in the same period from 1,782 to 1,303.<sup id="cite_ref-KASKI-Parishes_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KASKI-Parishes-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A planned visit by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> to the Netherlands was blocked by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Wim_Eijk" title="Wim Eijk">Wim Eijk</a> in 2014, allegedly because of the feared lack of interest in the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> among the Dutch public.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the Catholic population in the Netherlands is now largely irreligious in practice. Research among self-identified Catholics in the Netherlands, published in 2007, shows that only 27% of the Dutch Catholics can be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Theist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theist">theist</a>, 55% as an <a href="/wiki/Ietsist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ietsist">ietsist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a> and 17% as atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-Nederland'_2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nederland'_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 only 13% of self-identified Dutch Catholics believe in the existence of heaven, 17% in a personal God and fewer than half believe that Jesus was the Son of God or sent by God.<sup id="cite_ref-nos.nl_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable Dutch Catholics include <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Gorkum" title="Henry of Gorkum">Henry of Gorkum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Loos" title="Cornelius Loos">Cornelius Loos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Middendorp" title="Jakob Middendorp">Jakob Middendorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadewijch" title="Hadewijch">Hadewijch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piet_de_Jong" title="Piet de Jong">Piet de Jong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Harmenszoon_Krul" title="Jan Harmenszoon Krul">Jan Harmenszoon Krul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dries_van_Agt" title="Dries van Agt">Dries van Agt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Ubaghs" title="Casimir Ubaghs">Casimir Ubaghs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Verhagen" title="Maxime Verhagen">Maxime Verhagen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Albert_Ban" title="Joan Albert Ban">Joan Albert Ban</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_west_kerk2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amsterdam_west_kerk2.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_west_kerk2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amsterdam_west_kerk2.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_west_kerk2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amsterdam_west_kerk2.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_west_kerk2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westerkerk" title="Westerkerk">Westerkerk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sgpstemmen1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sgpstemmen1.png/220px-Sgpstemmen1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sgpstemmen1.png/330px-Sgpstemmen1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sgpstemmen1.png/440px-Sgpstemmen1.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch Bible Belt with a relatively large minority of orthodox Calvinists (2010 data)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church of the Netherlands">Protestant Church of the Netherlands</a> (PKN) forms by far the largest <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denomination, with some 15.5% of the population in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down from 60% in the early 20th century. According to the church itself, formal membership was 9.1% of the Dutch population in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PKN was formed in 2004 as a merger of the two major strands of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> (which then represented roughly 8.5% of the population) and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> (then 3.7% of the population), plus a smaller <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> Church, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (0.1%). Since the 1970s, these three churches had seen a major decline in adherents and had begun to work together. The PKN itself claims that 9.1% of the Dutch population is a member in 2016. About 4% of newborns were baptized within the PKN in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-kaski1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaski1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church embraces religious pluralism. Research shows that 42% of the members of the PKN are <a href="/wiki/Non-theist" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-theist">non-theist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nederland'_2006_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nederland'_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (PKN) and several other smaller denominations of the Netherlands, 1 in 6 members of the clergy report being either agnostic or atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-PKN-Hendrikse_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKN-Hendrikse-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The percentage of the Dutch population who are members decreases by about 2.5% per year. This is caused primarily by the conflux of older members dying off and little growth amongst the younger population.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of Protestant churches, mostly orthodox <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> splits and liberal churches, stayed out of the PKN. They represented some 4% of the population in 2004. Calvinism is the traditional faith of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch royal family">Dutch royal family</a> – a remnant of the church's historical dominance. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt_(Netherlands)" title="Bible Belt (Netherlands)">Bible Belt</a> (<i>De Bijbelgordel</i> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>) is the name given to a strip of land in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The belt is inhabited by a large number of conservative Protestants. The Bible Belt stretches from <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, through the West-<a href="/wiki/Betuwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Betuwe">Betuwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a>, to the northern parts of the province <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>. However, some communities with strong conservative Protestant leanings are situated outside the belt. For example, <a href="/wiki/Urk" title="Urk">Urk</a>, considered by many as one of the most traditional communities in the country, and some municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> have characteristics typical of the Bible Belt. Other places in this area are <a href="/wiki/Yerseke" title="Yerseke">Yerseke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tholen" title="Tholen">Tholen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouddorp" title="Ouddorp">Ouddorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opheusden" title="Opheusden">Opheusden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesteren" title="Kesteren">Kesteren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barneveld_(municipality)" title="Barneveld (municipality)">Barneveld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunspeet" title="Nunspeet">Nunspeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elspeet" title="Elspeet">Elspeet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staphorst" title="Staphorst">Staphorst</a>. The three biggest cities regarded to be part of the Bible Belt are <a href="/wiki/Ede,_Netherlands" title="Ede, Netherlands">Ede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veenendaal" title="Veenendaal">Veenendaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a>. </p><p>A 2015 study estimates some 4,500 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Chart of splits and mergers of the Dutch Reformed churches</b> </p> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Splits and mergers of the Dutch Reformed churches </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">NHK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Emden" title="Synod of Emden">1571</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">1619</a>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/1834_Dutch_Reformed_Church_split" title="1834 Dutch Reformed Church split">Seceders</a> (1834)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Churches" title="Christian Reformed Churches">CGK</a> (1869)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/1886_Dutch_Reformed_Church_split" title="1886 Dutch Reformed Church split">NGK (Dolerende)</a> (1886)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">GKN</a> (1892)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Congregations" title="Reformed Congregations">GerGem</a> (1907)</td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands_(Liberated)" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)">GKV</a> (1944)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Congregations_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands">GGiN</a> (1953)</td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Reformed_Churches" title="Netherlands Reformed Churches">NRC</a> (1967)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Congregations_in_the_Netherlands_(unconnected)" title="Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands (unconnected)">GGiN (unconnected)</a> (1980)</td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands_(Restored)" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Restored)">NVK</a> (2003)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Restored_Reformed_Church" title="Restored Reformed Church">HHK</a> (2004)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Continued_Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">VGKN</a> (2004)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands">ELKKN</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">GKN (2009)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">PKN</a> (2004)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Churches" title="Dutch Reformed Churches">NGK</a> (2023)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">GK (2024)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Christians">Other Christians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20100423_Coehoornsingel_14_(Remonstrantse_kerk)_Groningen_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/20100423_Coehoornsingel_14_%28Remonstrantse_kerk%29_Groningen_NL.jpg/150px-20100423_Coehoornsingel_14_%28Remonstrantse_kerk%29_Groningen_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/20100423_Coehoornsingel_14_%28Remonstrantse_kerk%29_Groningen_NL.jpg/225px-20100423_Coehoornsingel_14_%28Remonstrantse_kerk%29_Groningen_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/20100423_Coehoornsingel_14_%28Remonstrantse_kerk%29_Groningen_NL.jpg/300px-20100423_Coehoornsingel_14_%28Remonstrantse_kerk%29_Groningen_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Remonstrant church in <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osylaan_Zoetermeer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Osylaan_Zoetermeer.jpg/150px-Osylaan_Zoetermeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Osylaan_Zoetermeer.jpg/225px-Osylaan_Zoetermeer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Osylaan_Zoetermeer.jpg/300px-Osylaan_Zoetermeer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Hague_Netherlands_Temple" title="The Hague Netherlands Temple">The Hague Netherlands Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Reformed_Church" title="Restored Reformed Church">Restored Reformed Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continued_Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Churches" title="Christian Reformed Churches">Christian Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Congregations" title="Reformed Congregations">Reformed Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Congregations_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands">Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-Reformed_Congregations_in_the_Netherlands" title="Old-Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands">Old-Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Churches" title="Dutch Reformed Churches">Dutch Reformed Churches</a></li> <li>Reformed Churches</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_the_Netherlands" title="Mennonites in the Netherlands">Mennonite Church in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrant Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Baptist_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Union of Baptist Churches in the Netherlands">Union of Baptist Churches in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Baptist_Churches" title="Brotherhood of Baptist Churches">Brotherhood of Baptist Churches</a></li> <li>Independent Free Baptist Churches</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>: <ul><li>League of Free Evangelican Parishes</li> <li>Evangelican Brotherhood</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Netherlands">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%E2%80%99s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah’s Witness">Jehovah’s Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>: <ul><li>Apostolic Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_and_Evangelical_Churches" title="United Pentecostal and Evangelical Churches">United Pentecostal and Evangelical Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a>: Gathering of Religious</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church_of_the_Netherlands" title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands">Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quakerism">Quakerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinglianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwinglianism">Zwinglianism</a>: Zwingli Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulu_Moskee_in_Bergen_op_Zoom,_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ulu_Moskee_in_Bergen_op_Zoom%2C_Netherlands.jpg/150px-Ulu_Moskee_in_Bergen_op_Zoom%2C_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ulu_Moskee_in_Bergen_op_Zoom%2C_Netherlands.jpg/225px-Ulu_Moskee_in_Bergen_op_Zoom%2C_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ulu_Moskee_in_Bergen_op_Zoom%2C_Netherlands.jpg/300px-Ulu_Moskee_in_Bergen_op_Zoom%2C_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Ulu Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen op Zoom</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is a relatively new religion in the Netherlands. In 2015, 4.9% of the Dutch population were <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> denomination, with a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> minority. Muslim numbers began to rise after the 1960s as the result of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands#Im-_and_Emigration" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">immigration</a>. Some migrants from former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, are Muslim. Migrant workers from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and their children make up the most substantial part of the Muslim population of the Netherlands. </p><p>During the 1990s, the Netherlands received Muslim refugees from countries like <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Of the immigrant ethnic groups, 100% of <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>; 99% of <a href="/wiki/Moroccans" title="Moroccans">Moroccans</a>; 90% of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>; 69% of <a href="/wiki/Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Asians">Asians</a>; 64% of other <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a>, and 12% of <a href="/wiki/Surinamese_people" title="Surinamese people">Surinamese</a> were Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims form a diverse group. Social tensions between native Dutch and migrant Muslims began to rise in the early 21st century. Politician <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a> being murdered by militant animal rights activist <a href="/wiki/Volkert_van_der_Graaf" title="Volkert van der Graaf">Volkert van der Graaf</a> in 2002 made his anti-Islamic opinions dominant. This was reinforced in 2004 by the murder of <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)" title="Theo van Gogh (film director)">Theo van Gogh</a> by extremist Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bouyeri" title="Mohammed Bouyeri">Mohammed Bouyeri</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Hofstad_Network" title="Hofstad Network">Hofstad Network</a>. After 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a>, with considerable electoral success, demanded a ban of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, closure of all mosques and a forced remigration of those Muslims who had not assimilated into the Dutch culture. </p><p>There has been criticism of governments of Muslim-majority countries financing mosques as this allegedly would slow integration in the Dutch society.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Netherlands">Judaism in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg/150px-EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg/225px-EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg/300px-EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam)" title="Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)">Portuguese Synagogue</a> (built 1675) in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> is the oldest synagogue in the Netherlands.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enschede,_Synagoge,_Interieur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Enschede%2C_Synagoge%2C_Interieur.jpg/150px-Enschede%2C_Synagoge%2C_Interieur.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Enschede%2C_Synagoge%2C_Interieur.jpg/225px-Enschede%2C_Synagoge%2C_Interieur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Enschede%2C_Synagoge%2C_Interieur.jpg/300px-Enschede%2C_Synagoge%2C_Interieur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6941" data-file-height="3762" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Religious Jews represent 0.1% of the Dutch population in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its social tolerance, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> formed a haven for Jews that were persecuted because of their beliefs throughout Europe. Prominent Dutch Jews include <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, a 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs" title="Aletta Jacobs">Aletta Jacobs</a>, a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Polak" title="Henri Polak">Henri Polak</a>, who founded both the socialist party <a href="/wiki/Sociaal_Democratische_Arbeidersparty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociaal Democratische Arbeidersparty">SDAP</a> and the labor union <a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Verbond_van_Vakverenigingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen">NVV</a>. The majority of Jews lived in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, where they formed an eighth (90,000) of the population. During the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands in the Second World War">Second World War</a>, about 75% of Dutch Jews were deported and murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Isra%C3%ABlitisch_Kerkgenootschap" title="Nederlands Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap">Jewish Communities in the Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Verbond_voor_Progressief_Jodendom" title="Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom">Dutch Union for Progressive Judaism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Portugees-Isra%C3%ABlitisch_Kerkgenootschap" title="Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap">Portuguese Israelite Religious Community</a> are three organizations of Jews in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Hinduism in the Netherlands">Hinduism in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>Hinduism is a minority religion in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, representing 0.6% of the Dutch population in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these are relatively recent first or second-generation <a href="/wiki/Indo-Surinamese" title="Indo-Surinamese">Indo-Surinamese</a> immigrants, South Asians who had been resident in the former Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and traveled to the Netherlands in the 1970s and 1980s. There are also sizable populations of Hindu immigrants from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, as well as a smaller number of Western adherents of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism-oriented new religious movements</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Buddhism in the Netherlands">Buddhism in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naropa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naropa.jpg/150px-Naropa.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naropa.jpg/225px-Naropa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naropa.jpg/300px-Naropa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>Naropa Institute of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cadzand" title="Cadzand">Cadzand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hehua14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hehua14.JPG/150px-Hehua14.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hehua14.JPG/225px-Hehua14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hehua14.JPG/300px-Hehua14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>He Hua Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Chinese people in the Netherlands">Chinese community</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhists represent 0.4% of the Dutch population in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Sikhism in the Netherlands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_Netherlands" title="Baháʼí Faith in the Netherlands">Baháʼí Faith in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>The first mentions of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> in the Netherlands were in 1852, when newspapers covered some of the events relating to the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b%C3%ADsm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábísm">Bábí movement</a>, which the Baháʼí Faith regards as a precursor religion.<sup id="cite_ref-newsp_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsp-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 1904 <a href="/wiki/Algemeen_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="Algemeen Handelsblad">Algemeen Handelsblad</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> newspaper, sent a correspondent to investigate the Baháʼís in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corresp_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corresp-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Baháʼís to settle in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> were a couple of families — the Tijssens and Greevens, both of whom left <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> for the Netherlands in 1937, as their business practices were affected by <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-draft_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draft-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Baháʼís established a committee to oversee introducing the religion across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The growth of the Baháʼí community in the Netherlands began as a result, with <a href="/wiki/Pioneering_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneering (Baháʼí)">Baháʼí pioneers</a> arriving in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-draft_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draft-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following their arrival and the conversions of some citizens, the first Baháʼí <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly#Local_Spiritual_Assemblies" title="Spiritual Assembly">Local Spiritual Assembly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> was elected in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-vieten_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vieten-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, with 110 Baháʼís and nine spiritual assemblies, the Baháʼí community in the Netherlands first elected its own <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly#National_Spiritual_Assemblies" title="Spiritual Assembly">National Spiritual Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-draft_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draft-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 there were about 6,700 Baháʼís in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-ARDA-10_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARDA-10-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 the Netherlands had 34 local spiritual assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-vieten_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vieten-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_affiliation_by_year_(1830–2023)"><span id="Religious_affiliation_by_year_.281830.E2.80.932023.29"></span>Religious affiliation by year (1830–2023)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religious affiliation by year (1830–2023)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table">Table</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Historical development of the religious affiliation of the Netherlands </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Most<sup id="cite_ref-provided_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-provided-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestants </th> <th>Roman Catholics </th> <th>Jews </th> <th>Muslims </th> <th>Other Christians <p>/religions </p> </th> <th>No religion </th></tr> <tr> <td>1830 </td> <td>59.1% </td> <td>40.8% </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>- </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840 </td> <td>59.6% </td> <td>40.3% </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>- </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1849 </td> <td>59.7% </td> <td>38.4% </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>- </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859 </td> <td>60.6% </td> <td>37.4% </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>- </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>61.3% </td> <td>36.6% </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>- </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1879 </td> <td>61.6% </td> <td>36.1% </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889 </td> <td>60.5% </td> <td>35.6% </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899 </td> <td>60.0% </td> <td>35.3% </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>- </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909 </td> <td>57.3% </td> <td>35.2% </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 </td> <td>53.8% </td> <td>35.8% </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>- </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>7.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td>46.3% </td> <td>36.5% </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>- </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>14.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>42.3% </td> <td>38.6% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>- </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>17.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>40.7% </td> <td>40.5% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>18.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>35.9% </td> <td>40.5% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>23.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>33% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>3% </td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>31% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>3% </td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>30% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>5% </td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>29% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>6% </td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>28% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>5% </td> <td>31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>26% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>6% </td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>21% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>8% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>21% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>8% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>21% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>9% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>17.9% </td> <td>27.3% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>4.5% </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>45.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>16.8% </td> <td>26.5% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>4.7% </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>46.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>16.7% </td> <td>25.8% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>5.2% </td> <td>47.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>16.1% </td> <td>26.3% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>5.9% </td> <td>46.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>15.8% </td> <td>24.4% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>49.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>15.5% </td> <td>23.7% </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>50.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>15.6% </td> <td>24.1% </td> <td>- </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>5.5% </td> <td>49.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>15.0% </td> <td>23.6% </td> <td>- </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>50.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>16.0% </td> <td>22.1% </td> <td>- </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td>5.3% </td> <td>51.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>14.8% </td> <td>20.1% </td> <td>- </td> <td>5.0% </td> <td>5.9% </td> <td>54.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>14.4% </td> <td>19.8% </td> <td>- </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>5.2% </td> <td>55.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>13.6% </td> <td>18.3% </td> <td>- </td> <td>4.6% </td> <td>6.1% </td> <td>57.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>13.2% </td> <td>18.2% </td> <td>- </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>5.9% </td> <td>57.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>13% </td> <td>17% </td> <td>- </td> <td>6% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>58% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sources: </p> <ul><li>1830–1971 Censuses (18+): <i>www.volkstellingen.nl</i></li> <li>1975–2005 (18+) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37944/table">Statistics Netherlands' historical data, 1849-2015</a></li> <li>2010–2015: (18+)<sup id="cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016–2021: (15+)<sup id="cite_ref-cbs2022_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs2022-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2022: (15+)<sup id="cite_ref-cbs2023_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs2023-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2023: (15+)<sup id="cite_ref-cbs2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_surveys">Other surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:FireBrick; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.727194597248px; border-left-color:LightCoral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightCoral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:LightCoral"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:48.175367410172px 87.630668004386px 0 0; border-top-color:PowderBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:PowderBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:0.19732715717284px; border-width:0 0 99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px; border-bottom-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Beliefs in the Netherlands (2015), based on in-depth interviewing by <a href="/wiki/Radboud_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Radboud University">Radboud University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a><sup id="cite_ref-BerntsA_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepSkyBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> (24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:PowderBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> (34%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightCoral; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a> (28%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a> (14%)</div> </div> </div></div> <ul><li>According to an independent in-depth interview series by <a href="/wiki/Radboud_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Radboud University">Radboud University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a> in 2006, 34% of the Dutch population identified as Christian,<sup id="cite_ref-nos.nl_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decreasing till in 2015 just under 25% of the population adhered to one of the Christian faiths (11.7% Roman Catholic, 8.6% Protestants, 4.2% other small Christian denominations), 5% were Muslims and 2% Hindus or Buddhists. Approximately 67.8% of the population in 2015 had no religious affiliation, up from 61% in 2006, 53% in 1996, 43% in 1979, and 33% in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-BerntsA_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>KASKI (Katholiek Sociaal-Kerkelijk Insituut / Catholic Social-Ecclesiastical Institute)<sup id="cite_ref-ru.nl_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru.nl-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found 23.3% of the population to be nominally Catholic in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-kaski4_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaski4-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 10% to be members of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, based on information provided by the Catholic and Protestant churches.<sup id="cite_ref-kaski1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaski1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers are significantly higher than the numbers of adherents found by Radboud University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. This shows a significant disconnect between membership and actual adherence. In particular, the Catholic Church often claims that a quarter of the Dutch population is Catholic, pointing to the official stats; however, in population surveys, fewer than half that number associate themselves with the Catholic faith. A significant proportion of the nominally religious Dutch population have secularized without renouncing their faith, a phenomenon known as "belonging without believing".<sup id="cite_ref-ecso.org_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecso.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to KASKI, the total number of members of Christian groups in the Netherlands has decreased from approximately 7,013,163 (43.22% of the overall population) in 2003 to 5,730,852 (34.15% of the overall population) in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-kaski4_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaski4-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> 2012, 44% of Dutch residents were Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics were the largest Christian group in the Netherlands, accounting for 22% of Dutch citizens,<sup id="cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Protestants made up 15% and other Christians made up 7%. Irreligious people and agnostics accounted for 41%, atheists accounted for 8%, and Muslims for 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A December 2014 survey by VU University Amsterdam found that for the first time there were more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands, with the majority of the population being agnostic (31%) or <a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">ietsistic</a> (27%).<sup id="cite_ref-trouw.nl_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trouw.nl-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable float" style="font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Beliefs in the Netherland (2019), survey by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands (CBS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-cbs2020_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs2020-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>: "I don't believe in God." </td> <td align="right">33.2 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">33.2</span><div style="width:99.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:DeepSkyBlue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a>: </td> <td align="right">31.7 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">31.7</span><div style="width:95.1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:FireBrick"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">- "I believe in God." </td> <td align="right">24.6 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">24.6</span><div style="width:73.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#F4C2C2"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">- "I believe in God, although I have my doubts." </td> <td align="right">7.1 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">7.1</span><div style="width:21.3px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#F4C2C2"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a>: "I don't know if there is a God and I don't believe there is any way to find out." </td> <td align="right">14.8 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">14.8</span><div style="width:44.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:PowderBlue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a>: "I don't believe in a personal God, but I do believe in some higher power." </td> <td align="right">14.0 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">14</span><div style="width:42px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:LightCoral"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Undecided: "Sometimes I believe in God, sometimes I don't." </td> <td align="right">6.3 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">6.3</span><div style="width:18.9px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:Grey"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundamental_rights">Fundamental rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fundamental rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_stipulations">Constitutional stipulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Constitutional stipulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following articles of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution of the Netherlands</a> are most important to the regulation of religion. </p> <ul><li>Article 1 stipulates that "All persons in the Netherlands shall be treated equally in equal circumstances. Discrimination on the grounds of religion, belief, political opinion, race or sex or on any other grounds whatsoever shall not be permitted."<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution2008_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution2008-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 6 stipulates that "Everyone shall have the right to profess freely his religion or belief, either individually or in community with others, without prejudice to his responsibility under the law." However, outside of places of worship, this right can be limited in the interest of public health, traffic and public order.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution2008_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution2008-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 23 stipulates that "education provided by public authorities shall be regulated by Act of Parliament, paying due respect to everyone's religion or belief" (§3), that "the freedom of private schools to choose their teaching aids and to appoint teachers [shall be respected]" (§6), and that "private primary schools that satisfy the conditions laid down by Act of Parliament shall be financed from public funds according to the same standards as public-authority schools. The conditions under which private secondary education and pre-university education shall receive contributions from public funds shall be laid down by Act of Parliament." (§7).<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution2008_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution2008-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problems_and_debates">Problems and debates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Problems and debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact necessity, scope and consequences of the constitutionally defined <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> are subject to discussion. Critics argue it is superfluous to recognise 'freedom of religion' (primarily described in Article 6) as a separate fundamental right, because the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">freedom of conscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">thought</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">expression</a> (Article 7), the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a> (Article 8), and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly and demonstration</a> (Article 9) are supposedly sufficient to guarantee all fundamental rights of religious people. Moreover, freedom of religion could be, or is allegedly being, used or abused to violate the rights of others, for example <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">children's rights</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> (potentially in contravention to the right to <a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">bodily integrity</a> as recognised in Article 11) and religious '<a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a>' of schoolchildren via <a href="/wiki/Special_school_(Netherlands)" title="Special school (Netherlands)">religious education</a> (further elaborated in Article 23 on the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_education" title="Freedom of education">freedom of education</a>, potentially in contravention to the freedom of conscience/thought/expression of children as recognised in Article 7), or <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> by <a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter" title="Legal aspects of ritual slaughter">unstunned ritual slaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stunning" title="Stunning">stunning</a> is required for all slaughterhouses, except Jewish and Islamic ones, according to the 2018 Unstunned Slaughter According to Religious Rituals Covenant, potentially in contravention to the right to equal treatment as recognised in Article 1).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it is argued that there is no need for an explicit, separate mention of 'religious belief' in Article 1 of the Constitution, considering that religious opinions should not receive special protection above other opinions of a non-religious kind.<sup id="cite_ref-Tijd_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tijd-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schols_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schols-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On 1 November 1984, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">abortion in the Netherlands</a> was legalised under certain conditions through the Abortion of Pregnancy Act (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Wet afbreking zwangerschap</i>), but remained part of criminal law. Under the original law, anyone seeking to have an abortion was legally required to wait five days (a "reflection period", <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">bedenktijd</i>) before having it performed. Thus, a compromise was established between the (legal) protection of unborn human life – primarily demanded by conservative Christian groups – on the one hand, and the right of a woman to receive help in the event of an unwanted pregnancy – mainly asserted by the women's movement – on the other. Discussions continued on the precise balance between these two main interests. Especially Christian parties argued that the five-day waiting period was essential for making an informed decision, and a possible change of mind before having the abortion performed, as this could 'save the unborn child's life' and 'prevent the would-be mother's regret'. Secular parties and women's rights organisations maintained that the reflection period put people with an unwanted pregnancy under undue stress, and restricted their right to bodily autonomy. Though in a parliamentary minority, Christian parties managed to block any amendment to the law for decades until June 2022, when a Senate majority agreed to Parliament's March 2022 proposal to remove the five-day waiting requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1994, the "single fact" clause (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">"enkele feit"-constructie</i>) was included in the General Equal Treatment Act (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Algemene wet gelijke behandeling</i>). Amongst other things, the law stipulated that a religious school could not fire a teacher for "the single fact" that they had a homosexual orientation. Since 1994, the ambiguity of this formulation had been the subject of discussion, as some argued that it still permitted firing an employee for their sexual orientation in combination with another "fact", while others argued it did not. Eventually, a parliamentary majority voted in favour of abolishing the formulation; the government did so per 1 July 2015. According to minister <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Plasterk" title="Ronald Plasterk">Ronald Plasterk</a>, in its 20-year existence, it had occurred "zero times that someone was fired by invoking this formulation"; nevertheless, it was important to make clear that discrimination, in combination with something else or not, could never be a reason for terminating someone's contract.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 1 April 2001, the Netherlands became the first country in the world to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">legalise same-sex marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three Christian parties opposed the 2000 bill, but were outvoted by all secular parties in Parliament (109 to 33)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Senate (49 to 26).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 7 September 2005, the district court of The Hague ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">Reformed Political Party</a> (SGP) could no longer receive subsidies from the government, because women were not allowed to hold positions in the party. This was found to be a violation of the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> (CEDAW), by which the Netherlands had committed themselves to fighting gender-based discrimination. It also was a violation of the first article of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Dutch constitution</a>, the principle of non-discrimination. The Dutch Council of State overturned the decision nevertheless, maintaining that a party's political philosophy takes precedence, and that women have the opportunity to join other political parties where they can obtain a leadership role.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in two cassation cases brought by the State and the SGP, the Supreme Court confirmed the judgement of the district court on 9 April 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complaint lodged by the SGP against the ruling of the Supreme Court with the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> was declared inadmissible in 2012. The Court considered further action against the SGP desirable, but could not rule on this, because this was not at issue in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, religious organisations (called <i>kerkgenootschappen</i>, literally 'church associations') and places of worship (called <i>gebedshuizen</i>, literally 'houses of prayer', or <i>kerkgebouwen</i>, literally 'church buildings') do not hold a special position in the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Dutch tax system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kerkrentmeester_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerkrentmeester-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>As legal entities, religious organizations are treated the same way as sports clubs and sporting events organizers, <a href="/wiki/Algemeen_nut_beogende_instelling" title="Algemeen nut beogende instelling">algemeen nut beogende instellingen</a> (anbi's), and cultural institutes: they are subjected to the so-called 'limited tax duty', which means they only need to pay <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corporate tax in the Netherlands">corporate taxes</a> in certain cases:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>'when it participates in trade with an organization of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and labor, and makes a profit, or strives to make a profit (it runs an enterprise), and no exemption applies, or'</li> <li>'when it engages in an activity in which it competes with entrepreneurs, and no exemption applies, or'</li> <li>'when the inspector invites it to file its taxes'.</li></ul></li> <li>Churches need to pay <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a> (VAT; Dutch: btw).<sup id="cite_ref-kerkrentmeester_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerkrentmeester-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Church buildings need to pay <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a> (Dutch: <i>onroerendezaakbelasting</i>, ozb), unless at least 70% of the property (the church building) is destined 'for public religious services or reflection meetings of a philosophical nature'; gatherings such as <a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">catechesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_group" title="Cell group">Bible study groups</a> are grouped under the latter denominator.<sup id="cite_ref-OZB_vrijstelling_voor_kerkgebouw_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZB_vrijstelling_voor_kerkgebouw-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residential parts such as a <a href="/wiki/Clergy_house" title="Clergy house">clergy house</a> do not fall under the exemption.<sup id="cite_ref-OZB_vrijstelling_voor_kerkgebouw_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZB_vrijstelling_voor_kerkgebouw-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Latour_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latour-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_institutes">Educational institutes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Educational institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_education" title="Freedom of education">Freedom of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_struggle_(Netherlands)" title="School struggle (Netherlands)">School struggle (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_school_(Netherlands)" title="Special school (Netherlands)">Special school (Netherlands)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion by country">Religion by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-provided-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-provided_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Provided statistics show Protestants by their allegiance to congregations of two denominations that do not exist anymore. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> (NHK), the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> (GKN) and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (PKN) and officially no longer exist. However, many people still tend to give their older affiliation even after the merger. People who declared themselves simply as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> did not give information about belonging to an older affiliation. <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> happened to do so. People who identified with one of those three categories (NHK/GKN/or simply PKN) are all members of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cbs2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbs2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCBS2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a> (29 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/cijfers/detail/82904NED">"Religieuze betrokkenheid; persoonskenmerken"</a>. <i>www.cbs.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbs.nl&rft.atitle=Religieuze+betrokkenheid%3B+persoonskenmerken&rft.date=2024-03-29&rft.au=CBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fcijfers%2Fdetail%2F82904NED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religieuze-kaart2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religieuze-kaart2016_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmeets2016" class="citation book cs1">Schmeets, Hans (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_pdf/2016/51/religie-regionaal-2010-2015.pdf"><i>De religieuze kaart van Nederland, 2010–2015</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Centraal Bureau voor der Statistiek. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+religieuze+kaart+van+Nederland%2C+2010%E2%80%932015&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Centraal+Bureau+voor+der+Statistiek&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Schmeets&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2F-%2Fmedia%2F_pdf%2F2016%2F51%2Freligie-regionaal-2010-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nos.nl_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos.nl_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos.nl_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos.nl_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nos.nl_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.nl/artikel/2092498-hoe-god-bijna-verdween-uit-nederland.html">"Hoe God (bijna) verdween uit Nederland"</a>. NOS. 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hoe+God+%28bijna%29+verdween+uit+Nederland&rft.date=2016-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fartikel%2F2092498-hoe-god-bijna-verdween-uit-nederland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonk,_W.B.H.J._van_deJonkers,_A.P.Kronjee,_G.J.Plum,_R.J.J.M.2006" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Donk, W.B.H.J. van de; Jonkers, A.P.; Kronjee, G.J.; Plum, R.J.J.M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrr.nl/binaries/wrr/documenten/verkenningen/2006/12/19/geloven-in-het-publiek-domein-verkenningen-van-een-dubbele-transformatie---13/V013-Geloven-publieke-domein.pdf">Geloven in het publiek domein: verkenningen van een dubbele transformatie - 13</a> [Believing in the Public Domain: Explorations of a Double Transformation - 13] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report) (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Council_for_Government_Policy" title="Scientific Council for Government Policy">Scientific Council for Government Policy</a>, The Hague: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Geloven+in+het+publiek+domein%3A+verkenningen+van+een+dubbele+transformatie+-+13&rft.place=Scientific+Council+for+Government+Policy%2C+The+Hague&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Donk%2C+W.B.H.J.+van+de&rft.au=Jonkers%2C+A.P.&rft.au=Kronjee%2C+G.J.&rft.au=Plum%2C+R.J.J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrr.nl%2Fbinaries%2Fwrr%2Fdocumenten%2Fverkenningen%2F2006%2F12%2F19%2Fgeloven-in-het-publiek-domein-verkenningen-van-een-dubbele-transformatie---13%2FV013-Geloven-publieke-domein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beleven.org/feesten/lijsten/landen.php?land=Nederland">"Feestdagen Nederland"</a>. Beleven.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feestdagen+Nederland&rft.pub=Beleven.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beleven.org%2Ffeesten%2Flijsten%2Flanden.php%3Fland%3DNederland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnippenbergA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KnippenbergA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KnippenbergA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Knippenberg, "The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe", Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5589-248-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-5589-248-3">90-5589-248-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BerntsA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BerntsA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerntsA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerntsA_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerntsA_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerntsBerghuijs2016" class="citation book cs1">Bernts, Tom; Berghuijs, Joantine (2016). <i>God in Nederland 1966-2015</i>. Ten Have. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025905248" title="Special:BookSources/9789025905248"><bdi>9789025905248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+Nederland+1966-2015&rft.pub=Ten+Have&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789025905248&rft.aulast=Bernts&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Berghuijs%2C+Joantine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2255861-voor-het-eerst-meeste-nederlanders-niet-religieus">"Voor het eerst meeste Nederlanders niet religieus"</a>. <i>nos.nl</i> (in Dutch). 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nos.nl&rft.atitle=Voor+het+eerst+meeste+Nederlanders+niet+religieus&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fartikel%2F2255861-voor-het-eerst-meeste-nederlanders-niet-religieus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p324-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p324_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionunplugged.com/news/2024/8/13/how-religious-is-europe-according-to-data-from-13-countries-not-very">"And There's The Data To Show It"</a>. <i>Religion Unplugged</i>. 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Unplugged&rft.atitle=And+There%E2%80%99s+The+Data+To+Show+It&rft.date=2024-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionunplugged.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F8%2F13%2Fhow-religious-is-europe-according-to-data-from-13-countries-not-very&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volkstellingen.nl/">"Volkstellingen 1795–1971"</a>. Volkstellingen.nl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volkstellingen+1795%E2%80%931971&rft.pub=Volkstellingen.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkstellingen.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Laqueur2001" class="citation book cs1">Walter Laqueur, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPbr0XzlTzcC&pg=PA304"><i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300138115" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300138115"><bdi>978-0300138115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0300138115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPbr0XzlTzcC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Knippenberg, "Secularization in the Netherlands in its historical and geographical dimensions," <i>GeoJournal</i> (1998) 45#3 pp 209-220. <a href="//doi.org/10.1023/A:1006973011455" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1023/A:1006973011455">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomáš Sobotka and Feray Adigüzel, "Religiosity and spatial demographic differences in the Netherlands" (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://som.eldoc.ub.rug.nl">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115144546/http://som.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/">Archived</a> 2012-11-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-controversy-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-controversy_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2844/Archief/archief/article/detail/622083/2002/02/09/Fortuyn-grens-dicht-voor-islamiet.dhtml">Fortuyn: grens dicht voor islamiet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkskrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkskrant">Volkskrant</a>, 2002-02-09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verwey-jonker.nl2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verwey-jonker.nl2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLammertsHakvoort2004" class="citation book cs1">Lammerts, Rob; Hakvoort, Susan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verwey-jonker.nl/doc/participatie/D0693416.pdf"><i>Humanisme in beeld</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanisme+in+beeld&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lammerts&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Hakvoort%2C+Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verwey-jonker.nl%2Fdoc%2Fparticipatie%2FD0693416.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verwey-jonker.nl-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verwey-jonker.nl_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLammertsHakvoort2004" class="citation book cs1">Lammerts, Rob; Hakvoort, Susan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verwey-jonker.nl/doc/participatie/D0693416.pdf"><i>Humanisme in beeld</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanisme+in+beeld&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lammerts&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Hakvoort%2C+Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verwey-jonker.nl%2Fdoc%2Fparticipatie%2FD0693416.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foredoomed-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foredoomed_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foredoomed_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singelenberg, Richard <i>Foredoomed to Failure: the Anti-Cult Movement in the Netherlands</i> in <i>Regulating religion: case studies from around the globe</i>, redacted by <a href="/wiki/James_T._Richardson" title="James T. Richardson">James T. Richardson</a>, Springer, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-47887-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-47887-0">0-306-47887-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47887-1">978-0-306-47887-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rug.nl/corporate/nieuws/opinie/2011/opinie11_2011?lang=en">"Prof. Fokko Oldenhuis: 'The government should set up an advisory centre to tackle sects' < University of Groningen"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Fokko+Oldenhuis%3A+%27The+government+should+set+up+an+advisory+centre+to+tackle+sects%27+%3C+University+of+Groningen&rft.pub=Rug.nl&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fcorporate%2Fnieuws%2Fopinie%2F2011%2Fopinie11_2011%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trouw1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trouw1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trouw1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5091/Religie/article/detail/3356190/2012/11/30/Hoeveel-sekteleiders-lopen-hier-rond-Ministerie-wist-het-niet-meer.dhtml">"Hoeveel sekteleiders lopen hier rond? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoeveel+sekteleiders+lopen+hier+rond%3F+Ministerie+wist+het+niet+meer+-+Religie+-+TROUW&rft.pub=Trouw.nl&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Ftr%2Fnl%2F5091%2FReligie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F3356190%2F2012%2F11%2F30%2FHoeveel-sekteleiders-lopen-hier-rond-Ministerie-wist-het-niet-meer.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sektesignaal.nl/pers/">"pers | Sektesignaal"</a>. Sektesignaal.nl. 30 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pers+%26%23124%3B+Sektesignaal&rft.pub=Sektesignaal.nl&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sektesignaal.nl%2Fpers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2012/11/30/steunpunt-slachtoffers-misstanden-bij-sektes-gelanceerd.html">"Steunpunt slachtoffers misstanden bij sektes gelanceerd | Nieuwsbericht"</a>. Rijksoverheid.nl. 30 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steunpunt+slachtoffers+misstanden+bij+sektes+gelanceerd+%26%23124%3B+Nieuwsbericht&rft.pub=Rijksoverheid.nl&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2012%2F11%2F30%2Fsteunpunt-slachtoffers-misstanden-bij-sektes-gelanceerd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knippenberg_page_92-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knippenberg_page_92_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knippenberg_page_92_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knippenberg, Hans "The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe" edited by Knippenberg published by Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5589-248-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-5589-248-3">90-5589-248-3</a>, page 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5091/Religie/article/detail/3831946/2015/01/17/Het-hiernamaals-is-vooral-een-walhalla-zonder-God.dhtml">"Het hiernamaals is vooral een walhalla zonder God"</a>. <i>Trouw</i>. 17 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trouw&rft.atitle=Het+hiernamaals+is+vooral+een+walhalla+zonder+God&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Ftr%2Fnl%2F5091%2FReligie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F3831946%2F2015%2F01%2F17%2FHet-hiernamaals-is-vooral-een-walhalla-zonder-God.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7Q-cFSS1aLEWnFJazN5NmE1bms/view">"Tabellen-God-in-Nederland-2016.docx"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabellen-God-in-Nederland-2016.docx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B7Q-cFSS1aLEWnFJazN5NmE1bms%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060129/http://www.kro-ncrv.nl/kruispunt/seizoenen/2016/30-145109-13-03-2016">"Hoe God verdwijnt uit Nederland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kro-ncrv.nl/kruispunt/seizoenen/2016/30-145109-13-03-2016">the original</a> on 14 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoe+God+verdwijnt+uit+Nederland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kro-ncrv.nl%2Fkruispunt%2Fseizoenen%2F2016%2F30-145109-13-03-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.nl/kaski/onderzoek/cijfers-rooms/">"Cijfers Rooms-Katholieke Kerk"</a>. <i>KASKI</i>. Radboud Universiteit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KASKI&rft.atitle=Cijfers+Rooms-Katholieke+Kerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.nl%2Fkaski%2Fonderzoek%2Fcijfers-rooms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaski1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaski1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaski1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaski1_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.nl/kaski/onderzoek/cijfers-overige/">"Cijfers overige kerkgenootschappen"</a>. <i>KASKI</i>. Radboud Universiteit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KASKI&rft.atitle=Cijfers+overige+kerkgenootschappen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.nl%2Fkaski%2Fonderzoek%2Fcijfers-overige%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ru.nl-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ru.nl_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ru.nl_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ru.nl_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.nl/kaski/">"Kaski: Onderzoekscentrum religie en samenleving"</a>. <i>KASKI</i>. Radboud Universiteit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KASKI&rft.atitle=Kaski%3A+Onderzoekscentrum+religie+en+samenleving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.nl%2Fkaski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeneghan" class="citation web cs1">Heneghan, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081939/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2013/12/03/dutch-bishops-give-pope-francis-a-bleak-picture-of-catholic-church-in-decline/">"Dutch bishops give Pope Francis a bleak picture of Catholic Church in decline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2013/12/03/dutch-bishops-give-pope-francis-a-bleak-picture-of-catholic-church-in-decline/">the original</a> on 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+bishops+give+Pope+Francis+a+bleak+picture+of+Catholic+Church+in+decline&rft.aulast=Heneghan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Ffaithworld%2F2013%2F12%2F03%2Fdutch-bishops-give-pope-francis-a-bleak-picture-of-catholic-church-in-decline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs2022-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbs2022_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs2022_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a> (22 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2022/51/almost-6-in-10-dutch-people-do-not-have-a-religious-affiliation">"Almost 6 in 10 Dutch people do not have a religious affiliation"</a>. <i>www.cbs.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbs.nl&rft.atitle=Almost+6+in+10+Dutch+people+do+not+have+a+religious+affiliation&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft.au=CBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fen-gb%2Fnews%2F2022%2F51%2Falmost-6-in-10-dutch-people-do-not-have-a-religious-affiliation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKregting2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kregting, Joris (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ru.nl/kaski/onderzoek/publicaties/">"Kerncijfers Rooms-Katholieke Kerk 2021"</a>. <i>Kaski</i> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaski&rft.atitle=Kerncijfers+Rooms-Katholieke+Kerk+2021&rft.date=2022-08&rft.aulast=Kregting&rft.aufirst=Joris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.nl%2Fkaski%2Fonderzoek%2Fpublicaties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KASKI-Katholieken-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KASKI-Katholieken_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.nl/kaski/onderzoek/cijfers-rooms/virtuele_map/katholieken/">"Katholieken"</a>. KASKI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katholieken&rft.pub=KASKI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.nl%2Fkaski%2Fonderzoek%2Fcijfers-rooms%2Fvirtuele_map%2Fkatholieken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protecting_paedophile_priests-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Protecting_paedophile_priests_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protecting_paedophile_priests_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protecting_paedophile_priests_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/9153676/Dutch-Roman-Catholic-Church-castrated-at-least-10-boys.html">"Dutch Roman Catholic Church 'castrated at least 10 boys'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Telegraph<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Roman+Catholic+Church+%27castrated+at+least+10+boys%27&rft.pub=Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fnetherlands%2F9153676%2FDutch-Roman-Catholic-Church-castrated-at-least-10-boys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820121651/http://www.onderzoekrk.nl/fileadmin/commissiedeetman/data/downloads/eindrapport/20111216/Engelstalig_persbericht_10a_omvang.pdf">"Voormalig onderzoek RK - Archief website"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.onderzoekrk.nl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onderzoekrk.nl/fileadmin/commissiedeetman/data/downloads/eindrapport/20111216/Engelstalig_persbericht_10a_omvang.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onderzoekrk.nl&rft.atitle=Voormalig+onderzoek+RK+-+Archief+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onderzoekrk.nl%2Ffileadmin%2Fcommissiedeetman%2Fdata%2Fdownloads%2Feindrapport%2F20111216%2FEngelstalig_persbericht_10a_omvang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820121359/http://www.onderzoekrk.nl/fileadmin/commissiedeetman/data/downloads/rondetafel/Persbericht_Engels.pdf">"Voormalig onderzoek RK - Archief website"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.onderzoekrk.nl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onderzoekrk.nl/fileadmin/commissiedeetman/data/downloads/rondetafel/Persbericht_Engels.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.onderzoekrk.nl&rft.atitle=Voormalig+onderzoek+RK+-+Archief+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onderzoekrk.nl%2Ffileadmin%2Fcommissiedeetman%2Fdata%2Fdownloads%2Frondetafel%2FPersbericht_Engels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ru.nl/kaski/onderzoek/cijfers-rooms/virtuele_map/kerkgangers/">"Kerkgangers"</a>. <i>KASKI</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DutchNews.nl&rft.atitle=Two-thirds+of+people+in+Netherlands+have+no+religious+faith&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchnews.nl%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2016%2F03%2Ftwo-thirds-of-people-in-netherlands-have-no-religious-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaski4-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaski4_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaski4_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.nl/kaski/onderzoek/onderzoeksvormen/">"Overzicht onderzoeksvormen"</a>. <i>KASKI</i>. Radboud Universiteit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KASKI&rft.atitle=Overzicht+onderzoeksvormen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.nl%2Fkaski%2Fonderzoek%2Fonderzoeksvormen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecso.org-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ecso.org_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecso.org/news/netherlands-50-officially-not-religious/">"Netherlands: 50% officially not religious - European Skeptics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands%3A+50%25+officially+not+religious+-+European+Skeptics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecso.org%2Fnews%2Fnetherlands-50-officially-not-religious%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf">"Discrimination in the EU in 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Special Eurobarometer</a></i>, 383, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, p. 233, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Eurobarometer&rft.atitle=Discrimination+in+the+EU+in+2012&rft.pages=233&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_393_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span> The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" with a form showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for "other" and "don't know". Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, and Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trouw.nl-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trouw.nl_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Beek2015" class="citation news cs1">van Beek, Marije (16 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5091/Religie/article/detail/3830831/2015/01/16/Ongelovigen-halen-de-gelovigen-in.dhtml">"Ongelovigen halen de gelovigen in"</a>. <i>Dossier Relige</i>. der Verdieping Trouw<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dossier+Relige&rft.atitle=Ongelovigen+halen+de+gelovigen+in&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.aulast=van+Beek&rft.aufirst=Marije&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Ftr%2Fnl%2F5091%2FReligie%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F3830831%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2FOngelovigen-halen-de-gelovigen-in.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs2020-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbs2020_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">CBS (18 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2020/51/meerderheid-nederlandse-bevolking-behoort-niet-tot-religieuze-groep">"Meerderheid Nederlandse bevolking behoort niet tot religieuze groep"</a>. <i>www.cbs.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbs.nl&rft.atitle=Meerderheid+Nederlandse+bevolking+behoort+niet+tot+religieuze+groep&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft.au=CBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fnieuws%2F2020%2F51%2Fmeerderheid-nederlandse-bevolking-behoort-niet-tot-religieuze-groep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution2008-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution2008_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution2008_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution2008_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.nl/documents/regulations/2012/10/18/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-2008">"The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008"</a>. <i>government.nl</i>. Government of the Netherlands. 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=government.nl&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands+2008&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Fdocuments%2Fregulations%2F2012%2F10%2F18%2Fthe-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span> (official English translation of the 2008 version)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Soeters2011" class="citation web cs1">Karen Soeters (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joop.bnnvara.nl/opinies/ritueel-slachten-is-een-zeer-pijnlijk-misverstand">"Ritueel slachten is een zeer pijnlijk misverstand"</a>. <i>Joop.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Article 1 of the Dutch Constitution says: 'All persons in the Netherlands shall be treated equally in equal circumstances.' It is therefore unconstitutional to allow certain groups of the population to slaughter without stunning, deviating from Dutch legislation which mandates stunned slaughter. It violates the principle of equality before the law that whoever slaughters an animal without stunning it can be punished, with the exception of Islamic or Israelite slaughterers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joop.nl&rft.atitle=Ritueel+slachten+is+een+zeer+pijnlijk+misverstand&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.au=Karen+Soeters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoop.bnnvara.nl%2Fopinies%2Fritueel-slachten-is-een-zeer-pijnlijk-misverstand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tijd-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tijd_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaarten_Boudry2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Boudry" title="Maarten Boudry">Maarten Boudry</a> (12 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tijd.be/opinie/column/schaf-de-godsdienstvrijheid-af/9797503.html">"Schaf de godsdienstvrijheid af!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Tijd" title="De Tijd">De Tijd</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Tijd&rft.atitle=Schaf+de+godsdienstvrijheid+af%21&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft.au=Maarten+Boudry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tijd.be%2Fopinie%2Fcolumn%2Fschaf-de-godsdienstvrijheid-af%2F9797503.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schols-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schols_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart_Schols2016" class="citation news cs1">Bart Schols (31 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canvas.be/video/de-afspraak/najaar-2016/over-de-godsdienstvrijheid">"Godsdienstvrijheid afschaffen: een goed idee?"</a>. <i>De Afspraak</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Afspraak&rft.atitle=Godsdienstvrijheid+afschaffen%3A+een+goed+idee%3F&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft.au=Bart+Schols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canvas.be%2Fvideo%2Fde-afspraak%2Fnajaar-2016%2Fover-de-godsdienstvrijheid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsis_Aynan,_Femke_Lakerveld,_Eddy_Terstall_en_Keklik_Yücel2018" class="citation news cs1">Asis Aynan, Femke Lakerveld, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddy_Terstall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddy Terstall (page does not exist)">Eddy Terstall</a> en <a href="/wiki/Keklik_Y%C3%BCcel" title="Keklik Yücel">Keklik Yücel</a> (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/opinie-vrij-links-moet-trouw-zijn-aan-zijn-vrijzinnige-seculiere-wortels~b9273dcf/">"Opinie: Vrij Links moet trouw zijn aan zijn vrijzinnige, seculiere wortels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Volkskrant" title="De Volkskrant">de Volkskrant</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOS.nl&rft.atitle=Waarom+de+verplichte+bedenktijd+bij+abortus+waarschijnlijk+verdwijnt&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.au=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npo3fm.nl%2Fpodcasts%2Flang-verhaal-kort%2F65220%2F236-waarom-de-verplichte-bedenktijd-bij-abortus-waarschijnlijk-verdwijnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2433490-verplichte-bedenktermijn-bij-abortus-verdwijnt">"Verplichte bedenktermijn bij abortus verdwijnt"</a> [Mandatory cooling-off period for abortion disappears]. <i>NOS.nl</i> (in Dutch). 21 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 9 September 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"homohuwelijk". <i><a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a> Encyclopedie <a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a></i> (in Dutch). 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Expatica. 5 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SGP+will+get+subsidy+after+all&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Factual%2Farticle.asp%3Fsubchannel_id%3D1%26story_id%3D46669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Supreme Court of the Netherlands</a>, 9 April 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deeplink.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraak?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2010:BK4547">ECLI:NL:HR:2010:BK4547</a>, <i>Nederlandse Jurisprudentie</i> 2010/388, m.nt. 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Vereniging voor Kerkrentmeesterlijk Beheer in de PKN. 16 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kerkrentmeester.nl/kennisbank/fiscale-vragen">the original</a> on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kerkrentmeester.nl&rft.atitle=Fiscale+vragen&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkerkrentmeester.nl%2Fkennisbank%2Ffiscale-vragen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/bldcontentnl/belastingdienst/zakelijk/winst/vennootschapsbelasting/belastingplicht_en_aangifte/wanneer_moet_een_stichting_vereniging_of_vergelijkbare_organisatie_aangifte_doen/wanneer_aangifte_vpb_doen">"Wanneer moet een stichting, vereniging of vergelijkbare organisatie aangifte doen?"</a>. 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Vereniging voor Kerkrentmeesterlijk Beheer in de PKN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerkrentmeester.nl/media/verwijzingen/kerkrentmeester2017/kennisbank/geld/OZB-vrijstelling-voor-kerkgebouw.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taxence<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harde+voorwaarden+voor+kerkenvrijstelling&rft.pub=Taxence&rft.date=2020-04-10&rft.au=Remco+Latour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxence.nl%2Fheffing-lagere-overheden%2Fharde-voorwaarden-voor-kerkenvrijstelling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries2002" class="citation book cs1">de Vries, Jelle (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_lb9-jz6z4C"><i>The Babi Question You Mentioned--: The Origins of the Baháʼí Community of the Netherlands, 1844-1962</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1109-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1109-3"><bdi>978-90-429-1109-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Babi+Question+You+Mentioned--%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Community+of+the+Netherlands%2C+1844-1962&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1109-3&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Jelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn_lb9-jz6z4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoekstraYpenburg2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoekstra, E.G.; Ypenburg, M.H. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Netherlands_topics" title="Template talk:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Netherlands_articles505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic_Lion" title="Dutch Republic Lion">Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands" title="Category:Netherlands">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Europe123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Religion in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td 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