CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Uncontrolled decompression - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d51e0f57-e736-4f59-96f7-ea33b86e3538","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Uncontrolled_decompression","wgTitle":"Uncontrolled decompression","wgCurRevisionId":1258042719,"wgRevisionId":1258042719, "wgArticleId":1193903,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Uncontrolled_decompression","wgRelevantArticleId":1193903,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ar","autonym":"العربية","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cs","autonym":"čeština","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym": "словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fi","autonym":"suomi","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ko", "autonym":"한국어","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym": "Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pl","autonym":"polski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro", "autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym": "සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sv","autonym":"svenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym": "ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus", "kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki", "ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1260741","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready", "skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Uncontrolled decompression - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Uncontrolled_decompression rootpage-Uncontrolled_decompression stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Uncontrolled+decompression" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Uncontrolled+decompression" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Uncontrolled decompression</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Uncontrolled_decompression" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Uncontrolled+decompression" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> An uncontrolled decompression is an undesired drop in the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> of a sealed system, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">pressurised aircraft cabin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric chamber">hyperbaric chamber</a>, that typically results from <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a>, structural failure, or <a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">impact</a>, causing the pressurised vessel to vent into its surroundings or fail to pressurize at all. Such decompression may be classed as explosive, rapid, or slow: <ul><li>Explosive decompression (ED) is violent and too fast for air to escape safely from the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> and other air-filled cavities in the body such as the <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube" title="Eustachian tube">eustachian tubes</a>, typically resulting in severe to fatal <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a>.</li> <li>Rapid decompression may be slow enough to allow cavities to vent but may still cause serious barotrauma or discomfort.</li> <li>Slow or gradual decompression occurs so slowly that it may not be sensed before <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> sets in.</li></ul> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description">1 Description</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Explosive_decompression">1.1 Explosive decompression</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Rapid_decompression">1.2 Rapid decompression</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Gradual_decompression">1.3 Gradual decompression</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Decompression_injuries">2 Decompression injuries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Implications_for_aircraft_design">3 Implications for aircraft design</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#International_standards">4 International standards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notable_decompression_accidents_and_incidents">5 Notable decompression accidents and incidents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Myths">6 Myths</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#A_bullet_through_a_window_may_cause_explosive_decompression">6.1 A bullet through a window may cause explosive decompression</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Exposure_to_a_vacuum_causes_the_body_to_explode">6.2 Exposure to a vacuum causes the body to explode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Safety_Measures_and_Protocols">7 Safety Measures and Protocols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosive_Decompression_Test_System.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Explosive_Decompression_Test_System.gif/220px-Explosive_Decompression_Test_System.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Explosive_Decompression_Test_System.gif/220px-Explosive_Decompression_Test_System.gif" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Explosive_Decompression_Test_System.gif/330px-Explosive_Decompression_Test_System.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Explosive_Decompression_Test_System.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In this test chamber, air pressure drops suddenly to that of the atmosphere at 60,000 ft (18,000 m). Air humidity immediately condenses into fog, which within seconds evaporates back into gas.</figcaption></figure> The term uncontrolled decompression here refers to the unplanned depressurisation of <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">vessels</a> that are occupied by people; for example, a pressurised aircraft cabin at high altitude, a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric chamber">hyperbaric chamber</a>. For the catastrophic failure of other pressure vessels used to contain <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactants</a> under pressure, the term <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> is more commonly used, or other specialised terms such as <a href="/wiki/BLEVE" class="mw-redirect" title="BLEVE">BLEVE</a> may apply to particular situations. Decompression can occur due to structural failure of the pressure vessel, or failure of the compression system itself.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-OPS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dehart-2">[2]</a> The speed and violence of the decompression is affected by the size of the pressure vessel, the differential pressure between the inside and outside of the vessel, and the size of the leak hole. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">US Federal Aviation Administration</a> recognizes three distinct types of decompression events in aircraft: explosive, rapid, and gradual decompression.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-OPS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dehart-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosive_decompression">Explosive decompression</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explosive decompression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Explosive decompression occurs typically in less than 0.1 to 0.5 seconds, a change in cabin pressure faster than the lungs can decompress.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-OPS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Normally, the time required to release air from the lungs without restrictions, such as masks, is 0.2 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-phak7-36-4">[4]</a> The risk of lung trauma is very high, as is the danger from any unsecured objects that can become <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosive</a> force, which may be likened to a bomb detonation. Immediately after an explosive decompression, a heavy fog may fill the aircraft cabin as the air cools, raising the <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> and causing sudden condensation.<a href="#cite_note-phak7-36-4">[4]</a> Military pilots with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">oxygen masks</a> must pressure-breathe, whereby the lungs fill with air when relaxed, and effort has to be exerted to expel the air again.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_decompression">Rapid decompression</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rapid decompression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rapid decompression typically takes more than 0.1 to 0.5 seconds, allowing the lungs to decompress more quickly than the cabin.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-OPS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The risk of lung damage is still present, but significantly reduced compared with explosive decompression. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradual_decompression">Gradual decompression</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gradual decompression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Slow, or gradual, decompression occurs slowly enough to go unnoticed and might only be detected by instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-OPS2-7">[7]</a> This type of decompression may also come about from a failure to pressurize the cabin as an aircraft climbs to altitude. An example of this is the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Helios_Airways_Flight_522" title="Helios Airways Flight 522">Helios Airways Flight 522</a> crash, in which the maintenance service left the pressurization system in manual mode and the pilots did not check the pressurization system. As a result, they suffered a loss of consciousness (as well as most of the passengers and crew) due to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> (lack of oxygen). The plane continued to fly due to the autopilot system and eventually crashed due to fuel exhaustion after leaving its flight path. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Decompression_injuries">Decompression injuries</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decompression injuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_091006-N-9001B-017_Hospital_Corpsmen_2nd_Class_Kyle_Carswell_and_Daniel_Young_monitor_members_of_the_2009_class_of_NASA_astronaut_candidates_for_hypoxia_in_an_altitude_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/US_Navy_091006-N-9001B-017_Hospital_Corpsmen_2nd_Class_Kyle_Carswell_and_Daniel_Young_monitor_members_of_the_2009_class_of_NASA_astronaut_candidates_for_hypoxia_in_an_altitude_chamber.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1352"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/US_Navy_091006-N-9001B-017_Hospital_Corpsmen_2nd_Class_Kyle_Carswell_and_Daniel_Young_monitor_members_of_the_2009_class_of_NASA_astronaut_candidates_for_hypoxia_in_an_altitude_chamber.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/US_Navy_091006-N-9001B-017_Hospital_Corpsmen_2nd_Class_Kyle_Carswell_and_Daniel_Young_monitor_members_of_the_2009_class_of_NASA_astronaut_candidates_for_hypoxia_in_an_altitude_chamber.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/US_Navy_091006-N-9001B-017_Hospital_Corpsmen_2nd_Class_Kyle_Carswell_and_Daniel_Young_monitor_members_of_the_2009_class_of_NASA_astronaut_candidates_for_hypoxia_in_an_altitude_chamber.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NASA astronaut candidates being monitored for signs of hypoxia during training in an <a href="/wiki/Hypobaric_chamber" title="Hypobaric chamber">altitude chamber</a></figcaption></figure> The following physical injuries may be associated with decompression incidents: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a> is the most serious risk associated with decompression, especially as it may go undetected or incapacitate the aircrew.<a href="#cite_note-AirQuality-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1599378-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3579812-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a>: an inability to equalize pressure in internal air spaces such as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, or more serious injury such as a <a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">burst lung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AirQuality-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AirQuality-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1599378-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-UHMSabstract-13">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> from exposure to <a href="/wiki/Troposphere#Temperature" title="Troposphere">freezing cold air</a> at high altitude.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">Physical trauma</a> caused by the violence of explosive decompression, which can turn people and loose objects into projectiles.</li></ul> At least two confirmed cases have been documented of a person being blown through an airplane passenger window. The first <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_Flight_27" title="National Airlines Flight 27">occurred in 1973</a> when debris from an <a href="/wiki/Turbine_engine_failure" title="Turbine engine failure">engine failure</a> struck a window roughly midway in the fuselage. Despite efforts to pull the passenger back into the airplane, the occupant was forced entirely through the cabin window.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-15">[15]</a> The passenger's skeletal remains were eventually found by a construction crew, and were positively identified two years later.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-16">[16]</a> The second incident occurred on April 17, 2018, when a woman on <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1380" title="Southwest Airlines Flight 1380">Southwest Airlines Flight 1380</a> was partially blown through an airplane passenger window that had broken from a similar engine failure. Although the other passengers were able to pull her back inside, she later died from her injuries.<a href="#cite_note-auto-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcphiladelphia.com1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_on_passenger-19">[19]</a> In both incidents, the plane landed safely with the sole fatality being the person seated next to the window involved. According to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_A._Landis" title="Geoffrey A. Landis">Geoffrey A. Landis</a>, the effect depends on the size of the hole, which can be expanded by debris that is blown through it; "it would take about 100 seconds for pressure to equalise through a roughly 30.0 cm (11.8 in) hole in the fuselage of a Boeing 747." Anyone blocking the hole would have half a ton of force pushing them towards it, but this force reduces rapidly with distance from the hole.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Implications_for_aircraft_design">Implications for aircraft design</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Implications for aircraft design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Modern aircraft are specifically designed with longitudinal and circumferential reinforcing ribs in order to prevent localised damage from tearing the whole <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> open during a decompression incident.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> However, decompression events have nevertheless proved fatal for aircraft in other ways. In 1974, explosive decompression onboard <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines_Flight_981" title="Turkish Airlines Flight 981">Turkish Airlines Flight 981</a> caused the floor to collapse, severing vital flight control cables in the process. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Airworthiness Directive">Airworthiness Directive</a> the following year requiring manufacturers of wide-body aircraft to strengthen floors so that they could withstand the effects of in-flight decompression caused by an opening of up to 20 square feet (1.9 m2) in the lower deck cargo compartment.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Manufacturers were able to comply with the Directive either by strengthening the floors and/or installing relief vents called "<a href="/wiki/Dado_(architecture)" title="Dado (architecture)">dado panels</a>" between the passenger cabin and the cargo compartment.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Cabin doors are designed to make it nearly impossible to lose pressurization through opening a cabin door in flight, either accidentally or intentionally. The <a href="/wiki/Plug_door" title="Plug door">plug door</a> design ensures that when the pressure inside the cabin exceeds the pressure outside, the doors are forced shut and will not open until the pressure is equalized. Cabin doors, including the emergency exits, but not all cargo doors, open inwards, or must first be pulled inwards and then rotated before they can be pushed out through the door frame because at least one dimension of the door is larger than the door frame. Pressurization prevented the doors of <a href="/wiki/Saudia_Flight_163" title="Saudia Flight 163">Saudia Flight 163</a> from being opened on the ground after the aircraft made a successful emergency landing, resulting in the deaths of all 287 passengers and 14 crew members from fire and smoke. Prior to 1996, approximately 6,000 large commercial transport airplanes were <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">type certified</a> to fly up to 45,000 feet (14,000 m), without being required to meet special conditions related to flight at high altitude.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1996, the FAA adopted Amendment 25–87, which imposed additional high-altitude cabin-pressure specifications, for new designs of aircraft types.<a href="#cite_note-FAA_25.841-25">[25]</a> For aircraft <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">certified</a> to operate above 25,000 feet (FL 250; 7,600 m), it "must be designed so that occupants will not be exposed to cabin pressure altitudes in excess of 15,000 feet (4,600 m) after any probable failure condition in the pressurization system."<a href="#cite_note-FARs,_14_CFR,_Part_25,_Section_841-26">[26]</a> In the event of a decompression which results from "any failure condition not shown to be extremely improbable," the aircraft must be designed so that occupants will not be exposed to a cabin altitude exceeding 25,000 feet (7,600 m) for more than 2 minutes, nor exceeding an altitude of 40,000 feet (12,000 m) at any time.<a href="#cite_note-FARs,_14_CFR,_Part_25,_Section_841-26">[26]</a> In practice, that new FAR amendment imposes an operational <a href="/wiki/Ceiling_(aeronautics)" title="Ceiling (aeronautics)">ceiling</a> of 40,000 feet on the majority of newly designed commercial aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Exemption_No._8695-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[Note 1]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> successfully petitioned the FAA to allow cabin pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a> to reach 43,000 feet (13,000 m) in the event of a decompression incident and to exceed 40,000 feet (12,000 m) for one minute. This special exemption allows the A380 to operate at a higher altitude than other newly designed civilian aircraft, which have not yet been granted a similar exemption.<a href="#cite_note-Exemption_No._8695-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="International_standards">International standards</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International standards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The Depressurization Exposure Integral (DEI) is a <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative property">quantitative</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">model</a> that is used by the FAA to enforce compliance with decompression-related design directives. The model relies on the fact that the pressure that the subject is exposed to and the duration of that exposure are the two most important variables at play in a decompression event.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Other national and international standards for explosive decompression testing include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD" class="mw-redirect" title="MIL-STD">MIL-STD</a>-810, 202</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DO-160" title="DO-160">RTCA/DO-160</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NORSOK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NORSOK (page does not exist)">NORSOK</a> M710</li> <li>API 17K and 17J</li> <li>NACE TM0192 and TM0297</li> <li>TOTALELFFINA SP TCS 142 Appendix H</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notable_decompression_accidents_and_incidents">Notable decompression accidents and incidents</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable decompression accidents and incidents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Decompression incidents are not uncommon on military and civilian aircraft, with approximately 40–50 rapid decompression events occurring worldwide annually.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> However, in most cases the problem is manageable, injuries or structural damage rare and the incident not considered notable.<a href="#cite_note-AirQuality-8">[8]</a> One notable, recent case was <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1380" title="Southwest Airlines Flight 1380">Southwest Airlines Flight 1380</a> in 2018, where an uncontained engine failure ruptured a window, causing a passenger to be partially blown out.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Decompression incidents do not occur solely in aircraft; the <a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin" title="Byford Dolphin">Byford Dolphin</a> accident is an example of violent explosive decompression of a <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">saturation diving</a> system on an <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil rig</a>. A decompression event is often the result of a failure caused by another problem (such as an explosion or mid-air collision), but the decompression event may worsen the initial issue. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Event </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Pressure vessel </th> <th>Event type </th> <th>Fatalities/number on board </th> <th>Decompression type </th> <th>Cause </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pan Am Flight 201 </td> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_377_Stratocruiser" title="Boeing 377 Stratocruiser">Boeing 377 Stratocruiser</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/27 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Passenger door blew out after lock failure<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BOAC_Flight_781" title="BOAC Flight 781">BOAC Flight 781</a> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet 1</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>35/35 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Metal fatigue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_201" title="South African Airways Flight 201">South African Airways Flight 201</a> </td> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">de Havilland Comet 1</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>21/21 </td> <td>Explosive decompression<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> </td> <td>Metal fatigue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1956_Grand_Canyon_mid-air_collision" title="1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision">TWA Flight 2</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>70/70 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid-air_collision" title="Mid-air collision">Mid-air collision</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> Flight 87 </td> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7" title="Douglas DC-7">Douglas DC-7</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/46 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Propeller blade separated and hit fuselage<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> F-BGNE </td> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Super Constellation</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/? </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Window shattered at 18,000 feet (5,500 m)<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_11" title="Continental Airlines Flight 11">Continental Airlines Flight 11</a> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 707-100">Boeing 707-100</a> </td> <td>Bombing </td> <td>45/45 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Insurance fraud suicide bomb </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADneas_Argentinas" title="Aerolíneas Argentinas">Aerolineas Argentinas</a> Flight 737 </td> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748" title="Hawker Siddeley HS 748">Avro 748-105 Srs. 1</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/34 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Aft left passenger door separated from airplane<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Dolgov" title="Pyotr Dolgov">Volsk parachute jump accident</a> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">Pressure suit</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/1 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Collision with gondola upon jumping from balloon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Airways" title="Cambrian Airways">Cambrian Airways</a> G-AMON </td> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers 701 Viscount</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/63 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Propeller blade separated and hit fuselage<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nick_Piantanida" title="Nick Piantanida">Strato Jump III</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td>Pressure suit </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/1 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Pressure suit failure<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">spacesuit</a> testing accident </td> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo/Skylab A7L">Apollo A7L spacesuit</a> (or possibly a prototype of it) </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/1 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Oxygen line coupling failure<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Airlines" title="Northeast Airlines">Northeast Airlines</a> N8224H </td> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6B</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/14 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Fuselage cracked open from fatigue<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> 59-0530 </td> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-133_Cargomaster" title="Douglas C-133 Cargomaster">Douglas C-133B Cargomaster</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>5/5 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Existing crack expanded, leading to fuselage failure<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Airwest_Flight_706" title="Hughes Airwest Flight 706">Hughes Airwest Flight 706</a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-31" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31">McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>49/49 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Mid-air Collision </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_11#Death_of_crew" title="Soyuz 11">Soyuz 11 re-entry</a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>3/3 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Pressure equalisation valve damaged by faulty pyrotechnic separation charges<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_European_Airways_Flight_706_(1971)" title="British European Airways Flight 706 (1971)">BEA Flight 706</a> </td> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">Vickers Vanguard</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>63/63 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Structural failure of rear pressure bulkhead due to corrosion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-9-34" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-9-34">McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32</a> </td> <td>Terrorist bombing </td> <td>27/28 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion in cargo hold </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_96" title="American Airlines Flight 96">American Airlines Flight 96</a> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">Douglas DC-10-10</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/67 </td> <td>Rapid decompression<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> </td> <td>Cargo door failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_109" title="Aeroflot Flight 109">Aeroflot Flight 109</a> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-104" title="Tupolev Tu-104">Tuploev Tu-104B</a> </td> <td>Bombing </td> <td>81/81 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Hijacker detonated explosive<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_Flight_27" title="National Airlines Flight 27">National Airlines Flight 27</a> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">Douglas DC-10-10</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/128 </td> <td>Explosive decompression<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> </td> <td>Uncontained engine failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines_Flight_981" title="Turkish Airlines Flight 981">Turkish Airlines Flight 981</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">Douglas DC-10-10</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>346/346 </td> <td>Explosive decompression<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> </td> <td>Cargo door failure </td></tr> <tr> <td>USAF (registration unknown) </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/33 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Small window broke at 35,000 feet<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_841_(1974)" title="TWA Flight 841 (1974)">TWA Flight 841</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a>-331B </td> <td>Terrorist bombing </td> <td>88/88 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion in cargo hold </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1975_T%C3%A2n_S%C6%A1n_Nh%E1%BB%A9t_C-5_accident" title="1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident">1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident</a> </td> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">Lockheed C-5 Galaxy</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>138/314 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Improper maintenance of rear doors, cargo door failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_Zagreb_mid-air_collision" title="1976 Zagreb mid-air collision">British Airways Flight 476</a> </td> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">Hawker Siddeley Trident 3B</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>63/63 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Mid-air collision </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a> </td> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-320B</a> </td> <td>Shootdown </td> <td>2/109 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Shootdown after straying into <a href="/wiki/Prohibited_airspace" title="Prohibited airspace">prohibited airspace</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> Flight 680 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/45 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Fuselage tore open from fatigue<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a> </td> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-15" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15">McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15</a> </td> <td>Bombing or Shootdown (Disputed) </td> <td>81/81 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Mid-air breakup due to explosion in the cabin (Cause of explosion disputed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saudia_Flight_162" title="Saudia Flight 162">Saudia Flight 162</a> </td> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">Lockheed L-1011 TriStar</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>2/292 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Tyre blowout </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Air_Transport_Flight_103" title="Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 103">Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 103</a> </td> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737-222</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>110/110 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Severe <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> and metal fatigue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_009" title="British Airways Flight 009">British Airways Flight 009</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-200</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/263 </td> <td>Gradual decompression </td> <td>Engine flameout due to volcanic ash ingestion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reeve_Aleutian_Airways_Flight_8" title="Reeve Aleutian Airways Flight 8">Reeve Aleutian Airways Flight 8</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 Electra</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/15 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Propeller failure and collision with fuselage </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-200B</a> </td> <td>Shootdown </td> <td>269/269 </td> <td>Rapid decompression<a href="#cite_note-AAR-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> </td> <td>Intentionally fired <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missile</a> after aircraft strayed into <a href="/wiki/Prohibited_airspace" title="Prohibited airspace">prohibited airspace</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Air_Flight_771" title="Gulf Air Flight 771">Gulf Air Flight 771</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737-200</a> </td> <td>Terrorist bombing </td> <td>112/112 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion in cargo hold </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin">Byford Dolphin accident</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin" title="Byford Dolphin">Diving bell</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>5/6 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">Human error</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Fail-safe" title="Fail-safe">fail-safe</a> in the design </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a> </td> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-200B</a> </td> <td>Terrorist bombing </td> <td>329/329 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion in cargo hold </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_123" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Airlines Flight 123">Japan Airlines Flight 123</a> </td> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>SR </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>520/524 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Delayed structural failure of the rear pressure bulkhead following improper repairs </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster#Cause_and_time_of_death" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle Challenger</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>7/7 </td> <td>Gradual or rapid decompression </td> <td>Breach in <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">solid rocket booster</a> O-ring, leading to damage from escaping superheated gas and eventual disintegration of launch vehicle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pan Am Flight 125 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-121</a> </td> <td>Incident </td> <td>0/245 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Cargo door malfunction </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_5055" title="LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055">LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055</a> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62" title="Ilyushin Il-62">Ilyushin Il-62</a>M </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>183/183 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Uncontained engine failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Airlines_Flight_243" title="Aloha Airlines Flight 243">Aloha Airlines Flight 243</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737-200</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/95 </td> <td>Explosive decompression<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>Metal fatigue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300B2-203</a> </td> <td>Shootdown </td> <td>290/290 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Intentionally fired surface-to-air missiles from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(CG-49)" title="USS Vincennes (CG-49)">USS Vincennes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-100</a> </td> <td>Terrorist bombing </td> <td>259/259 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion in cargo hold </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811" title="United Airlines Flight 811">United Airlines Flight 811</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-122</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>9/355 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Cargo door failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partnair_Flight_394" title="Partnair Flight 394">Partnair Flight 394</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-580" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair CV-580">Convair CV-580</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>55/55 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Rudder malfunction due to maintenance error, leading to loss of control and in-flight breakup </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">Douglas DC-10-30</a> </td> <td>Terrorist bombing </td> <td>170/170 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion in cargo hold </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Flight_203" title="Avianca Flight 203">Avianca Flight 203</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>-21 </td> <td>Terrorist bombing </td> <td>107/107 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion igniting vapours in an empty fuel tank </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_5390" title="British Airways Flight 5390">British Airways Flight 5390</a> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">BAC One-Eleven</a> </td> <td>Incident </td> <td>0/87 </td> <td>Rapid decompression<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> </td> <td>Cockpit windscreen failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines_Flight_201" title="Copa Airlines Flight 201">Copa Airlines Flight 201</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-200_Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-200 Advanced">Boeing 737-200 Advanced</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>47/47 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Spatial disorientation leading to steep dive and mid-air breakup </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China_Northwest_Airlines_Flight_2303" title="China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303">China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154" title="Tupolev Tu-154">Tupolev TU-154</a>M </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>160/160 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Improper maintenance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> Flight 157 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">Lockheed L-1011 TriStar</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/236 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Structural failure of the bulkhead following inadequate inspection of the airframe<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800" title="TWA Flight 800">TWA Flight 800</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-100</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>230/230 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Vapour explosion in fuel tank </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-34#Collision" title="Progress M-34">Progress M-34 docking test</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> space station module </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/3 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Collision while in orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LATAM_Brasil#Incidents_and_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="LATAM Brasil">TAM Airlines</a> Flight 283 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fokker_100" title="Fokker 100">Fokker 100</a> </td> <td>Bombing </td> <td>1/60 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SilkAir_Flight_185" title="SilkAir Flight 185">SilkAir Flight 185</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-300</a> </td> <td>(Disputed) </td> <td>104/104 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Steep dive and mid-air breakup (Cause of crash disputed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_602" title="Lionair Flight 602">Lionair Flight 602</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-24" title="Antonov An-24">Antonov An-24</a>RV </td> <td>Shootdown </td> <td>55/55 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Probable <a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-portable air-defense systems">MANPAD</a> shootdown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_South_Dakota_Learjet_crash" title="1999 South Dakota Learjet crash">1999 South Dakota Learjet crash</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Learjet_35/36" class="mw-redirect" title="Learjet 35/36">Learjet 35</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>6/6 </td> <td>Gradual or rapid decompression </td> <td>(Undetermined) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767-300ER" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 767-300ER">Boeing 767-300ER</a> </td> <td>(Disputed) <a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> </td> <td>217/217 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Uncontrollable dive leading to mid-air breakup (Cause of crash disputed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_Australia_Beechcraft_King_Air_crash" title="2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash">2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Beechcraft Super King Air</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>8/8 </td> <td>Gradual decompression </td> <td>Inconclusive; likely pilot error or mechanical failure<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>American Airlines Flight 1291 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300-600</a>R </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/133 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Cabin outflow valve malfunction.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_EP-3" title="Lockheed EP-3">Lockheed EP-3</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/25 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Mid-air collision </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TAM_Airlines_Flight_9755" title="TAM Airlines Flight 9755">TAM Airlines Flight 9755</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fokker_100" title="Fokker 100">Fokker 100</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/88 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Uncontained engine failure<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_611" title="China Airlines Flight 611">China Airlines Flight 611</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-200B</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>225/225 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Metal fatigue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2003_Ukrainian_Cargo_Airways_Il-76_accident" title="2003 Ukrainian Cargo Airways Il-76 accident">2003 Ukrainian Cargo Airways Il-76 accident</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>17-200?/160-350? </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Rear loading ramp disintegration from aircraft while cruising leading to explosive decompression </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle Columbia</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>7/7 </td> <td>Explosive decompression<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> </td> <td>Damage to orbiter <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">thermal protection system</a> at liftoff, leading to disintegration during reentry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Airlines_Flight_3701" title="Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701">Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ100/200" title="Bombardier CRJ100/200">Bombardier CRJ-200</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>2/2 </td> <td>Gradual decompression </td> <td>Engine flameout caused by pilot error </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helios_Airways_Flight_522" title="Helios Airways Flight 522">Helios Airways Flight 522</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-300</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>121/121 </td> <td>Gradual decompression </td> <td>Pressurization system set to manual for the entire flight<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines" title="Alaska Airlines">Alaska Airlines</a> Flight 536 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">McDonnell Douglas MD-80</a> </td> <td>Incident </td> <td>0/142 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Failure of operator to report collision involving a <a href="/wiki/Ground_support_equipment" title="Ground support equipment">baggage loading cart</a> at the departure gate<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Air_Flight_574" title="Adam Air Flight 574">Adam Air Flight 574</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-400</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>102/102 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Spatial disorientation leading to steep dive and mid-air breakup </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qantas_Flight_30" title="Qantas Flight 30">Qantas Flight 30</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">Boeing 747-400</a> </td> <td>Incident </td> <td>0/365 </td> <td>Rapid decompression<a href="#cite_note-ATSB_200824-63">[62]</a> </td> <td>Fuselage ruptured by <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tank" title="Oxygen tank">oxygen cylinder</a> explosion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_2294" title="Southwest Airlines Flight 2294">Southwest Airlines Flight 2294</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-300</a> </td> <td>Incident </td> <td>0/131 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Metal fatigue<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_812" title="Southwest Airlines Flight 812">Southwest Airlines Flight 812</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-300</a> </td> <td>Incident </td> <td>0/123 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Metal fatigue<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines_Flight_991" title="Asiana Airlines Flight 991">Asiana Airlines Flight 991</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">Boeing 747-400F</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>2/2 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>In-flight fire leading to mid-air breakup.<a href="#cite_note-ARAIB-Final-66">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777-200ER" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 777-200ER">Boeing 777-200ER</a> </td> <td>Shootdown </td> <td>298/298 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Shot down over Ukraine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159" title="Daallo Airlines Flight 159">Daallo Airlines Flight 159</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A321" title="Airbus A321">Airbus A321</a> </td> <td>Terrorist bombing </td> <td>1/81 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Bomb explosion in passenger cabin<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1380" title="Southwest Airlines Flight 1380">Southwest Airlines Flight 1380</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-700" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-700">Boeing 737-700</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>1/148 </td> <td>Rapid decompression </td> <td>Uncontained engine failure caused by metal fatigue<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Airlines_Flight_8633" title="Sichuan Airlines Flight 8633">Sichuan Airlines Flight 8633</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A319" title="Airbus A319">Airbus A319-100</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/128 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Cockpit windscreen failure </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Baltic_Sea_Cessna_Citation_crash" title="2022 Baltic Sea Cessna Citation crash">2022 Baltic Sea Cessna Citation crash</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cessna_Citation_II" title="Cessna Citation II">Cessna Citation II</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>4/4 </td> <td>Gradual decompression </td> <td>Under investigation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines_Flight_1282" title="Alaska Airlines Flight 1282">Alaska Airlines Flight 1282</a> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX" title="Boeing 737 MAX">Boeing 737 MAX 9</a> </td> <td>Accident </td> <td>0/177 </td> <td>Explosive decompression </td> <td>Door plug failure; under investigation.<a href="#cite_note-seattletimeshole-70">[69]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Myths">Myths</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Myths" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_bullet_through_a_window_may_cause_explosive_decompression">A bullet through a window may cause explosive decompression</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A bullet through a window may cause explosive decompression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2004, the TV show <a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a> examined whether explosive decompression occurs when a bullet is fired through the fuselage of an airplane <a href="/wiki/MythBusters_(2004_season)#Explosive_Decompression" title="MythBusters (2004 season)">informally</a> by way of several tests using a decommissioned pressurised DC-9. A single shot through the side or the window did not have any effect – it took actual explosives to cause explosive decompression – suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> is designed to prevent people from being blown out.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Professional pilot David Lombardo states that a bullet hole would have no perceived effect on cabin pressure as the hole would be smaller than the opening of the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization#Mechanics" title="Cabin pressurization">outflow valve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_A._Landis" title="Geoffrey A. Landis">Geoffrey A. Landis</a> points out though that the impact depends on the size of the hole, which can be expanded by debris that is blown through it. Landis went on to say that "it would take about 100 seconds for pressure to equalise through a roughly 30.0 cm (11.8 in) hole in the fuselage of a Boeing 747." He then stated that anyone sitting next to the hole would have about half a ton of force pulling them towards it.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> At least two confirmed cases have been documented of a person being blown through an airplane passenger window. The first <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_Flight_27" title="National Airlines Flight 27">occurred in 1973</a> when debris from an <a href="/wiki/Turbine_engine_failure" title="Turbine engine failure">engine failure</a> struck a window roughly midway in the fuselage. Despite efforts to pull the passenger back into the airplane, the occupant was forced entirely through the cabin window.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-15">[15]</a> The passenger's skeletal remains were eventually found by a construction crew, and were positively identified two years later.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-16">[16]</a> The second incident occurred on April 17, 2018, when a woman on <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1380" title="Southwest Airlines Flight 1380">Southwest Airlines Flight 1380</a> was partially blown through an airplane passenger window that had broken from a similar engine failure. Although the other passengers were able to pull her back inside, she later died from her injuries.<a href="#cite_note-auto-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcphiladelphia.com1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_on_passenger-19">[19]</a> In both incidents, the plane landed safely with the sole fatality being the person seated next to the window involved. Fictional accounts of this include a scene in <a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)" title="Goldfinger (film)">Goldfinger</a>, when James Bond kills the eponymous villain by blowing him out a passenger window<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Die_Another_Day" title="Die Another Day">Die Another Day</a>, when an errant gunshot shatters a window on a cargo plane and rapidly expands, causing multiple enemy officials, henchmen and the main villain to be sucked out to their deaths. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_to_a_vacuum_causes_the_body_to_explode">Exposure to a vacuum causes the body to explode</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exposure to a vacuum causes the body to explode" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a></div> This <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">persistent myth</a> is based on a failure to distinguish between two types of decompression and their exaggerated portrayal in some <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional works</a>. The first type of decompression deals with changing from normal atmospheric pressure (one <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a>) to a vacuum (zero atmosphere) which is usually centered around <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>. The second type of decompression changes from exceptionally high pressure (many atmospheres) to normal atmospheric pressure (one atmosphere) as may occur in <a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-sea diving">deep-sea diving</a>. The first type is more common as pressure reduction from normal atmospheric pressure to a vacuum can be found in both space exploration and high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>. Research and experience have shown that while <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body#Space_environments" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">exposure to a vacuum</a> causes swelling, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">human skin</a> is tough enough to withstand the drop of one <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barratt-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kruszelnicki-76">[75]</a> The most serious risk from vacuum exposure is <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, in which the body is starved of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, leading to unconsciousness within a few seconds.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Rapid uncontrolled decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold their breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harding-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">Eardrums</a> and sinuses may also be ruptured by rapid decompression, and soft tissues may be affected by bruises seeping blood. If the victim somehow survived, the stress and shock would accelerate oxygen consumption, leading to hypoxia at a rapid rate.<a href="#cite_note-czarnik-80">[79]</a> At the extremely low pressures encountered at altitudes above about 63,000 feet (19,000 m), the boiling point of water becomes less than normal body temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Barratt-75">[74]</a> This measure of altitude is known as the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_limit" title="Armstrong limit">Armstrong limit</a>, which is the practical limit to survivable altitude without pressurization. Fictional accounts of bodies exploding due to exposure from a vacuum include, among others, several incidents in the movie <a href="/wiki/Outland_(film)" title="Outland (film)">Outland</a>, while in the movie <a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a>, characters appear to suffer effects of <a href="/wiki/Ebullism" title="Ebullism">ebullism</a> and blood boiling when exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a>. The second type is rare since it involves a pressure drop over several atmospheres, which would require the person to have been placed in a pressure vessel. The only likely situation in which this might occur is during decompression after deep-sea diving. A pressure drop as small as 100 Torr (13 kPa), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.<a href="#cite_note-harding-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin">One such incident</a> occurred in 1983 in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, where violent explosive decompression from nine atmospheres to one caused four divers to die instantly from massive and lethal <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Dramatized fictional accounts of this include a scene from the film <a href="/wiki/Licence_to_Kill" title="Licence to Kill">Licence to Kill</a>, when a character's head explodes after his <a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">hyperbaric chamber</a> is rapidly depressurized, and another in the film <a href="/wiki/DeepStar_Six" title="DeepStar Six">DeepStar Six</a>, wherein rapid depressurization causes a character to <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a> profusely before exploding in a similar fashion. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Safety_Measures_and_Protocols">Safety Measures and Protocols</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Safety Measures and Protocols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Oxygen Mask Deployment: Following any type of uncontrolled decompression, oxygen masks are designed to deploy automatically above 14,000 feet to provide supplemental oxygen to passengers and crew. Immediate donning of these masks is crucial for preventing hypoxia until the aircraft can descend to a safer altitude<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li> <li>Crew Training on Decompression Response: Airline crews undergo extensive training to prepare for decompression scenarios. This training includes recognizing signs of hypoxia among passengers, managing cabin pressure loss, and executing emergency descent procedures effectively. Continuous drills ensure that crew members are prepared to act swiftly in the event of an uncontrolled decompression<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(altitude)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression (altitude)">Decompression (altitude)</a> – Reduction in ambient pressure due to ascent above sea level</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression (diving)</a> – Pressure reduction and its effects during ascent from depth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression (physics)">Decompression (physics)</a> – Application of balanced forces which push an object inward towards itselfPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_of_useful_consciousness" title="Time of useful consciousness">Time of useful consciousness</a> – Duration of effective performance in a hypoxic environment</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Notable exceptions include the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FAA-OPS-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAA-OPS_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAA-OPS_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAA-OPS_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAA-OPS_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/pilots/training/airman_education/media/ac%2061-107a.pdf">"AC 61-107A – Operations of aircraft at altitudes above 25,000 feet msl and/or mach numbers (MMO) greater than .75"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2008-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AC+61-107A+%E2%80%93+Operations+of+aircraft+at+altitudes+above+25%2C000+feet+msl+and%2For+mach+numbers+%28MMO%29+greater+than+.75&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fpilots%2Ftraining%2Fairman_education%2Fmedia%2Fac%252061-107a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dehart-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dehart_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dehart_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehartJ._R._Davis2002" class="citation book cs1">Dehart, R. L.; J. R. Davis (2002). Fundamentals Of Aerospace Medicine: Translating Research Into Clinical Applications, 3rd Rev Ed. United States: Lippincott Williams And Wilkins. p. 720. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-2898-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-2898-0"><bdi>978-0-7817-2898-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+Of+Aerospace+Medicine%3A+Translating+Research+Into+Clinical+Applications%2C+3rd+Rev+Ed.&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=720&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+And+Wilkins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-2898-0&rft.aulast=Dehart&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=J.+R.+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlight_Standards_Service,_United_StatesFederal_Aviation_Agency,_United_States1980" class="citation book cs1">Flight Standards Service, United States; Federal Aviation Agency, United States (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ioRTAAAAMAAJ">Flight Training Handbook</a>. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, Flight Standards Service. p. 250. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight+Training+Handbook&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+Transportation%2C+Federal+Aviation+Administration%2C+Flight+Standards+Service&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Flight+Standards+Service%2C+United+States&rft.au=Federal+Aviation+Agency%2C+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DioRTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-phak7-36-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phak7-36_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phak7-36_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620203429/https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak">Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge</a> (FAA-H-8083-25B ed.). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 2016-08-24. p. 36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak">the original</a> on 2023-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Aircraft+Systems&rft.btitle=Pilot%27s+Handbook+of+Aeronautical+Knowledge&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=FAA-H-8083-25B&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fregulations_policies%2Fhandbooks_manuals%2Faviation%2Fphak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_V._Brulle2008" class="citation web cs1">Robert V. Brulle (2008-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085032/http://aupress.au.af.mil/digital/pdf/book/brulle_engineering_space_age.pdf">"Engineering the Space Age: A Rocket Scientist Remembers"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University_Press" title="Athabasca University Press">AU Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aupress.au.af.mil/digital/pdf/book/brulle_engineering_space_age.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineering+the+Space+Age%3A+A+Rocket+Scientist+Remembers&rft.pub=AU+Press&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.au=Robert+V.+Brulle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faupress.au.af.mil%2Fdigital%2Fpdf%2Fbook%2Fbrulle_engineering_space_age.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Gabriel_Williams1959" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Gabriel Williams (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hMZAAAAIAAJ">The New Frontier: Man's Survival in the Sky</a>. Thomas. Retrieved 2008-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Frontier%3A+Man%27s+Survival+in+the+Sky&rft.pub=Thomas&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Kenneth+Gabriel+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hMZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAA-OPS2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FAA-OPS2_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/pilotos/training/airman_education/media/ac%2061-107a.pdf">"AC 61-107A - Operations of aircraft at altitud above 25,000 feet MSL and/or mach numbers (MMO) greater than .75"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. July 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.atitle=AC+61-107A+-+Operations+of+aircraft+at+altitud+above+25%2C000+feet+MSL+and%2For+mach+numbers+%28MMO%29+greater+than+.75&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fpilotos%2Ftraining%2Fairman_education%2Fmedia%2Fac%252061-107a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AirQuality-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AirQuality_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AirQuality_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AirQuality_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AirQuality_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_B._HockingDiana_Hocking2005" class="citation book cs1">Martin B. Hocking; Diana Hocking (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzXPJ-p75QIC">Air Quality in Airplane Cabins and Similar Enclosed Spaces</a>. Springer Science & Business. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-25019-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-25019-0"><bdi>3-540-25019-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Quality+in+Airplane+Cabins+and+Similar+Enclosed+Spaces&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-540-25019-0&rft.au=Martin+B.+Hocking&rft.au=Diana+Hocking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzXPJ-p75QIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1599378-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid1599378_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid1599378_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasonYacavone1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bason R, Yacavone DW (May 1992). "Loss of cabin pressurization in U.S. Naval aircraft: 1969–90". Aviat Space Environ Med. 63 (5): 341–345. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1599378">1599378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviat+Space+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Loss+of+cabin+pressurization+in+U.S.+Naval+aircraft%3A+1969%E2%80%9390&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=341-345&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1599378&rft.aulast=Bason&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Yacavone%2C+DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3579812-10"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3579812_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks_CJ1987" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks CJ (March 1987). "Loss of cabin pressure in Canadian Forces transport aircraft, 1963–1984". Aviat Space Environ Med. 58 (3): 268–275. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3579812">3579812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviat+Space+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Loss+of+cabin+pressure+in+Canadian+Forces+transport+aircraft%2C+1963%E2%80%931984&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=268-275&rft.date=1987-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3579812&rft.au=Brooks+CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Wolff2006" class="citation web cs1">Mark Wolff (2006-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theairlinepilots.com/medical/decompressionandhypoxia.htm">"Cabin Decompression and Hypoxia"</a>. theairlinepilots.com. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cabin+Decompression+and+Hypoxia&rft.pub=theairlinepilots.com&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft.au=Mark+Wolff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theairlinepilots.com%2Fmedical%2Fdecompressionandhypoxia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-12"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_RRDervay,_JPConkin,_J" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Robinson, RR; Dervay, JP; Conkin, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030231947/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TM-1999-209374.pdf">"An Evidenced-Based Approach for Estimating Decompression Sickness Risk in Aircraft Operations"</a> (PDF). NASA STI Report Series. NASA/TM—1999–209374. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TM-1999-209374.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+STI+Report+Series&rft.atitle=An+Evidenced-Based+Approach+for+Estimating+Decompression+Sickness+Risk+in+Aircraft+Operations&rft.volume=NASA%2FTM%E2%80%941999%E2%80%93209374&rft.au=Robinson%2C+RR&rft.au=Dervay%2C+JP&rft.au=Conkin%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fston.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fcollections%2FTRS%2F_techrep%2FTM-1999-209374.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UHMSabstract-13"><a href="#cite_ref-UHMSabstract_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell,_MR2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Powell, MR (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811173704/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/1181">"Decompression limits in commercial aircraft cabins with forced descent"</a>. Undersea Hyperb. Med. Supplement (abstract). Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+Hyperb.+Med.&rft.atitle=Decompression+limits+in+commercial+aircraft+cabins+with+forced+descent&rft.volume=Supplement&rft.issue=abstract&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Powell%2C+MR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F1181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaidzicSimones2010" class="citation journal cs1">Daidzic, Nihad E.; Simones, Matthew P. (March–April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514/1.41953">"Aircraft Decompression with Installed Cockpit Security Door"</a>. Journal of Aircraft. 47 (2): 490–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F1.41953">10.2514/1.41953</a>. <q>[A]t 40,000 ft (12,200 m), the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">International Standard Atmosphere</a> (ISA) pressure is only about 18.8 kPa (2.73 psi), and the air temperatures are about −56.5 °C (217 K). The <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling temperature</a> of water at this atmospheric pressure is about −59 °C (332 K). Above 63,000 ft or 19,200 m (<a href="/wiki/Armstrong_limit" title="Armstrong limit">Armstrong line</a>), the ISA environmental pressure drops below 6.3 kPa (0.91 psi) and the boiling temperature of water reaches the normal human body temperature (about 37 C). Any prolonged exposure to such an environment could lead to <a href="/wiki/Ebullism" title="Ebullism">ebullism</a>, anoxia, and ultimate death, after several minutes. These are indeed very hostile conditions for human life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aircraft&rft.atitle=Aircraft+Decompression+with+Installed+Cockpit+Security+Door&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=490-504&rft.date=2010-03%2F2010-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F1.41953&rft.aulast=Daidzic&rft.aufirst=Nihad+E.&rft.au=Simones%2C+Matthew+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2514%2F1.41953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondout" class="citation web cs1">Mondout, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408023924/http://www.super70s.com:80/super70s/tech/aviation/disasters/73-11-03(National).asp">"Curious Crew Nearly Crashes DC-10"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.super70s.com/Super70s/Tech/Aviation/Disasters/73-11-03%28National%29.asp">the original</a> on 2011-04-08. Retrieved 2010-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curious+Crew+Nearly+Crashes+DC-10&rft.aulast=Mondout&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.super70s.com%2FSuper70s%2FTech%2FAviation%2FDisasters%2F73-11-03%2528National%2529.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarden2010" class="citation news cs1">Harden, Paul (2010-06-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017132530/http://www.dchieftain.com/news/aircraft-down/article_23a78c5b-7d34-5684-89ee-0f0a5de0c513.html">"Aircraft Down"</a>. El Defensor Chieftain. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dchieftain.com/news/aircraft-down/article_23a78c5b-7d34-5684-89ee-0f0a5de0c513.html">the original</a> on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2018-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Defensor+Chieftain&rft.atitle=Aircraft+Down&rft.date=2010-06-05&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dchieftain.com%2Fnews%2Faircraft-down%2Farticle_23a78c5b-7d34-5684-89ee-0f0a5de0c513.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2018" class="citation web cs1">Joyce, Kathleen (April 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/southwest-airlines-planes-engine-explodes-1-passenger-dead/">"Southwest Airlines plane's engine explodes; 1 passenger dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Southwest+Airlines+plane%27s+engine+explodes%3B+1+passenger+dead&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fsouthwest-airlines-planes-engine-explodes-1-passenger-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbcphiladelphia.com1-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbcphiladelphia.com1_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbcphiladelphia.com1_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattanzioLozanoNakanoMcCrone_•_•2018" class="citation web cs1">Lattanzio, Vince; Lozano, Alicia Victoria; Nakano, Denise; McCrone • •, Brian X. (17 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/national-international/airplane-makes-emergency-landing-at-philadelphia-international-airport/52411/">"Woman Partially Sucked Out of Jet When Window Breaks Mid-Flight; Plane Makes Emergency Landing in Philadelphia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woman+Partially+Sucked+Out+of+Jet+When+Window+Breaks+Mid-Flight%3B+Plane+Makes+Emergency+Landing+in+Philadelphia&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.aulast=Lattanzio&rft.aufirst=Vince&rft.au=Lozano%2C+Alicia+Victoria&rft.au=Nakano%2C+Denise&rft.au=McCrone+%E2%80%A2+%E2%80%A2%2C+Brian+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcphiladelphia.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-international%2Fairplane-makes-emergency-landing-at-philadelphia-international-airport%2F52411%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_on_passenger-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_on_passenger_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_on_passenger_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStackStevens2018" class="citation news cs1">Stack, Liam; Stevens, Matt (April 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/us/southwest-airlines-explosion.html">"A Southwest Airlines Engine Explodes, Killing a Passenger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Southwest+Airlines+Engine+Explodes%2C+Killing+a+Passenger&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F17%2Fus%2Fsouthwest-airlines-explosion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_McMah2018" class="citation web cs1">Lauren McMah (April 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/how-could-a-passenger-get-sucked-out-of-a-plane-and-has-it-happened-before/news-story/ce94c6632b6f485fbccb05dd64b9bbee">"How could a passenger get sucked out of a plane – and has it happened before?"</a>. www.news.com.au. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.news.com.au&rft.atitle=How+could+a+passenger+get+sucked+out+of+a+plane+%E2%80%93+and+has+it+happened+before%3F&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.au=Lauren+McMah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-updates%2Fincidents%2Fhow-could-a-passenger-get-sucked-out-of-a-plane-and-has-it-happened-before%2Fnews-story%2Fce94c6632b6f485fbccb05dd64b9bbee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Bibel2007" class="citation book cs1">George Bibel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3ng54W3sQ8C">Beyond the Black Box</a>. JHU Press. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8631-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8631-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-8631-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Black+Box&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8631-7&rft.au=George+Bibel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3ng54W3sQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211236/http://www.faa.gov/about/media/b-chron.pdf">"FAA Historical Chronology, 1926–1996"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 2005-02-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/about/media/b-chron.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAA+Historical+Chronology%2C+1926%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2005-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fabout%2Fmedia%2Fb-chron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6273365">US 6273365</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rgl.faa.gov/">"RGL Home Page"</a>. rgl.faa.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rgl.faa.gov&rft.atitle=RGL+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frgl.faa.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAA_25.841-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FAA_25.841_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/0/FED94F31539484AB852566720051AA5D?OpenDocument">"Section 25.841: Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 1996-05-07. Retrieved 2008-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+25.841%3A+Airworthiness+Standards%3A+Transport+Category+Airplanes&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=1996-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgl.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%2FrgFAR.nsf%2F0%2FFED94F31539484AB852566720051AA5D%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FARs,_14_CFR,_Part_25,_Section_841-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FARs,_14_CFR,_Part_25,_Section_841_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FARs,_14_CFR,_Part_25,_Section_841_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightsimaviation.com/data/FARS/part_25-841.html">"Flightsim Aviation Zone - Number 1 Flight Simulation & Aviation Resource! - Flight Simulator, Aviation Databases"</a>. www.flightsimaviation.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flightsimaviation.com&rft.atitle=Flightsim+Aviation+Zone+-+Number+1+Flight+Simulation+%26+Aviation+Resource%21+-+Flight+Simulator%2C+Aviation+Databases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightsimaviation.com%2Fdata%2FFARS%2Fpart_25-841.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exemption_No._8695-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exemption_No._8695_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exemption_No._8695_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327094608/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgEX.nsf/0/9929ce16709cad0f8625713f00551e74/%24FILE/8695.doc">"Exemption No. 8695"</a>. Renton, Washington: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 2006-03-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgEX.nsf/0/9929ce16709cad0f8625713f00551e74/%24FILE/8695.doc">the original</a> on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2008-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exemption+No.+8695&rft.place=Renton%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgl.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%2FrgEX.nsf%2F0%2F9929ce16709cad0f8625713f00551e74%2F%24FILE%2F8695.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Happenny2006" class="citation web cs1">Steve Happenny (2006-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library%5CrgPolicy.nsf/0/90AA20C2F35901D98625713F0056B1B8?OpenDocument">"PS-ANM-03-112-16"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. Retrieved 2009-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PS-ANM-03-112-16&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft.au=Steve+Happenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgl.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%255CrgPolicy.nsf%2F0%2F90AA20C2F35901D98625713F0056B1B8%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrcabinpressure.com/amd25-87.htm">"Amendment 25–87"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amendment+25%E2%80%9387&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrcabinpressure.com%2Famd25-87.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525193501/http://www.amsanz.org.nz/avmedia/24/am24_2Decompression.pdf">"Rapid Decompression In Air Transport Aircraft"</a> (PDF). Aviation Medical Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2000-11-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsanz.org.nz/avmedia/24/am24_2Decompression.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapid+Decompression+In+Air+Transport+Aircraft&rft.pub=Aviation+Medical+Society+of+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.date=2000-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsanz.org.nz%2Favmedia%2F24%2Fam24_2Decompression.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/woman-sucked-from-southwest-airlines-plane-died-of-blunt-trauma-11337298">"Woman sucked from Southwest Airlines plane died of 'blunt trauma'"</a>. Sky News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Woman+sucked+from+Southwest+Airlines+plane+died+of+%27blunt+trauma%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fwoman-sucked-from-southwest-airlines-plane-died-of-blunt-trauma-11337298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19520727-1">"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 377 Stratocruiser 10-26 N1030V Rio de Janeiro, RJ"</a>. Retrieved December 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Boeing+377+Stratocruiser+10-26+N1030V+Rio+de+Janeiro%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19520727-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Schlager1994" class="citation book cs1">Neil Schlager (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH5RAAAAMAAJ">When technology fails: Significant technological disasters, accidents, and failures of the twentieth century</a>. Gale Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-8908-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-8908-8"><bdi>0-8103-8908-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+technology+fails%3A+Significant+technological+disasters%2C+accidents%2C+and+failures+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8103-8908-8&rft.au=Neil+Schlager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH5RAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19570305-2">"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-7 N316AA Memphis, TN"</a>. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Douglas+DC-7+N316AA+Memphis%2C+TN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19570305-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1957/1957-21.htm">"(Untitled)"</a>. Retrieved February 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Untitled%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planecrashinfo.com%2F1957%2F1957-21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanter" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19620830-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Avro 748-105 Srs. 1 LV-HHB Saladas, CR"</a>. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2022-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Avro+748-105+Srs.+1+LV-HHB+Saladas%2C+CR&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19620830-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19640523-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Vickers 701 Viscount G-AMON Barcelona"</a>. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Vickers+701+Viscount+G-AMON+Barcelona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19640523-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayler2000" class="citation book cs1">Shayler, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ng9i5IMtlpsC&pg=PA38">Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight</a>. Springer. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852332255" title="Special:BookSources/1852332255"><bdi>1852332255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disasters+and+Accidents+in+Manned+Spaceflight&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1852332255&rft.aulast=Shayler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dng9i5IMtlpsC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/roundups/issues/67-01-06.pdf">"Two MSC Employees Commended For Rescue in Chamber Emergency"</a> (PDF), Space News Roundup, vol. 6, no. 6, Public Affairs Office of the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center#Apollo_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/roundups/issues/67-01-06.pdf#page=3">3</a>, January 6, 1967, retrieved July 7, 2012, <q>...the suit technician who was inside the eight-foot [240 cm] altitude chamber, lost consciousness when his Apollo suit lost pressure when an oxygen line let go. The chamber was at approximately 150,000 [equivalent] feet [46,000 m] at the time of the accident...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+News+Roundup&rft.atitle=Two+MSC+Employees+Commended+For+Rescue+in+Chamber+Emergency&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1967-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.jsc.nasa.gov%2FJSCHistoryPortal%2Fhistory%2Froundups%2Fissues%2F67-01-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19670224-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-6B N8224H Holmdel, NJ"</a>. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Douglas+DC-6B+N8224H+Holmdel%2C+NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19670224-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19700206-1">"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-133B Cargomaster 59-0530 Palisade, NE"</a>. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Douglas+C-133B+Cargomaster+59-0530+Palisade%2C+NE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19700206-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanovich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ivanovich, Grujica S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C&pg=PA306">Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy</a>. Springer. pp. 305–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387739731" title="Special:BookSources/978-0387739731"><bdi>978-0387739731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salyut+%E2%80%93+The+First+Space+Station%3A+Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.pages=305-306&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0387739731&rft.aulast=Ivanovich&rft.aufirst=Grujica+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEbDGMiXvdG0C%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR73-02.pdf">"Aircraft accident report: American Airlines, Inc. McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10, N103AA. Near Windsor, Ontario, Canada. June 12, 1972"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a>. 1973-02-28. Retrieved 2009-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+accident+report%3A+American+Airlines%2C+Inc.+McDonnell+Douglas+DC-10-10%2C+N103AA.+Near+Windsor%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada.+June+12%2C+1972.&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.date=1973-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibraryonline.erau.edu%2Fonline-full-text%2Fntsb%2Faircraft-accident-reports%2FAAR73-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730518-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-104B CCCP-42379 Chita"</a>. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Tupolev+Tu-104B+CCCP-42379+Chita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19730518-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everything2.com/title/explosive%2520decompression">"explosive decompression"</a>. Everything2.com. Retrieved 2017-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everything2.com&rft.atitle=explosive+decompression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everything2.com%2Ftitle%2Fexplosive%252520decompression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211236/http://www.faa.gov/about/media/b-chron.pdf">"FAA historical chronology, 1926–1996"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 2005-02-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/about/media/b-chron.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2008-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAA+historical+chronology%2C+1926%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2005-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fabout%2Fmedia%2Fb-chron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19740305-2">"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker registration unknown Fort Nelson, BC"</a>. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Boeing+KC-135+Stratotanker+registration+unknown+Fort+Nelson%2C+BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19740305-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19790917-0">"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 CF-TLU Boston, MA"</a>. aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+McDonnell+Douglas+DC-9-32+CF-TLU+Boston%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19790917-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAR-50"><a href="#cite_ref-AAR_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrnes_Warnock_McCormickM._P._PapadakisJoseph_J._Asselta2003" class="citation book cs1">Brnes Warnock McCormick; M. P. Papadakis; Joseph J. Asselta (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5U1YwUMAJ4C">Aircraft Accident Reconstruction and Litigation</a>. Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930056-61-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-930056-61-3"><bdi>1-930056-61-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Accident+Reconstruction+and+Litigation&rft.pub=Lawyers+%26+Judges+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-930056-61-3&rft.au=Brnes+Warnock+McCormick&rft.au=M.+P.+Papadakis&rft.au=Joseph+J.+Asselta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5U1YwUMAJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Dallin1985" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Dallin (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackboxkal007su00dall">Black Box</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05515-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05515-2"><bdi>0-520-05515-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Box&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-520-05515-2&rft.au=Alexander+Dallin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackboxkal007su00dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Nos. 907, 1057 August Term, 1994 (Argued: April 5, 1995 Decided: July 12, 1995, Docket Nos. 94–7208, 94–7218 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFinalRule.nsf/0/ceabe3247fab85f886256c8b0058461c!OpenDocument">"Aging airplane safety"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 2002-12-02. Retrieved 2008-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aging+airplane+safety&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2002-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgl.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%2FrgFinalRule.nsf%2F0%2Fceabe3247fab85f886256c8b0058461c%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030015241/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/cap718.pdf">"Human factors in aircraft maintenance and inspection"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Aviation Authority">Civil Aviation Authority</a>. 2005-12-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/cap718.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2008-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+factors+in+aircraft+maintenance+and+inspection&rft.pub=Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2Fdocs%2F33%2Fcap718.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19950823-0">"Accident Description"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a>. 1995-08-23. Retrieved 2020-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+Description&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.date=1995-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19950823-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airsafe.com/events/airlines/tam.htm">"Fatal Events Since 1970 for Transportes Aéreos Regionais (TAM)"</a>. airsafe.com. Retrieved 2010-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fatal+Events+Since+1970+for+Transportes+A%C3%A9reos+Regionais+%28TAM%29&rft.pub=airsafe.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airsafe.com%2Fevents%2Fairlines%2Ftam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0762712/">"Death and Denial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Death+and+Denial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0762712%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Australian Transport Safety Bureau 2001, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanter" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aviation-safety.net/wikibase/190686">"Accident Airbus A300B4-605R N14056, 20 Nov 2000"</a>. www.aviation-safety.net. <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a>. Retrieved 2021-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=Accident+Airbus+A300B4-605R+N14056%2C+20+Nov+2000&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviation-safety.net%2Fwikibase%2F190686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/298870main_SP-2008-565.pdf">"Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report"</a> (PDF). NASA.gov. 2008. pp. 2–90. <q>The 51-L Challenger accident investigation showed that the Challenger CM remained intact and the crew was able to take some immediate actions after vehicle breakup, although the loads experienced were much higher as a result of the aerodynamic loads (estimated at 16 G to 21 G).5 The Challenger crew became incapacitated quickly and could not complete activation of all breathing air systems, leading to the conclusion that an incapacitating cabin depressurization occurred. By comparison, the Columbia crew experienced lower loads (~3.5 G) at the CE. The fact that none of the crew members lowered their visors strongly suggests that the crew was incapacitated after the CE by a rapid depressurization. Although no quantitative conclusion can be made regarding the cabin depressurization rate, it is probable that the cabin depressurization rate was high enough to incapacitate the crew in a matter of seconds. Conclusion L1-5. The depressurization incapacitated the crew members so rapidly that they were not able to lower their helmet visors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Columbia+Crew+Survival+Investigation+Report&rft.pages=2-90&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpdf%2F298870main_SP-2008-565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605120004/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/F15FBD7320037284C2257204002B6243/%24file/FINAL%20REPORT%205B-DBY.pdf">"Aircraft Accident Report – Helios Airways Flight HCY522 Boeing 737-31S at Grammatike, Hellas on 14 August 2005"</a> (PDF). Hellenic Republic Ministry Of Transport & Communications: Air Accident Investigation & Aviation Safety Board. Nov 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/F15FBD7320037284C2257204002B6243/%24file/FINAL%20REPORT%205B-DBY.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Accident+Report+%E2%80%93+Helios+Airways+Flight+HCY522+Boeing+737-31S+at+Grammatike%2C+Hellas+on+14+August+2005&rft.pub=Hellenic+Republic+Ministry+Of+Transport+%26+Communications%3A+Air+Accident+Investigation+%26+Aviation+Safety+Board&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moi.gov.cy%2Fmoi%2Fpio%2Fpio.nsf%2FAll%2FF15FBD7320037284C2257204002B6243%2F%24file%2FFINAL%2520REPORT%25205B-DBY.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120223757/http://investigativereportingworkshop.org/flying-cheap/incident/20051229X02026/1/">"Airline Accident: Accident – Dec. 26, 2005 – Seattle, Wash"</a>. Investigative Reporting Workshop. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investigativereportingworkshop.org/flying-cheap/incident/20051229X02026/1/">the original</a> on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2017-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Reporting+Workshop&rft.atitle=Airline+Accident%3A+Accident+%E2%80%93+Dec.+26%2C+2005+%E2%80%93+Seattle%2C+Wash.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestigativereportingworkshop.org%2Fflying-cheap%2Fincident%2F20051229X02026%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSB_200824-63"><a href="#cite_ref-ATSB_200824_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803154036/http://www.atsb.gov.au/newsroom/2008/release/2008_24.aspx">"Qantas Boeing 747-400 depressurisation and diversion to Manila on 25 July 2008"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transport_Safety_Bureau" title="Australian Transport Safety Bureau">Australian Transport Safety Bureau</a>. 2008-07-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsb.gov.au/newsroom/2008/release/2008_24.aspx">the original</a> on 2008-08-03. Retrieved 2008-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantas+Boeing+747-400+depressurisation+and+diversion+to+Manila+on+25+July+2008&rft.pub=Australian+Transport+Safety+Bureau&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsb.gov.au%2Fnewsroom%2F2008%2Frelease%2F2008_24.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8150346.stm">"Hole in US plane forces landing"</a>. BBC News. 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hole+in+US+plane+forces+landing&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F8150346.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/southwest-jet-had-pre-existing-fatigue/">"Southwest Jet Had Pre-existing Fatigue"</a>. Fox News. 2011-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Southwest+Jet+Had+Pre-existing+Fatigue&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fsouthwest-jet-had-pre-existing-fatigue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARAIB-Final-66"><a href="#cite_ref-ARAIB-Final_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/2143.pdf">Crash Into The Sea After An In-Flight Fire, Asiana Airlines, Boeing 747-400F, HL7604, International Waters 130 km West Of Jeju International Airport, 28 July 2011</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Aviation_and_Railway_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board">Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board</a>. 24 July 2015. ARAIB/AAR1105. Retrieved 11 May 2019 – via SKYbrary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Crash+Into+The+Sea+After+An+In-Flight+Fire%2C+Asiana+Airlines%2C+Boeing+747-400F%2C+HL7604%2C+International+Waters+130+km+West+Of+Jeju+International+Airport%2C+28+July+2011&rft.pub=Aviation+and+Railway+Accident+Investigation+Board&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskybrary.aero%2Fbookshelf%2Fbooks%2F2143.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacdec.de/2016/02/02/2016-02-02-daallo-airlines-a321-damaged-by-explosion-at-mogadishu/">"2016-02-02 Daallo Airlines A321 damaged by explosion at Mogadishu » JACDEC"</a>. www.jacdec.de (in German). Retrieved 2018-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jacdec.de&rft.atitle=2016-02-02+Daallo+Airlines+A321+damaged+by+explosion+at+Mogadishu+%C2%BB+JACDEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacdec.de%2F2016%2F02%2F02%2F2016-02-02-daallo-airlines-a321-damaged-by-explosion-at-mogadishu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swamedia.com/releases/release-de080387b716f7f68a21d1f86491d2a4-initial-statement-southwest-airlines-flight-1380">"Southwest Flight 1380 Statement #1 – Issued 11:00 a.m. CT"</a>. Southwest Airlines Newsroom. 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Airlines+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Southwest+Flight+1380+Statement+%231+%E2%80%93+Issued+11%3A00+a.m.+CT&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamedia.com%2Freleases%2Frelease-de080387b716f7f68a21d1f86491d2a4-initial-statement-southwest-airlines-flight-1380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/southwest-flight-emergency/index.html">"Southwest flight suffers jet engine failure: Live updates"</a>. www.cnn.com. 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnn.com&rft.atitle=Southwest+flight+suffers+jet+engine+failure%3A+Live+updates&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fus%2Flive-news%2Fsouthwest-flight-emergency%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seattletimeshole-70"><a href="#cite_ref-seattletimeshole_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Gates" title="Dominic Gates">Gates, Dominic</a> (January 5, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/180-on-alaska-airlines-flight-safe-and-scared-in-portland-after-window-blows/">"Alaska Airlines grounds MAX 9s after door plug blows out on Portland flight"</a>. The Seattle Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200534/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/180-on-alaska-airlines-flight-safe-and-scared-in-portland-after-window-blows/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Alaska+Airlines+grounds+MAX+9s+after+door+plug+blows+out+on+Portland+flight&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fbusiness%2F180-on-alaska-airlines-flight-safe-and-scared-in-portland-after-window-blows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Sanburn2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Josh Sanburn (April 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/04/05/southwests-scare-when-a-plane-decompresses-what-happens/">"Southwest's Scare: When a Plane Decompresses, What Happens?"</a>. Time. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Southwest%27s+Scare%3A+When+a+Plane+Decompresses%2C+What+Happens%3F&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.au=Josh+Sanburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsfeed.time.com%2F2011%2F04%2F05%2Fsouthwests-scare-when-a-plane-decompresses-what-happens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Daly_and_Lorna_Thornber2018" class="citation web cs1">Michael Daly and Lorna Thornber (April 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/travel-troubles/103194084/the-deadly-result-when-a-large-hole-is-ripped-in-the-side-of-an-aircraft">"The deadly result when a large hole is ripped in the side of an aircraft"</a>. www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stuff.co.nz&rft.atitle=The+deadly+result+when+a+large+hole+is+ripped+in+the+side+of+an+aircraft&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.au=Michael+Daly+and+Lorna+Thornber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-troubles%2F103194084%2Fthe-deadly-result-when-a-large-hole-is-ripped-in-the-side-of-an-aircraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_McMah2018" class="citation web cs1">Lauren McMah (April 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/how-could-a-passenger-get-sucked-out-of-a-plane-and-has-it-happened-before/news-story/ce94c6632b6f485fbccb05dd64b9bbee">"How could a passenger get sucked out of a plane — and has it happened before?"</a>. www.news.com.au. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.news.com.au&rft.atitle=How+could+a+passenger+get+sucked+out+of+a+plane+%E2%80%94+and+has+it+happened+before%3F&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.au=Lauren+McMah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-updates%2Fincidents%2Fhow-could-a-passenger-get-sucked-out-of-a-plane-and-has-it-happened-before%2Fnews-story%2Fce94c6632b6f485fbccb05dd64b9bbee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Dilley2003" class="citation web cs1">Ryan Dilley (May 20, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3039583.stm">"Guns, Goldfinger and sky marshals"</a>. BBC. <q>It's not all fiction. If an airliner's window was shattered, the person sitting beside it would either go out the hole or plug it - which would not be comfortable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Goldfinger+and+sky+marshals&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2003-05-20&rft.au=Ryan+Dilley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F3039583.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barratt-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barratt_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barratt_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Barratt" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2691.htm">"No. 2691 THE BODY AT VACUUM"</a>. www.uh.edu. Retrieved April 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uh.edu&rft.atitle=No.+2691+THE+BODY+AT+VACUUM&rft.au=Michael+Barratt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uh.edu%2Fengines%2Fepi2691.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruszelnicki-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Kruszelnicki_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Kruszelnicki2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kruszelnicki" title="Karl Kruszelnicki">Karl Kruszelnicki</a> (April 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/04/07/1320013.htm">"Exploding Body in Vacuum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a>. Retrieved April 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploding+Body+in+Vacuum&rft.pub=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.date=2005-04-07&rft.au=Karl+Kruszelnicki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Farticles%2F2005%2F04%2F07%2F1320013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAA-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FAA_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/pilots/training/airman_education/media/AC%2061-107A.pdf">"Advisory Circular 61-107"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>. pp. table 1.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advisory+Circular+61-107&rft.pages=table+1.1&rft.pub=FAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fpilots%2Ftraining%2Fairman_education%2Fmedia%2FAC%252061-107A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316011544/http://wwwsam.brooks.af.mil/af/files/fsguide/HTML/Chapter_02.html">"2"</a>. Flight Surgeon's Guide. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwsam.brooks.af.mil/af/files/fsguide/HTML/Chapter_02.html">the original</a> on 2007-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=Flight+Surgeon%27s+Guide&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwsam.brooks.af.mil%2Faf%2Ffiles%2Ffsguide%2FHTML%2FChapter_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harding-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harding_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harding_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1989" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Richard M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/survivalinspacem0000hard">Survival in Space: Medical Problems of Manned Spaceflight</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00253-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00253-2"><bdi>0-415-00253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survival+in+Space%3A+Medical+Problems+of+Manned+Spaceflight&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-415-00253-2&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurvivalinspacem0000hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-czarnik-80"><a href="#cite_ref-czarnik_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzarnik,_Tamarack_R.1999" class="citation web cs1">Czarnik, Tamarack R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoffreylandis.com/ebullism.html">"Ebullism at 1 Million Feet: Surviving Rapid/Explosive Decompressionn"</a>. Retrieved 2009-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ebullism+at+1+Million+Feet%3A+Surviving+Rapid%2FExplosive+Decompressionn&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Czarnik%2C+Tamarack+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoffreylandis.com%2Febullism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimbrick2001" class="citation book cs1">Limbrick, Jim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lPp68NAoUF0C&pg=PA168">North Sea Divers – a Requiem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a>: Authors OnLine. pp. 168–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7552-0036-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7552-0036-5"><bdi>0-7552-0036-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Sea+Divers+%E2%80%93+a+Requiem&rft.place=Hertford&rft.pages=168-170&rft.pub=Authors+OnLine&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7552-0036-5&rft.aulast=Limbrick&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlPp68NAoUF0C%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrisco2024" class="citation web cs1">Prisco, Jacopo (2024-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/what-happens-when-an-airplane-cabin-suddenly-depressurizes/index.html">"What happens when an airplane cabin suddenly depressurizes?"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 2024-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=What+happens+when+an+airplane+cabin+suddenly+depressurizes%3F&rft.date=2024-01-14&rft.aulast=Prisco&rft.aufirst=Jacopo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Fwhat-happens-when-an-airplane-cabin-suddenly-depressurizes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skybrary.aero/articles/explosive-depressurisation">"Explosive Depressurisation | SKYbrary Aviation Safety"</a>. skybrary.aero. Retrieved 2024-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skybrary.aero&rft.atitle=Explosive+Depressurisation+%7C+SKYbrary+Aviation+Safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskybrary.aero%2Farticles%2Fexplosive-depressurisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncontrolled+decompression" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoffreylandis.com/vacuum.html">Human Exposure to Vacuum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urban-astronomer.com/articles/questions-and-answers/will-an-astronaut-explode-if-he-takes-off-his-helmet">Will an astronaut explode if he takes off his helmet?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&oldid=1258042719">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&oldid=1258042719</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 21:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descompressi%C3%B3_descontrolada" title="Descompressió descontrolada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Descompressió descontrolada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druckabfall_im_Flugzeug" title="Druckabfall im Flugzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Druckabfall im Flugzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descompresi%C3%B3n_descontrolada" title="Descompresión descontrolada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Descompresión descontrolada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="افت فشار کنترل‌نشده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افت فشار کنترل‌نشده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9compression_accidentelle_(avion)" title="Décompression accidentelle (avion) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Décompression accidentelle (avion)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekompresi_(pesawat)" title="Dekompresi (pesawat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dekompresi (pesawat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompressione_incontrollata" title="Decompressione incontrollata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Decompressione incontrollata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosieve_decompressie" title="Explosieve decompressie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Explosieve decompressie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descompress%C3%A3o_descontrolada" title="Descompressão descontrolada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Descompressão descontrolada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неконтролируемая декомпрессия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неконтролируемая декомпрессия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrols%C3%BCz_dekompresyon" title="Kontrolsüz dekompresyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kontrolsüz dekompresyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Некерована декомпресія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Некерована декомпресія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%8E%A7%E6%B8%9B%E5%A3%93" title="失控減壓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="失控減壓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 21:21 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncontrolled_decompression&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ftkqq","wgBackendResponseTime":1825,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.350","walltime":"1.602","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7510,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":638099,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1252,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":290030,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1143.085 1 -total"," 43.56% 497.976 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.13% 275.782 51 Template:Cite_web"," 20.64% 235.965 1 Template:Underwater_diving"," 20.16% 230.393 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 11.17% 127.733 4 Template:Annotated_link"," 9.84% 112.442 35 Template:Navbox"," 6.67% 76.255 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.43% 62.045 70 Template:Ntsh"," 4.62% 52.866 14 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.729","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26115812,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ftkqq","timestamp":"20241122140858","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Uncontrolled decompression","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uncontrolled_decompression","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1260741","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1260741","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-21T13:51:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T21:21:16Z","headline":"unplanned rapid drop in the pressure of a sealed system"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>