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id="toc-Politics_and_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_and_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_and_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wars and conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_and_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_political_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_political_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Prominent political events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_political_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economics in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_significant_international_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_significant_international_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other significant international events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_significant_international_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literature and arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Entertainers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sports figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1890s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1890" title="عقد 1890 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1890" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1890" title="Anyos 1890 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1890" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1890" title="Ans 1890 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1890" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1890" title="Década del 1890 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1890" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-c%C4%B1_ill%C9%99r" title="1890-cı illər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1890-cı illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-an" title="1890-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1890-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1890 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1890 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D1%8F" title="1890-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1890-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D1%8F" title="1890-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1890-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1890-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1890-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-e" title="1890-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1890-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1890" title="Bloavezhioù 1890 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1890" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1890" title="Dècada del 1890 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1890" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1890-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1890-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%E2%80%931899" title="1890–1899 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1890–1899" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890au" title="1890au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1890au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%27erne" title="1890'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1890'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1890" title="عوام 1890 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1890" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-lohku" title="1890-lohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1890-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890er" title="1890er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1890er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890._aastad" title="1890. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1890. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1890" title="An 1890 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1890" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1890 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1890 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1890" title="Años 1890 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1890" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-aj_jaroj" title="1890-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1890-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890eko_hamarkada" title="1890eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1890eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B9%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۸۹۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۸۹۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890s" title="1890s – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1890s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%C3%A1rini" title="1890-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1890-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1890" title="Années 1890 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1890" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890id%C3%AD" title="1890idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1890idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890an" title="1890an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1890an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1890" title="Década de 1890 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1890" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1890年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1890年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1890년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1890년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-ih" title="1890-ih – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1890-ih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1890a" title="Yari 1890a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1890a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-an" title="1890-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1890-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1890-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1890-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891-1900" title="1891-1900 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1891-1900" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1890" title="Anni 1890 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1890" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-90_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-19" title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-19 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-an" title="1890-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1890-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1890-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1890-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1890" title="Miaka ya 1890 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1890" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1890-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1890-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1890" title="Anni 1890 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1890" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890._gadi" title="1890. gadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1890. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1890" title="Anni 1890 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1890" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-lugu_vuvvet" title="1890-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1890-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1890-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1890-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1890-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1890-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १८९० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १८९० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1890" title="عقد 1890 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1890" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-an" title="1890-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1890-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1890 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1890 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%D1%82" title="1890т – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1890т" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890s" title="1890s – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1890s" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-1899" title="1890-1899 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1890-1899" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1890年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1890年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%C3%A5rene" title="1890-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1890-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%C3%A5ra" title="1890-åra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1890-åra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1890" title="Annaées 1890 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1890" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1890" title="Ans 1890 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1890" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-lar" title="1890-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1890-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1890 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1890 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_90._XIX_wieku" title="Lata 90. XIX wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 90. XIX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1890" title="Década de 1890 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1890" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1890" title="Anii 1890 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1890" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_watakuna" title="1890 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1890 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1890-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1890-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D1%81" title="1890-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1890-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890s" title="1890s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1890s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1890" title="Vitet 1890 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1890" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890ini" title="1890ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1890ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890s" title="1890s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1890s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/90._roky_19._storo%C4%8Dia" title="90. roky 19. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="90. roky 19. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890." title="1890. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1890." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D0%B5" title="1890-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1890-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-e" title="1890-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1890-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-an" title="1890-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1890-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-luku" title="1890-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1890-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-talet" title="1890-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1890-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1890கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1890கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1890-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1890-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1890" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1890 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1890" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1890_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1890 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1890 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%27lar" title="1890'lar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1890'lar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1890ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1890ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1890-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1890-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1890ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1890ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1890" title="Thập niên 1890 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1890" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1890" title="Anêyes 1890 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1890" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_nga_dekada" title="1890 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1890 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1890年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1890年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1890ער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1890ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/206px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3142" data-file-height="3820" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/111px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/167px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/222px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="3524" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top to bottom, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a> in captivity at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boer_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Commando">Boer commandos</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> establishes the American doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>; nearly three hundred ethnic <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a> are massacred by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee</a>; the U.S. pays $20 million to annex the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> from Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>; activism spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard" title="Kate Sheppard">Kate Sheppard</a> leads to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> being the first country to give women the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage movement">right to vote</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, the Dutch master of modern art, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Vincent_Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Vincent Van Gogh">dies, likely by suicide</a>; <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> leads Ethiopia to a sweeping victory over Italy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870s" title="1870s">1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1890s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900s" title="1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910s" title="1910s">1910s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1890">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1891" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1891">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1892" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1892">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1893">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1894" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1894">1894</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1895" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1895">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1896">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1897">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1898">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1899" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1899">1899</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_births" title="Category:1890s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_deaths" title="Category:1890s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_by_country" title="Category:1890s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_establishments" title="Category:1890s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_disestablishments" title="Category:1890s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1890s</b> (pronounced "eighteen-nineties") was a <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> that began on January 1, 1890, and ended on December 31, 1899. </p><p>In American popular culture, the decade would later be nostalgically referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Gay_Nineties" title="Gay Nineties">gay nineties</a>" ("<i><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>"</i> meaning carefree or cheerful). In the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the 1890s epitomised the late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a>. </p><p>As European powers continued their colonial expansion, the decade saw the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Edi_Expedition" title="Edi Expedition">Edi (1890)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Siam (1893)</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1894)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dahomean_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Franco-Dahomean Wars (disambiguation)">Dahomey (1894)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congo_Arab_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo Arab war">Arab-Swahili warlords (1894)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Lombork (1894)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang (1895)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">Merina (1895)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Zanzibar (1896)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaua-Mbandjeru_rebellion" title="Khaua-Mbandjeru rebellion">Khaua and Mbandjeru (1896)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars#Fourth_Anglo-Ashanti_War,_1895–1896" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Ashanti (1896)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Matabeleland (1897)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedir_Expedition" title="Pedir Expedition">Pedir (1898)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Sudan (1899)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier#1878–1898_(Second_Afghan_War_to_Frontier_Rebellion)" title="Military history of the North-West Frontier">various north-west Indian tribes and states</a>. Whereas most colonial campaigns were successful, Italy faced a significant defeat as it <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">failed to conquer Ethiopia</a>, being decisively defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Adwa (1896)</a>. Furthermore, the second half of the decade saw the final unravelling of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>, which began with insurrections in <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba (1895)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippines (1896)</a> and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spaniards' defeat at the hands of the United States in 1898</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">sale of various Pacific islands to Germany in 1899</a>, the Spanish colonial empire would be <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire#Territories_in_Africa_(1885–1976)" title="Spanish Empire">restricted to Africa</a>. Further in the east, Japan sought to expand its <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">own empire</a>, waging wars against <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak (1894–1895)</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Qing China (1894–1895)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Republic of Formosa (1895)</a>. Other conflicts included the <a href="/wiki/Garza_Revolution" title="Garza Revolution">Garza War (1891–1893)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War (1897)</a> and internal conflicts in Samoa (<a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">1886–1894</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">1898–1899</a>), <a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Afghanistan (1888–1893)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Park" title="Revolution of the Park">Argentina (1890)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_War_of_1891" title="Chilean Civil War of 1891">Chile (1891)</a>, the Ottoman Empire (<a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts#Yemeni_rebellion_of_1891" title="Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts">1891</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Wajbah" title="Battle of Al Wajbah">1893</a>, <a href="/wiki/1894_Sasun_rebellion" title="1894 Sasun rebellion">1894</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeitun_rebellion_(1895%E2%80%9396)" title="Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)">1895–96</a>, <a href="/wiki/1896%E2%80%931897_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion">1896–1897</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1896)" title="Defense of Van (1896)">1896</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tomochic_Rebellion" title="Tomochic Rebellion">Mexico (1891–1892)</a>, Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">1893–1894</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Revolution" title="Federalist Revolution">1893–1895</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">1899–1903</a>), <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1894%E2%80%931895" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895">Peru (1894–1895)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malaboch_War" title="Malaboch War">South African Republic (1894)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">northwest China (1895–1896)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Civil_War" title="Bolivian Civil War">Bolivia (1898–1899)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Columbia (1899–1902)</a>. </p><p>The decade was characterized by an international economic recovery following the <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a> (1873–1896) and by the beginning of strong <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> (1871–1914), driven by the innovations of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> (i.e. electricity, gasoline, automobiles, artificial textiles, <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>). The decade also saw the apogee of the <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, which would subsequently be dethroned by the <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engine</a>, powered by <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes" title="Petroleum refining processes">refined petroleum</a>. The supremacy of this <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_politics" title="Petroleum politics">new source of energy</a> was confirmed when the world's first fleet, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, decided in 1910 to supply all its vessels with fuel oil. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the decade was marked by a severe <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a> sparked by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>. This economic crisis would help bring about the end of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>", and coincided with numerous <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> in the industrial workforce. The economic depression sparked a political struggle over <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a>. Concurrently in Australia, a <a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">banking crisis occurred</a>, caused by the collapse of a speculative boom in the Australian property market. <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave feminism</a> made a significant breakthrough as a <a href="/wiki/1893_Women%27s_Suffrage_Petition" title="1893 Women's Suffrage Petition">successful petition in 1893</a> resulted in New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">becoming the first country to grant women the right to vote</a>. </p><p>From 1889 to 1890, a <a href="/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic" title="1889–1890 pandemic">worldwide respiratory viral pandemic</a> took place, resulting in 300–900 million infections and 1 million deaths. The pandemic is presumed to have originated in the central Asian city of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>. Furthermore, in this decade, <a href="/wiki/1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic" title="1890s African rinderpest epizootic">an epizootic of the rinderpest virus struck Africa</a>, considered to be "the most devastating epidemic to hit southern Africa in the late nineteenth century".<sup id="cite_ref-Phoofolo2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phoofolo2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It killed more than 5.2 million cattle south of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as domestic oxen, sheep, and goats, and wild populations of <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a>. This led to starvation resulting in the death of an estimated third of the human population of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891−1892, poor weather alongside government mismanagement in Russia <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1891%E2%80%931892" title="Russian famine of 1891–1892">led to a famine</a>, causing 375,000 to 400,000 deaths. British India suffered two famines this decade, <a href="/wiki/Indian_famine_of_1896%E2%80%931897" title="Indian famine of 1896–1897">first from 1896 to 1897</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_famine_of_1899%E2%80%931900" title="Indian famine of 1899–1900">then from 1899 to 1900</a>, due to draught and British policies. <a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">Famines also took place</a> in Cuba and China. Major earthquakes of this decade include the <a href="/wiki/1891_Mino%E2%80%93Owari_earthquake" title="1891 Mino–Owari earthquake">1891 Mino–Owari earthquake</a> (7,273 deaths), the <a href="/wiki/1893_Quchan_earthquake" title="1893 Quchan earthquake">1893 Quchan earthquake</a> (18,000 casualties), and the <a href="/wiki/1896_Sanriku_earthquake" title="1896 Sanriku earthquake">1896 Sanriku earthquake</a> (22,066 people dead or missing). </p><p>The first international <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in modern history <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">were held in Athens in 1896</a>, with 241 athletes from across 14 nations competing. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Bookman_list_of_bestselling_novels_in_the_United_States_in_the_1890s" title="Bookman list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1890s">best-selling books of this decade</a> (by year) were <i><a href="/wiki/Beside_the_Bonnie_Brier_Bush" title="Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush">Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush</a></i> (a collection of short stories, best-seller in 1895), <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Grogan" title="Tom Grogan">Tom Grogan</a></i> (a drama novel, best-seller in 1896), <i><a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(novel)" title="Quo Vadis (novel)">Quo Vadis</a></i> (a historical novel, best-seller in 1897), <i><a href="/wiki/Caleb_West_(novel)" title="Caleb West (novel)">Caleb West</a></i> (best-seller in 1898), and <i><a href="/wiki/David_Harum" title="David Harum">David Harum</a></i> (best-seller in 1898). The film industry, still in its infancy, continued to produce short films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Coucher_de_la_Mari%C3%A9e" title="Le Coucher de la Mariée">Le Coucher de la Mariée</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(1896_film)" title="The Kiss (1896 film)">The Kiss</a></i>. Songs of this decade include "<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bell" title="Daisy Bell">Daisy Bell</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Hello!_Ma_Baby" title="Hello! Ma Baby">Hello! Ma Baby</a>". </p><p>In this decade, the world population grew from 1.5 to 1.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last living person from this decade, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Morano" title="Emma Morano">Emma Morano</a>, died on April 15, 2017. Last living man from this decade was <a href="/wiki/Jiroemon_Kimura" title="Jiroemon Kimura">Jiroemon Kimura</a>, and he died on June 12, 2013. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_wars">Politics and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_1890s" title="List of sovereign states in the 1890s">List of sovereign states in the 1890s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization">Colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> founded as a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> city within <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, founded to serve as the center of construction and the main junction and administration center of the Russian-built <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a>. The location for the city was largely chosen strategically to cross the <a href="/wiki/Songhua_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhua river">Songhua River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a>, and the largest <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> in Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars">Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars:_1800%E2%80%931899#1890–1899" title="List of wars: 1800–1899">List of wars: 1800–1899 § 1890–1899</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg/220px-Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg/330px-Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg/440px-Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War</a> (1892–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a> (1895–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_and_conflicts">Wars and conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wars and conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> on December 29, 1890, when 365 troops of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._7th_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment">US 7th Cavalry</a>, supported by four <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun" title="Hotchkiss gun">Hotchkiss guns</a>, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou (<a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>) and Hunkpapa Sioux (Lakota) near <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Creek" title="Wounded Knee Creek">Wounded Knee Creek</a>, South Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to turn themselves in at the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Agency</a> in South Dakota. They were the last of the Sioux to do so. In the process of disarming the Sioux, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote could not hear the order to give up his rifle and was reluctant to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scuffle over Black Coyote's rifle escalated into an all-out battle, with those few Sioux warriors who still had weapons shooting at the 7th Cavalry, and the 7th Cavalry opening fire indiscriminately from all sides, killing men, women, and children, as well as some of their own fellow troopers. The 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, and children of the Lakota Sioux had been killed. Twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> as the shooting took place at <a href="/wiki/Point-blank_range" title="Point-blank range">point-blank range</a> in chaotic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with an unknown number later dying from <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in military history in which the most <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a> have been awarded in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">military history of the United States</a>. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="American Frontier">American Frontier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891 the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_War_of_1891" title="Chilean Civil War of 1891">Chilean Civil War</a> was fought from January to September. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Balmaceda" title="José Manuel Balmaceda">José Manuel Balmaceda</a>, President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Montt" title="Jorge Montt">Jorge Montt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Government_Junta_of_Chile_(1891)" title="Government Junta of Chile (1891)">Junta</a>. The latter was formed by an alliance between the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">National Congress of Chile</a> and the Chilean Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892 the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. Actually this <a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">range war</a> took place in April 1892 in <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Wyoming" title="Johnson County, Wyoming">Johnson County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natrona_County,_Wyoming" title="Natrona County, Wyoming">Natrona County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Converse_County,_Wyoming" title="Converse County, Wyoming">Converse County</a>. The combatants were the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Stock_Growers_Association" title="Wyoming Stock Growers Association">Wyoming Stock Growers Association</a> (the WSGA) and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers' Association (NWFSGA). WSGA was an older organization, comprising some of the state's wealthiest and most popular residents. It held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. A primary function of the WSGA was to organize the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NWFSGAA was a group of smaller Johnson County ranchers led by a local settler named <a href="/wiki/Nate_Champion" title="Nate Champion">Nate Champion</a>. They had recently formed their organization in order to compete with the WSGA. The WSGA "blacklisted" the NWFSGA and told them to stop all operations, but the NWFSGA refused the powerful WSGA's orders to disband and instead made public their plans to hold their own roundup in the spring of 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_p.159_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt_p.159-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WSGA, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wolcott" title="Frank Wolcott">Frank Wolcott</a> (WSGA Member and large <a href="/wiki/North_Platte" class="mw-redirect" title="North Platte">North Platte</a> rancher), hired a group of skilled gunmen with the intention of eliminating alleged rustlers in Johnson County and break up the NWFSGA.<sup id="cite_ref-lib.utexas.edu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib.utexas.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty three gunmen from the <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Texas" title="Paris, Texas">Paris, Texas</a>, region and four cattle detectives from the WSGA were hired, as well as <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> frontiersman George Dunning who would later turn against the group. A cadre of WSGA and Wyoming dignitaries also joined the expedition, including State Senator Bob Tisdale, state water commissioner W. J. Clarke, as well as W. C. Irvine and Hubert Teshemacher, both instrumental in organizing Wyoming's statehood four years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Troops_Came_Just_In_Time_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troops_Came_Just_In_Time-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_County_War_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_County_War-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also accompanied by surgeon Charles Penrose, who served as the group's doctor, as well as <a href="/wiki/Asa_Mercer" title="Asa Mercer">Asa Mercer</a>, the editor of the WSGA's newspaper, and a newspaper reporter for the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Times" title="Chicago Times">Chicago Herald</a></i>, Sam T. Clover, whose lurid first-hand accounts later appeared in the eastern newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-lib.utexas.edu_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib.utexas.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893 the <a href="/wiki/Leper_War_on_Kaua%CA%BBi" title="Leper War on Kauaʻi">Leper War on Kauaʻi</a> took place on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole" title="Sanford B. Dole">Sanford B. Dole</a> passes a law which would <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">forcibly relocate</a> <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">lepers</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kalaupapa_Leprosy_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement">Leprosy Colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii" title="Kalawao County, Hawaii">Kalawao</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kalaupapa,_Hawaii" title="Kalaupapa, Hawaii">Kalaupapa peninsula</a>. When <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluaikoolau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaluaikoolau (page does not exist)">Kaluaikoolau</a>, a leper, resisted arrest by a deputy sheriff and killed the man, Dole reacted by sending armed militia against the lepers of <a href="/wiki/Kalalau_Valley" title="Kalalau Valley">Kalalau Valley</a>. Kaluaikoolau reportedly foiled or killed some of his pursuers. But the conflict ended with the evacuation of the area in July 1893. The main source for the event is a 1906 publication by Kahikina Kelekona (John Sheldon), preserving the story as told by Piilani, Kaluaikoolau's widow.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the span of 1893–1894 the <a href="/wiki/Enid-Pond_Creek_Railroad_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War">Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War</a> was fought in the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a>. It was effectively a <a href="/wiki/County_seat_war" title="County seat war">county seat war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Pacific_Railroad" title="Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad">Rock Island Railroad Company</a> had invested in the townships of <a href="/wiki/Enid,_Oklahoma" title="Enid, Oklahoma">Enid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pond_Creek,_Oklahoma" title="Pond Creek, Oklahoma">Pond Creek</a> following an announcement by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a> that the two would become county seats. The Department of the Interior decided to create an Enid and Pond Creek at another location, free of company influence. Resulting in two Enids and two Pond Creeks vying for becoming county seats, starting in September 1893. Rock Island refused to have its trains stop at "Government Enid". They would pass by without taking passengers. Frustrated Enid residents "turned to acts of violence". Some were regularly <a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shooting</a> at the trains. Others were damaging <a href="/wiki/Trestle_bridge" title="Trestle bridge">trestles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail tracks">rail tracks</a>, setting up train accidents. Only government intervention stopped the conflict in September 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1893–1897 the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Canudos" title="War of Canudos">War of Canudos</a> arose, a conflict between the state of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and a group of some 30,000 settlers under <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Conselheiro" title="Antônio Conselheiro">Antônio Conselheiro</a> who had founded their own community in the northeastern state of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Canudos" title="Canudos">Canudos</a>. After a number of unsuccessful attempts at military suppression, it came to a brutal end in October 1897, when a large Brazilian army force overran the village and killed most of the inhabitants. The conflict started with Conselheiro and his <a href="/wiki/Jagun%C3%A7o" title="Jagunço">jagunços</a> (landless peasants) of this "remote and arid" area protesting against the payment of taxes to the distant government of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. They founded their own <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficient</a> village, soon joined by others in search of a "<a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>". By 1895, they refused requests by <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_Lima" title="Rodrigues Lima">Rodrigues Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Bahia">Governor of Bahia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeronimo_Thome_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeronimo Thome da Silva (page does not exist)">Jeronimo Thome da Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Salvador_da_Bahia" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia">Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia</a> to start obeying the laws of the Brazilian state and the rules of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. In 1896, a military expedition under Lieutenant Manuel da Silva Pires Ferreira was sent to pacify them. It was instead attacked, defeated and forced to retreat. Increasingly stronger military forces were sent against Canudos, only to meet with fierce resistance and suffering heavy casualties. In October 1897, Canudos finally fell to the Brazilian military forces. "Those jagunços who were not killed in combat were taken prisoner and summarily executed (by beheading) by the army".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894 the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> Korea came to pass. The uprising started in Gobu during February 1894, with the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> of local government officials. The revolution was named after <a href="/wiki/Donghak" title="Donghak">Donghak</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean religion</a> stressing "the <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a> of all human beings". The forces of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gojong_of_the_Korean_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire">Emperor Gojong</a> failed in their attempt to suppress the revolt, with initial skirmishes giving way to major conflicts. The Korean government requested assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. Japanese troops, armed with "<a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>", managed to suppress the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Korea being a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> to <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> China, the Japanese military presence was seen as a provocation. The resulting conflict over dominance of Korea would become the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>. In part, the government of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> was acting to prevent expansion by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> or any other <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> towards Korea. Viewing such an expansion as a direct threat to Japanese <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1895, the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobor" class="mw-redirect" title="Doukhobor">Doukhobors</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> Christian sect of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, attempt to resist a number of laws and regulations forced on them by the Russian government. They are mostly active in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, where universal military <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> was introduced in 1887 and was still controversial. They also refuse to swear an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_allegiance" title="Oath of allegiance">oath of allegiance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, the new Russian Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ecmi.de_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecmi.de-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under further instructions from their exiled leader <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vasilevich_Verigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Vasilevich Verigin">Peter Vasilevich Verigin</a>, as a sign of absolute pacifism, the Doukhobors of the three Governorates of Transcaucasia made the decision to destroy their <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>. As the Doukhobors assembled to burn them on the night of June 28/29 (July 10/11, <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) 1895, with the singing of psalms and spiritual songs, arrests and beatings by government <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> followed. Soon, Cossacks were billeted in many of the Large Party Doukhobors' villages, and over 4,000 of their original residents were dispersed through villages in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia</a>. Many of those died of starvation and exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-ecmi.de_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecmi.de-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashworth_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashworth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1896–1898 was when <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> occurred. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>, attempt to secede from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret organization</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></i> by the Spanish authorities. The <i>Katipunan</i>, led by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secessionist</a> movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>, the <i>Katipunan</i> leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt. In particular, rebels in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's execution in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary government. That year, a truce was officially reached with the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> and Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong Kong, though hostilities between rebels and the Spanish government never actually ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google1998_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Aguinaldo unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had conquered nearly all Spanish-held ground within the Philippines with the exception of Manila. Aguinaldo thus <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a> from Spain and the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> was established. However, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. Spanish rule in the islands only officially ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">1898 Treaty of Paris</a>, wherein Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> broke out shortly afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-google1998_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897 the <a href="/wiki/Lattimer_massacre" title="Lattimer massacre">Lattimer massacre</a> happened. The violent deaths of 19 unarmed <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">striking</a> immigrant <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> miners at the Lattimer mine near <a href="/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania" title="Hazleton, Pennsylvania">Hazleton, Pennsylvania</a>, on September 10, 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miners, mostly of <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a> ethnicity, were shot and killed by a <a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Luzerne County</a> sheriff's <a href="/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posse comitatus (common law)">posse</a>. Scores more workers were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Wounded_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wounded-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lattimer massacre was a turning point in the history of the <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">United Mine Workers</a> (UMW).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898 the <a href="/wiki/Bava_Beccaris_massacre" title="Bava Beccaris massacre">Bava Beccaris massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> came about, killing and injuring hundreds. On May 5, 1898, workers organized a <a href="/wiki/Labor_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor strike">strike</a> to demonstrate against the government of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Starabba,_Marchese_di_Rudin%C3%AC" title="Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì">Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì</a>, Prime Minister of Italy, holding it responsible for the general <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">increase of prices</a> and for the famine that was affecting the country. The first blood was shed that day at <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, when the son of the mayor of Milan was killed while attempting to halt the troops marching against the crowd. After a protest in Milan the following day, the government declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_siege" class="mw-redirect" title="State of siege">state of siege</a> in the city. Infantry, cavalry and artillery were brought into the city and General <a href="/wiki/Fiorenzo_Bava_Beccaris" title="Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris">Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris</a> ordered his troops to fire on demonstrators. According to the government, there were 118 dead and 450 wounded. The opposition claimed 400 dead and more than 2,000 injured people. <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Turati" title="Filippo Turati">Filippo Turati</a>, one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a>, was arrested and accused of inspiring the riots.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1898 the <a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine Mission</a> became a disastrous French military expedition sent out from <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a> and unify all French territories in West Africa. The expedition descended into wanton violence against the local population and ended in sedition on the part of the commanders. </p><p>In 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sugar_Point" title="Battle of Sugar Point">Battle of Sugar Point</a> takes place in the northeast shore of <a href="/wiki/Leech_Lake" title="Leech Lake">Leech Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. "Old Bug" (<a href="/wiki/Bugonaygeshig" title="Bugonaygeshig">Bugonaygeshig</a>), a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Pillager_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians">Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bear_Island_(Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Island (Minnesota)">Bear Island</a> had been arrested in September 1898. A reported number of 22 Pillagers helped him escape. <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">Arrest warrants</a> were issued for all Pillagers involved in the incident. On October 5, 1898, about 80 men serving or attached to the <a href="/wiki/3rd_U.S._Infantry_Regiment_(The_Old_Guard)" title="3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)">3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment</a> arrived on Bear Island to perform the arrests. Finding it abandoned, they proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Leech_Lake_Indian_Reservation" title="Leech Lake Indian Reservation">Sugar Point</a>. There, a force of 19 Pillagers armed with <a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a> was observing the soldiers from a forested area. When a soldier fired his weapon, allegedly a new recruit who had done so accidentally, the Pillagers returned fire. Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melville_C._Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melville C. Wilkinson (page does not exist)">Melville Wilkinson</a>, the commanding officer, was shot three times and killed. By the end of the conflict, seven soldiers had been killed (including Wilkinson), another 16 wounded. There were no casualties among the 19 Natives. Peaceful relations were soon re-established but this uprising was among the last <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> victories in the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>. It is known as "the last Indian Uprising in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_political_events">Prominent political events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prominent political events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg/220px-Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg/330px-Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg/440px-Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a> – Alfred Dreyfus being dishonorably discharged, 5 January 1895.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1890: A split erupted in <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a> over a scandal involving the Irish leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>'s affair with a fellow MP's wife, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_O%27Shea" title="Katharine O'Shea">Katharine O'Shea</a>.</li> <li>1890: The <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Park" title="Revolution of the Park">Revolution of the Park</a> - a failed uprising in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, against the government of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Miguel Ángel Juárez">Miguel Juárez Celman</a>, which forced Celman's resignation and marked the decline of the historical period known as the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a>.</li> <li>1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to grant women the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1894: The <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Observatory">Greenwich Observatory</a> bomb attack. This was possibly the first widely publicised terrorist incident in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a> – a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and the early 20th century. It involved the conviction for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> in November 1894 of Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a>, a young French artillery officer of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alsace" title="History of the Jews in Alsace">Alsatian Jewish descent</a>.</li> <li>1895: The <a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a>. In April, over 1300 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Jǔrén</a>, present in Beijing to participate in the imperial examination, sign a petition requesting reforms by the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a> is the main organizer of the movement. In May, thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protested against the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a>. The emperor would respond with the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a> of 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">Venezuelan crisis of 1895</a>: It is resolved by the Paris Arbitration Award of 1899 by which much of the <a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">disputed territory</a> is awarded to <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 Republican Realignment</a></li> <li>The 1896 <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_speech" title="Cross of Gold speech">Cross of Gold speech</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></li> <li>In June 1897: The <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria</a> was celebrated marking <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s 60-year reign. Celebrations to honour the grand occasion — the first Diamond Jubilee of any British monarch — showcased the Queen's role as 'mother' of the British Empire and its Dominions.</li> <li>1899:</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist Party</a> reaches its high point in American history.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_in_the_United_States">Economics in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economics in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1892: The <a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania" title="Homestead, Pennsylvania">Homestead, Pennsylvania</a>. Labor dispute between the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Iron_and_Steel_Workers" title="Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers">Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers</a> (the AA) and the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a> starting in June 1892. The union negotiated national uniform wage scales on an annual basis; helped regularize working hours, workload levels and work speeds; and helped improve working conditions. It also acted as a <a href="/wiki/Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">hiring hall</a>, helping employers find scarce <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">puddlers</a> and rollers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the collective bargaining agreement due to expire on June 30, 1892, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a> (chairman of the company) and the leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations in February. With the steel industry doing well and prices higher, the AA asked for a wage increase. Frick immediately countered with a 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> encouraged Frick to use the negotiations to break the union: "...the Firm has decided that the minority must give way to the majority. These works, therefore, will be necessarily non-union after the expiration of the present agreement."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frick locked workers out of the plate mill and one of the <a href="/wiki/Open-hearth_furnace" title="Open-hearth furnace">open-hearth furnaces</a> on the evening of June 28. When no collective bargaining agreement was reached on June 29, Frick locked the union out of the rest of the plant. A high fence topped with <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>, begun in January, was completed and the plant sealed to the workers. Sniper towers with searchlights were constructed near each mill building, and high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">water cannons</a> (some capable of spraying boiling-hot liquid) were placed at each entrance. Various aspects of the plant were protected, reinforced or shielded.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1892: <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_switchmen%27s_strike" title="Buffalo switchmen's strike">Buffalo switchmen's strike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, during August, 1892. In early 1892, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> passed a law mandating a 10-hour work-day and increases in the day- and night-time minimum wage. On August 12, switchmen in the Buffalo railyards struck the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad" title="Lehigh Valley Railroad">Lehigh Valley Railroad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">Erie Railroad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Creek_Railroad" title="Buffalo Creek Railroad">Buffalo Creek Railroad</a> after the companies refused to obey the new law.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner,_Philip_S_p._253_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner,_Philip_S_p._253-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 15, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor#United_States" title="Governor">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower" title="Roswell P. Flower">Roswell P. Flower</a> called out the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Guard">New York State Guard</a> to restore order and protect the railroads' property. However, State Guard <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_C._Doyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter C. Doyle (page does not exist)">Peter C. Doyle</a>, commanding the Fourth Brigade, held a full-time position as an agent of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and was determined to crush the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner,_Philip_S_p._253_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner,_Philip_S_p._253-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1892: <a href="/wiki/1892_New_Orleans_general_strike" title="1892 New Orleans general strike">New Orleans general strike</a> taking place in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, during November, 1892. 49 <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> affiliated through the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL) had established a central labor council known as the Workingmen's Amalgamated Council that represented more than 20,000 workers. Three racially integrated unions—the <a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a>, the Scalesmen, and the Packers—made up what came to be called the "Triple Alliance." Many of the workers belonging to the unions of the Triple Alliance were <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Triple Alliance started negotiations with the New Orleans Board of Trade in October. Employers utilized race-based appeals to try to divide the workers and turn the public against the strikers. The board of trade announced it would sign contracts agreeing to the terms—but only with the white-dominated Scalesmen and Packers unions. The Board of Trade refused to sign any contract with the black-dominated Teamsters. The Board of Trade and the city's newspapers also began a campaign designed to create public hysteria. The newspapers ran lurid accounts of "mobs of brutal Negro strikers" rampaging through the streets, of African American unionists "beating up all who attempted to interfere with them," and repeated accounts of crowds of blacks assaulting lone white men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The striking workers refused to break ranks along racial lines. Large majorities of the Scalesmen and Packers unions passed resolutions affirming their commitment to stay out until the employers had signed a contract with the Teamsters on the same terms offered to other unions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Trade's tactics essentially backfired when the Workingmen's Amalgamated Council called for a general strike, involving all of its unions. The city's supply of natural gas failed on November 8, as did the electrical grid, and the city was plunged into darkness. The delivery of food and beverages immediately ceased, generating alarm among city residents. Construction, printing, street cleaning, manufacturing and even fire-fighting services ground to a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1893: The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> set off a widespread <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a> in the United States of America that lasts until 1897. One of the first signs of trouble was the <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reading_Company" title="Reading Company">Philadelphia and Reading Railroad</a>, which had greatly over-extended itself, on February 23, 1893,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ten days before <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>'s second inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians consider this bankruptcy to be the beginning of the Panic.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As concern of the state of the economy worsened, people rushed to withdraw their money from banks and caused <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">bank runs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">credit crunch</a> rippled through the economy. A financial panic in the United Kingdom and a drop in trade in Europe caused foreign investors to sell American stocks to obtain American funds backed by <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whitten_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitten-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People attempted to redeem <a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">silver notes</a> for gold; ultimately the statutory limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached and US notes could no longer be successfully redeemed for gold.<sup id="cite_ref-whitten_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitten-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investments during the time of the Panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high interest payments. The <a href="/wiki/National_Cordage_Company" title="National Cordage Company">National Cordage Company</a> (the most actively traded stock at the time) went into <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">receivership</a> as a result of its bankers calling their loans in response to rumors regarding the NCC's financial distress. As the demand for silver and silver notes fell, the price and value of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> dropped. Holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds, and many became worthless. A series of bank failures followed, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_%26_Santa_Fe_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad">Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad</a> failed. This was followed by the bankruptcy of many other companies; in total over 15,000 companies and 500 banks failed (many in the west). According to high estimates, about 17%–19% of the workforce was <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a> at the Panic's peak. The huge spike in unemployment, combined with the loss of life savings by failed banks, meant that a once-secure middle-class could not meet their <a href="/wiki/Mortgage" title="Mortgage">mortgage</a> obligations. As a result, many walked away from recently built homes. From this, the sight of the vacant <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">haunted</a>) house entered the American mindset.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners%27_strike_of_1894" title="Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894">Cripple Creek miners' strike</a>, a five-month strike by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Federation_of_Miners" title="Western Federation of Miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> (WFM) in <a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek,_Colorado" title="Cripple Creek, Colorado">Cripple Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States. In January 1894, Cripple Creek mine owners <a href="/wiki/J._J._Hagerman" title="J. J. Hagerman">J. J. Hagerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Moffat" title="David Moffat">David Moffat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eben_Smith" title="Eben Smith">Eben Smith</a>, who together employed one-third of the area's miners, announced a lengthening of the work-day to ten hours (from eight), with no change to the daily wage of $3.00 per day. When workers protested, the owners agreed to employ the miners for eight hours a day – but at a wage of only $2.50.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long before this dispute, miners at Cripple Creek had formed the Free Coinage Union. Once the new changes went into effect, they affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Federation_of_Miners" title="Western Federation of Miners">Western Federation of Miners</a>, and became Local 19. The union was based in <a href="/wiki/Altman,_Colorado" title="Altman, Colorado">Altman</a>, and had chapters in <a href="/wiki/Anaconda,_Montana" title="Anaconda, Montana">Anaconda</a>, Cripple Creek and <a href="/wiki/Victor,_Colorado" title="Victor, Colorado">Victor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 1, 1894, the mine owners began implementing the 10-hour day. Union president <a href="/wiki/John_Calderwood" title="John Calderwood">John Calderwood</a> issued a notice a week later demanding that the mine owners reinstate the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a> at the $3.00 wage. When the owners did not respond, the nascent union struck on February 7. Portland, Pikes Peak, Gold Dollar and a few smaller mines immediately agreed to the eight-hour day and remained open, but larger mines held out.<sup id="cite_ref-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army" title="Coxey's Army">Coxey's Army</a> a protest march by <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed workers</a> from the United States, led by the <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Coxey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Coxey">Jacob Coxey</a>. The purpose of the march was to protest the unemployment caused by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> and to lobby for the government to create jobs which would involve building <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> improvements. The march originated with 100 men in <a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon, Ohio</a>, on March 25, 1894,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passing through <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Becks_Run" title="Becks Run">Becks Run</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania" title="Homestead, Pennsylvania">Homestead, Pennsylvania</a>, in April.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1894: The <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_Coal_Miners%27_Strike_of_1894" class="mw-redirect" title="Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike of 1894">Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike</a>, an unsuccessful national eight-week strike by miners of <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">hard coal</a> in the United States, which began on April 21, 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the strike was a major success. More than 180,000 miners in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> struck. In Illinois, 25,207 miners went on strike, while only 610 continued to work through the strike, with the average Illinois miner out of work for 72 days because of the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas of the country, violence erupted between strikers and mine operators or between striking and non-striking miners. On May 23 near <a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania" title="Uniontown, Pennsylvania">Uniontown, Pennsylvania</a>, 15 guards armed with <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> held off an attack by 1500 strikers, killing 5 and wounding 8.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/May_Day_riots_of_1894" title="May Day riots of 1894">May Day Riots</a>, a series of violent demonstrations that occurred throughout <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, on May 1, 1894 (<a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>). Cleveland's unemployment rate increased dramatically during the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>. Finally, riots broke out among the unemployed who condemned city leaders for their ineffective relief measures.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1894: The <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">workers of the Pullman Company went on strike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. During the economic <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">panic of 1893</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Company" title="Pullman Company">Pullman Palace Car Company</a> cut wages as demands for their train cars plummeted and the company's revenue dropped. A delegation of workers complained of the low wages and twelve-hour workdays, and that the corporation that operated the town of Pullman didn't decrease rents, but company owner <a href="/wiki/George_Pullman" title="George Pullman">George Pullman</a> "loftily declined to talk with them."<sup id="cite_ref-Lukas1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukas1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boycott was launched on June 26, 1894. Within four days, 125,000 workers on twenty-nine railroads had quit work rather than handle Pullman cars.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukas1_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukas1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding fuel to the fire the railroad companies began hiring replacement workers (that is, <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreakers</a>), which only increased hostilities. Many <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, fearful that the racism expressed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Railway_Union" title="American Railway Union">American Railway Union</a> would lock them out of another labor market, crossed the picket line to break the strike; thus adding a racially charged tone to the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1896: The <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 United States presidential election</a> becomes a <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">political realignment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> standard supported by the candidates of the two major parties arguably dominated their electoral campaigns. <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, candidate of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> campaigned on a policy of <a href="/wiki/Free_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">Free Silver</a>. His opponent <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, which had lost elections in 1884 and 1892, campaigned on a policy of <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">Sound Money</a> and maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> in effect since the 1870s. The "shorthand <a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">slogans</a>" actually reflected "broader philosophies of finance and public policy, and opposing beliefs about justice, order, and '<a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">moral economy</a>.'",<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republicans won the election and would win every election to 1912. Arguably ending the so-called <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>. The McKinley administration would embrace <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1896–1898) leading the United States in playing a more active role in the world scene.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> has been suggested for the period, though often covering the reforms lasting from the 1880s to the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-women_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-women-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondike_mining_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Klondike_mining_camp.jpg/200px-Klondike_mining_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Klondike_mining_camp.jpg/300px-Klondike_mining_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Klondike_mining_camp.jpg/400px-Klondike_mining_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a> operation, on Bonanza Creek.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1896–1897: <a href="/wiki/Leadville_Colorado,_Miners%27_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadville Colorado, Miners' Strike">Leadville Colorado, Miners' Strike</a>. The union local in the <a href="/wiki/Leadville_mining_district" title="Leadville mining district">Leadville mining district</a> was the Cloud City Miners' Union (CCMU), Local 33 of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Federation_of_Miners" title="Western Federation of Miners">Western Federation of Miners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Philpott_1995,_page_2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Philpott_1995,_page_2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, representatives of the CCMU asked for a wage increase of fifty cents per day for all mine workers not already making three dollars per day.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union felt justified, for fifty cents a day had been cut from the miners' wages during the depression of 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1895, Leadville mines posted their largest combined output since 1889, and Leadville was then <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>'s most productive mine camp, producing almost 9.5 million ounces of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> that year.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mine owners "were doing a lot better than they wanted anyone to know."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations over an increase in pay for the lower-paid mineworkers broke down, and 1,200 miners voted unanimously to strike all mines that were still paying at the lower rate. The next day 968 miners walked out, and mine owners <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">locked out</a> another 1,332 mine workers.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Philpott_1995,_page_2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Philpott_1995,_page_2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Leadville strike set the scene not only for the WFM's consideration of militant tactics and its embrace of radicalism,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also for the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Labor_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Labor Union">Western Labor Union</a> (which became the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Union" title="American Labor Union">American Labor Union</a>), the WFM's participation in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for events which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Labor_Wars" title="Colorado Labor Wars">Colorado Labor Wars</a>.</li> <li>1896–1899: The <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a>. In August, 1896, <a href="/wiki/George_Carmack" title="George Carmack">George Carmack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Carmack" title="Kate Carmack">Kate Carmack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keish" title="Keish">Keish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawson_Charlie" title="Dawson Charlie">Dawson Charlie</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patsy_Henderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patsy Henderson (page does not exist)">Patsy Henderson</a>, members of a <a href="/wiki/Tagish" title="Tagish">Tagish</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> family group, discovered rich <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placer</a> gold deposits in <a href="/wiki/Bonanza_Creek" title="Bonanza Creek">Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon a massive movement of people, goods and money started moving towards the <a href="/wiki/Klondike,_Yukon" title="Klondike, Yukon">Klondike, Yukon</a> region and the nearby <a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska</a>. Men from all walks of life headed for the Yukon from as far away as New York, South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-scouting_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scouting-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Australia. Surprisingly, a large proportion were professionals, such as teachers and doctors, even a mayor or two, who gave up respectable careers to make the journey. For instance, the residents of Camp Skagway Number One included: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, who went on to become a U.S. president; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, the celebrated American scout who arrived from Africa only to be called back to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._W._White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. W. White (page does not exist)">W. W. White</a>, author and explorer.<sup id="cite_ref-healthjuly1912_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-healthjuly1912-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were perfectly aware of their chance of finding significant amounts of gold were slim to none, and went for the adventure. As many as half of those who reached Dawson City kept right on going without doing any prospecting at all. Thus, by bringing large numbers of entrepreneurial adventurers to the region, the Gold Rush significantly contributed to the economic development of <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, Alaska, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New cities were created as a result of the Gold Rush, including among others <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks, Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a>. The heyday of the individual prospector and the rush towards the north ended by 1899. Exploitation of the area by "big mining companies with their mechanical dredges" would last well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1898: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_coal_strike_of_1898" title="Welsh coal strike of 1898">Welsh coal strike</a>, involving the colliers of <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>. The strike began as an attempt by the colliers to remove the <a href="/wiki/Sliding_scale_fees" title="Sliding scale fees">sliding scale</a>, which determined their wage based on the price of coal. The strike quickly turned into a disastrous lockout which would last for six months and result in a failure for the colliers as the sliding scale stayed in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2008_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strike officially ended on September 1, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of organisation and vision apparent form the colliers' leaders was addressed by the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Miners%27_Federation" title="South Wales Miners' Federation">South Wales Miners' Federation</a>, or 'the Fed'.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2008_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/Newsboys%27_strike_of_1899" title="Newsboys' strike of 1899">Newsboys Strike</a> in New York City, New York. The newsboys were not employees of the newspapers but rather purchased the papers from the publishers and sold them as independent agents. Not allowed to return unsold papers, the newsboys typically earned around 30 cents a day and often worked until very late at night.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cries of "Extra, extra!" were often heard into the morning hours as newsboys attempted to hawk every last paper.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> increasing newspaper sales, several publishers raised the cost of a newsboy bundle of 100 newspapers from 50¢ to 60¢, a price increase that at the time was offset by the increased sales. After the war, many papers reduced the cost back to previous levels, with the notable exceptions of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Morning_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Morning Journal">New York Morning Journal</a></i>. In July 1899, a large number of New York City newsboys refused to distribute the papers of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>, publisher of the <i>World</i>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, publisher of the <i>Journal</i>. The strikers demonstrated across the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> for several days, effectively bringing traffic to a standstill,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the news distribution for most <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> cities. Several rallies drew more than 5,000 newsboys, complete with charismatic speeches by strike leader Kid Blink.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blink and his strikers were the subject of violence, as well. Hearst and Pulitzer hired men to break up rallies and protect the newspaper deliveries still underway.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_significant_international_events">Other significant international events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other significant international events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_West_From_Peristyle,_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin,_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg/200px-Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg/300px-Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg/400px-Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4443" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a>, 1893</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>May 1-October 30, 1893 - The <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">1893 World's Fair</a>, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, was held in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World. The Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benz-velo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Benz-velo.jpg/250px-Benz-velo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Benz-velo.jpg/375px-Benz-velo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Benz-velo.jpg/500px-Benz-velo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>1895 <a href="/wiki/Benz_Velo" title="Benz Velo">Benz Velo</a>. Along with its contemporary <a href="/wiki/Duryea_Motor_Wagon" title="Duryea Motor Wagon">Duryea Motor Wagon</a>, those vehicles were considered the earliest standardized cars. The 1890s also saw further developments in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">history of the automobile</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panhard-levassor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Panhard-levassor.jpg/200px-Panhard-levassor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Panhard-levassor.jpg/300px-Panhard-levassor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Panhard-levassor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Panhard-Levassor (1890–1895). This model was the first automobile to circulate in Portugal</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1890s: <a href="/wiki/Bike_boom" title="Bike boom">Bike boom</a> sweeps Europe and America with hundreds of bicycle manufacturers in the biggest bicycle craze to date.</li> <li>1890: <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muret" title="Muret">Muret</a>, France creates his <a href="/wiki/Ader_%C3%89ole" title="Ader Éole">Ader Éole</a>. "Ader claimed that while he was aboard the Ader Eole he made a steam-engine powered low-level flight of approximately 160 feet on October 9, 1890, in the suburbs of Paris, from a level field on the estate of a friend." It was a powered and heavier-than-air flight, but is often discounted as a candidate for the first flying machine for two main reasons. "It was not capable of a prolonged flight (due to the use of a steam engine) and it lacked adequate provisions for full flight control.". His <a href="/wiki/Ader_Avion_II" title="Ader Avion II">Ader Avion II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ader_Avion_III" title="Ader Avion III">Ader Avion III</a> had more complex designs but failed to take-off.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1891: Commercial production of automobiles began and was at an early stage. The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was <a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard et Levassor</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, which also introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Straight-four_engine" title="Straight-four engine">four-cylinder engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panhard was originally called <b>Panhard et Levassor</b>, and was established as a car manufacturing concern by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Panhard" title="René Panhard">René Panhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Levassor" title="Émile Levassor">Émile Levassor</a>, and Belgian lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edouard_Sarazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edouard Sarazin (page does not exist)">Edouard Sarazin</a> in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, the company built their first all-Lavassor design,<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano,_p.17_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano,_p.17-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "state of the art" model: the <i><a href="/wiki/Systeme_Panhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Systeme Panhard">Systeme Panhard</a></i> consisted of four wheels, a <a href="/wiki/FR_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="FR layout">front-mounted engine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rear_wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear wheel drive">rear wheel drive</a>, and a crude sliding-gear transmission, sold at 3500 <i>franc</i>s.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano,_p.17_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano,_p.17-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It would remain the standard until <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Synchromesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchromesh">synchromesh</a> in 1928.)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was to become the standard layout for automobiles for most of the next century. The same year, Panhard shared their Daimler engine license with bicycle maker <a href="/wiki/Armand_Peugeot" title="Armand Peugeot">Armand Peugeot</a>, who formed his own car company. In 1895, 1205 cc (74 ci) Panhards finished 1–2 in the <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Bordeaux%E2%80%93Paris" title="Paris–Bordeaux–Paris">Paris–Bordeaux–Paris</a> race, one piloted solo by Levassor, for 48¾hr.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1891: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> creates his <a href="/wiki/Derwitzer_Glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Derwitzer Glider">Derwitzer Glider</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Glider_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Glider aircraft">glider aircraft</a>. It became "the first successful manned aircraft in the world, covering flight distances of up to about 80 feet near Derwitz/Krielow in Brandenburg." Lilienthal continued creating and testing flying machines to 1896. He achieved international fame. On August 9, 1896, Lilienthal lost control of one of his gliders due to a sudden gust of wind, crashing from a height of about 17 m (56 ft) and suffering severe injuries. He died the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1892: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a> of Paris, France discovers the <a href="/wiki/Diesel_cycle" title="Diesel cycle">Diesel cycle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle" title="Thermodynamic cycle">thermodynamic cycle</a>. On February 23, 1893, Diesel received a patent for <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">compression ignition engine</a> which would put his discovery in practical use. Further research would lead to his creation of the <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>. "Diesel originally designed the diesel engine to use <a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">peanut oil</a> as a fuel in order to help support agrarian society."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an early form of <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Vucetich_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Juan_Vucetich_100.jpg/220px-Juan_Vucetich_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Juan_Vucetich_100.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Juan Vucetich, Argentine police officer and pioneer of dactyloscopy.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>1892: For the first time a criminal was positively identified through fingerprints in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, due to the pioneering work of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vucetich" title="Juan Vucetich">Juan Vucetich</a>.</li> <li>1893: The <a href="/wiki/Duryea_Motor_Wagon_Company" title="Duryea Motor Wagon Company">Duryea Motor Wagon Company</a>, founded by siblings <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duryea" title="Charles Duryea">Charles Duryea</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Frank_Duryea" title="J. Frank Duryea">J. Frank Duryea</a>, arguably becomes the first American automobile firm. In 1893, the Duryea brothers tested their first <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>-powered automobile model and in 1896 established their company to build the Duryea model automobile, supposedly the first auto ever commercially manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkbile,_Don_1964_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkbile,_Don_1964-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their 1893 model was a one-cylinder "Ladies Phaeton", first demonstrated on September 21, 1893, at <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee, Massachusetts</a>. It is considered the first successful gas-engine vehicle built in the U.S. Their 1895 model, driven by Frank, won the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Times-Herald_race" title="Chicago Times-Herald race">Chicago Times-Herald race</a> in Chicago on a snowy <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a>. He travelled 54 miles (87 km) at an average 7.5 mph (12.1 km/h), marking the first U.S. auto race in which any entrants finished. That same year, the brothers began commercial production, with thirteen cars sold by the end of 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KinetographKayser2bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/KinetographKayser2bis.jpg/200px-KinetographKayser2bis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/KinetographKayser2bis.jpg/300px-KinetographKayser2bis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/KinetographKayser2bis.jpg/400px-KinetographKayser2bis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1893–1894: The <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion picture</a> exhibition device invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and developed by <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Dickson" title="William Kennedy Dickson">William Kennedy Dickson</a>, is introduced to the public. (It was in development since 1889 and a number of films had already been created for it). The premiere of the completed Kinetoscope was held not at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a>, as originally scheduled, but at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences on May 9, 1893. The first film publicly shown on the system was <i><a href="/wiki/Blacksmith_Scene" title="Blacksmith Scene">Blacksmith Scene</a></i> (aka <i>Blacksmiths</i>); directed by Dickson and <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">shot</a> by Heise, it was produced at the new Edison moviemaking studio, known as the <a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Black_Maria" title="Edison's Black Maria">Black Maria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite extensive promotion, a major display of the Kinetoscope, involving as many as twenty-five machines, never took place at the Chicago exposition. Kinetoscope production had been delayed in part because of Dickson's absence of more than eleven weeks early in the year with a nervous breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 14, 1894, a public Kinetoscope parlor was opened by the Holland Bros. in New York City at 1155 Broadway, on the corner of 27th Street—the first commercial motion picture house. The venue had ten machines, set up in parallel rows of five, each showing a different movie. For 25 cents a viewer could see all the films in either row; half a dollar gave access to the entire bill.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The machines were purchased from the new Kinetoscope Company, which had contracted with Edison for their production; the firm, headed by Norman C. Raff and Frank R. Gammon, included among its investors Andrew M. Holland, one of the entrepreneurial siblings, and Edison's former business chief, Alfred O. Tate. The ten films that comprise the first commercial movie program, all shot at the Black Maria, were descriptively titled: <i>Barber Shop</i>, <i>Bertoldi (mouth support)</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ena_Bertoldi" title="Ena Bertoldi">Ena Bertoldi</a>, a British vaudeville contortionist), <i>Bertoldi (table contortion)</i>, <i>Blacksmiths</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Roosters</a></i> (some manner of <a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cockfight</a>), <i>Highland Dance</i>, <i>Horse Shoeing</i>, <i>Sandow</i> (<a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a>, a German strongman), <i>Trapeze</i>, and <i>Wrestling</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Musser" title="Charles Musser">Charles Musser</a> describes, a "profound transformation of American life and performance culture" had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Maxim" title="Hiram Maxim">Hiram Maxim</a> completes his flying machine and was ready to use it. He built a 145 feet (44 m) long craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a 110 feet (34 m) wingspan that was powered by two compound 360 horsepower (270 kW) <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> driving two propellers. In trials at <a href="/wiki/Bexley" title="Bexley">Bexley</a> in 1894 his machine rode on 1800 rails and was prevented from rising by outriggers underneath and wooden safety rails overhead, somewhat in the manner of a roller coaster.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His goal in building this machine was not to soar freely, but to test if it would lift off the ground. During its test run all of the outriggers were engaged, showing that it had developed enough lift to take off, but in so doing it damaged the track; the "flight" was aborted in time to prevent disaster. The craft was almost certainly aerodynamically unstable and uncontrollable, which Maxim probably realized, because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "On the Maxim Biplane Test-Rig's third test run, on July 31, 1894, with Maxim and a crew of three aboard, it lifted with such force that it broke the reinforced restraining track and careened for some 200 yards, at times reaching an altitude of 2 or 3 feet above the damaged track. It was believed that a lifting force of some 10,000 pounds had likely been generated."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hargrave" title="Lawrence Hargrave">Lawrence Hargrave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, England successfully lifted himself off the ground under a train of four of his <a href="/wiki/Box_kite" title="Box kite">box kites</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanwell_Park,_New_South_Wales" title="Stanwell Park, New South Wales">Stanwell Park</a> beach, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia on 12 November 1894. Aided by James Swain, the caretaker at his property, the kite line was moored via a spring balance to two sandbags. Hargrave carried an <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">anemometer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">inclinometer</a> aloft to measure windspeed and the angle of the kite line. He rose 16 feet (4.9 m) in a wind speed of 21 mph (34 km/h). This experiment was widely reported and established the box kite as a stable aerial platform<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1895: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Auguste and Louis Lumière</a> of <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>, France introduce <a href="/wiki/Cinematograph" title="Cinematograph">cinematograph</a>, a combination film <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">film projector</a> and developer, to the public. Their first public screening of films at which admission was charged was held on December 28, 1895, at <a href="/wiki/Salon_Indien_du_Grand_Caf%C3%A9" title="Salon Indien du Grand Café">Salon Indien du Grand Café</a> in Paris. This history-making presentation featured ten short films, including their first film, <i><a href="/wiki/Workers_Leaving_the_Lumi%C3%A8re_Factory" title="Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory">Sortie des Usines Lumière à Lyon</a></i> (<i>Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury, Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, has two significant breakthroughs while testing his <a href="/wiki/Langley_Aerodrome" title="Langley Aerodrome">Langley Aerodromes</a>, flying machines. In May, Aerodrome number 5 made "circular flights of 3,300 and 2,300 feet, at a maximum altitude of some 80 to 100 feet and at a speed of some 20 to 25 miles an hour". In November, Aerodrome number 6 "flew 4,200 feet, staying aloft over 1 minute.". The flights were powered (by a <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>), but unmanned.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/Octave_Chanute" title="Octave Chanute">Octave Chanute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Moore_Herring" title="Augustus Moore Herring">Augustus Moore Herring</a> co-design the Chanute-Herring Biplane. "Each 16-foot (4.9-meter) wing was covered with varnished silk. The pilot hung from two bars that ran down from the upper wings and passed under his arms. This plane was originally flown at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Dunes_State_Park" title="Indiana Dunes State Park">Dune Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, about sixty miles from Chanute's home in Chicago, as a <a href="/wiki/Triplane" title="Triplane">triplane</a> on August 29, 1896, but was found to be unwieldy. Chanute and Herring removed the lowest of the three wings, which vastly improved its gliding ability. In its flight on September 11, it flew 256 feet (78 meters)." It influenced the design of later aircraft, setting the pattern for a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1897: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Richard_Nyberg" title="Carl Richard Nyberg">Carl Richard Nyberg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arboga" title="Arboga">Arboga</a>, Sweden starts constructing his <a href="/wiki/Flugan" title="Flugan">Flugan</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>, outside his home in <a href="/wiki/Liding%C3%B6" title="Lidingö">Lidingö</a>. Construction started in 1897, and he kept working on it until 1922. The craft only managed a few short jumps and Nyberg was often ridiculed, however several of his innovations are still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-museet_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museet-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first to test his design in a <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> and the first to build a <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arlanda_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arlanda-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for failure include poor wing and propeller design and, allegedly, that he was afraid of heights.</li> <li>1898: <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> builds the first coin-operated <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player piano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Whitehead" title="Gustave Whitehead">Gustave Whitehead</a>, according to a witness who gave his report in 1934, made a very early motorized flight of about half a mile in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> in April or May 1899. Louis Darvarich, a friend of Whitehead's, said they flew together at a height of 20 to 25 ft (6.1 to 7.6 m) in a <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="Monoplane">monoplane</a> aircraft and crashed into a three-<a href="/wiki/Storey" title="Storey">story</a> building. Darvarich said he was stoking the boiler and was badly scalded in the accident, requiring several weeks in a hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim is not accepted by mainstream aviation historians including William F. Trimble.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Pilcher" title="Percy Pilcher">Percy Pilcher</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a> dies in October, without having a chance to fly his early triplane. Pilcher had built a <a href="/wiki/History_of_hang_gliding" title="History of hang gliding">hang glider</a> called <i>The Bat</i> which he flew for the first time in 1895. He then built more hang gliders ("The Beetle", "The Gull" and "The Hawk"), but had set his sights upon powered flight, which he hoped to achieve on his triplane.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 September 1899, having completed his triplane, he had intended to demonstrate it to a group of onlookers and potential sponsors in a field near Stanford Hall. However, days before, the engine crankshaft had broken and, so as not to disappoint his guests, he decided to fly the Hawk instead. The weather was stormy and rainy, but by 4 pm Pilcher decided the weather was good enough to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst flying, the tail snapped and Pilcher plunged 10 metres (33 feet) to the ground: he died two days later from his injuries with his triplane having never been publicly flown.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, a research effort carried out at the School of Aeronautics at <a href="/wiki/Cranfield_University" title="Cranfield University">Cranfield University</a>, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/BBC2" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC2">BBC2</a> television series "<a href="/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon (BBC TV series)">Horizon</a>", has shown that Pilcher's design was more or less workable, and had he been able to develop his engine, it is possible he would have succeeded in being the first to fly a heavier-than-air powered aircraft with some degree of control. Cranfield built a replica of Pilcher's aircraft and added the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' innovation of wing-warping as a safety backup for roll control. Pilcher's original design did not include aerodynamic controls such as ailerons or elevator. After a very short initial test, the craft achieved a sustained flight of 1 minute and 25 seconds, compared to 59 seconds for the Wright Brothers' best flight at Kitty Hawk. This was achieved under dead calm conditions as an additional safety measure, whereas the Wrights flew in a 25 mph+ wind to achieve enough airspeed on their early attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Moore_Herring" title="Augustus Moore Herring">Augustus Moore Herring</a> introduces his biplane glider with a <a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressed-air engine">compressed-air engine</a>. On October 11, 1899 (or 1898), Herring flew at <a href="/wiki/Silver_Beach_Amusement_Park" title="Silver Beach Amusement Park">Silver Beach Amusement Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Michigan" title="St. Joseph, Michigan">St. Joseph, Michigan</a>. He reportedly covered a distance of 50 feet (15 m). However, there are no known witnesses. On October 22, 1899 (or 1898) Herring took a second flight, covering 73 feet (22 m) in 8 to 10 seconds. This time the flight was covered by a newspaper reporter. It is often discounted as a candidate for the first flying machine for various reasons. The craft was difficult to steer, discounting it as controlled flight. While an aircraft outfitted with an engine, said engine could operate for "only 30 seconds at a time". The design was still recognizably a glider, introducing no innovations in that regard. It was also a "technological dead end", failing to influence the flying machines of the 20th century. It also attracted little press coverage, though possibly because the Michigan press was preoccupied with <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, President of the United States visiting <a href="/wiki/Three_Oaks,_Michigan" title="Three Oaks, Michigan">Three Oaks, Michigan</a>, at about the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>.</li> <li>Swedish scientist <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> and US geologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chrowder_Chamberlin" title="Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin">Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin</a> independently suggested that human CO<sub>2</sub> emissions might cause <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a>.</li> <li>1895: <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> was discovered to exist on the Earth by <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a>, 27 years after first being detected spectrographically on the Sun in 1868.</li> <li>1895: <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>.</li> <li>1896: A year after helium's terrestrial discovery, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> were discovered by <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Travers" title="Morris Travers">Morris Travers</a>.</li> <li>1897: Social scientist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> published the groundbreaking study <i><a href="/wiki/Suicide_(Durkheim_book)" title="Suicide (Durkheim book)">Suicide</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>' <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a> in Chicago.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Johnson" title="Hale Johnson">Hale Johnson</a> was a major leader of the <a href="/wiki/American_temperance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American temperance movement">American temperance movement</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_Temperance_Instruction" title="Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction">Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hunt" title="Mary Hunt">Mary Hunt</a>, achieved <i>de facto</i> control over all alcohol education in the USA.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin de siècle</a> (primarily in Paris and Brussels).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_arts">Literature and arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature and arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timemachinebook.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Timemachinebook.JPG/140px-Timemachinebook.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Timemachinebook.JPG/210px-Timemachinebook.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Timemachinebook.JPG/280px-Timemachinebook.JPG 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>First edition cover of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i> (1895)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></i> in 1890 (revised in 1891).</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> published the first <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> story in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine" title="The Strand Magazine">The Strand Magazine</a></i> in 1891.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Frank Wedekind</a> releases <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_Awakening_(play)" title="Spring Awakening (play)">Spring Awakening</a></i> in 1891.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> in 1891.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads</a></i> in 1892.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Della_Valle" title="Ángel Della Valle">Ángel Della Valle</a> completed <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Return_of_the_Mal%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Return of the Malón (page does not exist)">The Return of the Malón</a></i> in 1892.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Wallpaper" title="The Yellow Wallpaper">The Yellow Wallpaper</a></i> in 1892.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova" title="Ernesto de la Cárcova">Ernesto de la Cárcova</a> completed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Without_Bread_and_Without_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Without Bread and Without Work (page does not exist)"><i>Without</i> <i>Bread and Without Work</i></a> in 1893.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i> in 1894.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a> published "<a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_an_Hour" title="The Story of an Hour">The Story of an Hour</a>" in 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Thomas">George H. Thomas</a> published in 1894 the first <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated songs">illustrated song</a> for "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Lost_Child" title="The Little Lost Child">The Little Lost Child</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i> (1895), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Moreau" title="The Island of Doctor Moreau">The Island of Doctor Moreau</a></i> (1896), and created modern science fiction with his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a></i> (1898).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._Housman" title="A. E. Housman">A. E. Housman</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/A_Shropshire_Lad" title="A Shropshire Lad">A Shropshire Lad</a></i> in 1896.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> published ‘’<a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Believe" title="The Will to Believe">The Will to Believe</a>’’ in 1896, laying out the basics of <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i> is published by Archibald Constable & co. (UK) in 1897.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Vanya" title="Uncle Vanya">Uncle Vanya</a></i> in 1899.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Awakening_(Chopin_novel)" title="The Awakening (Chopin novel)">The Awakening</a></i> in 1899.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i> in 1899.</li> <li>Increasing importance of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova_-_Sin_pan_y_sin_trabajo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova_-_Sin_pan_y_sin_trabajo.jpg/220px-Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova_-_Sin_pan_y_sin_trabajo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova_-_Sin_pan_y_sin_trabajo.jpg/330px-Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova_-_Sin_pan_y_sin_trabajo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova_-_Sin_pan_y_sin_trabajo.jpg/440px-Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova_-_Sin_pan_y_sin_trabajo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Without_Bread_and_Without_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Without Bread and Without Work (page does not exist)">Without Bread and Without Work</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_de_la_C%C3%A1rcova" title="Ernesto de la Cárcova">Ernesto de la Cárcova</a></figcaption></figure></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81ngel_DELLA_Valle_-_La_vuelta_del_mal%C3%B3n_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%C3%81ngel_DELLA_Valle_-_La_vuelta_del_mal%C3%B3n_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%C3%81ngel_DELLA_Valle_-_La_vuelta_del_mal%C3%B3n_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%C3%81ngel_DELLA_Valle_-_La_vuelta_del_mal%C3%B3n_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%C3%81ngel_DELLA_Valle_-_La_vuelta_del_mal%C3%B3n_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%C3%81ngel_DELLA_Valle_-_La_vuelta_del_mal%C3%B3n_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%C3%81ngel_DELLA_Valle_-_La_vuelta_del_mal%C3%B3n_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4979" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Return_of_the_Mal%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Return of the Malón (page does not exist)">The Return of the Malón</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Della_Valle" title="Ángel Della Valle">Ángel Della Valle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph,_seated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oscar Wilde"><img alt="Oscar Wilde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg/72px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg/108px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg/145px-Oscar_Wilde_by_Napoleon_Sarony._Three-quarter-length_photograph%2C_seated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="4146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Walter_Benington,_1914.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur Conan Doyle"><img alt="Arthur Conan Doyle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Walter_Benington%2C_1914.png/91px-Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Walter_Benington%2C_1914.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Walter_Benington%2C_1914.png/136px-Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Walter_Benington%2C_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Walter_Benington%2C_1914.png/182px-Arthur_Conan_Doyle_by_Walter_Benington%2C_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudyard_Kipling_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rudyard Kipling"><img alt="Rudyard Kipling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg/90px-Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg/135px-Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg/180px-Rudyard_Kipling_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="1689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H.G._Wells_by_Beresford.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="H. G. Wells"><img alt="H. G. Wells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/H.G._Wells_by_Beresford.jpg/86px-H.G._Wells_by_Beresford.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/H.G._Wells_by_Beresford.jpg/129px-H.G._Wells_by_Beresford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/H.G._Wells_by_Beresford.jpg/172px-H.G._Wells_by_Beresford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Twain_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mark Twain"><img alt="Mark Twain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mark_Twain_1907.jpg/93px-Mark_Twain_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mark_Twain_1907.jpg/140px-Mark_Twain_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mark_Twain_1907.jpg/187px-Mark_Twain_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lewis Carroll"><img alt="Lewis Carroll" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/85px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/127px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/170px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>For the first time in history, a <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> is filmed. The coronation is of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events#1890s" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline of musical events § 1890s</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)">Symphony No. 6</a> (1893) by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)">Symphony No. 9</a> (1893) by <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra" title="Also sprach Zarathustra">Also sprach Zarathustra</a></i> (1896) by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a></i> (1899) by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">Tango</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%8Cajkovskij_ritratto_seduto_-_Odessa_(1893).gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Tchaikovsky"><img alt="Tchaikovsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%C4%8Cajkovskij_ritratto_seduto_-_Odessa_%281893%29.gif/80px-%C4%8Cajkovskij_ritratto_seduto_-_Odessa_%281893%29.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%C4%8Cajkovskij_ritratto_seduto_-_Odessa_%281893%29.gif/120px-%C4%8Cajkovskij_ritratto_seduto_-_Odessa_%281893%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%C4%8Cajkovskij_ritratto_seduto_-_Odessa_%281893%29.gif/160px-%C4%8Cajkovskij_ritratto_seduto_-_Odessa_%281893%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannesBrahms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johannes Brahms"><img alt="Johannes Brahms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/93px-JohannesBrahms.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/139px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/185px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strauss3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Strauss"><img alt="Richard Strauss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Strauss3.jpg/79px-Strauss3.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Strauss3.jpg/119px-Strauss3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Strauss3.jpg/159px-Strauss3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Dukas_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Dukas"><img alt="Paul Dukas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Paul_Dukas_01.jpg/120px-Paul_Dukas_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Paul_Dukas_01.jpg/180px-Paul_Dukas_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Paul_Dukas_01.jpg/240px-Paul_Dukas_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claude Debussy"><img alt="Claude Debussy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/86px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/129px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/172px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="2771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Football_Association" title="Argentine Football Association">Argentine Football Association</a> is founded in 1893.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Campeonato_Argentino_Abierto_de_Polo" title="Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo">Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo</a> is organized for the first time in 1893.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Summer Olympics</a> officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was the first international <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> held in modern history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> as Victorian Football League started its first season in 1897. This is currently the premier division of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Football">Australian Football</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1890s_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1890s in fashion">1890s in fashion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1890 – <a href="/wiki/Lipton" title="Lipton">Lipton</a> tea was introduced.</li> <li>1885–1913 – Annie Oakley, Li'l Sure Shot performed throughout US and Europe with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a>, Secretary-general Inter-Parliamentary Union</li> <li>Henri Morel, Director World Intellectual Property Organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moynier" title="Gustave Moynier">Gustave Moynier</a>, President International Committee of the Red Cross</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a>, 9th and 14th President of Argentina.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julio_roca_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Julio_roca_portrait.jpg/220px-Julio_roca_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Julio_roca_portrait.jpg/330px-Julio_roca_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Julio_roca_portrait.jpg/440px-Julio_roca_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentina.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainers">Entertainers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Entertainers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelina_Patti_(carte_de_visite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Adelina_Patti_%28carte_de_visite%29.jpg/140px-Adelina_Patti_%28carte_de_visite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Adelina_Patti_%28carte_de_visite%29.jpg/210px-Adelina_Patti_%28carte_de_visite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Adelina_Patti_%28carte_de_visite%29.jpg/280px-Adelina_Patti_%28carte_de_visite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adelina_Patti" title="Adelina Patti">Adelina Patti</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelina_Patti" title="Adelina Patti">Adelina Patti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors">Authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a> (<i>The Awakening</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Smith" title="E. E. Smith">E. E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_figures">Sports figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Anson" title="Cap Anson">Cap Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fitzsimmons" title="Bob Fitzsimmons">Bob Fitzsimmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(baseball)" title="Jim O'Rourke (baseball)">Jim O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cy_Young" title="Cy Young">Cy Young</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_people">Other people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg/140px-Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg" decoding="async" width="140" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg/210px-Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg/280px-Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>, c. 1890</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Vaillant" title="Auguste Vaillant">Auguste Vaillant</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Henry_(anarchist)" title="Émile Henry (anarchist)">Émile Henry</a>, French anarchist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Martial Bourdin</a>, French anarchist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sante_Geronimo_Caserio" title="Sante Geronimo Caserio">Sante Geronimo Caserio</a>, anarchist and assassin of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Marie François Sadi Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Radowitzky" title="Simón Radowitzky">Simón Radowitzky</a>, Argentine anarchist and assassin of <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Lorenzo_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Ramón Lorenzo Falcón">Ramón Lorenzo Falcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lipton" title="Thomas Lipton">Thomas Lipton</a>, Scottish businessman, merchant and yachtsman known for <a href="/wiki/Lipton" title="Lipton">Lipton</a> <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Goldsby" title="Crawford Goldsby">Crawford Goldsby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a>, outlaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Williams" title="Alberto Williams">Alberto Williams</a>, Argentine composer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>, a Serbian-American electrical engineer and inventor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">List of decades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> (during the earlier years of the decade).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> (during the later years of the decade).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nineties" title="Gay Nineties">Gay Nineties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Phoofolo2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phoofolo2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Railroad Wars"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924014237/http://www.gptm.us/dispatcher/05_11.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Great Plains Dispatcher</i> 4:11 November 2005 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman, Berlin B. "The Enid 'Railroad War': An Archival Study". Chronicles of Oklahoma 43:2 Summer 1965 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisa.ac.za/default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7324&P_ForPrint=1">Zélia Roelofse-Campbell, "The Canudos Massacre: reinterpreting history after 100 years"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=393&lang=en&page_type=list">"ERROR"</a>. <i>www.koreana.or.kr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.koreana.or.kr&rft.atitle=ERROR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreana.or.kr%2Fmonths%2Fnews_view.asp%3Fb_idx%3D393%26lang%3Den%26page_type%3Dlist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/eng/news/no10/enews10-essay2.html">"The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (SRC News No. 10)"</a>. <i>src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Japanese+War+of+1894-1895+%28SRC+News+No.+10%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Feng%2Fnews%2Fno10%2Fenews10-essay2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227223027/http://www.erta-tcrg.org/groupes/doukhoborshisto.htm">"Élisabeth Campos. Les Doukhobors, «Lutteurs de l'esprit». 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erta-tcrg.org/groupes/doukhoborshisto.htm">the original</a> on 2019-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89lisabeth+Campos.+Les+Doukhobors%2C+%C2%ABLutteurs+de+l%27esprit%C2%BB.+2005.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erta-tcrg.org%2Fgroupes%2Fdoukhoborshisto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecmi.de-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecmi.de_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecmi.de_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602192825/http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf">"Hedwig Lohm, "Dukhobors in Georgia: A Study of the Issue of Land Ownership and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Ninotsminda rayon (Samtskhe-Javakheti)". November 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedwig+Lohm%2C+%22Dukhobors+in+Georgia%3A+A+Study+of+the+Issue+of+Land+Ownership+and+Inter-Ethnic+Relations+in+Ninotsminda+rayon+%28Samtskhe-Javakheti%29%22.+November+2006.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecmi.de%2Fdownload%2Fworking_paper_35_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashworth-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashworth_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ashworth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doukhobor.org/Spiritual-Origins.htm">Doukhobortsy and Religious Persecution in Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113020017/http://www.doukhobor.org/Spiritual-Origins.htm">Archived</a> 2010-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1900 (Doukhobor Genealogy Website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuererroEncarnacionVillegas1996" class="citation journal cs1">Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115193832/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution"</a>. <i>Sulyap Kultura</i>. <b>1</b> (2). National Commission for Culture and the Arts: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">the original</a> on 15 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Andres+Bonifacio+and+the+1896+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Guererro&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Encarnacion%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Fi%3D5%26subcat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1998-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google1998_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google1998_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuererro1998" class="citation book cs1">Guererro, Milagros (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281"><i>Reform and Revolution</i></a>. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-258-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-258-228-6"><bdi>978-962-258-228-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.series=Kasaysayan%3A+The+History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-962-258-228-6&rft.aulast=Guererro&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fas_isbn%3D9622582281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, John W. <i>Transitions: From Eastern Europe to Anthracite Community to College Classroom.</i> Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-33732-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-33732-3">978-0-595-33732-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Randall M. and Pencak, William. <i>Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth.</i> State College, Penn.: Penn State Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02214-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02214-7">978-0-271-02214-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wounded-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wounded_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimates of the number of wounded are inexact. They range from a low of 17 wounded (Duwe, Grant. <i>Mass Murder in the United States: A History.</i> Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3150-2">978-0-7864-3150-2</a>) to a high of 49 (DeLeon, Clark. <i>Pennsylvania Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff.</i> 3rd rev. ed. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4588-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4588-3">978-0-7627-4588-3</a>). Other estimates include 30 wounded (Lewis, Ronald L. <i>Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields.</i> Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3220-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3220-2">978-0-8078-3220-2</a>), 32 wounded (Anderson, <i>Transitions: From Eastern Europe to Anthracite Community to College Classroom,</i> 2005; Berger, Stefan; Croll, Andy; and Laporte, Norman. <i>Towards A Comparative History of Coalfield Societies.</i> Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3777-6">978-0-7546-3777-6</a>; Campion, Joan. <i>Smokestacks and Black Diamonds: A History of Carbon County, Pennsylvania.</i> Easton, Penn.: Canal History and Technology Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930973-19-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930973-19-3">978-0-930973-19-3</a>), 35 wounded (Foner, Philip S. <i>First Facts of American Labor: A Comprehensive Collection of Labor Firsts in the United States.</i> New York: Holmes & Meier, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0742-3">978-0-8419-0742-3</a>; Miller and Pencak, <i>Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth,</i> 2003; Derks, Scott. <i>Working Americans, 1880–2006: Volume VII: Social Movements.</i> Amenia, N.Y.: Grey House Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59237-101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59237-101-3">978-1-59237-101-3</a>), 38 wounded (Weir, Robert E. and Hanlan, James P. <i>Historical Encyclopedia of American Labor, Vol. 1.</i> Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32863-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32863-3">978-0-313-32863-3</a>), 39 wounded (<a href="/wiki/Long,_Priscilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Long, Priscilla">Long, Priscilla</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Sun_Never_Shines:_A_History_of_America%27s_Bloody_Coal_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry">Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry</a>.</i> Minneapolis: Paragon House, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-224-3">978-1-55778-224-3</a>; Novak, Michael. <i>The Guns of Lattimer.</i> Reprint ed. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-764-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-764-7">978-1-56000-764-7</a>), and 40 wounded (Beers, Paul B. <i>The Pennsylvania Sampler: A Biography of the Keystone State and Its People.</i> Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blatz, Perry K. Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875–1925. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1819-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1819-2">978-0-7914-1819-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/article/bresci-gaetano-1869-1901">"Bresci, Gaetano, 1869-1901 | libcom.org"</a>. <i>libcom.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcom.org&rft.atitle=Bresci%2C+Gaetano%2C+1869-1901+%26%23124%3B+libcom.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Farticle%2Fbresci-gaetano-1869-1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g20zgPvqFL0C&dq=Bava-Beccaris+massacre&pg=PA272">"Bresci comes from America to avenge his countrymen"</a> Chapter of <a href="/wiki/Living_My_Life" title="Living My Life">Living My Life</a> (1931) by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, page 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509073426/http://www.leechlake.org/history.htm">"Leech Lake Tourism Bureau:History of the Leech Lake Area"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leechlake.org/history.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leech+Lake+Tourism+Bureau%3AHistory+of+the+Leech+Lake+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leechlake.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302044854/http://www.watchictv.com/?q=node%2F384">"Trond Knudegaard, "The Battle of Sugar Point"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watchictv.com/?q=node%2F384">the original</a> on 2012-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trond+Knudegaard%2C+%22The+Battle+of+Sugar+Point%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watchictv.com%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%252F384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJAtNIzM_O8C&dq=Battle+of+Sugar+Point&pg=PA16">"Battle Point (Sugar Point"</a> A chapter of "Minnesota treasures: stories behind the state's historic places" (2004) by Denis Gardner, pages 16–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-zealand-first-in-womens-vote">"New Zealand first in women's vote"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+first+in+women%27s+vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fnew-zealand-first-in-womens-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035329/https://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.413">"Propaganda by Deed – the Greenwich Observatory Bomb of 1894"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.413">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Propaganda+by+Deed+%E2%80%93+the+Greenwich+Observatory+Bomb+of+1894&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmm.ac.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconWebDoc.413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708133845/http://www.changingtrip.com/english/50sight/02.asp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Eternal Sorrow over Ying'Tai"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.changingtrip.com/english/50sight/02.asp">the original</a> on 2011-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Eternal+Sorrow+over+Ying%27Tai%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.changingtrip.com%2Fenglish%2F50sight%2F02.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brody, David. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era, p. 50 New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06713-6">978-0-252-06713-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Carnegie to Frick dated April 4, 1892, quoted in Foner, Philip. <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States</i>. Vol. 2: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism., p. 207. New York: International Publishers, 1955. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0092-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0092-6">978-0-7178-0092-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, Philip. <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States</i>. Vol. 2: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism., p. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krause, Paul. <i>The Battle for Homestead, 1890–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel</i>, p. 302, 310. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5466-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5466-8">978-0-8229-5466-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner,_Philip_S_p._253-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner,_Philip_S_p._253_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner,_Philip_S_p._253_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism, p. 253. 2nd ed. New York: International Publishers, Co., 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0388-0">978-0-7178-0388-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Voorhees, Theodore. 'The Buffalo strike.' North American Review. 155(431): October 1892, pp. 407–418. Cornell University Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenberg, <i>New Orleans Dockworkers: Race, Labor, and Unionism, 1892–1923,</i> 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and Allen, <i>Strong In the Struggle: My Life As a Black Labor Activist,</i> 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States</i>, Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism, 1955, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, <i>History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism,</i> 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"New Orleans' Big Strike," <i>Washington Post,</i> November 8, 1892.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James L. Holton, <i>The Reading Railroad: History of a Coal Age Empire</i>, Vol. I: The Nineteenth Century, pp. 323–325, citing Vincent Corasso, <i>The Morgans</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History Box, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehistorybox.com/ny_city/panics/panics_article10a.htm">The Panic of 1893 – Financial World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502162738/http://thehistorybox.com/ny_city/panics/panics_article10a.htm">Archived</a> 2015-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2009.04.08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4292">"The Panic of 1893"</a>. Retrieved 2009.04.08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitten-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitten_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitten_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitten" class="citation web cs1">Whitten, David O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427161827/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whitten.panic.1893">"EH.Net Encyclopedia: Depression of 1893"</a>. eh.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whitten.panic.1893">the original</a> on 27 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EH.Net+Encyclopedia%3A+Depression+of+1893&rft.pub=eh.net&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fwhitten.panic.1893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, Charles. <i>The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1970. Page 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holbrook,_Stewart_1956._p.73–74_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, Stewart. The Rocky Mountain Revolution. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1956. p.73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philpott, William. The Lessons of Leadville, Or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left, p. 73. Monograph 10. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994. ISSN 1046-3100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suggs, Jr., George G. Colorado's War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners, p. 17. 2nd ed. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2396-7">978-0-8061-2396-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/25/106900970.pdf">"In Dreams He Sees An Army"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i> (March 25). 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/25/106900970.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Dreams+He+Sees+An+Army&rft.issue=March+25&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1894%2F03%2F25%2F106900970.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/04/06/106901442.pdf">"Coxey has a new commissary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i> (April 6). 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/04/06/106901442.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coxey+has+a+new+commissary&rft.issue=April+6&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1894%2F04%2F06%2F106901442.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gigantic Miners' Strike Ordered.; Over 200,000 Men in Eleven States May Quit Work April 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1894/04/12/archives/gigantic-miners-strike-ordered-over-200000-men-in-eleven-states-may.html">New York Times</a>, Wednesday, April 12, 1894; page 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Coal Miners Strike – 1894, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5">Coal in Illinois</a>, 13th Annual Report of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1894, Springfield, 1895; Appendix pages 5–26, see particularly Table III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. T. Stead, "Incidents of Labor War in America", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpHQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA69"><i>The Contemporary Review</i></a>, Vol. LXVI, No. 1, July 1894; pages 65–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796–1996</i> by Carol Poh Miller and Robert Anthony Wheeler <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21147-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21147-7">978-0-253-21147-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukas1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lukas1_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukas1_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukas, Anthony. <i>Big Trouble</i>, 1997, page 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernstein, David E. <i>Only One Place of Redress</i>, 2001, page 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/currency.html">"1896: The Currency Question"</a>. <i>projects.vassar.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=projects.vassar.edu&rft.atitle=1896%3A+The+Currency+Question&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.vassar.edu%2F1896%2Fcurrency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/gopplatform.html">Rebecca Edwards, "Republican Party Platform. Adopted at St. Louis, June 16, 1896."</a> Reproducing primary text with minor editing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Streich, "Election of 1896 Candidates and Issues: The Gold Standard, Protective Tariffs, and Law and Order"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-women-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-women_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuncy" class="citation web cs1">Muncy, Robin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/pwwmh/prog.htm">"Women in the Progressive Era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215130058/http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/pwwmh/prog.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Progressive+Era&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.aulast=Muncy&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2F%2Ftravel%2Fpwwmh%2Fprog.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Philpott_1995,_page_2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_Philpott_1995,_page_2_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_Philpott_1995,_page_2_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Philpott, <i>The Lessons of Leadville</i>, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, page 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Philpott, <i>The Lessons of Leadville</i>, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Philpott, <i>The Lessons of Leadville</i>, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 30,105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Philpott, <i>The Lessons of Leadville</i>, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, page 105 (quoting Blair, <i>Leadville: Colorado's Magic City</i>, 189).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Philpott, <i>The Lessons of Leadville</i>, Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 6–7, 75–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>All That Glitters—Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek</i>, Elizabeth Jameson, 1998, page 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julie Cruikshank. <i>Reading Voices. Oral and Written Interpretations of the Yukon's Past</i>. Vancouver & Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre, 1991, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scouting-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scouting_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1926" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scoutingontwocon00book"><i>Scouting on Two Continents</i></a>. Doubleday, Page & company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86920-126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86920-126-8"><bdi>978-0-86920-126-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/407686">407686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scouting+on+Two+Continents&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+company&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F407686&rft.isbn=978-0-86920-126-8&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscoutingontwocon00book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mic%C3%AD_Mac_Gabhann" title="Micí Mac Gabhann">Micí Mac Gabhann</a> – <i>Hard Road to Klodike</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903464-35-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-903464-35-8">1-903464-35-8</a> and other editions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-healthjuly1912-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-healthjuly1912_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercival1912" class="citation journal cs1">Percival, C Gilbert (July 1912). "North of 62 Degrees by Automobile :A Story of a Trip in Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon Territory and the Klondike ALASKA HAS A GREAT AREA AND RESOURCES. AGRICULTURE IN ALASKA". <i>Health</i>. <b>62</b> (7): 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health&rft.atitle=North+of+62+Degrees+by+Automobile+%3AA+Story+of+a+Trip+in+Alaska%2C+British+Columbia%2C+Yukon+Territory+and+the+Klondike+ALASKA+HAS+A+GREAT+AREA+AND+RESOURCES.+AGRICULTURE+IN+ALASKA&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=150&rft.date=1912-07&rft.aulast=Percival&rft.aufirst=C+Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a> – <i>Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896–1899</i> Espn 0-385-65844-3 and other editions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-rush.htm/2">HistoryNet.com:Klondike Gold Rush</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2008-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesJenkins,_Nigel2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). <i>The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopaedia+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestern_Mail1898" class="citation book cs1">Western Mail (1898). <i>Cartoons of the Welsh Coal Strike, April 1st to September 1st, 1898</i>. Cardiff: Western Mail Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartoons+of+the+Welsh+Coal+Strike%2C+April+1st+to+September+1st%2C+1898&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=Western+Mail+Ltd.&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Western+Mail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(nd) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/">Child labor in America 1908–1912: Photographs of Lewis W. Hine</a>. Retrieved 6/17/07. – <i>See "Newsies".</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasau, D. (1999) "Ch. 3: Youse an' yer noble scrap: On strike with the Newsboy Legion in 1899." in <i>Big Town, Big Time. New York: New York Daily News</i>. p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haw, R. (2005) <i>The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History.</i> Rutgers University Press. p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoose, P. (2001) <i>We were there, too! Young people in U.S. history.</i> Douglas & McIntyre, Ltd. p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, D. (nd) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksbybrown.com/blinkpage.html">Kid Blink Beats the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705093718/http://www.booksbybrown.com/blinkpage.html">Archived</a> 2009-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 6/17/07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/ader.html">Carroll Gray, "Clement Ader 1841–1925"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html">European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">G.N. Georgano</a> (1985). Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930, p. 22. London: Grange-Universal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">G.N. Georgano</a> <i>Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930</i>. (London: Grange-Universal, 1990), p.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgano,_p.17-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgano,_p.17_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgano,_p.17_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">G.N. Georgano</a>, p.17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">G.N. Georgano</a>, p.49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The prize would go to Koechlin's Peugeot, instead, since the Panhard-Levassor had only two seats, while the rules required four. <a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">G.N. Georgano</a>, p.20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/lilthl.html">Caroll Gray:"Otto Lilienthal 1848–1896"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e213.htm">"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam"</a>. <i>www.lilienthal-museum.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lilienthal-museum.de&rft.atitle=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum+Anklam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lilienthal-museum.de%2Folma%2Fe213.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedace.info/diesel.htm">"RUDOLPH DIESEL"</a>. <i>www.speedace.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.speedace.info&rft.atitle=RUDOLPH+DIESEL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speedace.info%2Fdiesel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Biodiesel Handbook, Chapter 2 – The History of Vegetable Oil Based Diesel Fuels, by Gerhard Knothe, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893997-79-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893997-79-0">978-1-893997-79-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkbile,_Don_1964-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berkbile,_Don_1964_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berkbile, Don. <i>The 1893 Duryea Automobile</i>, (1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">G.N. Georgano</a>, G. N. <i>Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930</i>. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/edis/video.htm">"Movies"</a>. <i>Edison National Historic Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edison+National+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=Movies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fedis%2Fvideo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendricks (1966), pp. 28–33. Given the dates of Dickson's departure and return that Hendricks provides, Dickson was gone for at least 80 days. Hendricks describes him as taking a "ten weeks' rest" (p. 28) or spending "about ten and a half weeks in the south" (p. 33), a plausible interpretation given travel time from New Jersey to Florida, where Dickson headed. There were also apparently problems—allegedly alcohol-fueled—with the lab employee, James Egan, who had been contracted to build the Kinetoscopes. See Hendricks, Gordon (1966). The Kinetoscope: America's First Commercially Successful Motion Picture Exhibitor, pp. 34–35, 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The machines were modified so that they did not operate by nickel slot. According to Hendricks (1966), in each row "attendants switched the instruments on and off for customers who had paid their twenty-five cents" (p. 13). For more on the Hollands, see Peter Morris, <i>Embattled Shadows: A History of Canadian Cinema, 1895–1939</i> (Montreal and Kingston, Canada; London; and Buffalo, New York: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978), pp. 6–7. Morris states that Edison wholesaled the Kinetoscope at $200 per machine; in fact, as described below, $250 seems to have been the most common figure at first.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendricks (1966), pp. 56, 60; Musser, Charles (1994 [1990]). The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907 (1994), p. 81; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/bertoldi.htm">Ena Bertoldi (Beatrice Mary Claxton)</a> biographical essay by Barry Anthony/Luke McKernan, part of the <i>Who's Who of Victorian Cinema</i> website; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sandow.htm">Eugen Sandow (Frederick Muller)</a> biographical essay by Richard Brown, part of the <i>Who's Who of Victorian Cinema</i> website. Both retrieved 10/24/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musser, Charles (2002). "Introducing Cinema to the American Public: The Vitascope in the United States, 1896–7," in Moviegoing in America: A Sourcebook in the History of Film Exhibition, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Death Of Sir Hiram Maxim. A Famous Inventor, Automatic Guns And Aeronautics". <i>The Times</i>. 25 November 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Death+Of+Sir+Hiram+Maxim.+A+Famous+Inventor%2C+Automatic+Guns+And+Aeronautics&rft.date=1916-11-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeril1967" class="citation book cs1">Beril, Becker (1967). <i>Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies</i>. New York: Atheneum. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+and+Realities+of+the+Conquest+of+the+Skies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Beril&rft.aufirst=Becker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/maxim.html">Carroll Gray, "Hiram Stevens Maxim 1840–1916"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hudson Shaw, W. and Ruhen, O. (1977) <i>Lawrence Hargrave: Explorer, Inventor and Aviation Experimenter</i> Sydney : Cassell Australia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050912104656/http://www.institut-lumiere.org/francais/films/1seance/accueil.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"La première séance publique payante", Institut Lumière"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institut-lumiere.org/francais/films/1seance/accueil.html">the original</a> on September 12, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22La+premi%C3%A8re+s%C3%A9ance+publique+payante%22%2C+Institut+Lumi%C3%A8re&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institut-lumiere.org%2Ffrancais%2Ffilms%2F1seance%2Faccueil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/lang.html">Carroll Gray, "Samuel Pierpont Langley 1834–1906"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827113129/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Prehistory/chanute/PH7.htm">"Stephen Garber, "Octave Chanute—A Champion of Aviation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Prehistory/chanute/PH7.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Garber%2C+%22Octave+Chanute%E2%80%94A+Champion+of+Aviation%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FPrehistory%2Fchanute%2FPH7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/chan.html">Carroll Gray, "Octave Alexandre Chanute & Augustus Moore Herring"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museet-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museet_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812092554/http://www.museet.se/historik/persona/nyberg/sida3.htm">"Sundbybergs Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museet.se/historik/persona/nyberg/sida3.htm">the original</a> on August 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sundbybergs+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museet.se%2Fhistorik%2Fpersona%2Fnyberg%2Fsida3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arlanda-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arlanda_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100506061416/http://arlandaflygsamlingar.se/showitem.asp?prod=11&item=200001">"Arlanda Flygsamlingar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arlandaflygsamlingar.se/showitem.asp?prod=11&item=200001">the original</a> on May 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arlanda+Flygsamlingar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farlandaflygsamlingar.se%2Fshowitem.asp%3Fprod%3D11%26item%3D200001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donaldclarkemusicbox.com/rise-and-fall/detail.php?c=11">Donald Clarke, The Rise and Fall of Popular Music.</a> Chapter 10: "Aeolian's Aeriola player piano had been introduced in 1895; in 1898 Wurlitzer built the first coin-operated player piano. By 1910 these had overtaken nickel-in-the-slot record players."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandolph1937" class="citation book cs1">Randolph, Stella (1937). <i>Lost flights of Gustave Whitehead</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+flights+of+Gustave+Whitehead&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimble1982" class="citation book cs1">Trimble, William F. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highfrontierhist00trim/page/58"><i>High frontier: a history of aeronautics in Pennsylvania</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highfrontierhist00trim/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-5340-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-5340-4"><bdi>0-8229-5340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+frontier%3A+a+history+of+aeronautics+in+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8229-5340-4&rft.aulast=Trimble&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighfrontierhist00trim%2Fpage%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geo-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geo_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst894.html">"Percy Sinclair Pilcher"</a>. <i>The Gazetteer for Scotland</i>. The Institute of Geography, University of Edinburgh<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazetteer+for+Scotland&rft.atitle=Percy+Sinclair+Pilcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish-places.info%2Fpeople%2Ffamousfirst894.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Mr Leicester'. 2008. The Rise and fall of Percy Pilcher. <i>Leicester Mercury</i> Saturday 2 Feb. pp 16–17.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeman2003" class="citation news cs1">Burkeman, Oliver (2003-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2003/dec/01/theairlineindustry.g2">"Soaring ambition"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Soaring+ambition&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft.aulast=Burkeman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2003%2Fdec%2F01%2Ftheairlineindustry.g2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2003/percypilcher.shtml">"Percy Pilcher's Flying Machine – programme summary"</a>. <i>Horizon</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horizon&rft.atitle=Percy+Pilcher%27s+Flying+Machine+%E2%80%93+programme+summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fhorizon%2F2003%2Fpercypilcher.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swmidirectory.org/First_in_Flight.html">"America's First Airplane Flight :: The Southwest Michigan Directory"</a>. <i>www.swmidirectory.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.swmidirectory.org&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Airplane+Flight+%3A%3A+The+Southwest+Michigan+Directory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swmidirectory.org%2FFirst_in_Flight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/hrrg.html">Caroll Gray, "The Herring Powered Biplane Glider 1898"</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>The Eighteen Nineties: A Review of Art and Ideas at the Close of the Nineteenth Century</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Holbrook_Jackson" title="Holbrook Jackson">Holbrook Jackson</a> (1913)</li> <li><i>Portraits of the Nineties</i>, by <a href="/wiki/E._T._Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="E. T. Raymond">E. T. Raymond</a> (1921)</li> <li><i>The Mauve Decade</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beer" title="Thomas Beer">Thomas Beer</a> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fin-de-si%C3%A8cle_Vienna" title="Fin-de-siècle Vienna">Fin-de-siècle Vienna</a>: Politics and Culture</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Schorske" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl E. Schorske">Carl E. Schorske</a> (1979)</li> <li><i>London in the 1890s: A Cultural History</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Beckson" title="Karl Beckson">Karl Beckson</a> (1992)</li> <li><i>Fins de Siecle: How Centuries End, 1400-2000</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Asa Briggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Snowman" title="Daniel Snowman">Daniel Snowman</a> (1996)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newappletonsannu18newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year</i> <b>1893</b></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newappletonsannu20newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year</i> <b>1895</b></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/appletonsannualc01newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year</i> <b>1896</b></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg6CcUJONGUC&pg=PA260"><i>Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1899</i></a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Annual+Cyclopedia+and+Register+of+Important+Events+of+the+Year+1899&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRg6CcUJONGUC%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1890s" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890s&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1890s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1890s">1890s</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1890-1899">Prices and Wages by Decade: 1890s</a>—Library research guide shows average wages for various occupations and prices for common expenditures in the 1890s. Site hosted by the University of Missouri.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/games/game_0/">Quiz: Victorian Etiquette</a> – Educational Game, In the style of <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116003359/http://www.cronologia.org/19/90.htm">1890s</a> 1890s</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?69707-1/reckless-decade-america-1890s"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with H. W. 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