CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html lang="en-US" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.arescotx.com:80/when-was-fracking-first-used/","20180124211355","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1516828435"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <title>When was fracking first used?</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,700|Droid+Sans:400,700|Droid+Serif:400,400italic,700" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/themes/aresco2016/favicon.png"/> <style type="text/css" media="screen"> @import url( https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/themes/aresco2016/style.css ); </style>    <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/feed/"/>    <meta name="description" content="The roots as to when was fracking first used can be traced back to the Civil War and to Col. Edward A.L. Roberts and his exploding torpedo."/> <meta name="keywords" content="when was fracking first used"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/"/> <meta property="og:title" content="When was fracking first used?"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/fracking-technology.jpg"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Aresco"/> <meta property="fb:admins" content="510139499068554"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="348166552319392"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The roots as to when was fracking first used can be traced back to the Civil War and to Col. Edward A.L. Roberts and his exploding torpedo."/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-07-18T14:39:42Z"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2016-07-18T14:51:19Z"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ArescoLP"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="arescotx.com"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="When was fracking first used?"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The roots as to when was fracking first used can be traced back to the Civil War and to Col. Edward A.L. Roberts and his exploding torpedo."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/fracking-technology.jpg"/> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/fracking-technology.jpg"/>  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://maps.googleapis.com/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://s.w.org/"/> <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180124211355\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/2.2.1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180124211355\/https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/2.2.1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180124211355\/http:\/\/www.arescotx.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5"}}; !function(a,b,c){function d(a){var b,c,d,e,f=String.fromCharCode;if(!k||!k.fillText)return!1;switch(k.clearRect(0,0,j.width,j.height),k.textBaseline="top",k.font="600 32px Arial",a){case"flag":return k.fillText(f(55356,56826,55356,56819),0,0),!(j.toDataURL().length<3e3)&&(k.clearRect(0,0,j.width,j.height),k.fillText(f(55356,57331,65039,8205,55356,57096),0,0),b=j.toDataURL(),k.clearRect(0,0,j.width,j.height),k.fillText(f(55356,57331,55356,57096),0,0),c=j.toDataURL(),b!==c);case"emoji4":return k.fillText(f(55357,56425,55356,57341,8205,55357,56507),0,0),d=j.toDataURL(),k.clearRect(0,0,j.width,j.height),k.fillText(f(55357,56425,55356,57341,55357,56507),0,0),e=j.toDataURL(),d!==e}return!1}function e(a){var c=b.createElement("script");c.src=a,c.defer=c.type="text/javascript",b.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(c)}var f,g,h,i,j=b.createElement("canvas"),k=j.getContext&&j.getContext("2d");for(i=Array("flag","emoji4"),c.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},h=0;h<i.length;h++)c.supports[i[h]]=d(i[h]),c.supports.everything=c.supports.everything&&c.supports[i[h]],"flag"!==i[h]&&(c.supports.everythingExceptFlag=c.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&c.supports[i[h]]);c.supports.everythingExceptFlag=c.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!c.supports.flag,c.DOMReady=!1,c.readyCallback=function(){c.DOMReady=!0},c.supports.everything||(g=function(){c.readyCallback()},b.addEventListener?(b.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",g,!1),a.addEventListener("load",g,!1)):(a.attachEvent("onload",g),b.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===b.readyState&&c.readyCallback()})),f=c.source||{},f.concatemoji?e(f.concatemoji):f.wpemoji&&f.twemoji&&(e(f.twemoji),e(f.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 .07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="dashicons-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-jquery-ui-dialog-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/css/jquery-ui-dialog.min.css?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="responsive-lightbox-swipebox-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/swipebox/css/swipebox.min.css?ver=1.6.12" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="responsive-video-light-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/responsive-video-light/css/responsive-videos.css?ver=20130111" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="rs-plugin-settings-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/css/settings.css?ver=5.1.6" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="rs-plugin-settings-inline-css" type="text/css"> #rs-demo-id {} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="simple-social-share-main-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/simple-social-share/css/style.css?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tooltipster-css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/simple-social-share/css/tooltipster.css?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="js_composer_custom_css-css" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/js_composer/custom.css?ver=5.0.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ubermenu-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/pro/assets/css/ubermenu.min.css?ver=3.2.5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ubermenu-vanilla-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/css/skins/vanilla.css?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ubermenu-font-awesome-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/css/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.3" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="bsf-Defaults-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/smile_fonts/Defaults/Defaults.css?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="UserAccessManagerAdmin-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/user-access-manager/css/uamAdmin.css?ver=1.0" type="text/css" media="screen"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="UserAccessManagerLoginForm-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355cs_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/user-access-manager/css/uamLoginForm.css?ver=1.0" type="text/css" media="screen"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.js?ver=1.12.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=1.4.1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/assets/swipebox/js/jquery.swipebox.min.js?ver=1.6.12"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var rlArgs = {"script":"swipebox","selector":"lightbox","customEvents":"","activeGalleries":"1","animation":"1","hideCloseButtonOnMobile":"0","removeBarsOnMobile":"0","hideBars":"1","hideBarsDelay":"5000","videoMaxWidth":"1080","useSVG":"1","loopAtEnd":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/responsive-lightbox/js/front.js?ver=1.6.12"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/jquery.themepunch.tools.min.js?ver=5.1.6"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/jquery.themepunch.revolution.min.js?ver=5.1.6"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/simple-social-share/js/jquery.tooltipster.js?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.5.1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/user-access-manager/js/functions.js?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="http://www.arescotx.com/wp-json/"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="http://www.arescotx.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd"/> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml"/> <link rel="prev" title="The Fracking Groundwater Cover-Up" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/the-fracking-ground-water-cover-up/"/> <link rel="next" title="Converting Crude to Ethylene Technology Breakthrough" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/converting-crude-to-ethylene/"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/?p=11073"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arescotx.com%2Fwhen-was-fracking-first-used%2F"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arescotx.com%2Fwhen-was-fracking-first-used%2F&format=xml"/> <style id="ubermenu-custom-generated-css"> /** UberMenu Custom Menu Styles (Customizer) **/ /* main */ .ubermenu-main { background:#ffffff; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target { font-size:14px; text-transform:uppercase; color:#000000; -webkit-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0); -moz-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0); -o-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0); box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0); padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:15px; padding-left:12px; padding-right:12px; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-nav .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target { font-weight:normal; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0:hover > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#00548d; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-parent > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { color:#00548d; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-highlight { color:#00548d; background:#f4f4f4; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0:hover > .ubermenu-target { -webkit-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0); -moz-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0); -o-box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0); box-shadow:inset 1px 0 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,0); } .ubermenu-main.ubermenu-sub-indicators .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-has-submenu-drop > .ubermenu-target:not(.ubermenu-noindicator) { padding-right:27px; } .ubermenu-main.ubermenu-sub-indicators .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-has-submenu-drop > .ubermenu-target.ubermenu-noindicator { padding-right:12px; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target { color:#000000; font-size:14px; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal:hover > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#00548d; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target { color:#727272; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { background-color:#e8e8e8; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu-type-flyout > .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target { border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tabs .ubermenu-tabs-group { background-color:#00548d; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab > .ubermenu-target { color:#ffffff; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#ffffff; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { background-color:#00548d; } .ubermenu-responsive-toggle.ubermenu-responsive-toggle-main { font-size:16px; background:#ffffff; color:#000000; } .ubermenu-responsive-toggle.ubermenu-responsive-toggle-main:hover { background:#eaeaea; color:#000000; } /* Status: Loaded from Transient */ </style><script type="text/javascript"> (function(url){ if(/(?:Chrome\/26\.0\.1410\.63 Safari\/537\.31|WordfenceTestMonBot)/.test(navigator.userAgent)){ return; } var addEvent = function(evt, handler) { if (window.addEventListener) { document.addEventListener(evt, handler, false); } else if (window.attachEvent) { document.attachEvent('on' + evt, handler); } }; var removeEvent = function(evt, handler) { if (window.removeEventListener) { document.removeEventListener(evt, handler, false); } else if (window.detachEvent) { document.detachEvent('on' + evt, handler); } }; var evts = 'contextmenu dblclick drag dragend dragenter dragleave dragover dragstart drop keydown keypress keyup mousedown mousemove mouseout mouseover mouseup mousewheel scroll'.split(' '); var logHuman = function() { var wfscr = document.createElement('script'); wfscr.type = 'text/javascript'; wfscr.async = true; wfscr.src = url + '&r=' + Math.random(); (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(wfscr); for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) { removeEvent(evts[i], logHuman); } }; for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) { addEvent(evts[i], logHuman); } })('//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/?wordfence_lh=1&hid=CC2D1349982813C3485198D8F9A65D46'); </script>  <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer"; var dataLayer = dataLayer || [] dataLayer.push({"pagePostType":"post","pagePostType2":"single-post","pageCategory":["permian-basin-oil-news","uncategorized"],"pageAttributes":["col-edward-a-l-roberts","fracking","hydraulic-fracturing","superincumbent-fluid-tamping"],"pagePostAuthor":"SEOadmin"}); </script> <script data-cfasync="false">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.'+'js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KCLCKNJ');</script>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/"/> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by Visual Composer - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by Slider Revolution 5.1.6 - responsive, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress with comfortable drag and drop interface."/> <noscript><style type="text/css"> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-11073 single-format-standard wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-5.0.1 vc_responsive ">  <noscript><iframe src="//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355if_/http://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KCLCKNJ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <br style="display:none;"> <script>(function(w,d,t,r,u){var f,n,i;w[u]=w[u]||[],f=function(){var o={ti:"5268574"};o.q=w[u],w[u]=new UET(o),w[u].push("pageLoad")},n=d.createElement(t),n.src=r,n.async=1,n.onload=n.onreadystatechange=function(){var s=this.readyState;s&&s!=="loaded"&&s!=="complete"||(f(),n.onload=n.onreadystatechange=null)},i=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],i.parentNode.insertBefore(n,i)})(window,document,"script","//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://bat.bing.com/bat.js","uetq");</script><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://bat.bing.com/action/0?ti=5268574&Ver=2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none; visibility: hidden;"/></noscript> <header> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-8 logo"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/themes/aresco2016/images/aresco-energy.png" width="265" height="91" alt="Aresco Energy"></a> </div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8 col-xs-4 login"> <p style="text-align: right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-login.php" title="Login">Partner Login</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="thenav"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12">  <a class="ubermenu-responsive-toggle ubermenu-responsive-toggle-main ubermenu-skin-vanilla ubermenu-loc-top-nav ubermenu-responsive-toggle-content-align-left ubermenu-responsive-toggle-align-full " data-ubermenu-target="ubermenu-main-3-top-nav"><i class="fa fa-bars"></i>Menu</a><nav id="ubermenu-main-3-top-nav" class="ubermenu ubermenu-nojs ubermenu-main ubermenu-menu-3 ubermenu-loc-top-nav ubermenu-responsive ubermenu-responsive-default ubermenu-responsive-collapse ubermenu-horizontal ubermenu-transition-shift ubermenu-trigger-hover_intent ubermenu-skin-vanilla ubermenu-bar-align-full ubermenu-items-align-left ubermenu-bound ubermenu-disable-submenu-scroll ubermenu-sub-indicators ubermenu-retractors-responsive"><ul id="ubermenu-nav-main-3-top-nav" class="ubermenu-nav"><li id="menu-item-1997" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-1997 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-flyout"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/about-aresco/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">About</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-1997 ubermenu-submenu-type-flyout ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-left_edge_item"><li id="menu-item-6044" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-6044 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/leadership/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Leadership</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-2587" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-2587 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/about-aresco/why-aresco/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Why Aresco</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-2586" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-2586 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/about-aresco/why-invest-in-oil-and-gas/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Why Oil & Gas</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4950" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4950 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/about-aresco/oil-investing-tax-shelter/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Oil Investing Tax Breaks</span></a></li><li class="ubermenu-retractor ubermenu-retractor-mobile"><i class="fa fa-times"></i> Close</li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2164" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-2164 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/oil-and-gas-investment-opportunities/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Projects</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-2126" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-2126 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/operations/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Areas of Interest</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-3132" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-3132 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-flyout"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" title="Texas Oil Well Photos & Videos" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Photos & Videos</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-3132 ubermenu-submenu-type-flyout ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-left_edge_item"><li id="menu-item-8067" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-8067 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/life-cycle-of-an-oil-well/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Life Cycle of an Oil Well</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4654" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4654 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/3d-rig-tour/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">3D Rig Tour</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7222" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-7222 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/what-is-a-blowout-preventer/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">What is a blowout preventer?</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4652" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4652 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/multi-formation-vertical-well-drilling-animation/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Multi Formation Vertical Well Drilling Animation</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4655" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4655 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/well-log-animation/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Well Log Animation</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4656" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4656 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/salt-water-disposal-animation/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Salt Water Disposal Animation</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4663" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4663 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/drilling-haskell-east-1-haskell-county-tx/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Drilling Haskell East # 1 well</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4662" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4662 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/dexter-trinidad-drilling-rig-houston-county/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Dexter Trinidad Drilling Rig</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4842" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4842 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/photos-videos/drilling-the-noodle-canyon-1-in-jones-county-texas/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Noodle Canyon #1</span></a></li><li class="ubermenu-retractor ubermenu-retractor-mobile"><i class="fa fa-times"></i> Close</li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2334" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-2334 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-flyout"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/og-education-resources/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Resources</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-2334 ubermenu-submenu-type-flyout ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-left_edge_item"><li id="menu-item-4008" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4008 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/og-education-resources/frequently-asked-questions/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Frequently Asked Oil and Gas Questions</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4001" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4001 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/og-education-resources/oil-and-gas-quickfacts/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Oil and Gas Facts – #QuickFacts</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-6343" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-6343 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/og-education-resources/self-directed-iras/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Self-Directed IRAs Alternative Investments</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4002" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4002 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/og-education-resources/oil-and-gas-glossary/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Oil and Gas Glossary of Terms</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-4003" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-4003 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/og-education-resources/common-abbreviations/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Common Abbreviations</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-9982" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-9982 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/og-education-resources/oil-and-gas-industry-quiz/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Oil and Gas Industry Quiz</span></a></li><li class="ubermenu-retractor ubermenu-retractor-mobile"><i class="fa fa-times"></i> Close</li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-5288" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-5288 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-flyout"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/oil-gas-industry-consulting-services/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Consulting</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-5288 ubermenu-submenu-type-flyout ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-left_edge_item"><li id="menu-item-5293" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-5293 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/oil-gas-industry-consulting-services/oil-and-gas-investment-evaluation/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Oil and Gas Investment Evaluation</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-5292" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-5292 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/oil-gas-industry-consulting-services/geologic-field-appraisal/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Geologic Field Appraisal</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-5291" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-5291 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/oil-gas-industry-consulting-services/field-revitalization/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Field Revitalization</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-5289" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-5289 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/oil-gas-industry-consulting-services/submitting-an-investment-opportunity-evaluation-request/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Investment Evaluation Request</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-5290" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-5290 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/oil-gas-industry-consulting-services/submitting-a-prospect-review-request/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Submit Prospect Review Request</span></a></li><li class="ubermenu-retractor ubermenu-retractor-mobile"><i class="fa fa-times"></i> Close</li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-1558" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-current_page_parent ubermenu-item-1558 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/latest-news/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">News</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-65" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-65 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/contact-us/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Contact</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-11034" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-11034 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/acquisitions/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Acquisitions</span></a></li></ul></nav>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </header><div id="rotator"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var imgCount = 8; var dir = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/bgimages/'; var randomCount = Math.round(Math.random() * (imgCount - 1)) + 1; var images = new Array images[1] = "01.jpg", images[2] = "02.jpg", images[3] = "03.jpg", images[4] = "04.jpg", images[5] = "05.jpg", images[6] = "06.jpg", images[7] = "07.jpg", images[8] = "08.jpg", document.getElementById("rotator").style.backgroundImage = "url(" + dir + images[randomCount] + ")"; </script> <div class="container content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-9 col-md-9 padright"> <h1 class="blogtitle">When was fracking first used?</h1> <p style="font-size:11px;">Monday, July 18th, 2016 and is filed under <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/category/permian-basin-oil-news/" rel="category tag">Permian Basin Oil News</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p> <div id="s-share-buttons" class="horizontal-w-c-circular s-share-w-c"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/" target="_blank" title="Share to Facebook" class="s3-facebook hint--top"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=When was fracking first used?&url=http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/" target="_blank" title="Share to Twitter" class="s3-twitter hint--top"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/https://plus.google.com/share?url=http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/" target="_blank" title="Share to Google Plus" class="s3-google-plus hint--top"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.digg.com/submit?url=http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/" target="_blank" title="Share to Digg" class="s3-digg hint--top"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/&title=When was fracking first used?" target="_blank" title="Share to Reddit" class="s3-reddit hint--top"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/" target="_blank" title="Share to LinkedIn" class="s3-linkedin hint--top"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/&title=When was fracking first used?" target="_blank" title="Share to StumbleUpon" class="s3-stumbleupon hint--top"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.tumblr.com/share/link?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arescotx.com%2Fwhen-was-fracking-first-used%2F&name=When+was+fracking+first+used%3F" target="_blank" title="Share to Tumblr" class="s3-tumblr hint--top"></a><div class="pinit-btn-div"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonBookmark" data-pin-color="red" title="Share to Pinterest" class="s3-pinterest hint--top"></a></div> <script type="text/javascript" async defer src="//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js"></script><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/mailto:/?Subject=When%20was%20fracking%20first%20used?&Body=Here%20is%20the%20link%20to%20the%20article:%20http://www.arescotx.com/when-was-fracking-first-used/" title="Email this article" class="s3-email hint--top"></a></div><p><img class="alignleft wp-image-11076" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/fracking-technology.jpg" alt="Fracking Technology" width="375" height="250" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/fracking-technology.jpg 550w, https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/fracking-technology-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px"/>The common myth is that fracking is a new technology. While recent advances in technology have improved fracking by leaps and bounds, fracking itself can be traced back to the Civil War.</p> <p>In 1862, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/col-edward-a-l-roberts/">Col. Edward A.L. Roberts</a> was on the battlefield in Fredericksburg, Virginia when he witnessed the effects of Confederate soldiers firing explosive artillery shells into a narrow canal that was an obstruction on the battlefield. This sparked an idea in Roberts’ mind of how explosives could be used as a method to increase oil production in wells with what he described as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/superincumbent-fluid-tamping/">superincumbent fluid tamping</a>.<span id="more-11073"></span></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.txoilinvestments.com/" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter wp-image-5412 size-full" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/why-now-is-the-time-to-invest-in-oil.png" alt="Why now is the time to invest in oil..." width="600" height="40" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/why-now-is-the-time-to-invest-in-oil.png 600w, https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/why-now-is-the-time-to-invest-in-oil-300x20.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"/></a></p> <p><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-11083" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/roberts-exploding-torpedo.jpg" alt="Roberts Exploding Torpedo" width="324" height="817" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/roberts-exploding-torpedo.jpg 324w, https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/uploads/roberts-exploding-torpedo-119x300.jpg 119w" sizes="(max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px"/></p> <p>In 1866, Col. Roberts was issued U.S. Patent No. 59,936 for what was described as the Roberts exploding torpedo. The torpedo was basically an iron casing containing 15 to 20 pounds of gunpowder. In 1866, Roberts conducted a series of experiments where his newly patented torpedoes were lowered in wells. Then the boreholes were filled with water, hence the superincumbent fluid tamping, to concentrate the concussion of the explosion and increase the “fracturing” of the formation. The torpedoes were then detonated via a wire running from the shell to the surface.</p> <p>Roberts’ experiments were wildly successful. Oil production in some of the wells increased by 1,200% within a week of the shell detonation or “exploding shot”. This gave birth to the Roberts Petroleum Torpedo Company.</p> <p>Roberts’ company charged from $100 to $200 for each torpedo detonation. In addition to the charge per torpedo, the company also received a royalty of 1/15 of the profits generated by the procedure. The exploding shot method was used for decades in oil production.</p> <p>As you can see, fracking is not some newfangled technology, but has been improved upon to what it is today. These advances have led to the shale revolution which has been a saving grace for the American economy.</p> <p><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>>> RELATED</strong></span> – <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/the-fracking-ground-water-cover-up/">The Fracking Groundwater Cover-Up</a></p> <p><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>>> RELATED</strong></span> – <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/fracking-bans-in-texas-outlawed/">Fracking Bans in Texas Outlawed</a></p> <div class="nextpages"></div> <div style="padding-top:30px;"> <ul class="pager">  <li class="nav-previous"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/converting-crude-to-ethylene/" rel="next">Previous</a></li>  <li class="nav-bloghome"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/latest-news/"><span class="icon"></span>All Posts</a></li>  <li class="nav-next"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/the-fracking-ground-water-cover-up/" rel="prev">Next</a></li> </ul> </div> <ul class="pager"> <li></li> <li></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-3 sidebar"> <p class="titles">Recent Posts</p> <ul> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/aresco-makes-the-top-60-list-for-oil-gas-blogs-on-feedspot/">Aresco Makes the Top 60 List for Oil & Gas Blogs on FeedSpot</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/trump-offshore-drilling-plan-could-spur-billions-in-investments/">Trump Offshore Drilling Plan Could Spur Billions in Investments</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/the-trump-offshore-drilling-expansion/">The Trump Offshore Drilling Expansion</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/oil-and-gas-tax-deductions-lure-investors/">Oil and Gas Tax Deductions Lure Investors</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/republican-tax-bill-and-oil-investing-implications/">Republican Tax Bill and Oil Investing Implications</a> </li> </ul> <p class="titles">Categories</p> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-14"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/category/new-mexico-oil-and-gas-investing/" title="New Mexico Oil and Gas investing articles, blogs, news, and videos at Aresco LP.">New Mexico Oil and Gas Investing</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-6"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/category/oil-and-gas-current-events/" title="Oil and Gas current events and related articles, blogs, news, and videos at Aresco LP.">Oil and Gas Current Events</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-25"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/category/oil-and-gas-interesting-facts/" title="Oil and gas interesting facts provided by Aresco LP.">Oil and Gas Interesting Facts</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-53"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/category/permian-basin-oil-news/" title="Get the latest Permian Basin Oil News, articles, blogs, photos, and videos at Aresco LP!">Permian Basin Oil News</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-9"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/category/texas-oil-and-gas-investing/" title="Texas oil and gas investing articles, blogs, news, and videos at Aresco LP.">Texas Oil and Gas Investing</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/category/uncategorized/" title="General blog category on Aresco LP's Oil and Gas Current Events blog.">Uncategorized</a> </li> </ul> <style scoped type="text/css">.utcw-b1fq2ep {word-wrap:break-word}.utcw-b1fq2ep span,.utcw-b1fq2ep a{border-width:0px}.utcw-b1fq2ep span:hover,.utcw-b1fq2ep a:hover{border-width:0px}</style><p class="titles">Tag Cloud</p><div class="utcw-b1fq2ep tagcloud"><a class="tag-link-65 utcw-tag utcw-tag-aresco-lp" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/aresco-lp/" style="font-size:10px" title="7 topics">Aresco LP</a> <a class="tag-link-43 utcw-tag utcw-tag-bakken-shale" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/bakken-shale/" style="font-size:10.555555555556px" title="8 topics">Bakken Shale</a> <a class="tag-link-95 utcw-tag utcw-tag-crude-oil" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/crude-oil/" style="font-size:30px" title="43 topics">Crude Oil</a> <a class="tag-link-70 utcw-tag utcw-tag-crude-oil-export-ban" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/crude-oil-export-ban/" style="font-size:10px" title="7 topics">Crude Oil Export Ban</a> <a class="tag-link-105 utcw-tag utcw-tag-crude-oil-exports" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/crude-oil-exports/" style="font-size:10.555555555556px" title="8 topics">Crude Oil Exports</a> <a class="tag-link-7 utcw-tag utcw-tag-crude-oil-prices" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/crude-oil-prices/" style="font-size:14.444444444444px" title="15 topics">Crude Oil Prices</a> <a class="tag-link-39 utcw-tag utcw-tag-domestic-oil-production" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/domestic-oil-production/" style="font-size:14.444444444444px" title="15 topics">Domestic Oil Production</a> <a class="tag-link-101 utcw-tag utcw-tag-donald-j-trump" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/donald-j-trump/" style="font-size:10px" title="7 topics">Donald J Trump</a> <a class="tag-link-5 utcw-tag utcw-tag-drilling-technology" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/drilling-technology/" style="font-size:14.444444444444px" title="15 topics">Drilling Technology</a> <a class="tag-link-10 utcw-tag utcw-tag-eagle-ford-shale" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/eagle-ford-shale/" style="font-size:21.666666666667px" title="28 topics">Eagle Ford Shale</a> <a class="tag-link-33 utcw-tag utcw-tag-eagle-ford-shale-production" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/eagle-ford-shale-production/" style="font-size:11.111111111111px" title="9 topics">Eagle Ford Shale Production</a> <a class="tag-link-16 utcw-tag utcw-tag-energy-information-administration-eia" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/energy-information-administration-eia/" style="font-size:13.888888888889px" title="14 topics">Energy Information Administration (EIA)</a> <a class="tag-link-42 utcw-tag utcw-tag-fracking" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/fracking/" style="font-size:12.222222222222px" title="11 topics">Fracking</a> <a class="tag-link-34 utcw-tag utcw-tag-horizontal-drilling" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/horizontal-drilling/" style="font-size:12.777777777778px" title="12 topics">Horizontal Drilling</a> <a class="tag-link-8 utcw-tag utcw-tag-hydraulic-fracturing" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/hydraulic-fracturing/" style="font-size:18.333333333333px" title="22 topics">Hydraulic Fracturing</a> <a class="tag-link-29 utcw-tag utcw-tag-investing-in-texas-oil" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/investing-in-texas-oil/" style="font-size:11.111111111111px" title="9 topics">Investing in Texas Oil</a> <a class="tag-link-13 utcw-tag utcw-tag-oil-and-gas-investing" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/oil-and-gas-investing/" style="font-size:15px" title="16 topics">Oil and Gas Investing</a> <a class="tag-link-115 utcw-tag utcw-tag-oil-and-gas-technology" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/oil-and-gas-technology/" style="font-size:10.555555555556px" title="8 topics">Oil and Gas Technology</a> <a class="tag-link-19 utcw-tag utcw-tag-oil-exploration" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/oil-exploration/" style="font-size:10.555555555556px" title="8 topics">Oil Exploration</a> <a class="tag-link-17 utcw-tag utcw-tag-oil-production" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/oil-production/" style="font-size:18.888888888889px" title="23 topics">Oil Production</a> <a class="tag-link-32 utcw-tag utcw-tag-opec" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/opec/" style="font-size:16.111111111111px" title="18 topics">OPEC</a> <a class="tag-link-11 utcw-tag utcw-tag-permian-basin" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/permian-basin/" style="font-size:28.333333333333px" title="40 topics">Permian Basin</a> <a class="tag-link-57 utcw-tag utcw-tag-shale-oil" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/shale-oil/" style="font-size:10.555555555556px" title="8 topics">Shale Oil</a> <a class="tag-link-15 utcw-tag utcw-tag-texas-oil-production" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/texas-oil-production/" style="font-size:19.444444444444px" title="24 topics">Texas Oil Production</a> <a class="tag-link-37 utcw-tag utcw-tag-u-s-oil-production" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/tag/u-s-oil-production/" style="font-size:12.222222222222px" title="11 topics">U.S. Oil Production</a></div><p class="titles">Archives</p> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-3">Archives</label> <select id="archives-dropdown-3" name="archive-dropdown" onchange="document.location.href=this.options[this.selectedIndex].value;"> <option value="">Select Month</option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2018/01/"> January 2018 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/12/"> December 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/11/"> November 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/10/"> October 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/09/"> September 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/08/"> August 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/06/"> June 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/05/"> May 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/02/"> February 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2017/01/"> January 2017 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/12/"> December 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/11/"> November 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/10/"> October 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/09/"> September 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/08/"> August 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/07/"> July 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/06/"> June 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/05/"> May 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/04/"> April 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/03/"> March 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2016/01/"> January 2016 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/12/"> December 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/11/"> November 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/09/"> September 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/08/"> August 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/07/"> July 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/06/"> June 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/05/"> May 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/04/"> April 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/03/"> March 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/02/"> February 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2015/01/"> January 2015 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/12/"> December 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/11/"> November 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/10/"> October 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/09/"> September 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/08/"> August 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/07/"> July 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/06/"> June 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/05/"> May 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/04/"> April 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/03/"> March 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/02/"> February 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2014/01/"> January 2014 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2013/12/"> December 2013 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2013/11/"> November 2013 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2013/10/"> October 2013 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2013/09/"> September 2013 </option> <option value="http://www.arescotx.com/2013/06/"> June 2013 </option> </select> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <center><p>This is not an offer to sell nor solicitation of an offer to buy any security. Such offer may only be made by a written prospectus in a jurisdiction wherein the offering is duly registered or exempt therefrom. This content is provided for informational purposes only. Nothing herein shall be construed as tax, legal, or accounting advice. Investing in oil and gas is highly speculative and could result in substantial losses. There are no guarantees that any returns will be achieved. Potential investors should consult their attorney, accountant, and financial advisors before investing in oil and gas.</p> </center> </div> </div> <div class="row" style="margin-top:20px;"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6"> <h3>Aresco LP</h3> <p>181 S Main Street, Suite 100 Prosper, TX 75078<br> Phone: 972-992-3127 / Fax: 972-992-3137</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-sm-6 copyright"> <p style="text-align: right"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/https://www.facebook.com/Aresco-510139499068554/" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/themes/aresco2016/images/facebook.png" width="32" height="32" alt="Facebook" class="social"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/https://twitter.com/ArescoLP" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/themes/aresco2016/images/twitter.png" width="32" height="32" alt="Twitter" class="social"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/https://www.linkedin.com/company/aresco-lp" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/themes/aresco2016/images/linked-in.png" width="32" height="32" alt="LinkedIn" class="social"></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/feed/" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355im_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/themes/aresco2016/images/rss.png" width="32" height="32" alt="RSS" class="social"></a></p> <p>© Copyright 2018 Aresco, LP. All rights reserved.<br> Site by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.a3kdesign.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">A3K Advertising, Inc</a><br> Admin <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-login.php">Log in</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.11.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/widget.min.js?ver=1.11.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/mouse.min.js?ver=1.11.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/resizable.min.js?ver=1.11.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/draggable.min.js?ver=1.11.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/button.min.js?ver=1.11.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/position.min.js?ver=1.11.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/dialog.min.js?ver=1.11.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/wpdialog.min.js?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ubermenu_data = {"remove_conflicts":"on","reposition_on_load":"off","intent_delay":"300","intent_interval":"100","intent_threshold":"7","scrollto_offset":"50","scrollto_duration":"1000","responsive_breakpoint":"959","accessible":"on","retractor_display_strategy":"responsive","touch_off_close":"on","collapse_after_scroll":"on","v":"3.2.5","configurations":["main"],"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180124211355\/http:\/\/www.arescotx.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","plugin_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180124211355\/http:\/\/www.arescotx.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/ubermenu\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/js/ubermenu.min.js?ver=3.2.5"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124211355js_/http://www.arescotx.com/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=ace669e3e785b74feb464188876ad8f5"></script>    <script> window.__bp_session_timeout = '900'; window.__bp_session_freezing = 0; !function(){window.bizpanda||(window.bizpanda={}),window.bizpanda.bp_can_store_localy=function(){return!1},window.bizpanda.bp_ut_get_cookie=function(e){for(var n=e+"=",i=document.cookie.split(";"),o=0;o<i.length;o++){for(var t=i[o];" "==t.charAt(0);)t=t.substring(1);if(0==t.indexOf(n))return decodeURIComponent(t.substring(n.length,t.length))}return!1},window.bizpanda.bp_ut_set_cookie=function(e,n,i){var o=new Date;o.setTime(o.getTime()+24*i*60*60*1e3);var t="expires="+o.toUTCString();document.cookie=e+"="+encodeURIComponent(n)+"; "+t+"; path=/"},window.bizpanda.bp_ut_get_obj=function(e){var n=null;return(n=window.bizpanda.bp_can_store_localy()?window.localStorage.getItem("bp_ut_session"):window.bizpanda.bp_ut_get_cookie("bp_ut_session"))?(n=n.replace(/\-c\-/g,","),n=n.replace(/\-q\-/g,'"'),n=JSON.parse(n),n.started+1e3*e<(new Date).getTime()&&(n=null),n):!1},window.bizpanda.bp_ut_set_obj=function(e,n){e.started&&window.__bp_session_freezing||(e.started=(new Date).getTime());var e=JSON.stringify(e);e&&(e=e.replace(/\"/g,"-q-"),e=e.replace(/\,/g,"-c-")),window.bizpanda.bp_can_store_localy()?window.localStorage.setItem("bp_ut_session",e):window.bizpanda.bp_ut_set_cookie("bp_ut_session",e,5e3)},window.bizpanda.bp_ut_count_pageview=function(){var e=window.bizpanda.bp_ut_get_obj(window.__bp_session_timeout);e||(e={}),e.pageviews||(e.pageviews=0),0===e.pageviews&&(e.referrer=document.referrer,e.landingPage=window.location.href,e.pageviews=0),e.pageviews++,window.bizpanda.bp_ut_set_obj(e)},window.bizpanda.bp_ut_count_locker_pageview=function(){var e=window.bizpanda.bp_ut_get_obj(window.__bp_timeout);e||(e={}),e.lockerPageviews||(e.lockerPageviews=0),e.lockerPageviews++,window.bizpanda.bp_ut_set_obj(e)},window.bizpanda.bp_ut_count_pageview()}(); </script>  <script> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(".hint--top").tooltipster({animation: "grow",}); }); </script> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//web.archive.org/web/20180124211355/http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-46107884-1', 'arescotx.com'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </body> </html>