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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Expressions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Typing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arithmetic_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arithmetic_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Arithmetic operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arithmetic_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Function syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Programming examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_environments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Development environments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Implementations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Implementations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Reference implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Other implementations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_longer_supported_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_longer_supported_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 No longer supported implementations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_longer_supported_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-compilers_to_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-compilers_to_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cross-compilers to other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-compilers_to_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-API_documentation_generators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#API_documentation_generators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 API documentation generators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-API_documentation_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Popularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_influenced_by_Python" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_influenced_by_Python"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Languages influenced by Python </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_influenced_by_Python-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Python (programming language)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" title="Python (programmeertaal) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Python (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" title="Python (Programmiersprache) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Python (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="بايثون (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بايثون (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" title="পাইথন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাইথন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" title="Python (proqramlaşdırma dili) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Python (proqramlaşdırma dili)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پایتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پایتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="পাইথন (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাইথন (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Python (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Python (мова праграмавання)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" title="पाइथन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पाइथन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lavar_programmi%C3%B1)" title="Python (lavar programmiñ) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Python (lavar programmiñ)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(iaith_raglennu)" title="Python (iaith raglennu) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Python (iaith raglennu)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeringssprog)" title="Python (programmeringssprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Python (programmeringssprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" title="Python (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Python (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeerimiskeel)" title="Python (programmeerimiskeel) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Python (programmeerimiskeel)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programlingvo)" title="Python (programlingvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Python (programlingvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(informatika)" title="Python (informatika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Python (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="پایتون (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایتون (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(langage)" title="Python (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Python (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8(%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE)" title="પાયથોન(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાયથોન(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8D%AC" title="파이썬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파이썬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_programming_language" title="Python programming language – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Python programming language" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" title="पाइथन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाइथन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(bahasa_pemrograman)" title="Python (bahasa pemrograman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Python (bahasa pemrograman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(linguage_de_programmation)" title="Python (linguage de programmation) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Python (linguage de programmation)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(forritunarm%C3%A1l)" title="Python (forritunarmál) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Python (forritunarmál)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פייתון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייתון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="პაითონი (პროგრამირების ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაითონი (პროგრამირების ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Lugha_ya_programu)" title="Python (Lugha ya programu) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Python (Lugha ya programu)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ziman%C3%AA_bernamesaziy%C3%AA)" title="Python (zimanê bernamesaziyê) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Python (zimanê bernamesaziyê)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%BC%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%A1)" title="Python (ພາສາການຂຽນໂປຼແກຼມ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Python (ພາສາການຂຽນໂປຼແກຼມ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lingua_programmandi)" title="Python (lingua programmandi) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Python (lingua programmandi)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programm%C4%93%C5%A1anas_valoda)" title="Python (programmēšanas valoda) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Python (programmēšanas valoda)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/paiton" title="paiton – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="paiton" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Python (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Python (programozási nyelv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Пајтон (програмски јазик) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пајтон (програмски јазик)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BA_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="പൈത്തൺ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ്ങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൈത്തൺ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ്ങ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="पायथॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पायथॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" title="Python (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Python (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="पाइथन (प्रोगामिङ भाषा) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाइथन (प्रोगामिङ भाषा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8A%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AC" title="ߔߊߌߕߐ߲߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߊߌߕߐ߲߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE)" title="ପାଇଥନ୍ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାଇଥନ୍ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਪਾਈਥਨ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਈਥਨ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="پائیتھن (کمپیوٹر بولی) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پائیتھن (کمپیوٹر بولی)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ផាយថុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផាយថុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmeerspraak)" title="Python (Programmeerspraak) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Python (Programmeerspraak)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmalast%C4%B1r%C4%B1w_tili)" title="Python (Programmalastırıw tili) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Python (Programmalastırıw tili)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_(%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4)" title="ᱯᱟᱭᱛᱷᱚᱱ (ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ) – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱭᱛᱷᱚᱱ (ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmin_leid)" title="Python (programmin leid) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Python (programmin leid)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="පයිතන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පයිතන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Python (programovací jazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Python (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="پایتۆن (زمانی بەرنامەسازی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پایتۆن (زمانی بەرنامەسازی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Python (програмски језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Python (програмски језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Python (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="Python (ohjelmointikieli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Python (ohjelmointikieli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="Python (programspråk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Python (programspråk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(wikang_pamprograma)" title="Python (wikang pamprograma) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Python (wikang pamprograma)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பைத்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7)" title="పైథాన్ (కంప్యూటర్ భాష) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పైథాన్ (కంప్యూటర్ భాష)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาไพทอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไพทอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پائیتھن (پروگرامنگ زبان) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پائیتھن (پروگرامنگ زبان)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="پايسون – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پايسون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh)" title="Python (ngôn ngữ lập trình) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Python (ngôn ngữ lập trình)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lingaedje_%C3%A9ndjolike)" title="Python (lingaedje éndjolike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Python (lingaedje éndjolike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E8%AA%9E" title="蟒語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蟒語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Python (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Python" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">General-purpose programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Python</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Python-logo-notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/121px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/182px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/242px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="126" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">20 February 1991; 33 years ago (1991-02-20)<a href="#cite_note-alt-sources-history-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.13.2 / 4 February 2025; 10 days ago (4 February 2025)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Optional_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional typing">optional type annotations</a> (since 3.5, but those hints are ignored, except with unofficial tools)<a href="#cite_note-type_hint-PEP-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Tier 1: 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>; 64- and 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> 10+<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Tier 2: E.g. 32-bit <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> (WASI)</li> <li>Tier 3: 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, and (32-bit) <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">Raspberry Pi OS</a> Unofficial (or has been known to work): Other <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>/<a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> variants) and a few other platforms<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.py, .pyw, .pyz,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> .pyi, .pyc, .pyd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">python.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Starlark</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-faq-created-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98-interview-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-python.org-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-1-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<a href="#cite_note-classmix-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>,<a href="#cite_note-effbot-call-by-object-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-2-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-3-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-python.org-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-4-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-6-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98-interview-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-classmix-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a><a href="#cite_note-python.org-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Apache Groovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Julia-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">Mojo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mojo-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bini-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/V_(programming_language)" title="V (programming language)">V</a><a href="#cite_note-vpeople-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Python Programming">Python Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Python is a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a>. Its design philosophy emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Code_readability" class="mw-redirect" title="Code readability">code readability</a> with the use of <a href="/wiki/Significant_indentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant indentation">significant indentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-7-33">[33]</a> Python is <a href="/wiki/Type_system#DYNAMIC" title="Type system">dynamically type-checked</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage-collected</a>. It supports multiple <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>), <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-About-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a> programming language and first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely <a href="/wiki/Backward-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward-compatible">backward-compatible</a> with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and has gained widespread use in the <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Python" title="History of Python">History of Python</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/208px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/312px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg/415px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="5976" /></a><figcaption>The designer of Python, <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a>, at PyCon US 2024</figcaption></figure> Python was conceived in the late 1980s<a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-42">[42]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a> (CWI) in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a> programming language, which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-12-43">[43]</a> capable of <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> and interfacing with the <a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a> operating system.<a href="#cite_note-faq-created-12">[12]</a> Its implementation began in December 1989.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-of-python-44">[44]</a> Van Rossum shouldered sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent vacation" from his responsibilities as Python's "<a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictator_for_life" title="Benevolent dictator for life">benevolent dictator for life</a>" (BDFL), a title the Python community bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-maker<a href="#cite_note-lj-bdfl-resignation-45">[45]</a> (he has since come out of retirement and is self-titled "BDFL-emeritus"). In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The name Python is said to come from the British comedy series <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[48]</a> Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_detection" title="Cycle detection">cycle-detecting</a> garbage collection, <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support.<a href="#cite_note-newin-2.0-49">[49]</a> Python 2.7's <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">end-of-life</a> was initially set for 2015, then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> No further security patches or other improvements will be released for it.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> While Python 2.7 and older versions are officially unsupported, a different unofficial Python implementation, <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, continues to support Python 2, i.e. "2.7.18+" (plus 3.10), with the plus meaning (at least some) "<a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">backported</a> security updates".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008, with some new semantics and changed syntax. At least every Python release since (now unsupported) 3.5 has added some syntax to the language, and a few later releases have dropped outdated modules, or changed semantics, at least in a minor way. Since 7 October 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a>, Python 3.13 is the latest stable release, and it and, for few more months, 3.12 are the only releases with active support including for bug fixes (as opposed to just for security) and Python 3.9,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), due to Python 3.8 reaching <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">end-of-life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Starting with 3.13, it and later versions have 2 years of full support (up from one and a half), followed by 3 years of security support (for same total support as before). Security updates were expedited in 2021 (and again twice in 2022, and more fixed in 2023 and in September 2024 for Python 3.12.6 down to 3.8.20), since all Python versions were insecure (including 2.7<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>) because of security issues leading to possible <a href="/wiki/Remote_code_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote code execution">remote code execution</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cache_poisoning" title="Cache poisoning">web-cache poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Python 3.10 added the <code>|</code> union type operator<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and the <code>match</code> and <code>case</code> keywords (for structural <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> statements). 3.11 expanded <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_(programming)" title="Exception handling (programming)">exception handling</a> functionality. Python 3.12 added the new keyword <code>type</code>. Notable changes in 3.11 from 3.10 include increased program execution speed and improved error reporting.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Python 3.11 claims to be between 10 and 60% faster than Python 3.10, and Python 3.12 adds another 5% on top of that. It also has improved error messages (again improved in 3.14), and many other changes. Python 3.13 introduces more syntax for types, a new and improved interactive interpreter (<a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">REPL</a>), featuring multi-line editing and color support; an incremental garbage collector (producing shorter pauses for collection in programs with a lot of objects, and addition to the improved speed in 3.11 and 3.12), and an experimental <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time (JIT) compiler</a> (such features, can/needs to be enabled specifically for the increase in speed),<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and an experimental free-threaded build mode, which disables the <a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">global interpreter lock</a> (GIL), allowing threads to run more concurrently, that latter feature enabled with <code>python3.13t</code> or <code>python3.13t.exe</code>. Python 3.13 introduces some change in behavior, i.e. new "well-defined semantics", fixing bugs (plus many removals of deprecated classes, functions and methods, and removed some of the C API and outdated modules): "The [old] implementation of <code>locals()</code> and <code>frame.f_locals</code> is slow, inconsistent and buggy [and it] has many corner cases and oddities. Code that works around those may need to be changed. Code that uses <code>locals()</code> for simple templating, or print debugging, will continue to work correctly."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Some (more) standard library modules and many deprecated classes, functions and methods, will be removed in Python 3.15 or 3.16.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Python 3.11 adds Sigstore digital verification signatures for all CPython artifacts (in addition to <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a>). Since use of PGP has been criticized by security practitioners Python is moving to Sigstore exclusively and dropping PGP from 3.14.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Python 3.14 is now in alpha 3; regarding possible change to annotations: "In Python 3.14, <code>from __future__ import</code> annotations will continue to work as it did before, converting annotations into strings."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> PEP 711 proposes PyBI: a standard format for distributing Python Binaries.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Python 3.15 will "Make UTF-8 mode default",<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> the mode exists in all current Python versions, but currently needs to be opted into. <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> is already used, by default, on Windows (and elsewhere), for most things, but e.g. to <code>open</code> files it's not and enabling also makes code fully cross-platform, i.e. use UTF-8 for everything on all platforms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_philosophy_and_features">Design philosophy and features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design philosophy and features">edit</a>]</div> Python is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm programming language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented programming</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-13-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaobject" title="Metaobject">metaobjects</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-14-72">[72]</a> Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including <a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design by contract</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-15-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-16-74">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-17-75">[75]</a> Python is often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Glue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue language">'glue language</a>'<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> because it can seamlessly integrate components written in other languages. Python uses <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic typing</a> and a combination of <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a> and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reference_counting-77">[77]</a> It uses dynamic <a href="/wiki/Name_resolution_(programming_languages)" title="Name resolution (programming languages)">name resolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Late_binding" title="Late binding">late binding</a>), which binds method and variable names during program execution. Its design offers some support for functional programming in the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> tradition. It has <code>filter</code>,<code>map</code>and<code>reduce</code> functions; <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">dictionaries</a>, sets, and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> expressions.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-78">[78]</a> The standard library has two modules (<code>itertools</code> and <code>functools</code>) that implement functional tools borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-18-79">[79]</a> Its core philosophy is summarized in the <a href="/wiki/Zen_of_Python" title="Zen of Python">Zen of Python</a> (PEP 20), which includes <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> such as:<a href="#cite_note-PEP20-80">[80]</a> <ul><li>Beautiful is better than ugly.</li> <li>Explicit is better than implicit.</li> <li>Simple is better than complex.</li> <li>Complex is better than complicated.</li> <li>Readability counts.</li></ul> However, Python features regularly violate these principles and have received criticism for adding unnecessary language bloat.<a href="#cite_note-Python-Changes-2014-81">[81]</a> Responses to these criticisms are that the Zen of Python is a guideline rather than a rule.<a href="#cite_note-Confusion-regarding-a-rule-in-the-Zen-of-Python-82">[82]</a> The addition of some new features had been so controversial that Guido van Rossum resigned as Benevolent Dictator for Life following vitriol over the addition of the assignment expression operator in Python 3.8.<a href="#cite_note-The-Most-Controversial-Python-Walrus-Operator-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-The-Controversy-Behind-The-Walrus-Operator-in-Python-84">[84]</a> Nevertheless, rather than building all of its functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly <a href="/wiki/Extensible" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible">extensible</a> via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>, which espoused the opposite approach.<a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-42">[42]</a> Python claims to strive for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/There_is_more_than_one_way_to_do_it" class="mw-redirect" title="There is more than one way to do it">there is more than one way to do it</a>" motto, Python embraces a "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it." philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-PEP20-80">[80]</a> In practice, however, Python provides many ways to achieve the same task. There are, for example, at least three ways to format a string literal, with no certainty as to which one a programmer should use.<a href="#cite_note-Python-String-Formatting-Best-Practices-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Martelli" title="Alex Martelli">Alex Martelli</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a> and Python book author, wrote: "To describe something as 'clever' is not considered a compliment in the Python culture."<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-19-86">[86]</a> Python's developers usually strive to avoid <a href="/wiki/Premature_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature optimization">premature optimization</a> and reject patches to non-critical parts of the <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-20-87">[87]</a> Execution speed can be improved by moving speed-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C, or by using a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a> like <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>. It is also possible to <a href="#Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">cross-compile to other languages</a>, but it either doesn't provide the full speed-up that might be expected, since Python is a very <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic language">dynamic language</a>, or a restricted subset of Python is compiled, and possibly semantics are slightly changed.<a href="#cite_note-PyJL-88">[88]</a> Python's developers aim for it to be fun to use. This is reflected in its name—a tribute to the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a><a href="#cite_note-whyname-89">[89]</a>—and in occasionally playful approaches to tutorials and reference materials, such as the use of the terms "spam" and "eggs" (a reference to <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">a Monty Python sketch</a>) in examples, instead of the often-used <a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar">"foo" and "bar"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> A common <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> in the Python community is pythonic, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. "Pythonic" code may use Python <a href="/wiki/Programming_idiom" title="Programming idiom">idioms</a> well, be natural or show fluency in the language, or conform with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability. Code that is difficult to understand or reads like a rough transcription from another programming language is called unpythonic.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_and_semantics">Syntax and semantics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syntax and semantics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hello_World_in_Python.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Block of Python code showing sample source code" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hello_World_in_Python.png/231px-Hello_World_in_Python.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hello_World_in_Python.png/347px-Hello_World_in_Python.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hello_World_in_Python.png/462px-Hello_World_in_Python.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>An example of Python code and indentation</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Af-Helloworld_(C_Sharp).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="C code featuring curly braces and semicolon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/233px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="233" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/350px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg/466px-Af-Helloworld_%28C_Sharp%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> code with curly braces and semicolons</figcaption></figure> Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket programming language">curly brackets</a> to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-52-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indentation">Indentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indentation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Indentation" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics § Indentation</a></div> Python uses <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> indentation, rather than <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket programming language">curly brackets</a> or keywords, to delimit <a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">blocks</a>. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-53-94">[94]</a> Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure.<a href="#cite_note-guttag-95">[95]</a> This feature is sometimes termed the <a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a>. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements_and_control_flow">Statements and control flow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statements and control flow">edit</a>]</div> Python's <a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statements</a> include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science)" title="Assignment (computer science)">assignment</a> statement, using a single equals sign <code>=</code></li> <li>The <code><a href="/wiki/If-then-else" class="mw-redirect" title="If-then-else">if</a></code> statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with <code>else</code> and <code>elif</code> (a contraction of <code>else if</code>)</li> <li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Foreach#Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">for</a></code> statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block</li> <li>The <code><a href="/wiki/While_loop#Python" title="While loop">while</a></code> statement, which executes a block of code as long as its condition is true</li> <li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_syntax#Python" title="Exception handling syntax">try</a></code> statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by <code>except</code> clauses (or new syntax <code>except*</code> in Python 3.11 for exception groups<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>); it also ensures that clean-up code in a <code>finally</code> block is always run regardless of how the block exits</li> <li>The <code>raise</code> statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception</li> <li>The <code>class</code> statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a>, for use in object-oriented programming</li> <li>The <code>def</code> statement, which defines a <a href="/wiki/Function_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (computing)">function</a> or <a href="/wiki/Method_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computing)">method</a></li> <li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Dispose_pattern#Language_constructs" title="Dispose pattern">with</a></code> statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a <a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">lock</a> before it is run, then releasing the lock; or opening and closing a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a>), allowing <a href="/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">resource-acquisition-is-initialization</a> (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Break_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Break statement">break</a></code> statement, which exits a loop</li> <li>The <code>continue</code> statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next</li> <li>The <code>del</code> statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined</li> <li>The <code>pass</code> statement, serving as a <a href="/wiki/NOP_(code)" title="NOP (code)">NOP</a>, syntactically needed to create an empty code block</li> <li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Assertion_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (programming)">assert</a></code> statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply</li> <li>The <code>yield</code> statement, which returns a value from a <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)#Python" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> function (and also an operator); used to implement <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a></li> <li>The <code>return</code> statement, used to return a value from a function</li> <li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">import</a></code> and <code>from</code> statements, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program</li> <li>The <code>match</code> and <code>case</code> statements, an analog of the <a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">switch statement</a> construct, that compares an expression against one or more cases as a control-of-flow measure.</li></ul> The assignment statement (<code>=</code>) binds a name as a <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">reference</a> to a separate, dynamically allocated <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a>. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">data type</a>; however, it always refers to some object with a type. This is called <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic typing</a>—in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Statically-typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically-typed">statically-typed</a> languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type. Python does not support <a href="/wiki/Tail_call" title="Tail call">tail call</a> optimization or <a href="/wiki/First-class_continuations" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class continuations">first-class continuations</a>, and, according to Van Rossum, it never will.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-55-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-56-100">[100]</a> However, better support for <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutine</a>-like functionality is provided by extending Python's <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-57-101">[101]</a> Before 2.5, generators were <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy</a> <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a>; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a generator function; and from version 3.3, it can be passed through multiple stack levels.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-58-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressions">Expressions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expressions">edit</a>]</div> Python's <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expressions</a> include: <ul><li>The <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, and <code>*</code> operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of divisions in Python: <a href="/wiki/Floor_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor division">floor division</a> (or integer division) <code>//</code> and floating-point <code>/</code> division.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Python uses the <code>**</code> operator for exponentiation.</li> <li>Python uses the <code>+</code> operator for string concatenation. Python uses the <code>*</code> operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times.</li> <li>The <code>@</code> infix operator is intended to be used by libraries such as <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">matrix multiplication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PEP465-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Python3.5Changelog-105">[105]</a></li> <li>The syntax <code>:=</code>, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. It assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression.<a href="#cite_note-Python3.8Changelog-106">[106]</a></li> <li>In Python, <code>==</code> compares by value. Python's <code>is</code> operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a <= b <= c</code>.</li> <li>Python uses <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, and <code>not</code> as Boolean operators.</li> <li>Python has a type of expression named a <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension#Python" title="List comprehension">list comprehension</a>, and a more general expression named a <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> expression.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous functions</a> are implemented using <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a>; however, there may be only one expression in each body.</li> <li>Conditional expressions are written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x if c else y</code><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-60-107">[107]</a> (different in order of operands from the <code><a href="/wiki/%3F:" class="mw-redirect" title="?:">c ? x : y</a></code> operator common to many other languages).</li> <li>Python makes a distinction between <a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a>. Lists are written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[1, 2, 3]</code>, are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (dictionary keys must be <a href="/wiki/Immutable" class="mw-redirect" title="Immutable">immutable</a> in Python). Tuples, written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(1, 2, 3)</code>, are immutable and thus can be used as keys of dictionaries, provided all of the tuple's elements are immutable. The <code>+</code> operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. Thus, given the variable <code>t</code> initially equal to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(1, 2, 3)</code>, executing <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">t = t + (4, 5)</code> first evaluates <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">t + (4, 5)</code>, which yields <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)</code>, which is then assigned back to <code>t</code>—thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of <code>t</code> while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>Python features sequence unpacking where multiple expressions, each evaluating to anything that can be assigned (to a variable, writable property, etc.) are associated in an identical manner to that forming tuple literals—and, as a whole, are put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. The statement expects an iterable object on the right-hand side of the equal sign that produces the same number of values as the provided writable expressions; when iterated through them, it assigns each of the produced values to the corresponding expression on the left.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>Python has a "string format" operator <code>%</code> that functions analogously to <code><a href="/wiki/Printf" title="Printf">printf</a></code> format strings in C—e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"spam=%s eggs=%d" % ("blah", 2)</code> evaluates to <code>"spam=blah eggs=2"</code>. In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this was supplemented by the <code>format()</code> method of the <code>str</code> class, e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"spam={0} eggs={1}".format("blah", 2)</code>. Python 3.6 added "f-strings": <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">spam = "blah"; eggs = 2; f'spam={spam} eggs={eggs}'</code>.<a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Strings in Python can be <a href="/wiki/Concatenated" class="mw-redirect" title="Concatenated">concatenated</a> by "adding" them (with the same operator as for adding integers and floats), e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"spam" + "eggs"</code> returns <code>"spameggs"</code>. If strings contain numbers, they are added as strings rather than integers, e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"2" + "2"</code> returns <code>"22"</code>.</li> <li>Python has various <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">string literals</a>: <ul><li>Delimited by single or double quotes; unlike in <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, and Perl-influenced languages, single and double quotes work the same. Both use the backslash (<code>\</code>) as an <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape character</a>. <a href="/wiki/String_interpolation" title="String interpolation">String interpolation</a> became available in Python 3.6 as "formatted string literals".<a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Triple-quoted (beginning and ending with three single or double quotes), which may span multiple lines and function like <a href="/wiki/Here_document" title="Here document">here documents</a> in shells, Perl, and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw string">Raw string</a> varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with <code>r</code>. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>-style paths. (Compare "<code>@</code>-quoting" in <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>.)</li></ul></li> <li>Python has <a href="/wiki/Array_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Array index">array index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Array_slicing" title="Array slicing">array slicing</a> expressions in lists, denoted as <code>a[key]</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a[start:stop]</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a[start:stop:step]</code>. Indexes are <a href="/wiki/Zero-based_numbering" title="Zero-based numbering">zero-based</a>, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the start index up to, but not including, the stop index. The third slice parameter, called step or stride, allows elements to be skipped and reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted—for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a[:]</code> returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a <a href="/wiki/Shallow_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow copy">shallow copy</a>.</li></ul> In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>. This leads to duplicating some functionality. For example: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehensions" class="mw-redirect" title="List comprehensions">List comprehensions</a> vs. <code>for</code>-loops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional (programming)">Conditional</a> expressions vs. <code>if</code> blocks</li> <li>The <code>eval()</code> vs. <code>exec()</code> built-in functions (in Python 2, <code>exec</code> is a statement); the former is for expressions, the latter is for statements</li></ul> Statements cannot be a part of an expression—so list and other comprehensions or <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a>, all being expressions, cannot contain statements. A particular case is that an assignment statement such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a = 1</code> cannot form part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Method_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (programming)">Methods</a> on objects are <a href="/wiki/Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">functions</a> attached to the object's class; the syntax <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">instance.method(argument)</code> is, for normal methods and functions, <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Class.method(instance, argument)</code>. Python methods have an explicit <code><a href="/wiki/This_(computer_programming)" title="This (computer programming)">self</a></code> parameter to access <a href="/wiki/Instance_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Instance data">instance data</a>, in contrast to the implicit self (or <code>this</code>) in some other object-oriented programming languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-61-111">[111]</a> Python also provides methods, often called dunder methods (due to their names beginning and ending with double-underscores), to allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison, in <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic operations">arithmetic operations</a> and type conversion.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typing">Typing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Typing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg/220px-Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg/330px-Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg/440px-Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>The standard type hierarchy in Python 3</figcaption></figure> Python uses <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck typing</a> and has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a>; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that it is not of a suitable type. Despite being <a href="/wiki/Dynamically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamically typed">dynamically typed</a>, Python is <a href="/wiki/Strongly_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly typed">strongly typed</a>, forbidding operations that are not well-defined (for example, adding a number to a string) rather than silently attempting to make sense of them. Python allows programmers to define their own types using <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, most often used for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. New <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">instances</a> of classes are constructed by calling the class (for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SpamClass()</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EggsClass()</code>), and the classes are instances of the <a href="/wiki/Metaclass" title="Metaclass">metaclass</a> <code>type</code> (itself an instance of itself), allowing metaprogramming and <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflection</a>. Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes (both using the same syntax): old-style and new-style;<a href="#cite_note-classy-113">[113]</a> current Python versions only support the semantics of the new style. Python supports <a href="/wiki/Optional_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional typing">optional type annotations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-type_hint-PEP-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as mypy to catch errors.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Mypy also supports a Python compiler called mypyc, which leverages type annotations for optimization.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of Python 3's built-in types </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Mutability</a> </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Syntax examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><code>bool</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boolean_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean value">Boolean value</a> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">True</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">False</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>bytearray</code> </td> <td>mutable </td> <td>Sequence of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bytearray(b'Some ASCII')</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bytearray(b"Some ASCII")</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bytearray([119, 105, 107, 105])</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>bytes</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td>Sequence of bytes </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">b'Some ASCII'</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">b"Some ASCII"</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">bytes([119, 105, 107, 105])</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>complex</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">Complex number</a> with real and imaginary parts </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">3+2.7j</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">3 + 2.7j</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>dict</code> </td> <td>mutable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values), keys must be a hashable type </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">{'key1': 1.0, 3: False}</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">{}</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>types.EllipsisType</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(programming_operator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellipsis (programming operator)">ellipsis</a> placeholder to be used as an index in <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> arrays </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">...</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Ellipsis</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>float</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Double-precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-precision">Double-precision</a> <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point number">floating-point number</a>. The precision is machine-dependent but in practice is generally implemented as a 64-bit <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> number with 53 bits of precision.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td> <td> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">1.33333</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>frozenset</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td>Unordered <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">frozenset([4.0, 'string', True])</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>int</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">Integer</a> of unlimited magnitude<a href="#cite_note-pep0237-119">[119]</a> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">42</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>list</code> </td> <td>mutable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">List</a>, can contain mixed types </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[4.0, 'string', True]</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[]</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>types.NoneType</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td>An object representing the absence of a value, often called <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null</a> in other languages </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">None</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>types.NotImplementedType</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td>A placeholder that can be returned from <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded operators</a> to indicate unsupported operand types. </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">NotImplemented</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>range</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td>An immutable sequence of numbers commonly used for looping a specific number of times in <code>for</code> loops<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">range(−1, 10)</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">range(10, −5, −2)</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>set</code> </td> <td>mutable </td> <td>Unordered <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">{4.0, 'string', True}</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set()</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>str</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Character_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Character string">character string</a>: sequence of Unicode codepoints </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'Wikipedia'</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"Wikipedia"</code><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>"""Spanning multiple lines""" </pre></div><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Spanning multiple lines </pre></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>tuple</code> </td> <td>immutable </td> <td>Can contain mixed types </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(4.0, 'string', True)</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">('single element',)</code> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">()</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arithmetic_operations">Arithmetic operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arithmetic operations">edit</a>]</div> Python has the usual symbols for arithmetic operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>), the floor division operator <code>//</code> and the <a href="/wiki/Modulo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo operation">modulo operation</a> <code>%</code> (where the remainder can be negative, e.g. <code>4 % -3 == -2</code>). It also has <code>**</code> for <a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">exponentiation</a>, e.g. <code>5**3 == 125</code> and <code>9**0.5 == 3.0</code>, and a matrix‑multiplication operator <code>@</code> .<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> These operators work like in traditional math; with the same <a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">precedence rules</a>, the operators <a href="/wiki/Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">infix</a> (<code>+</code> and <code>-</code> can also be <a href="/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">unary</a> to represent positive and negative numbers respectively). The division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:<a href="#cite_note-pep0238-122">[122]</a> <ul><li>Current Python (i.e. since 3.0) changed <code>/</code> to always be floating-point division, e.g. <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">5/2 == 2.5</code>.</li> <li>The floor division <code>//</code> operator was introduced. So <code>7//3 == 2</code>, <code>-7//3 == -3</code>, <code>7.5//3 == 2.0</code> and <code>-7.5//3 == -3.0</code>. Adding <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python2 mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">from __future__ import division</code> causes a module used in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.0 rules for division (see above).</li></ul> In Python terms, <code>/</code> is true division (or simply division), and <code>//</code> is floor division. <code>/</code> before version 3.0 is classic division.<a href="#cite_note-pep0238-122">[122]</a> Rounding towards negative infinity, though different from most languages, adds consistency. For instance, it means that the equation <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(a + b)//b == a//b + 1</code> is always true. It also means that the equation <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">b*(a//b) + a%b == a</code> is valid for both positive and negative values of <code>a</code>. However, maintaining the validity of this equation means that while the result of <code>a%b</code> is, as expected, in the <a href="/wiki/Half-open_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-open interval">half-open interval</a> [0, b), where <code>b</code> is a positive integer, it has to lie in the interval (b, 0] when <code>b</code> is negative.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-62-123">[123]</a> Python provides a <code>round</code> function for <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a> a float to the nearest integer. For <a href="/wiki/Rounding#Tie-breaking" title="Rounding">tie-breaking</a>, Python 3 uses <a href="/wiki/Round_to_even" class="mw-redirect" title="Round to even">round to even</a>: <code>round(1.5)</code> and <code>round(2.5)</code> both produce <code>2</code>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-64-124">[124]</a> Versions before 3 used <a href="/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_away_from_zero" title="Rounding">round-away-from-zero</a>: <code>round(0.5)</code> is <code>1.0</code>, <code>round(-0.5)</code> is <code>−1.0</code>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-63-125">[125]</a> Python allows Boolean expressions with multiple equality relations in a manner that is consistent with general use in mathematics. For example, the expression <code>a tests whether <code>a</code> is less than <code>b</code> and <code>b</code> is less than <code>c</code>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-65-126">[126]</a> C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate <code>a < b</code>, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with <code>c</code>.<a href="#cite_note-CPL-127">[127]</a> Python uses <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a> for all integer operations. The <code>Decimal</code> type/class in the <code>decimal</code> module provides <a href="/wiki/Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">decimal floating-point numbers</a> to a pre-defined arbitrary precision and several rounding modes.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-88-128">[128]</a> The <code>Fraction</code> class in the <code>fractions</code> module provides arbitrary precision for <a href="/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number">rational numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Due to Python's extensive mathematics library, and the third-party library <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> that further extends the native capabilities, it is frequently used as a scientific scripting language to aid in problems such as numerical data processing and manipulation.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function_syntax">Function syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Function syntax">edit</a>]</div> Functions are created in Python using the <code>def</code> keyword. In Python, you define the function as if you were calling it, by typing the function name and then the attributes required. Here is an example of a function that will print whatever is given:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python3 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def printer(input1, input2="already there"): print(input1) print(input2) printer("hello") # Example output: # hello # already there </pre></div>If you want the attribute to have a set value if no value is given, use the variable-defining syntax inside the function definition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_examples">Programming examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Programming examples">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>print('Hello, world!') </pre></div> Program to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> of a positive integer: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre>n = int(input('Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: ')) if n < 0: raise ValueError('You must enter a non-negative integer') factorial = 1 for i in range(2, n + 1): factorial *= i print(factorial) </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libraries">Libraries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</div> Python's large standard library<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-86-132">[132]</a> provides tools suited to many tasks and is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> are supported. It includes modules for creating <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>, connecting to <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">generating pseudorandom numbers</a>, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-88-128">[128]</a> manipulating <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit testing</a>. Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the <a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a> (WSGI) implementation <code>wsgiref</code> follows PEP 333<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-89-133">[133]</a>—but most are specified by their code, internal documentation, and <a href="/wiki/Test_suite" title="Test suite">test suites</a>. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules need altering or rewriting for variant implementations. As of 17 March 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Python_Package_Index" title="Python Package Index">Python Package Index</a> (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 523,000<a href="#cite_note-PyPI-134">[134]</a> packages with a wide range of functionality, including: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">Data analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Mobile apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">Scientific computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="System administration">System administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Test framework">Test frameworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">Web scraping</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_environments">Development environments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development environments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of integrated development environments § Python</a></div> Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a <a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a> (REPL), permitting them to function as a <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interpreter">command line interpreter</a> for which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately. Python also comes with an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment (IDE)</a> called <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>, which is more beginner-oriented. Other shells, including <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, add further abilities such as improved auto-completion, session state retention, and <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>. As well as standard desktop <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a> including PyCharm, IntelliJ Idea, Visual Studio Code etc, there are <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>-based IDEs, including <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a>, for developing science- and math-related programs; <a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a>, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">scientific computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Implementations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">List of Python software § Python implementations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_implementation">Reference implementation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reference implementation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> of Python. It is written in C, meeting the <a href="/wiki/C89_(C_version)" class="mw-redirect" title="C89 (C version)">C89</a> standard (Python 3.11 uses <a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>) with several select <a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a> features. CPython includes its own C extensions, but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions—e.g. they can be implemented with <a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> or C++.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-66-138">[138]</a> CPython <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiles</a> Python programs into an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-67-139">[139]</a> which is then executed by its <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-68-140">[140]</a> CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a mixture of C and native Python, and is available for many platforms, including Windows (starting with Python 3.9, the Python installer deliberately fails to install on <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and 8;<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> was supported until Python 3.5) and most modern <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, including macOS (and <a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a> Macs, since Python 3.9.1, with experimental installer), with unofficial support for <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Platform portability was one of its earliest priorities.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-69-144">[144]</a> (During Python 1 and 2 development, even <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> were supported,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> but support has since been dropped for many platforms.) All current Python versions (i.e. since 3.7) only support operating systems with multi-threading support. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_implementations">Other implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other implementations">edit</a>]</div> All alternative implementations have at least slightly different semantics (e.g. may have unordered dictionaries, unlike all current Python versions), e.g. with the larger Python ecosystem, such as with supporting the C Python API of with PyPy: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a> is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.10.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-70-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time compiler">just-in-time compiler</a> often brings a significant speed improvement over CPython, but some libraries written in C cannot be used with it.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-71-148">[148]</a> It has e.g. <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> support.</li> <li>Codon is a language with an <a href="/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler</a>, that (AOT) compiles a statically-typed Python-like language with "syntax and semantics are nearly identical to Python's, there are some notable differences"<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> e.g. it uses 64-bit machine integers, for speed, not arbitrary like Python, and it claims speedups over CPython are usually on the order of 10–100x. It compiles to machine code (via <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>) and supports native multithreading.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Codon can also compile to Python extension modules that can be imported and used from Python.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a> is a significant fork of CPython that implements <a href="/wiki/Microthread" title="Microthread">microthreads</a>; it does not use the <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">call stack</a> in the same way, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also has a stackless version.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-73-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a> and <a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a> are Python 3 variants optimized for <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms_EV3" title="Lego Mindstorms EV3">Lego Mindstorms EV3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up the execution of Python programs.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that contains a number of optimizations, including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT</a>, and an experimental bytecode compiler.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>Snek<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Embedded Computing Language (compatible with e.g. 8-bit <a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers" title="AVR microcontrollers">AVR microcontrollers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ATmega" class="mw-redirect" title="ATmega">ATmega 328P</a>-based Arduino, as well as larger ones compatible with <a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>) "is Python-inspired, but it is not Python. It is possible to write Snek programs that run under a full Python system, but most Python programs will not run under Snek."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> It is an imperative language not including <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">OOP</a> / classes, unlike Python, and simplifying to one number type with 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Single-precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-precision">single-precision</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, except smaller).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_longer_supported_implementations">No longer supported implementations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: No longer supported implementations">edit</a>]</div> Other just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported: <ul><li>Google began a project named <a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a> in 2009, with the aim of speeding up the Python interpreter five-fold by using the <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>, and of improving its <a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">multithreading</a> ability to scale to thousands of cores,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-74-159">[159]</a> while ordinary implementations suffer from the <a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">global interpreter lock</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a> is a discontinued <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Run-time_algorithm_specialization" title="Run-time algorithm specialization">specializing</a> compiler that integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> and is faster than the standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or later.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PyS60" class="mw-redirect" title="PyS60">PyS60</a> was a Python 2 interpreter for <a href="/wiki/Series_60" class="mw-redirect" title="Series 60">Series 60</a> mobile phones released by <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> in 2005. It implemented many of the modules from the standard library and some additional modules for integrating with the <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> operating system. The Nokia <a href="/wiki/N900" class="mw-redirect" title="N900">N900</a> also supports Python with <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> widget libraries, enabling programs to be written and run on the target device.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">Cross-compilers to other languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cross-compilers to other languages">edit</a>]</div> There are several compilers/<a href="/wiki/Transpiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpiler">transpilers</a> to high-level object languages, with either unrestricted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a language similar to Python as the source language: <ul><li>Brython,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Transcrypt<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a> (latest release in 2012) compile Python to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> compiles (a superset of) Python to C. The resulting code is also usable with Python via direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.</li> <li>PyJL compiles/transpiles a subset of Python to "human-readable, maintainable, and high-performance Julia source code".<a href="#cite_note-PyJL-88">[88]</a> Despite claiming high performance, no tool can claim to do that for arbitrary Python code; i.e. it's known not possible to compile to a faster language or machine code. Unless semantics of Python are changed, but in many cases speedup is possible with few or no changes in the Python code. The faster Julia source code can then be used from Python, or compiled to machine code, and based that way.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuitka" title="Nuitka">Nuitka</a> compiles Python into C.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> It works with Python 3.4 to 3.12 (and 2.6 and 2.7), for Python's main supported platforms (and Windows 7 or even Windows XP) and for Android. It claims complete support for Python 3.10, some support for 3.11 and 3.12 and experimental support for Python 3.13. It supports macOS including Apple Silicon-based. It's a free compiler, though it also has commercial add-ons (e.g. for hiding source code).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a> is used from Python, as a tool (enabled by adding a decorator to relevant Python code), a JIT compiler that translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code.</li> <li>Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Guelton_Brunet_Amini_Merlini_2015_p=014001-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a> can be compiled to C, and is used to build the PyPy interpreter of Python.</li> <li>The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>).</li></ul> Specialized: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MyHDL" title="MyHDL">MyHDL</a> is a Python-based <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description language</a> (HDL), that converts MyHDL code to <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a> or <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> code.</li></ul> Older projects (or not to be used with Python 3.x and latest syntax): <ul><li>Google's Grumpy (latest release in 2017) <a href="/wiki/Transpile" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpile">transpiles</a> Python 2 to <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> allows running Python 2.7 programs (and an <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Alpha" title="Software release life cycle">alpha</a>, released in 2021, is also available for "Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included"<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a>) on the .NET <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a> compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of the Java libraries from a Python program.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrex_(programming_language)" title="Pyrex (programming language)">Pyrex</a> (latest release in 2010) and <a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a> (latest release in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Performance">edit</a>]</div> Performance comparison of various Python implementations on a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload was presented at EuroSciPy '13.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Python's performance compared to other programming languages is also benchmarked by <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">The Computer Language Benchmarks Game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Python's development is conducted largely through the Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) process, the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions.<a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-175">[175]</a> Python coding style is covered in PEP 8.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.<a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-175">[175]</a> Enhancement of the language corresponds with the development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues were originally discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(issue_tracker)" title="Roundup (issue tracker)">Roundup</a> <a href="/wiki/Bug_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug tracker">bug tracker</a> hosted at by the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-21-177">[177]</a> In 2022, all issues and discussions were migrated to <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Development originally took place on a <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(web_services)" title="Self-hosting (web services)">self-hosted</a> source-code repository running <a href="/wiki/Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a>, until Python moved to <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> in January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-py_dev_guide-179">[179]</a> CPython's public releases come in three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented: <ul><li>Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and needs to be manually <a href="/wiki/Ported" class="mw-redirect" title="Ported">ported</a>. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 is very unlikely to ever happen.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>Major or "feature" releases are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python 3.9, these releases are expected to happen annually.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release.<a href="#cite_note-release-schedule-183">[183]</a></li> <li>Bug fix releases,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-184">[184]</a> which introduce no new features, occur about every 3 months and are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-184">[184]</a></li></ul> Many <a href="/wiki/Beta_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta release">alpha, beta, and release-candidates</a> are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for each release, they are often delayed if the code is not ready. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running the large <a href="/wiki/Unit_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit test">unit test</a> suite during development.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-23-185">[185]</a> The major <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">academic conference</a> on Python is <a href="/wiki/PyCon" class="mw-redirect" title="PyCon">PyCon</a>. There are also special Python mentoring programs, such as <a href="/wiki/PyLadies" title="PyLadies">PyLadies</a>. Python 3.12 removed <code>wstr</code> meaning Python extensions<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> need to be modified,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> and 3.10 added <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> to the language.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Python 3.12 dropped some outdated modules, and more will be dropped in the future, deprecated as of 3.13; already deprecated array 'u' format code will emit <code>DeprecationWarning</code> since 3.13 and will be removed in Python 3.16. The 'w' format code should be used instead. Part of ctypes is also deprecated and <code>http.server.CGIHTTPRequestHandler</code> will emit a DeprecationWarning, and will be removed in 3.15. Using that code already has a high potential for both security and functionality bugs. Parts of the typing module are deprecated, e.g. creating a <code>typing.NamedTuple</code> class using keyword arguments to denote the fields and such (and more) will be disallowed in Python 3.15. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="API_documentation_generators">API documentation generators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: API documentation generators">edit</a>]</div> Tools that can generate documentation for Python <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> include <a href="/wiki/Pydoc" title="Pydoc">pydoc</a> (available as part of the standard library), <a href="/wiki/Sphinx_(documentation_generator)" title="Sphinx (documentation generator)">Sphinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pdoc" title="Pdoc">Pdoc</a> and its forks, <a href="/wiki/Doxygen" title="Doxygen">Doxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphviz" title="Graphviz">Graphviz</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> Python's name is derived from the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;<a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-190">[190]</a> for example, the <a href="/wiki/Metasyntactic_variable" title="Metasyntactic variable">metasyntactic variables</a> often used in Python literature are <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">spam and eggs</a> instead of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar">foo and bar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-26-191">[191]</a> The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Users of Python are sometimes referred to as "Pythonistas".<a href="#cite_note-introducing_python-194">[194]</a> The prefix Py- is used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include <a href="/wiki/Pygame" title="Pygame">Pygame</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">binding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">Simple DirectMedia Layer</a> to Python (commonly used to create games); <a href="/wiki/PyQt" title="PyQt">PyQt</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyGTK" title="PyGTK">PyGTK</a>, which bind <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> and GTK to Python respectively; and <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, a Python implementation originally written in Python. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Popularity">edit</a>]</div> Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten most popular programming languages in the <a href="/wiki/TIOBE_Programming_Community_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="TIOBE Programming Community Index">TIOBE Programming Community Index</a> where as of December 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a> it was the most popular language (ahead of C, C++, and <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>).<a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-40">[40]</a> It was selected as Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020 (the only language to have done so four times as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a>). Large organizations that use Python include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>,<a href="#cite_note-quotes-about-python-196">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-29-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-30-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-31-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> and some smaller entities like <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-32-203">[203]</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-33-204">[204]</a> The social news networking site <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> was written mostly in Python.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Organizations that partially use Python include <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">List of Python software</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_Powered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/220px-Python_Powered.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/330px-Python_Powered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/440px-Python_Powered.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Python Powered</figcaption></figure> Python can serve as a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> for <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a>, e.g. via <a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Apache_webserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache webserver">Apache webserver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-35-208">[208]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a>, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a> like <a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylons_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylons (web framework)">Pylons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (web framework)">Pyramid</a>, <a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a>, Bottle, and <a href="/wiki/Zope" title="Zope">Zope</a> support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. <a href="/wiki/SQLAlchemy" title="SQLAlchemy">SQLAlchemy</a> can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Data_mapper_pattern" title="Data mapper pattern">data mapper</a> to a relational database. <a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">Twisted</a> is a framework to program communications between computers, and is used (for example) by <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a>. Libraries such as <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">Matplotlib</a> allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,<a href="#cite_note-cise-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-millman-210">[210]</a> with specialized libraries such as <a href="/wiki/Biopython" title="Biopython">Biopython</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astropy" title="Astropy">Astropy</a> providing domain-specific functionality. <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">computer algebra system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">notebook interface</a> programmable in Python: its library covers many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical mathematics">numerical mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICSE-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/OpenCV" title="OpenCV">OpenCV</a> has Python bindings with a rich set of features for <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Python is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> projects and machine learning projects with the help of libraries like <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pytorch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pytorch">Pytorch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a> and the Logic language <a href="/wiki/ProbLog" title="ProbLog">ProbLog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whitepaper2015-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-ProbLogConcepts-217">[217]</a> As a scripting language with a <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular architecture</a>, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-47-218">[218]</a> The combination of Python and <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a> has proved to be particularly useful for AI applications, with Prolog providing knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities. The Janus system, in particular, exploits the similarities between these two languages, in part because of their use of dynamic typing, and the simple recursive nature of their data structures. Typical applications of this combination include natural language processing, visual query answering, geospatial reasoning, and handling of semantic web data.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The Natlog system, implemented in Python, uses <a href="/wiki/Definite_clause_grammar" title="Definite clause grammar">Definite Clause Grammars</a> (DCGs) as prompt generators for text-to-text generators like GPT3 and text-to-image generators like DALL-E or Stable Diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Python can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) by using libraries like <a href="/wiki/Tkinter" title="Tkinter">Tkinter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Python has been successfully embedded in many software products as a scripting language, including in <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a> software such as <a href="/wiki/Abaqus" title="Abaqus">Abaqus</a>, 3D parametric modelers like <a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a>, 3D animation packages such as <a href="/wiki/3ds_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="3ds Max">3ds Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a>, <a href="/wiki/LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">Lightwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (software)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modo_(software)" title="Modo (software)">modo</a>, <a href="/wiki/MotionBuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="MotionBuilder">MotionBuilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">Softimage</a>, the visual effects compositor <a href="/wiki/Nuke_(software)" title="Nuke (software)">Nuke</a>, 2D imaging programs like <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paint_Shop_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint Shop Pro">Paint Shop Pro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-38-225">[225]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> programs like <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">scorewriter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capella_(notation_program)" title="Capella (notation program)">capella</a>. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> uses Python as a <a href="/wiki/Pretty_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretty printer">pretty printer</a> to show complex structures such as C++ containers. <a href="/wiki/Esri" title="Esri">Esri</a> promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in <a href="/wiki/ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">ArcGIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-39-226">[226]</a> It has also been used in several video games,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-40-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-41-228">[228]</a> and has been adopted as first of the three available <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a>, the other two being <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-42-229">[229]</a> Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. It ships with most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a> (using Python 2.7), <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> (as a package), <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> (as a package) and can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_(software)" title="Ubiquity (software)">Ubiquity</a> installer, while <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_(installer)" title="Anaconda (installer)">Anaconda</a> installer. <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a> uses Python in its <a href="/wiki/Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a>. Python is used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> industry, including in exploit development.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-49-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-50-232">[232]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar (software)">Sugar</a> software for the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> XO, developed at <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Labs" title="Sugar Labs">Sugar Labs</a> as of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a>, is written in Python.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-51-233">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computer</a> project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language. <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> includes Python and intends to replace Java with Python. Its Python Scripting Provider is a core feature<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_influenced_by_Python">Languages influenced by Python</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Languages influenced by Python">edit</a>]</div> Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a> uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-90-235">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a> uses indentation and a similar syntax, and its Acknowledgements document lists Python first among languages that influenced it.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-91-236">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has Python-inspired syntax.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>–<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> borrowed iterators and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generators</a> from Python.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-93-237">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a>, a scripting language very similar to Python, built-in to the <a href="/wiki/Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot</a> game engine.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> is designed for the "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python"<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-94-239">[239]</a> and shares the same syntax for slicing arrays.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a> was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design philosophy to <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-95-240">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python".<a href="#cite_note-Julia-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">Mojo</a> is a non-strict<a href="#cite_note-Mojo-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> superset of Python (e.g. still missing classes, and adding e.g. <a href="/wiki/Struct" class="mw-redirect" title="Struct">struct</a>).<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> uses indentation and similar syntax.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>'s creator, <a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a>, has said: "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language."<a href="#cite_note-linuxdevcenter-244">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> blends Python and Java features, minimizing boilerplate code for enhanced developer efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li></ul> Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, the practice of requiring a document describing the rationale for, and issues surrounding, a change to the language (in Python, a PEP) is also used in <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-99-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-100-248">[248]</a> and Swift.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)" title="Pip (package manager)">pip (package manager)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#what-is-python">"General Python FAQ – Python 3 documentation"</a>. docs.python.org. 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Retrieved 22 November 2016. <q>This module implements a number of iterator building blocks inspired by constructs from APL, Haskell, and SML.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&rft.atitle=itertools+%E2%80%93+Functions+creating+iterators+for+efficient+looping+%E2%80%93+Python+3.7.1+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fitertools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoNT-1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-1_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum1993" class="citation journal cs1">van Rossum, Guido (1993). "An Introduction to Python for UNIX/C Programmers". 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Retrieved 20 September 2023. <q>After manually modifying one line of code by specifying the necessary type information, we obtained a speedup of 52.6×, making the translated Julia code 19.5× faster than the original Python code.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transpiling+Python+to+Julia+using+PyJL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.ist.utl.pt%2Fantonio.menezes.leitao%2FADA%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications_docs%2F2022_TranspilingPythonToJuliaUsingPyJL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whyname-89"><a href="#cite_ref-whyname_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#why-is-it-called-python">"Why is it called Python?"</a>. General Python FAQ. 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Retrieved 5 May 2023. <q>Mojo as a member of the Python family [..] Embracing Python massively simplifies our design efforts, because most of the syntax is already specified. [..] we decided that the right long-term goal for Mojo is to provide a superset of Python (i.e. be compatible with existing programs) and to embrace the CPython immediately for long-tail ecosystem enablement. To a Python programmer, we expect and hope that Mojo will be immediately familiar, while also providing new tools for developing systems-level code that enable you to do things that Python falls back to C and C++ for.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.modular.com&rft.atitle=Modular+Docs+%E2%80%93+Why+Mojo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.modular.com%2Fmojo%2Fwhy-mojo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2023" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Michael (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com/p/what-is-mojo-programming-language">"What is Mojo Programming Language?"</a>. datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505090408/https://datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com/p/what-is-mojo-programming-language">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Mojo+Programming+Language%3F&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatasciencelearningcenter.substack.com%2Fp%2Fwhat-is-mojo-programming-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYegulalp2017" class="citation web cs1">Yegulalp, Serdar (16 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3157745/application-development/nim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html">"Nim language draws from best of Python, Rust, Go, and Lisp"</a>. InfoWorld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211847/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3157745/application-development/nim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2020. <q>Nim's syntax is strongly reminiscent of Python's, as it uses indented code blocks and some of the same syntax (such as the way if/elif/then/else blocks are constructed).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Nim+language+draws+from+best+of+Python%2C+Rust%2C+Go%2C+and+Lisp&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.aulast=Yegulalp&rft.aufirst=Serdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3157745%2Fapplication-development%2Fnim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-linuxdevcenter-244"><a href="#cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">"An Interview with the Creator of Ruby"</a>. Linuxdevcenter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428150410/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+the+Creator+of+Ruby&rft.pub=Linuxdevcenter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxdevcenter.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Flinux%2F2001%2F11%2F29%2Fruby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattner2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lattner" title="Chris Lattner">Lattner, Chris</a> (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. Chris Lattner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150510/http://nondot.org/sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2014. <q>I started work on the Swift Programming Language in July of 2010. I implemented much of the basic language structure, with only a few people knowing of its existence. A few other (amazing) people started contributing in earnest late in 2011, and it became a major focus for the Apple Developer Tools group in July 2013 [...] drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&rft.pub=Chris+Lattner&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Lattner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalan2022" class="citation web cs1">Jalan, Nishant Aanjaney (10 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/codex/programming-in-kotlin-934bdb3659cf">"Programming in Kotlin"</a>. CodeX. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CodeX&rft.atitle=Programming+in+Kotlin&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.aulast=Jalan&rft.aufirst=Nishant+Aanjaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fcodex%2Fprogramming-in-kotlin-934bdb3659cf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoNT-99-247"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-99_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupriesFellows2000" class="citation web cs1">Kupries, Andreas; Fellows, Donal K. (14 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">"TIP #3: TIP Format"</a>. tcl.tk. Tcl Developer Xchange. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713233954/http://tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tcl.tk&rft.atitle=TIP+%233%3A+TIP+Format&rft.date=2000-09-14&rft.aulast=Kupries&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Fellows%2C+Donal+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftct%2Ftip%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoNT-100-248"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-100_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafssonNiskanen2007" class="citation web cs1">Gustafsson, Per; Niskanen, Raimo (29 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">"EEP 1: EEP Purpose and Guidelines"</a>. erlang.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615153206/http://erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EEP+1%3A+EEP+Purpose+and+Guidelines&rft.pub=erlang.org&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.aulast=Gustafsson&rft.aufirst=Per&rft.au=Niskanen%2C+Raimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erlang.org%2Feeps%2Feep-0001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/master/process.md">"Swift Evolution Process"</a>. Swift Programming Language Evolution repository on GitHub. 18 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427182556/https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/master/process.md">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swift+Programming+Language+Evolution+repository+on+GitHub&rft.atitle=Swift+Evolution+Process&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fapple%2Fswift-evolution%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fprocess.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101045354/http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence">"Python for Artificial Intelligence"</a>. Python Wiki. 19 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence">the original</a> on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Python+for+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pub=Python+Wiki&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.python.org%2Fmoin%2FPythonForArtificialIntelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Paine, Jocelyn, ed. (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105810/http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0508.htm#python_ai_ai">"AI in Python"</a>. AI Expert Newsletter. Amzi!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0508.htm#python_ai_ai">the original</a> on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+Expert+Newsletter&rft.atitle=AI+in+Python&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ainewsletter.com%2Fnewsletters%2Faix_0508.htm%23python_ai_ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyAIML">"PyAIML 0.8.5 : Python Package Index"</a>. Pypi.python.org. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PyAIML+0.8.5+%3A+Python+Package+Index&rft.pub=Pypi.python.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpypi.python.org%2Fpypi%2FPyAIML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart J.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig, Peter</a> (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-604259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-604259-4"><bdi>978-0-13-604259-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-13-604259-4&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft.au=Norvig%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney2024" class="citation book cs1">Downey, Allen (July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allendowney.github.io/ThinkPython/">Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist</a> (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1098155438" title="Special:BookSources/978-1098155438"><bdi>978-1098155438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+Python%3A+How+to+Think+Like+a+Computer+Scientist&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2024-07&rft.isbn=978-1098155438&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallendowney.github.io%2FThinkPython%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz2013" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, Mark (2013). Learning Python (5th ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4"><bdi>978-0-596-15806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+Python&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-596-15806-4&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerfield2009" class="citation book cs1">Summerfield, Mark (2009). Programming in Python 3 (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3"><bdi>978-0-321-68056-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Python+3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-321-68056-3&rft.aulast=Summerfield&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamalho2022" class="citation book cs1">Ramalho, Luciano (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/books/fluent-python-2nd-edition">Fluent Python</a>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5632-4"><bdi>978-1-4920-5632-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluent+Python&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2022-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4920-5632-4&rft.aulast=Ramalho&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtworks.com%2Finsights%2Fbooks%2Ffluent-python-2nd-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a 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title="List of programming languages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Python_web_frameworks122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CherryPy" title="CherryPy">CherryPy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CubicWeb" title="CubicWeb">CubicWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastAPI" title="FastAPI">FastAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(web_framework)" title="Grok (web framework)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevow" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevow">Nevow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pylons_Framework" title="Pylons project">Pylons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pyramid" title="Pylons project">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quixote_(web_framework)" title="Quixote (web framework)">Quixote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">TwistedWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zope#Zope_2" title="Zope">Zope 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)_web_frameworks" title="Category:Python (programming language) web frameworks">more</a>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_server-side_web_frameworks#Python" title="Comparison of server-side web frameworks">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Differentiable_computing254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Differentiable_computing" title="Template talk:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Differentiable_computing254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Differentiable computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_function" title="Differentiable function">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_geometry" title="Information geometry">Information geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_manifold" title="Statistical manifold">Statistical manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_differentiation" title="Automatic differentiation">Automatic differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_computing" title="Neuromorphic computing">Neuromorphic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricci_calculus" title="Ricci calculus">Ricci calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive bias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphcore" title="Graphcore">IPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">TPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">VPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker">SpiNNaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(software)" title="Theano (software)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAX_(software)" title="JAX (software)">JAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(machine-learning_framework)" title="Flux (machine-learning framework)">Flux.jl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindSpore" title="MindSpore">MindSpore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistical_software282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistical_software" title="Template:Statistical software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistical_software" title="Template talk:Statistical software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Statistical_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Statistical software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Statistical_software282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_Info" title="Epi Info">Epi Info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-12-ARIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAP_(software)" title="DAP (software)">DAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamovi" title="Jamovi">jamovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASP" title="JASP">JASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_another_Gibbs_sampler" title="Just another Gibbs sampler">JAGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSPP" title="PSPP">PSPP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> (statsmodels, <a href="/wiki/PyMC3" class="mw-redirect" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> (<a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(software)" title="Stan (software)">Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BV4.1_(software)" title="BV4.1 (software)">BV4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Desk" title="Data Desk">Data Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraphPad_InStat" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraphPad_Prism" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li> <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li> <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RATS_(software)" title="RATS (software)">RATS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSP_(econometrics_software)" title="TSP (econometrics software)">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMDP" title="BMDP">BMDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCSS_(statistical_software)" title="NCSS (statistical software)">NCSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHAZAM_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="SHAZAM (software)">SHAZAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYSTAT_(statistics_package)" title="SYSTAT (statistics package)">SYSTAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unistat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unistat (page does not exist)">UNISTAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unistat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unistat (page does not exist)">UNISTAT</a> for Excel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template talk:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler_Mathematical_Toolbox" title="Euler Mathematical Toolbox">Euler Mathematical Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmsh" title="Gmsh">Gmsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R; <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFEM" title="MFEM">MFEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(programming_language)" title="X10 (programming language)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weka_(software)" title="Weka (software)">Weka</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Discontinued12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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