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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Context_neutrality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context_neutrality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Context neutrality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context_neutrality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parameterization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parameterization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Parameterization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parameterization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_implementation_by_Project_Xanadu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_implementation_by_Project_Xanadu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History and implementation by Project Xanadu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_implementation_by_Project_Xanadu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_on_the_Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_on_the_Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implementation on the Web</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation_on_the_Web-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation on the Web subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation_on_the_Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Client-side_HTML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Client-side_HTML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Client-side HTML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Client-side_HTML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server-side_transclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server-side_transclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Server-side transclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server-side_transclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transclusion_of_source_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transclusion_of_source_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transclusion of source code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transclusion_of_source_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transclusion_in_content_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transclusion_in_content_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Transclusion in content management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transclusion_in_content_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_in_software_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_in_software_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Implementation in software development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_in_software_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transklusion" title="Transklusion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transklusion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transklusion" title="Transklusion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transklusion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transclusi%C3%B3n" title="Transclusión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transclusión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="تراگنجانش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراگنجانش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transclusion" title="Transclusion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transclusion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%B4%EB%A3%A8%EC%A0%84" title="트랜스클루전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트랜스클루전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transclusione" title="Transclusione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transclusione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transklusioun" title="Transklusioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Transklusioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81thivatkoz%C3%A1s" title="Áthivatkozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Áthivatkozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transklusi" title="Transklusi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Transklusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="トランスクルージョン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランスクルージョン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transklusjon" title="Transklusjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transklusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transklusjon" title="Transklusjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Transklusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkluzja" title="Transkluzja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transkluzja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transclus%C3%A3o" title="Transclusão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transclusão" data-language-autonym="Português" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For transclusion on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Wikipedia:Transclusion</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Transclusion_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Transclusion_simple.svg/250px-Transclusion_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Transclusion_simple.svg/375px-Transclusion_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Transclusion_simple.svg/500px-Transclusion_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>In this example, the data of file <i>B</i> is transcluded into the document <i>A</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <b>transclusion</b> is the inclusion of part or all of an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">electronic document</a> into one or more other documents by <a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">reference</a> via <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>. Transclusion is usually performed when the referencing document is displayed, and is normally automatic and transparent to the end user.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of transclusion is a single integrated document made of parts assembled dynamically from separate sources, possibly stored on different computers in disparate places. </p><p>Transclusion facilitates <a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular design</a> (using the "<a href="/wiki/Single_source_of_truth" title="Single source of truth">single source of truth</a>" model, whether in <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">code</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Content_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media)">content</a>): a <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">resource</a> is stored once and distributed for reuse in multiple documents. Updates or corrections to a resource are then reflected in any <a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">referencing</a> documents. </p><p>In systems where transclusion is not available, and in some situations where it is available but not desirable, substitution is often the complementary option, whereby a static copy of the "single source of truth" is integrated into the relevant document. Examples of both are provided by the ways in which they are both used in creating the content of Wikipedia, for example (see <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Wikipedia:Transclusion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Substitution" title="Wikipedia:Substitution">Wikipedia:Substitution</a></i> for more information). Substituted static copies introduce a different set of considerations for <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a> than transclusion does, but they are sometimes necessary. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a> coined the term for his 1980 nonlinear book <i><a href="/wiki/Literary_Machines" title="Literary Machines">Literary Machines</a></i>, but the idea of <i>master copy and occurrences</i> was applied 17 years before, in <a href="/wiki/Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a>. Currently it is a common technique employed by textbook writers, where a single topic/subject needs to be discussed in multiple chapters. An advantage of this system in textbooks is that it helps data redundancy and keeps the book to a manageable size. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_considerations">Technical considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technical considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transclusion" title="Special:EditPage/Transclusion">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Context_neutrality">Context neutrality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context neutrality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transclusion works better when transcluded sections of text are self-contained, so that the meaning and validity of the text is independent of context. For example, formulations like "as explained in the previous section" are problematic, because the transcluded section may appear in a different context, causing confusion. What constitutes "context-neutral" text varies, but often includes things like company information or <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(text)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boilerplate (text)">boilerplate</a>. To help overcome <a href="/wiki/Context-sensitive_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Context-sensitive (disambiguation)">context sensitivity issues</a> such as those aforementioned, systems capable of transclusion are often also capable of suppressing particular elements within the transcluded content. For example, Wikipedia can use tags such as "<a href="/wiki/Help:Template#Inclusion_control:_noinclude,_includeonly,_and_onlyinclude" title="Help:Template">noinclude</a>", "onlyinclude", and "includeonly" for this purpose. Typical examples of elements that often require such exceptions are document titles, footnotes, and cross-references; in this way, they can be automatically suppressed upon transclusion, without manual reworking for each instance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parameterization">Parameterization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parameterization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under some circumstances, and in some technical contexts, transcluded sections of text may not require strict adherence to the "context neutrality" principle, because the transcluded sections are capable of <i>parameterization</i>. Parameterization implies the ability to modify certain portions or subsections of a transcluded text depending on exogenous variables that can be changed independently. This is customarily done by supplying a transcluded text with one or more <i>substitution placeholders</i>. These placeholders are then replaced with the corresponding variable values prior to rendering the final transcluded output in context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of reusing file content began with computer programming languages: <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1978, even <a href="/wiki/Fortran#Transition_to_ANSI_Standard_Fortran" title="Fortran">FORTRAN</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">include directive</a> allows common <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to be reused while avoiding the pitfalls of <a href="/wiki/Copy-and-paste_programming" title="Copy-and-paste programming">copy-and-paste-programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_coding" title="Hard coding">hard coding</a> of constants. As with many innovations, a problem developed. Multiple include directives may provide the same content as another include directive, inadvertently causing repetitions of the same source code into the final result, resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Syntax_error" title="Syntax error">error</a>. <a href="/wiki/Include_guard" title="Include guard">Include guards</a> help solve this by, after a single inclusion of content, thereafter omitting the duplicate content.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a single, reusable, source for information lead to concepts like: <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself" title="Don't repeat yourself">Don't repeat yourself</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_principle_(computer_programming)" title="Abstraction principle (computer programming)">abstraction principle</a>. A further use was found to make programs more <a href="/wiki/Software_portability" title="Software portability">portable</a>. Portable source code uses an include directive to specify a <a href="/wiki/C_file_input/output" title="C file input/output">standard library</a>, which contains system specific source code that varies with each computer environment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_implementation_by_Project_Xanadu">History and implementation by Project Xanadu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History and implementation by Project Xanadu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ted Nelson, who originated the words <i>hypertext</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">hypermedia</a></i>, also coined the term <i>transclusion</i> in his 1980 book <i><a href="/wiki/Literary_Machines" title="Literary Machines">Literary Machines</a></i>. Part of his proposal was the idea that <a href="/wiki/Micropayment" title="Micropayment">micropayments</a> could be automatically exacted from the reader for all the text, no matter how many snippets of content are taken from various places. </p><p>However, according to Nelson, the concept of transclusion had already formed part of his 1965 description of <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelson defines transclusion as, "...the same content knowably in more than one place," setting it apart from more special cases, such as the inclusion of content from a different location (which he calls <i>transdelivery</i>) or an explicit <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotation</a> that remains connected to its origins, (which he calls <i>transquotation</i>). </p><p>Some hypertext systems, including Ted Nelson's own <a href="/wiki/Project_Xanadu" title="Project Xanadu">Xanadu Project</a>, support transclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nelson has delivered a demonstration of Web transclusion, the Little Transquoter (programmed to Nelson's specification by Andrew Pam in 2004–2005).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It creates a new format built on portion addresses from Web pages; when dereferenced, each portion on the resulting page remains click-connected to its original context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_on_the_Web">Implementation on the Web</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Implementation on the Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, as a transmission protocol, has rudimentary support for transclusion via <a href="/wiki/Byte_serving" title="Byte serving">byte serving</a>: specifying a <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Range" title="List of HTTP header fields">byte range</a> in an HTTP request message. </p><p>Transclusion can occur either before (server-side) or after (client-side) transmission. For example: </p> <ul><li>An HTML document may be pre-composed by the server before delivery to the client using Server-Side Includes or another server-side application.</li> <li>XML Entities or HTML Objects may be parsed by the client, which then requests the corresponding resources separately from the main document.</li> <li>A web browser may cache elements using its own algorithms, which can operate without explicit directives in the document's markup.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a> employs transclusion for nested directive operation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Publishers of web content may object to the transclusion of material from their own web sites into other web sites, or they may require an agreement to do so. Critics of the practice may refer to various forms of <a href="/wiki/Inline_linking" title="Inline linking">inline linking</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandwidth theft">bandwidth theft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leeching_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeching (computing)">leeching</a>. </p><p>Other publishers may seek specifically to have their materials transcluded into other web sites, as in the form of <a href="/wiki/Web_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Web advertising">web advertising</a>, or as <a href="/wiki/Web_widget" title="Web widget">widgets</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Hit_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hit counter">hit counter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Web_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Web bug">web bug</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashups</a> make use of transclusion to assemble resources or data into a new application, as by placing <a href="/wiki/Geo-tagging" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo-tagging">geo-tagged</a> photos on an interactive map, or by displaying business metrics in an interactive <a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashboard (business)">dashboard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Client-side_HTML">Client-side HTML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Client-side HTML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> defines elements for client-side transclusion of <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Images_and_objects" title="HTML element">images</a>, scripts, <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">stylesheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Framing_(World_Wide_Web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framing (World Wide Web)">other documents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Images_and_objects" title="HTML element">other types of media</a>. HTML has relied heavily on client-side transclusion from the earliest days of the Web (so web pages could be displayed more quickly before multimedia elements finished loading), rather than embedding the raw data for such objects inline into a web page's markup. </p><p>Through techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a>, scripts associated with an HTML document can instruct a web browser to modify the document in-place, as opposed to the earlier technique of having to pull an entirely new version of the page from the web server. Such scripts may transclude elements or documents from a server after the web browser has rendered the page, in response to user input or changing conditions, for example. </p><p>Future versions of HTML may support deeper transclusion of portions of documents using <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/SGML_entity" title="SGML entity">entities</a>, <a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a> document referencing, and <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> manipulations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy servers</a> may employ transclusion to reduce redundant transmissions of commonly requested resources. </p><p>A popular Front End Framework known as <a href="/wiki/AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a> developed and maintained by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> has a directive callend ng-transclude that marks the insertion point for the transcluded DOM of the nearest parent directive that uses transclusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server-side_transclusion">Server-side transclusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Server-side transclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transclusion can be accomplished on the server side, as through <a href="/wiki/Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">Server Side Includes</a> and <a href="/wiki/SGML_entity" title="SGML entity">markup entity references</a> resolved by the server software. It is a feature of <a href="/wiki/Web_template" class="mw-redirect" title="Web template">substitution templates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transclusion_of_source_code">Transclusion of source code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transclusion of source code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transclusion of source code into <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a> or reference materials lets source code be presented within the document, but not interpreted as part of the document, preserving the semantic consistency of the inserted code in relation to its source codebase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transclusion_in_content_management">Transclusion in content management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transclusion in content management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">content management</a> for <a href="/wiki/Single-source_publishing" title="Single-source publishing">single-source publishing</a>, top-class <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management systems</a> increasingly provide for transclusion and substitution. <a href="/wiki/Component_content_management_system" title="Component content management system">Component content management systems</a>, especially, aim to take the <a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular design</a> principle to its optimal degree. <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> provides transclusion and substitution and is a good off-the-shelf option for many smaller organizations (such as smaller nonprofits and <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">SMEs</a>) that may not have the budget for other commercial options; for details, see <i><a href="/wiki/Component_content_management_system" title="Component content management system">Component content management system</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_in_software_development">Implementation in software development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Implementation in software development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transclusion" title="Special:EditPage/Transclusion">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A common feature in programming languages is the ability of one source code file to transclude, in whole or part, another source code file. The part transcluded is interpreted as if it were part of the transcluding file. Some of the methods are: </p> <ul><li>Include: Some programs will explicitly INCLUDE another file. The included file can consist of executable code, declarations, compiler instructions, and/or branching to later parts of the document, depending on compile-time variables.</li> <li>Macro: <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly languages</a>, and some high-level programming languages, will typically provide for macros, special named instructions used to make definitions, generate executable code, provide looping and other decisions, and modify the document produced according to parameters supplied to the macro when the file is rendered.</li> <li>Copy: The <a href="/wiki/Cobol" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobol">Cobol</a> programming language has the COPY command, in which a copied file is inserted into the copying document, replacing the COPY command. Code and declarations in the copied file can be modified by a REPLACING argument as part of the copying command.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound_document" title="Compound document">Compound document</a> – Electronic document format</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">Cross-reference</a> – Reference in one place in a book to information at another place in the same work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Information_Typing_Architecture#Content_reuse" title="Darwin Information Typing Architecture">Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA)</a> – XML data model for topic-based authoring and publishing and <i>content reuse</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro (computer science)</a> – Rule for substituting a set input with a set output</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)</a> – Technology developed by Microsoft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publish_and_Subscribe_(Mac_OS)" title="Publish and Subscribe (Mac OS)">Publish and Subscribe (Mac OS)</a> – Document linking model introduced by Apple Computer in System 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-source_publishing" title="Single-source publishing">Single-source publishing</a> – Content publishing method</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">Subroutine</a> – Sequence of program instructions invokable by other software<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a> – XML standard for including content from other files<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlushko2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Glushko" title="Robert J. Glushko">Glushko, Robert J.</a>, ed. (2013). <i>The Discipline of Organizing</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262518505" title="Special:BookSources/9780262518505"><bdi>9780262518505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+Organizing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780262518505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransclusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/codasyl/COBOL_Report_Apr60.pdf#page=56"><i>Initial Specifications for a COMMON BUSINESS ORIENTED LANGUAGE (COBOL) for Programming Electronic Digital Computers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington: Department of Defense. April 1960. pp. V-27. <q>INCLUDE: Function: To save the programmer effort by automatically incorporating library subroutines into the source program.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Initial+Specifications+for+a+COMMON+BUSINESS+ORIENTED+LANGUAGE+%28COBOL%29+for+Programming+Electronic+Digital+Computers&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=V-27&rft.pub=Department+of+Defense&rft.date=1960-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fcodasyl%2FCOBOL_Report_Apr60.pdf%23page%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransclusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M.</a> (1993-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227090139/https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/155360.155580">"The development of the C language"</a>. <i>ACM SIGPLAN Notices</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 201–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F155360.155580">10.1145/155360.155580</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/155360.155580">the original</a> on 27 February 2020. <q>Many other changes occurred around 1972-3, but the most important was the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/C_preprocessor" title="C preprocessor">preprocessor</a>, partly at the urging of Alan Snyder [Snyder 74], but also in recognition of the utility of the the[sic] file-inclusion mechanisms available in <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a> and <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>. Its original version was exceedingly simple, and provided only included files and simple <a href="/wiki/Sed#Substitution_command" title="Sed">string replacements</a>: <a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">#include</a> and #define of parameterless macros. Soon thereafter, it was extended, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lesk" title="Mike Lesk">Mike Lesk</a> and then by John Reiser, to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)#Parameterized_macro" title="Macro (computer science)">macros with arguments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conditional_compilation" title="Conditional compilation">conditional compilation</a>. The preprocessor was originally considered an optional adjunct to the language itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+C+language&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-208&rft.date=1993-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F155360.155580&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1145%2F155360.155580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransclusion" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jslint.com/chistory.html">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204075428/http://jslint.com/chistory.html">Archived</a> 2020-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallmanWeinberg" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard M.</a>; Weinberg, Zachary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scicomp.ethz.ch/public/manual/gcc/6.3.0/cpp.pdf#page=14">"Header Files"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The C Preprocessor: For gcc version 6.3.0 (GCC)</i>. pp. 10–11. <q>Alternatives to Wrapper #ifndef : <a href="/wiki/C_preprocessor" title="C preprocessor">CPP</a> supports two more ways of indicating that a header file should be read only once. Neither one is as portable as a wrapper '#ifndef' and we recommend you do not use them in new programs, with the caveat that '#import' is standard practice in <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>. [...] Another way to prevent a header file from being included more than once is with the '<a href="/wiki/Pragma_once" title="Pragma once">#pragma once</a>' directive. If '#pragma once' is seen when scanning a header file, that file will never be read again, no matter what.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Header+Files&rft.btitle=The+C+Preprocessor%3A+For+gcc+version+6.3.0+%28GCC%29&rft.pages=10-11&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscicomp.ethz.ch%2Fpublic%2Fmanual%2Fgcc%2F6.3.0%2Fcpp.pdf%23page%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransclusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonRitchie1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Johnson" title="Stephen C. Johnson">Johnson, S. C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, D. M.</a> (July–August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6770409">"UNIX time-sharing system: Portability of C programs and the UNIX system"</a>. <i>The Bell System Technical Journal</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 2021–2048. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x">10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-8580">0005-8580</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17510065">17510065</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Even before the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Interdata_7/32_and_8/32" title="Interdata 7/32 and 8/32">Interdata</a> machine, it as realized, as mentioned above, that many programs depended to an undesirable degree not only on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> I/O conventions but on details of particularly favorable buffering strategies for the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>. A package of routines, called the "<a href="/wiki/C_file_input/output" title="C file input/output">portable I/O library</a>," was written by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lesk" title="Mike Lesk">M. E. Lesk</a> and implemented on the <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_6000_series" title="Honeywell 6000 series">Honeywell</a> and IBM machines as well as the PDP-11 in a generally successful effort to overcome the deficiencies of earlier packages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=UNIX+time-sharing+system%3A+Portability+of+C+programs+and+the+UNIX+system&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2021-2048&rft.date=1978-07%2F1978-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17510065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0005-8580&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F6770409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransclusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor H. Nelson, "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing and the Indeterminate." Proceedings of the ACM 20th National Conference (1965), pp. 84-100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbitschMaurer2017" class="citation web cs1">Kolbitsch, Josef; Maurer, Hermann (January 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701160301/http://info.iicm.edu/iicm_papers/transclusions_in_HTML-based_environment.pdf">"Transclusions in an HTML-Based Environment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.iicm.edu/iicm_papers/transclusions_in_HTML-based_environment.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Edinburgh, UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+Xanalogical+Collaborative+Editing+Environment&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Workshop+of+Web+Document+Analysis+2003+%28WDA2003%29&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK&rft.date=2003-08&rft.aulast=Di+Iorio&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vitali%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csc.liv.ac.uk%2F~wda2003%2FPapers%2FSection_III%2FPaper_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransclusion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbitschMaurer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kolbitsch, J.; Maurer, H. 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(1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pam-html-fine-trans">"Fine-Grained Transclusion in the Hypertext Markup Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Text)</span>. <i>Internet Draft</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Draft&rft.atitle=Fine-Grained+Transclusion+in+the+Hypertext+Markup+Language&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pam&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-pam-html-fine-trans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransclusion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildeLowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilde, E.; Lowe, D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_b4BG1GC7pgC&q=XPath%2C+XLink%2C+XPointer%2C+and+XML%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Web+Hyperlinking+and+Transclusion&pg=PR1">"Chapter 7: XML Linking Language"</a>. <i>XPath, XLink, XPointer, and XML: A Practical Guide to Web Hyperlinking and Transclusion</i>. Addison-Wesley Professional. pp. 169–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201703443" title="Special:BookSources/9780201703443"><bdi>9780201703443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+XML+Linking+Language&rft.btitle=XPath%2C+XLink%2C+XPointer%2C+and+XML%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Web+Hyperlinking+and+Transclusion&rft.pages=169-198&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780201703443&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Lowe%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_b4BG1GC7pgC%26q%3DXPath%252C%2BXLink%252C%2BXPointer%252C%2Band%2BXML%253A%2BA%2BPractical%2BGuide%2Bto%2BWeb%2BHyperlinking%2Band%2BTransclusion%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransclusion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transclusion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transclusion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:transclusion">transclusion</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Ted Nelson: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohiKTVVtDJA">Transclusion: Fixing Electronic Literature</a></i>—on Google Tech Talks, 29 January 2007.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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