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without lyrics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocal_music_without_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>World traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_classical_vocal_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_classical_vocal_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European classical vocal music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_classical_vocal_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz_and_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz_and_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Jazz and popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz_and_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_music_with_lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_music_with_lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vocal music with lyrics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocal_music_with_lyrics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocal music with lyrics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocal_music_with_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_techniques_that_involve_lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_techniques_that_involve_lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Extended techniques that involve lyrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_techniques_that_involve_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wide-ranging_voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wide-ranging_voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wide-ranging voices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wide-ranging_voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokal_musiqi" title="Vokal musiqi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vokal musiqi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_vocal" title="Música vocal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música vocal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vok%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_hudba" title="Vokální hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vokální hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokalmusik" title="Vokalmusik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vokalmusik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokalmusik" title="Vokalmusik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vokalmusik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokaalmuusika" title="Vokaalmuusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vokaalmuusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_vocal" title="Música vocal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música vocal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantmuziko" title="Kantmuziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kantmuziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="موسیقی آوازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی آوازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_vocale" title="Musique vocale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique vocale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%95%85" title="성악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Վոկալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոկալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokalna_glazba" title="Vokalna glazba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vokalna glazba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה ווקאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה ווקאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вокалдық музыка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вокалдық музыка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokalin%C4%97_muzika" title="Vokalinė muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokalinė muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocaole_meziek" title="Vocaole meziek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vocaole meziek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="വായ്പ്പാട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വായ്പ്പാട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_vokal" title="Muzik vokal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik vokal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocale_muziek" title="Vocale muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vocale muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E6%A5%BD" title="声楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="声楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokalmusikk" title="Vokalmusikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vokalmusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokal_musiqa" title="Vokal musiqa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vokal musiqa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_wokalna" title="Muzyka wokalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka wokalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_vocal" title="Música vocal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música vocal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вокальная музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вокальная музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokalna_glasba" title="Vokalna glasba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vokalna glasba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вокална музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вокална музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokalmusik" title="Vokalmusik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vokalmusik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Мусиқии вокалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мусиқии вокалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вокальна музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вокальна музика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Thanh nhạc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thanh nhạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%A8%82" title="聲樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聲樂" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Men%27s_Chorus_In_Kokomo_Indiana_%286214553464%29.jpg/230px-Men%27s_Chorus_In_Kokomo_Indiana_%286214553464%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Men%27s_Chorus_In_Kokomo_Indiana_%286214553464%29.jpg/345px-Men%27s_Chorus_In_Kokomo_Indiana_%286214553464%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Men%27s_Chorus_In_Kokomo_Indiana_%286214553464%29.jpg/460px-Men%27s_Chorus_In_Kokomo_Indiana_%286214553464%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>A men's chorus from the 1940s or 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vocal music</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a> performed by one or more singers, either with <a href="/wiki/Musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments">instrumental</a> accompaniment, or without instrumental <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> (<a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a>), in which singing provides the main focus of the piece. Music which employs singing but does not feature it prominently is generally considered to be <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental music</a> (e.g. the wordless <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_choir" title="Women's choir">women's choir</a> in the final movement of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a>'s symphonic work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Planets" title="The Planets">The Planets</a></i>) as is music without singing. Music without any non-vocal instrumental accompaniment is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vocal music typically features sung words called <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>, although there are notable examples of vocal music that are performed using non-linguistic syllables, sounds, or noises, sometimes as musical <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>, such as jazz <a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a>. A short piece of vocal music with lyrics is broadly termed a song, although in different styles of music, it may be called an <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a>. </p><p>Vocal music often has a sequence of sustained pitches that rise and fall, creating a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, but some vocal styles use less distinct pitches, such as <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chants</a> or a rhythmic speech-like delivery, such as <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a>. As well, there are extended vocal techniques that may be used, such as screaming, growling, <a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">throat singing</a>, or yodelling. Vocal music is probably the oldest form of music, since it does not require any instrument besides the <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">human voice</a>. All musical cultures have some variation of vocal music. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_music_without_lyrics">Vocal music without lyrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vocal music without lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">Non-lexical vocables in music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_traditions">World traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> is based on a rich vocal tradition, wherein even instruments are evaluated on their ability to follow the human voice, imitate it, or recreate the same expressions.</li> <li>Elaborate untexted vocal improvisation was and still is an important element in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> music traditions. Such music existed prior to the 13th century and the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> into Palestine and the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, possibly even before the year 900.</li> <li>The modern descendants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">Kung</a> tribes and clans of Southern Africa utilize similar traditional music techniques.</li> <li>A form of improvisation known as <a href="/wiki/Thillana" class="mw-redirect" title="Thillana">thillana</a> is a very important feature of <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> from South India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvan</a> <a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">throat singing</a> often features wordless and improvised song. The <a href="/wiki/Sygyt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sygyt">sygyt</a> technique is a particularly good example of this.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> communities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic Jews">Hasidic Jews</a> use a form of voice improvisation called <a href="/wiki/Nigunim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigunim">nigunim</a>. This consists of wordless tunes vocalized with sounds such as "Bim-bim-bam" or "Ai-yai-yai!" often accompanied by rhythmic clapping and drumming on the table.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puirt_a_beul" class="mw-redirect" title="Puirt a beul">Puirt a beul</a>, also known as "Mouth Music", is a Scottish vocal technique imitating the sounds of bagpipes, fiddles, and other instruments used in traditional Scottish music. It was popularized in North America by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish immigrants</a>, and has been incorporated into many forms of American music from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">roots music</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a> is just based on vocal music. It is one of two Portuguese music traditions part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_classical_vocal_music">European classical vocal music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European classical vocal music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solfege" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfege">Solfege</a>, a vocalized musical <a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scale</a>, assigns various syllables such as "Do-Re-Mi" to each note. A variety of similar tools are found in traditional <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a> of jazz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz_and_popular_music">Jazz and popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jazz and popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a> has a very distinct form of vocal percussion known as <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatboxing</a>. It involves creating beats, rhythms, and <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>. </p><p>The singer of the Icelandic group <a href="/wiki/Sigur_R%C3%B3s" title="Sigur Rós">Sigur Rós</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%9E%C3%B3r_Birgisson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jón Þór Birgisson">Jón Þór Birgisson</a>, often uses vocals without words, as does Icelandic singer/songwriter, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>. Her album <a href="/wiki/Med%C3%BAlla_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medúlla (album)">Medúlla</a> is composed entirely of processed and acoustic vocal music, including <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatboxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choral" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral">choral</a> arrangements, and <a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">throat singing</a>. </p><p>Singer <a href="/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin" title="Bobby McFerrin">Bobby McFerrin</a> has recorded a number of albums using only his voice and body, sometimes consisting of a texted melody supported by untexted vocalizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_music_with_lyrics">Vocal music with lyrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocal music with lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See <a href="/wiki/Category:Song_forms" title="Category:Song forms">Category:Song forms</a> for short forms of music with words that are sung.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_techniques_that_involve_lyrics">Extended techniques that involve lyrics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extended techniques that involve lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, pioneered a technique called <a href="/wiki/Sprechstimme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprechstimme">Sprechstimme</a> in which singers are half-talk, half-sing, and only approximate pitches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wide-ranging_voices">Wide-ranging voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wide-ranging voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Lopez" title="Adam Lopez">Adam Lopez</a> – E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>2 to E♭8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana_Grande" title="Ariana Grande">Ariana Grande</a>: D3 – E7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Kaplan" title="Avi Kaplan">Avi Kaplan</a>: E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>1 – F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axl_Rose" title="Axl Rose">Axl Rose</a>: F1 – B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>6.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> – G#2 to F6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a>: C3 – E6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Butt" title="Clara Butt">Clara Butt</a>: A2 – B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gildenl%C3%B6w" title="Daniel Gildenlöw">Daniel Gildenlöw</a>: A1 – A5. Top range may be heard on songs such as "Dea Pecuniae", "A Trace of Blood" or "This Heart of Mine"; for low range, "Imago", "Of Dust" and "Beyond the Pale" are good examples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimash_Kudaibergen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimash Kudaibergen">Dimash Kudaibergen</a>: F#1 - D8.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Billington" title="Elizabeth Billington">Elizabeth Billington</a>: A3 – A6.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopédie_Larousse._Chant_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopédie_Larousse._Chant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>: B1 – A5. Elvis' B1 may be heard on the song "Such a Night", and on "Mystery Train" an A5 is reached towards the end. Towards his later career, he developed a rich baritone voice which still mastered the higher register with immense power, such as on "American Trilogy", "<a href="/wiki/Unchained_Melody" title="Unchained Melody">Unchained Melody</a>" or the joking "Little Darlin'".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewa_Podle%C5%9B" title="Ewa Podleś">Ewa Podleś</a>: A2 – E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>6.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a>: C3 – C6.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>: F2 – G#5.<sup id="cite_ref-soto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Brown_(Brazilian_singer)" title="Georgia Brown (Brazilian singer)">Georgia Brown</a> – G2 to G10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Colbran" title="Isabella Colbran">Isabella Colbran</a>: F#3 – E6.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopédie_Larousse._Chant_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopédie_Larousse._Chant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard" title="Lisa Gerrard">Lisa Gerrard</a>: A2 to F#5.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Aguiari" title="Lucrezia Aguiari">Lucrezia Aguiari</a>: C4 – C7.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mado_Robin" title="Mado Robin">Mado Robin</a>: B3 – D7.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_(tenor)" title="Manuel García (tenor)">Manuel García</a>: G2 – D5.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a>: F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>3 – F6.<sup id="cite_ref-Siff_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siff-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ardoin_1991_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardoin_1991-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimanche,_2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimanche,_2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his review of Callas's June 11, 1951 concert in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, music critic Rock Ferris of <i><a href="/wiki/Musical_Courier" title="Musical Courier">Musical Courier</a></i> said, "Her high E's and F's are taken full voice."<sup id="cite_ref-lowe_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowe-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1969 French television interview with Pierre Desgraupes on the program <i>L'invité du dimanche</i>, <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maestro" title="Maestro">maestro</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Siciliani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Siciliani (page does not exist)">Francesco Siciliani</a> speaks of Callas's voice going to high F.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimanche,_2007_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimanche,_2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Malibran" title="Maria Malibran">Maria Malibran</a>: E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>3 – E6.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>: F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>2 – F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>8. Carey has hit an F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>2 while singing "You and I" live and an F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>8 while swimming with a dolphin, making her vocal range exactly six octaves and one of the biggest in popular music history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>: E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>2 – B♭6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>: A1 – G7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Buckley" title="Tim Buckley">Tim Buckley</a>: F♯2 – A5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Storms" title="Tim Storms">Tim Storms</a>: G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>−5 – G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yma_Sumac" title="Yma Sumac">Yma Sumac</a>: her range was said to be "well over four octaves"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was sometimes claimed to span even five octaves at her peak. From B2 to C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>7<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:10em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf"> Female</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf"> Male</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voice_type" title="Template:Voice type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voice_type" title="Template talk:Voice type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voice_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voice type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Voice">Human Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Voice_and_Speech" title="National Center for Voice and Speech">National Center for Voice and Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Adelines_International" title="Sweet Adelines International">Sweet Adelines International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocable" title="Vocable">Vocable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal registration">Vocal registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocaloid" title="Vocaloid">Vocaloid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocal_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titze, I. R. (2008). The human instrument. Sci.Am. 298 (1):94-101. 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Chant"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usQUpQQ-4YQ">Video demonstrating Elvis' vocal range through the years</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F Haböck, <i>Die Gesangkunst der Kastraten</i>, (Vienna, 1923), p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soto_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoto-Morettini2006" class="citation cs2">Soto-Morettini, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Range+Planet&rft.atitle=Lisa+Gerrard+-+Significant+Low+Notes+-+Significant+High+Notes&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherangeplanet.proboards.com%2Fthread%2F831%2Flisa-gerrard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/musdico/Aguiari/165736">"Lucrezia Aguiari, dite La Bastardella ou La Bastardina ou Lucrezia Agujari, dite La Bastardella ou La Bastardina. Encyclopédie Larousse"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas E. Limansky (Translated from English by Jean-Jacques Groleau): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abeillemusique.com/CD/Classique/IMV040/3329184684026/INA-Memoire-vive/Mado-Robin-soprano/1918-1960/cleart-2664.html"><i>Mado Robin, soprano (1918 - 1960)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142606/http://www.abeillemusique.com/CD/Classique/IMV040/3329184684026/INA-Memoire-vive/Mado-Robin-soprano/1918-1960/cleart-2664.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Bris2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saint Bris, Gonzague (2009). <i>La Malibran</i> (in French). Belfond. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7144-4542-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7144-4542-1"><bdi>978-2-7144-4542-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Malibran&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Belfond&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-7144-4542-1&rft.aulast=Saint+Bris&rft.aufirst=Gonzague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siff-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siff_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira Siff, « <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=3627">I vespri siciliani</a></i> » in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operanews.com/">Opera News</a></i>, March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ardoin_1991-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ardoin_1991_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdoin1991" class="citation book cs1">Ardoin, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/callaslegacyc00ardo"><i>The Callas Legacy</i></a>. 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Belfond. pp. 37 and 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7144-4542-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7144-4542-1"><bdi>978-2-7144-4542-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Malibran&rft.pages=37+and+104&rft.pub=Belfond&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-7144-4542-1&rft.aulast=Saint+Bris&rft.aufirst=Gonzague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocal+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellen Highstein: 'Yma Sumac (Chavarri, Emperatriz)' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com">Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy. (Accessed 8 August 2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke Fountain, "Yma Sumac: Hollywood's Inca Princess (review). Allmovie, reproduced in the <i>New York Times</i>. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=211369">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Richards, "The Trill of a Lifetime; Exotic Singer Yma Sumac Meets a New Wave of Fans." The <i>Washington Post</i>, March 2, 1987, STYLE; PAGE B1. Accessed August 6, 2006, via Lexis Nexis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://web.lexis-nexis.com">[2]</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singing" title="Template:Singing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singing" title="Template talk:Singing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Singing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_singing" title="Bathroom singing">Bathroom singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">Throat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversinging" title="Oversinging">Oversinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Sign singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing-along" title="Sing-along">Sing-along</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">Lip sync</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_percussion" title="Vocal percussion">Vocal percussion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms · Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">Vocables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Non-classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts · Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(music)" title="Belting (music)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">Crooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(vocal_music)" title="Quintus (vocal music)">Quintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound equipment<br />(popular music)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">Pitch correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_monitor_system" title="Stage monitor system">Monitor speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vocal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685884#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4063783-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vocal music"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85144088">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Musique vocale"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119360060">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Musique vocale"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119360060">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570291">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vokální hudba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=fd979965&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vokální hudba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116628&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Música vocal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525578">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543703405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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