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La lutte du fleuve et de la marée saline, ses conséquences sur la flore et la faune, l'auto-épuration, la biologie des formations végétales liées aux vasières et aux prairies inondables, la pollution industrielle et urbaine... représentent les thèmes d'une étude écologique qui prépare à l'examen des diverses tentatives d'aménagement. Les auteurs examinent alors la vie rurale traditionnelle et en particulier l'utilisation des différents milieux humides fournisseurs d'herbes, les efforts de recreusement du chenal navigable qui modifient ces milieux humides (extension rapide d'une grande roselière), la création récente d'un port polyindustriel qui condamne cette roselière et une partie des exploitations agricoles voisines au bénéfice d'une vie urbaine frappée par les récentes crises de l'énergie. Ainsi, du fleuve à la ville, c'est toute une chaîne d'interactions qui unissent des facteurs morphologiques, pédologiques, biologiques, économiques et culturels que les scientifiques ont trop souvent tendance à séparer. Ainsi apparaît la profonde unité et la richesse du thème de l'Environnement qui, à vrai dire, représente la forme la plus ambitieuse et la plus complète de la Géographie." lang="fr" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="L'estuaire de la Loire : une étude générale d'environnement" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="5" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="30" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941.pdf" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3406/noroi.1981.3941" /> <meta name="rft_id" content="info:doi/10.3406/noroi.1981.3941" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Norois" /> <meta name="citation_year" content="1981" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="109" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gras, Jacques" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Presses Universitaires de Rennes" /> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /> <script 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content="2010-09-24"/> <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2019-10-18T11:28:32.352086Z"/> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.persee.fr/renderIssueCoverThumbnail/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1.jpg"/> <div id="doc-front"> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.persee.fr/issue/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1?sectionId=noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941" title="Retour au fascicule" class="doc-cover"><root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><img alt="Couverture fascicule" class="cover" src="https://www.persee.fr/renderIssueCoverThumbnail/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1.jpg" title="Couverture fascicule"/></root></a><div id="doc-header"> <h2 itemprop="name headline"> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">L'estuaire de la Loire : une étude générale d'environnement</root></h2> <h4 class="document-type"> [article]</h4> <div class="contrib-group"> <div class="contributors"> <span itemprop="creator" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" class="authority-reference"> <a href="https://www.persee.fr/authority/242331" title="Informations sur cette personne" class="left-picto" itemprop="url"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/sem-link-2.png" alt="sem-link" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/sem-link-alt-2.png" alt="sem-link" class="hover-alt"></span> <span itemprop="name" class="name"> Jacques Gras</span></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="document-bib-ref"> <span class="collection" itemprop="isPartOf" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWorkSeries"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://www.persee.fr/collection/noroi"><root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Norois</root></a></span> <span class="documentYear"> Année 1981</span> <span class="documentIssueName" itemprop="isPartOf" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PublicationIssue"> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.persee.fr/issue/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1?sectionId=noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941"><root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">109</root></a><link itemprop="url" content="https://www.persee.fr/issue/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1"/> </span> <span class="documentPageRange" itemprop="pagination"> pp. 5-30</span> </div> </div> <div class="document-details"> <ul class="document-details-headers"> <li> <a data-ref="#doc-abstract"> Résumés</a> </li> <li> <a data-ref="#doc-crossRefs"> Documents liés</a> </li> <li> <a data-ref="#doc-cite"> Référence bibliographique</a> </li> </ul> <div class="document-details-content" style="display: none"> <li> <div id="doc-abstract" data-ajax-url="https://www.persee.fr/doc/abstract/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941"></div> </li> <div id="doc-crossRefs" data-ajax-url="https://www.persee.fr/doc/cross-refs/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941"></div> <div id="doc-cite"> <p> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Gras Jacques. L'estuaire de la Loire : une étude générale d'environnement. In: <i>Norois</i>, n°109, Janvier-Mars 1981. pp. 5-30.</root></p> <p class="doi"> DOI : <a href="https://doi.org/10.3406/noroi.1981.3941" target="_blank"><root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">https://doi.org/10.3406/noroi.1981.3941</root></a></p> <p> <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941"><root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">www.persee.fr/doc/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941</root></a></p> <ul class="export-bib-refs"> <li> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsBibTex/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941.bib" target="_blank"><root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">BibTex</root></a></li> <li> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsRefworks/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941.txt" target="_blank"><root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">RefWorks</root></a></li> <li> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsRIS/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941.ris" target="_blank"><root 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class="hover-alt"></span></span></div> <div class="content" style="width: 710px; height: 1092px;"> <div class="image" data-width="1231" data-height="1895"> <img src="https://www.persee.fr/renderPage/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941/noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0005_0000_710.jpg" alt="Page 5"/></div> <div class="text" itemprop="articleBody"> <p> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Norois, n° 109, Poitiers, janvier-mars 1981.</root></p> <p> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">L'estuaire de la Loire : une étude générale d'environnement</root></p> <p> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">par J. GRAS</root></p> <div class="note biography"> <p>Professeur à l'Université de Nantes </p></div> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h3>I. — Les circonstances de l'étude</h3></root><root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4>1.1. Une expérience interdisciplinaire</h4></root><p> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">(1).</root></p> <p> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">L'objet de cet article est de relater une expérience vécue de 1976 à 1978 par l'Université de Nantes, suffisamment originale et nouvelle pour justifier quelques réflexions d'ordre méthodologique, suffisamment instructive aussi pour que tous ceux qui s'intéressent aux problèmes ligériens puissent en tirer profit.</root></p> <p> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">La loi de juillet 1976 relative à la protection de la nature prévoit que toute politique de grands travaux doit être précédée par une série « d'études d'impact » destinées à fournir un bilan de l'état actuel du milieu agressé, des altérations prévisibles, et à proposer des palliatifs... Or dès mai 1976 l'administration des Pays de Loire décidait de dépasser l'esprit de la loi et proposait à l'Université de Nantes la tâche ambitieuse consistant à mener une étude générale d'environnement sur l'ensemble de la région estuarienne de Nantes à Saint-Nazaire. Certes, la commande était assortie d'une carte figurant les 500 m2 de remblaiement prévus dans l'immédiat en différents points des berges ; mais elle dépassait nettement le caractère ponctuel d'une série d'études d'impact. Il s'agissait en fait d'une véritable étude écologique, au vrai sens du mot et non selon l'acception galvaudée à la mode de nos jours, une des premières qui soit ordonnée en France pour un grand estuaire.</root></p> <p> <root xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">L'Université constitua une équipe de recherche regroupant tous les laboratoires scientifiques intéressés : Géologie marine et appliquée (Pr Ottmann), Biologie marine (Pr Saudray, Mmc J. Marchand), Biochimie (Pr Pieri), Physio-</root></p> <div class="note foot"> <p>(1) Elle a déjà été relatée dans le n° 2 d'Etudes Ligériennes (nouvelle série: 1978), revue semestrielle éditée par le Centre d'Etudes Supérieures Ligériennes de l'Université d'Orléans. Compte tenu de son originalité et de la place exceptionnellement favorable attribuée à la Géographie au sein de l'équipe, il a semblé au Conseil d'administration de Norois que l'expérience pouvait mériter un effort de diffusion renouvelé et élargi, d'autant plus que la publication récente de plusieurs thèses consacrées aux sections mouillées et amorcées à cette occasion permet de renouveler la présentation (voir bibliographie). J'ai donc préféré retirer de l'article précédent tous les développements d'ordre physique et humain qui débordent de beaucoup le thème du fleuve et de ses berges humides, et approfondir celui-ci. 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height: 1099px;"> <div class="image" data-width="1217" data-height="1885"></div> <div class="text"></div> </div> </div> <div class="page" id="noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0017_0000" data-display-mode="image" data-content-url="https://www.persee.fr/doc/page/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941/noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0017_0000" data-id="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVyc2VlLmZyL2RvYy9wYWdlL25vcm9pXzAwMjktMTgyeF8xOTgxX251bV8xMDlfMV8zOTQxL25vcm9pXzAwMjktMTgyWF8xOTgxX251bV8xMDlfMV9UMV8wMDE3XzAwMDA=" data-rotation="0" data-rotation-vote="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVyc2VlLmZyL3BhZ2VSb3RhdGlvblZvdGUvbm9yb2lfMDAyOS0xODJ4XzE5ODFfbnVtXzEwOV8xXzM5NDEvbm9yb2lfMDAyOS0xODJYXzE5ODFfbnVtXzEwOV8xX1QxXzAwMTdfMDAwMA=="> <div class="controls"> <span title="Rotation vers la gauche" class="rotate-left"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw-alt-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw" class="hover-alt"></span></span> <span title="Rotation vers la droite" class="rotate-right"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw-alt-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw" class="hover-alt"></span></span></div> <div class="content to-load" style="width: 710px; 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height: 1113px;"> <div class="image" data-width="1205" data-height="1889"></div> <div class="text"></div> </div> </div> <div class="page" id="noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0020_0000" data-display-mode="image" data-content-url="https://www.persee.fr/doc/page/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941/noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0020_0000" data-id="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVyc2VlLmZyL2RvYy9wYWdlL25vcm9pXzAwMjktMTgyeF8xOTgxX251bV8xMDlfMV8zOTQxL25vcm9pXzAwMjktMTgyWF8xOTgxX251bV8xMDlfMV9UMV8wMDIwXzAwMDA=" data-rotation="0" data-rotation-vote="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVyc2VlLmZyL3BhZ2VSb3RhdGlvblZvdGUvbm9yb2lfMDAyOS0xODJ4XzE5ODFfbnVtXzEwOV8xXzM5NDEvbm9yb2lfMDAyOS0xODJYXzE5ODFfbnVtXzEwOV8xX1QxXzAwMjBfMDAwMA=="> <div class="controls"> <span title="Rotation vers la gauche" class="rotate-left"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw-alt-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw" class="hover-alt"></span></span> <span title="Rotation vers la droite" class="rotate-right"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw-alt-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw" class="hover-alt"></span></span></div> <div class="content to-load" style="width: 710px; 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height: 1106px;"> <div class="image" data-width="1212" data-height="1888"></div> <div class="text"></div> </div> </div> <div class="page" id="noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0026_0000" data-display-mode="image" data-content-url="https://www.persee.fr/doc/page/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941/noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0026_0000" data-id="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVyc2VlLmZyL2RvYy9wYWdlL25vcm9pXzAwMjktMTgyeF8xOTgxX251bV8xMDlfMV8zOTQxL25vcm9pXzAwMjktMTgyWF8xOTgxX251bV8xMDlfMV9UMV8wMDI2XzAwMDA=" data-rotation="0" data-rotation-vote="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVyc2VlLmZyL3BhZ2VSb3RhdGlvblZvdGUvbm9yb2lfMDAyOS0xODJ4XzE5ODFfbnVtXzEwOV8xXzM5NDEvbm9yb2lfMDAyOS0xODJYXzE5ODFfbnVtXzEwOV8xX1QxXzAwMjZfMDAwMA=="> <div class="controls"> <span title="Rotation vers la gauche" class="rotate-left"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw-alt-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw" class="hover-alt"></span></span> <span title="Rotation vers la droite" class="rotate-right"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw-alt-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw" class="hover-alt"></span></span></div> <div class="content to-load" style="width: 710px; height: 1097px;"> <div class="image" data-width="1223" data-height="1891"></div> <div class="text"></div> </div> </div> <div class="page" id="noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0027_0000" data-display-mode="image" data-content-url="https://www.persee.fr/doc/page/noroi_0029-182x_1981_num_109_1_3941/noroi_0029-182X_1981_num_109_1_T1_0027_0000" data-id="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVyc2VlLmZyL2RvYy9wYWdlL25vcm9pXzAwMjktMTgyeF8xOTgxX251bV8xMDlfMV8zOTQxL25vcm9pXzAwMjktMTgyWF8xOTgxX251bV8xMDlfMV9UMV8wMDI3XzAwMDA=" data-rotation="0" data-rotation-vote="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVyc2VlLmZyL3BhZ2VSb3RhdGlvblZvdGUvbm9yb2lfMDAyOS0xODJ4XzE5ODFfbnVtXzEwOV8xXzM5NDEvbm9yb2lfMDAyOS0xODJYXzE5ODFfbnVtXzEwOV8xX1QxXzAwMjdfMDAwMA=="> <div class="controls"> <span title="Rotation vers la gauche" class="rotate-left"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw-alt-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-ccw" class="hover-alt"></span></span> <span title="Rotation vers la droite" class="rotate-right"><span class="picto"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw" class="hover-base"><img src="https://www.persee.fr/persee-theme/images/skin/persee/picto/doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw-alt-3.png" alt="doc-ctrl/page/rotate-cw" class="hover-alt"></span></span></div> <div class="content to-load" style="width: 710px; 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