Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Recycled by Catalytic Glycolysis: A Bridge toward Circular Economy Principles

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VIIQBBJv1xp1tY1VfHhCOXaE6Qk8QnDNFp0vOWMxoagLQBfO2sR573TINetJtvuE"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VIIQBBJv1xp1tY1VfHhCOXaE6Qk8QnDNFp0vOWMxoagLQBfO2sR573TINetJtvuE"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VIIQBBJv1xp1tY1VfHhCOXaE6Qk8QnDNFp0vOWMxoagLQBfO2sR573TINetJtvuE"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VIIQBBJv1xp1tY1VfHhCOXaE6Qk8QnDNFp0vOWMxoagLQBfO2sR573TINetJtvuE"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="38930360"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://www.mdpi.com/resolver?pii=ma17122991" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=6383&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=38930360&db=pubmed&nlmid=101555929" title="See full text options at MDPI" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="MDPI" data-ga-label="38930360" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--res.mdpi.com-data-pubmed-linkout.png" alt="full text provider logo"><span class="text"> MDPI </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/38930360/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=38930360&db=pubmed&nlmid=101555929" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="38930360" ><span class="text"> Free PMC article </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="short-view"> <a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"> Full text links </a> </div> </div> <div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/38930360/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/38930360/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="38930360" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections." data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F38930360%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="VIIQBBJv1xp1tY1VfHhCOXaE6Qk8QnDNFp0vOWMxoagLQBfO2sR573TINetJtvuE"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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title=""Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Grecu+I&cauthor_id=38930360" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ionela Grecu">Ionela Grecu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title=""Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Samoila+P&cauthor_id=38930360" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Petrisor Samoila">Petrisor 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</h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Enache+AC&cauthor_id=38930360" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Andra-Cristina Enache">Andra-Cristina Enache</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title=""Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Grecu+I&cauthor_id=38930360" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ionela Grecu">Ionela Grecu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title=""Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Samoila+P&cauthor_id=38930360" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Petrisor Samoila">Petrisor Samoila</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title=""Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38930360</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11205646&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11205646/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11205646 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.3390/ma17122991&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122991" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.3390/ma17122991 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/38930360/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/38930360/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Plastic pollution has escalated into a critical global issue, with production soaring from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to 400.3 million metric tons in 2022. The packaging industry alone accounts for nearly 44% of this production, predominantly utilizing polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Alarmingly, over 90% of the approximately 1 million PET bottles sold every minute end up in landfills or oceans, where they can persist for centuries. This highlights the urgent need for sustainable management and recycling solutions to mitigate the environmental impact of PET waste. To better understand PET's behavior and promote its management within a circular economy, we examined its chemical and physical properties, current strategies in the circular economy, and the most effective recycling methods available today. Advancing PET management within a circular economy framework by closing industrial loops has demonstrated benefits such as reduced landfill waste, minimized energy consumption, and conserved raw resources. To this end, we identified and examined various strategies based on R-imperatives (ranging from 3R to 10R), focusing on the latest approaches aimed at significantly reducing PET waste by 2040. Additionally, a comparison of PET recycling methods (including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary recycling, along with the concepts of "zero-order" and biological recycling techniques) was envisaged. Particular attention was paid to the heterogeneous catalytic glycolysis, which stands out for its rapid reaction time (20-60 min), high monomer yields (>90%), ease of catalyst recovery and reuse, lower costs, and enhanced durability. Accordingly, the use of highly efficient oxide-based catalysts for PET glycolytic degradation is underscored as a promising solution for large-scale industrial applications. </p> </div> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Keywords: </strong> R-imperatives; chemical recycling; heterogeneous catalysts; monomer yield; packaging; plastics. </p> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/d4105614a8fd/materials-17-02991-g001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="734" data-image-height="301" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f001"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/1abd986b62bd/materials-17-02991-g001.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="734"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="301"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> a </b> ) Worldwide production… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> a </b> ) Worldwide production of plastics from 1950 to 2022, with projections… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>a</b>) Worldwide production of plastics from 1950 to 2022, with projections (*) for the period 2025–2050 (in million metric tons) [3,4,5]. (<b>b</b>) Distribution of the global plastics use in 2021 by sector of application (numeric data from [9]).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/b8e7407c8e3f/materials-17-02991-g002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="730" data-image-height="402" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f002"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/3c571d086cfa/materials-17-02991-g002.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="730"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="402"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The identification codes (recycling symbols)… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The identification codes (recycling symbols) of the main thermoplastics: PET—poly(ethylene terephthalate); HDPE—high-density polyethylene;… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">The identification codes (recycling symbols) of the main thermoplastics: PET—poly(ethylene terephthalate); HDPE—high-density polyethylene; PVC—poly(vinyl chloride); LDPE—low-density polyethylene; PP—polypropylene; PS—polystyrene; and O—other plastics; worldwide PET packaging consumption in 2019 by categories (numeric data from [23]).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/87f9177db3c9/materials-17-02991-g003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="729" data-image-height="544" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f003"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/b8eccce1fd73/materials-17-02991-g003.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="729"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="544"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Worldwide market volume of PET… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Worldwide market volume of PET (in million metric tons) from 2015 with predictions… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Worldwide market volume of PET (in million metric tons) from 2015 with predictions till 2030 (numeric data from [26]).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/2571f4bb64ee/materials-17-02991-g004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="705" data-image-height="559" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f004"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/1bc8cac4d8fe/materials-17-02991-g004.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="705"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="559"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Scientific papers published from 1967… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Scientific papers published from 1967 to 2023 (Scopus search on 23 January 2024)… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Scientific papers published from 1967 to 2023 (Scopus search on 23 January 2024) containing “polyethylene terephthalate”, “recycling”, “glycolysis”, and/or “oxides” in title, abstract, or keywords.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/176d4d5dfd2f/materials-17-02991-g005.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="744" data-image-height="615" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f005"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/5870d9a00569/materials-17-02991-g005.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="744"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="615"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Synthesis routes for PET by… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Synthesis routes for PET by esterification and <i> trans </i> -esterification and representation of repeating… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Synthesis routes for PET by esterification and <i>trans</i>-esterification and representation of repeating structural unit in the polymer chain (according to [54,55]).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="figure-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/73eaa5fa4826/materials-17-02991-g006.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="729" data-image-height="714" data-image-alt="Figure 6" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f006"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/9d1ec3552aab/materials-17-02991-g006.gif" alt="Figure 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="729"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="714"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Distinct states of PET present… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Distinct states of PET present in a stress-blow molded bottle (adaptation after [53])… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Distinct states of PET present in a stress-blow molded bottle (adaptation after [53]) and main PET properties (according to [55,56,57]).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="figure-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/e571e4b27b85/materials-17-02991-g007.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="770" data-image-height="578" data-image-alt="Figure 7" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f007"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/45a7425e9da8/materials-17-02991-g007.gif" alt="Figure 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="770"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="578"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Schematic representation of 4R strategy… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Schematic representation of 4R strategy for PET management in a circular economy framework. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 7 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Schematic representation of 4R strategy for PET management in a circular economy framework.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="7" data-label-slug="figure-8"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/c21fdec1ceea/materials-17-02991-g008.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-7" role="button" data-image-width="799" data-image-height="420" data-image-alt="Figure 8" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f008"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-7" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/b913b45bfdbe/materials-17-02991-g008.gif" alt="Figure 8" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="799"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="420"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 8 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Different methods for PET recycling… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 8 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Different methods for PET recycling based on mechanical or chemical processes. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 8 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Different methods for PET recycling based on mechanical or chemical processes.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="8" data-label-slug="figure-9"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/f199d79a180f/materials-17-02991-g009.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-8" role="button" data-image-width="752" data-image-height="468" data-image-alt="Figure 9" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f009"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-8" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/4b258c6aa40d/materials-17-02991-g009.gif" alt="Figure 9" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="752"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="468"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 9 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PET chemical recycling processes (methanolysis,… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 9 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> PET chemical recycling processes (methanolysis, hydrolysis, glycolysis, alcoholysis, aminolysis, and ammonolysis) and their… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-8" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 9 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">PET chemical recycling processes (methanolysis, hydrolysis, glycolysis, alcoholysis, aminolysis, and ammonolysis) and their corresponding chemical reactions.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="9" data-label-slug="figure-10"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/31bdf6daea40/materials-17-02991-g010.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-9" role="button" data-image-width="790" data-image-height="296" data-image-alt="Figure 10" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f010"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-9" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/a7fb50483c47/materials-17-02991-g010.gif" alt="Figure 10" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="790"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="296"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 10 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Possible glycolysis mechanism (adapted after… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 10 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Possible glycolysis mechanism (adapted after [142,143]). </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-9" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 10 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Possible glycolysis mechanism (adapted after [142,143]).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="10" data-label-slug="figure-11"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/dbcc8ae7362d/materials-17-02991-g011.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-10" role="button" data-image-width="779" data-image-height="650" data-image-alt="Figure 11" data-pmc-id="PMC11205646" data-figure-id="materials-17-02991-f011"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-10" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a02a/11205646/95e1a9662058/materials-17-02991-g011.gif" alt="Figure 11" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="779"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="650"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 11 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Classification of catalysts and their… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 11 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Classification of catalysts and their role in PET glycolysis process. </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-10" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 11 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Classification of catalysts and their role in PET glycolysis process.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="see-all 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