CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN | The European Physical Journal Plus</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The European Physical Journal Plus - During the last Long Shutdown, a scheduled maintenance period between physics runs, the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dumps were replaced with upgraded..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="13360"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="The European Physical Journal Plus 2023 138:8"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2023-08-08"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="During the last Long Shutdown, a scheduled maintenance period between physics runs, the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dumps were replaced with upgraded spares modules. It was then decided to conduct an in-house autopsy and a post-irradiation examination of the removed dumps to extract information essential for the 3rd LHC physics run and to aid the design of new generations of beam dumps able to cope with future upgrades of the LHC. The need for a postmortem analysis of the dump cores opened the opportunity to combine the autopsy with processes required for the disposal of the dumps as radioactive waste at a dedicated disposal facility in France. This had a direct impact in terms of overall optimization of the interventions (postmortem analysis and prepackaging) to be performed on the dump as well as in terms of minimizing of the radiological risk (ALARA), by reducing the exposure of the personnel by combining two interventions in one. The characterization of the dump as radioactive waste was performed by means of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo and analytical techniques verified experimentally via a series of dedicated radiochemical (using liquid scintillation) analyses, conducted in-house and in external specialized laboratories. Based on these results, the dumps will be disposed of as intermediate–medium-level (FMA-VC) waste at the ANDRA CSA repository in France."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2190-5444"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="The European Physical Journal Plus"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2023-08-08"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="138"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="8"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="13"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The European Physical Journal Plus"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Eur. Phys. J. Plus"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2190-5444"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="138"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="8"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/08"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/08/08"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="13"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Regular Article"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0"/> <meta name="size" content="211893"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="During the last Long Shutdown, a scheduled maintenance period between physics runs, the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dumps were replaced with upgra"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Infantino, Angelo"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Harbron, Richard William"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mouret, Renaud"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bertreix, Philippe"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bernardes, Ana-Paula"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bruno, Luca"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Calviani, Marco"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dumont, Gerald"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="El-Idrissi, Safouane"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Magistris, Matteo"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Menaa, Nabil"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Theis, Chris"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Tromel, Christophe"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Vincke, Heinz"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Applied and Technical Physics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Complex Systems"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Condensed Matter Physics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="O.S. Brüning, P. Collier, P. Lebrun, S. Myers, R. Ostojic, J. Poole, P. Proudlock. LHC Design Report. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs. CERN, Geneva (2004)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="J. Maestre, C. Torregrosa, K. Kershaw, C. Bracco, T. Coiffet, M. Ferrari, R. Franqueira Ximenes, S. Gilardoni, D. Grenier, A. Lechner, V. Maire, J.M. Martin Ruiz, E. Matheson, N. Solieri, A. Perillo-Marcone, T. Polzin, V. Rizzoglio, D. Senajova, C. Sharp, M. Timmins, and M. Calviani. Design and behaviour of the large hadron collider external beam dumps capable of receiving 539 mj/dump. J. Instrum. 16(11), P11019 (2021)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="O. Aberle, I Béjar Alonso, O Brüning, P Fessia, L Rossi, L Tavian, M Zerlauth, C. Adorisio, A. Adraktas, M. Ady, J. Albertone, L. Alberty, M. Alcaide Leon, A. Alekou, D. Alesini, B. Almeida Ferreira, P. Alvarez Lopez, G. Ambrosio, P. Andreu Munoz, M. Anerella, D. Angal-Kalinin, F. Antoniou, G. Apollinari, A. Apollonio, R. Appleby, G. Arduini, B. Arias Alonso, K. Artoos, S. Atieh, B. Auchmann, V. Badin, T. Baer, D. Baffari, V. Baglin, M. Bajko, A. Ball, A. Ballarino, S. Bally, T. Bampton, D. Banfi, R. Barlow, M. Barnes, J. Barranco, L. Barthelemy, W. Bartmann, H. Bartosik, E. Barzi, M. Battistin, P. Baudrenghien, I. Bejar Alonso, S. Belomestnykh, A. Benoit, I. Ben-Zvi, A. Bertarelli, S. Bertolasi, C. Bertone, B. Bertran, P. Bestmann, N. Biancacci, A. Bignami, N. Bliss, C. Boccard, Y. Body, J. Borburgh, B. Bordini, F. Borralho, R. Bossert, L. Bottura, A. Boucherie, R. Bozzi, C. Bracco, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, D. Brett, A. Broche, K. Brodzinski, F. Broggi, R. Bruce, M. Brugger, O. Brüning, X. Buffat, H. Burkhardt, J. Burnet, A. Burov, G. Burt, R. Cabezas, Y. Cai, R. Calaga, S. Calatroni, O. Capatina, T. Capelli, P. Cardon, E. Carlier, F. Carra, A. Carvalho, L.R. Carver, F. Caspers, G. Cattenoz, F. Cerutti, A. Chancé, M. Chastre Rodrigues, S. Chemli, D. Cheng, P. Chiggiato, G. Chlachidze, S. Claudet, JM. Coello De Portugal, C. Collazos, J. Corso, S. Costa Machado, P. Costa Pinto, E. Coulinge, M. Crouch, P. Cruikshank, E. Cruz Alaniz, M. Czech, K. Dahlerup-Petersen, B. Dalena, G. Daniluk, S. Danzeca, H. Day, J. De Carvalho Saraiva, D. De Luca, R. De Maria, G. De Rijk, S. De Silva, B. Dehning, J. Delayen, Q. Deliege, B. Delille, F. Delsaux, R. Denz, A. Devred, A. Dexter, B. Di Girolamo, D. Dietderich, J.W. Dilly, A. Doherty, N. Dos Santos, A. Drago, D.Drskovic, D. Duarte Ramos, L. Ducimetière, I. Efthymiopoulos, K. Einsweiler, L. Esposito, J. Esteban Muller, S. Evrard, P. Fabbricatore, S. Farinon, S. Fartoukh, A. Faus-Golfe, G. Favre, H. Felice, B. Feral, G. Ferlin, P. Ferracin, A. Ferrari, L. Ferreira, P. Fessia, L. Ficcadenti, S. Fiotakis, L. Fiscarelli, M. Fitterer, J. Fleiter, G. Foffano, E. Fol, R. Folch, K. Foraz, A. Foussat, M. Frankl, O. Frasciello, M. Fraser, P. Freijedo Menendez, J-F. Fuchs, S. Furuseth, A. Gaddi, M. Gallilee, A. Gallo, R. Garcia Alia, H. Garcia Gavela, J. Garcia Matos, H. Garcia Morales, A. Garcia-Tabares Valdivieso, C. Garino, C. Garion, J. Gascon, Ch. Gasnier, L. Gentini, C. Gentsos, A. Ghosh, L. Giacomel, K. Gibran Hernandez, S. Gibson, C. Ginburg, F. Giordano, M. Giovannozzi, B. Goddard, P. Gomes, M. Gonzalez De La Aleja Cabana, P. Goudket, E. Gousiou, P. Gradassi, A. Granadeiro Costa, L. Grand-Clément, S. Grillot, JC. Guillaume, M. Guinchard, P. Hagen, T. Hakulinen, B. Hall, J. Hansen, N. Heredia Garcia, W. Herr, A. Herty, C. Hill, M. Hofer, W. Höfle, B. Holzer, S. Hopkins, J. Hrivnak, G. Iadarola, A. Infantino, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, S. Jakobsen, M.A. Jebramcik, B. Jenninger, E. Jensen, M. Jones, R. Jones, T. Jones, J. Jowett, M. Juchno, C. Julie, T. Junginger, V. Kain, D. Kaltchev, N. Karastathis, P. Kardasopoulos, M. Karppinen, J. Keintzel, R. Kersevan, F. Killing, G. Kirby, M. Korostelev, N. Kos, S. Kostoglou, I. Kozsar, A. Krasnov, S. Krave, L. Krzempek, N. Kuder, A. Kurtulus, R. Kwee-Hinzmann, F. Lackner, M. Lamont, A.L. Lamure, L. Lari m, M. Lazzaroni, M. Le Garrec, A. Lechner, T. Lefevre, R. Leuxe, K. Li, Z. Li, R. Lindner, B. Lindstrom, C. Lingwood, C. Löffler, C. Lopez, LA. Lopez-Hernandez, R. Losito, F. Maciariello, P. Macintosh, E.H. Maclean, A. Macpherson, P. Maesen, C. Magnier, H. Mainaud Durand, L. Malina, M. Manfredi, F. Marcellini, M. Marchevsky, S. Maridor, G. Marinaro, K. Marinov, T. Markiewicz, A. Marsili, P. Martinez Urioz, M. Martino, A. Masi, T. Mastoridis, P. Mattelaer, A. May, J. Mazet, S. Mcilwraith, E. McIntosh, L. Medina Medrano, A. Mejica Rodriguez, M. Mendes, P. Menendez, M. Mensi, A. Mereghetti, D. Mergelkuhl, T. Mertens, L. Mether, E. Métral, M. Migliorati, A. Milanese, P. Minginette, D. Missiaen, T. Mitsuhashi, M. Modena, N. Mokhov, J. Molson, E. Monneret, E. Montesinos, R. Moron-Ballester, M. Morrone, A. Mostacci, N. Mounet, P. Moyret, P. Muffat, B. Muratori, Y. Muttoni, T. Nakamoto, M. Navarro-Tapia, H. Neupert, L. Nevay, T. Nicol, E. Nilsson, P. Ninin, A. Nobrega, C. Noels, E. Nolan, Y. Nosochkov, FX. Nuiry, L. Oberli, T. Ogitsu, K. Ohmi, Olave R., J. Oliveira, Ph. Orlandi, P. Ortega, J. Osborne, T. Otto, L. Palumbo, S. Papadopoulou, Y. Papaphilippou, K. Paraschou, C. Parente, S. Paret, H. Park, V. Parma, Ch. Pasquino, A. Patapenka, L. Patnaik, S. Pattalwar, J. Payet, G. Pechaud, D. Pellegrini, P. Pepinster, J. Perez, J. Perez Espinos, A. Perillo Marcone, A. Perin, P. Perini, T.H.B. Persson, T. Peterson, T. Pieloni, G. Pigny, J.P. Pinheiro de Sousa, O. Pirotte, F. Plassard, M. Pojer, L. Pontercorvo, A. Poyet, D. Prelipcean, H. Prin, R. Principe, T. Pugnat, J. Qiang, E. Quaranta, H. Rafique, I. Rakhno, D. Ramos Duarte, A. Ratti, E. Ravaioli, M. Raymond, S. Redaelli, T. Renaglia, D. Ricci, G. Riddone, J. Rifflet, E. Rigutto, T. Rijoff, R. Rinaldesi, O. Riu Martinez, L. Rivkin, F. Rodriguez Mateos, S. Roesler, I. Romera Ramirez, A. Rossi, L. Rossi, V. Rude, G. Rumolo, J. Rutkovksi, M. Sabate Gilarte, G. Sabbi, T. Sahner, R. Salemme, B. Salvant, F. Sanchez Galan, A. Santamaria Garcia, I. Santillana, C. Santini, O. Santos, P. Santos Diaz, K. Sasaki, F. Savary, A. Sbrizzi, M. Schaumann, C. Scheuerlein, J. Schmalzle, H. Schmickler, R. Schmidt, D. Schoerling, M. Segreti, M. Serluca, J. Serrano, J. Sestak, E. Shaposhnikova, D. Shatilov, A. Siemko, M. Sisti, M. Sitko, J. Skarita, E. Skordis, K. Skoufaris, G. Skripka, D. Smekens, Z. Sobiech, M. Sosin, M. Sorbio, F. Soubelet, B. Spataro, G. Spiezia, G. Stancari, M. Staterao, J. Steckert, G. Steele, G. Sterbini, M. Struik, M. Sugano, A. Szeberenyi, M. Taborelli, C. Tambasco, R. Tavares Rego, L. Tavian, B. Teissandier, N. Templeton, M. Therasse, H. Thiesen, E. Thomas, A. Toader, E. Todesco, R. Tomás, F. Toral, R. Torres-Sanchez, G. Trad, N. Triantafyllou, I. Tropin, A. Tsinganis, J. Tuckamantel, J. Uythoven, A. Valishev, F. Van Der Veken, R. Van Weelderen, A. Vande Craen, B. Vazquez De Prada, F. Velotti, S. Verdu Andres, A. Verweij, N. Vittal Shetty, V. Vlachoudis, G. Volpini, U. Wagner, P. Wanderer, M. Wang, X. Wang, R. Wanzenberg, A. Wegscheider, S. Weisz, C. Welsch, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger, W. Weterings, S. White, K. Widuch, A. Will, G. Willering, D. Wollmann, A. Wolski, J. Wozniak, Q. Wu, B. Xiao, L. Xiao, Q. Xu, Y. Yakovlev, S. Yammine, Y. Yang, M. Yu, I. Zacharov, O. Zagorodnova, C. Zannini, C. Zanoni, M. Zerlauth, F. Zimmermann, A. Zlobin, M. Zobov, I. Zurbano Fernandez. High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): technical design report. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs. CERN, Geneva (2020)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environments; citation_title=Radiation protection at the large hadron collider: problematics, challenges and advanced Monte Carlo simulation techniques; citation_author=A Infantino, D Björkman, L Elie, M Maietta, C Tromel, H Vincke; citation_volume=9; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=54; citation_doi=10.3390/environments9050054; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Radiat. Protect. Dosimet.; citation_title=Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump; citation_author=A Infantino, AP Bernardes, M Calviani, G Dumont, S El-Idrissi, R Mouret, C Tromel, H Vincke; citation_volume=199; citation_issue=8–9; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=891-899; citation_doi=10.1093/rpd/ncad118; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="CERN. FLUKA CERN website (2020). Available online: https://fluka.cern (online). Accessed 11 Apr 2023"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="C. Ahdida, D. Bozzato, D. Calzolari, F. Cerutti, N. Charitonidis, A. Cimmino, A. Coronetti, G.L. D’Alessandro, A. Donadon Servelle, L.S. Esposito, R. Froeschl, R. García Alía, A. Gerbershagen, S. Gilardoni, D. Horváth, G. Hugo, A. Infantino, V. Kouskoura, A. Lechner, B. Lefebvre, G. Lerner, M. Magistris, A. Manousos, G. Moryc, F. Ogallar Ruiz, F. Pozzi, D. Prelipcean, S. Roesler, R. Rossi, M. Sabaté Gilarte, F. Salvat Pujol, P. Schoofs, V. Stránský, C. Theis, A. Tsinganis, R. Versaci, V. Vlachoudis, A. Waets, M. Widorski. New capabilities of the FLUKA multi-purpose code. Front. Phys. 9, 788253 (2022)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="G. Battistoni, T. Boehlen, F. Cerutti, P.W. Chin, L.S. Esposito, A. Fassò, A. Ferrari, A. Lechner, A. Empl, A. Mairani, A. Mereghetti, P. Garcia Ortega, J. Ranft, S. Roesler, P.R. Sala, V. Vlachoudis, G. Smirnov. Overview of the FLUKA code. Ann. Nucl. Energy 82, 10–18 (2015)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="H. Vincke, C. Theis. Actiwiz 3—an overview of the latest developments and their application. J. Phys.: Confer. Ser. 1046(1), 012007 (2018)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A; citation_title=Measurements of secondary-particle emissions from copper target bombarded with 24-GeV/c protons; citation_author=T Oyama, T Sanami, H Yashima, M Hagiwara, N Nakao, A Infantino, E Iliopoulou, R Froeschl, S Roesler, T Kajimoto, E Lee, S Nagaguro, T Matsumoto, A Masuda, Y Uwamino; citation_volume=990; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=164977; citation_doi=10.1016/j.nima.2020.164977; citation_id=CR10"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A; citation_title=Measurements and fluka simulations of aluminium, bismuth and indium activation by stray radiation from the annihilation of low energy antiprotons; citation_author=C Ahdida, R Froeschl, E Iliopoulou, A Infantino, S Jensen; citation_volume=950; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=162972; citation_doi=10.1016/j.nima.2019.162972; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B; citation_title=Measurement and calculation of thermal neutrons induced by the 24 GeV/c proton bombardment of a thick copper target; citation_author=T Oyama, M Hagiwara, T Sanami, H Yashima, N Nakao, EJ Lee, E Iliopoulou, R Froeschl, A Infantino, S Roesler; citation_volume=434; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=29-36; citation_doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2018.08.016; citation_id=CR12"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A; citation_title=Measurements and fluka simulations of bismuth and aluminium activation at the CERN shielding benchmark facility (csbf); citation_author=E Iliopoulou, P Bamidis, M Brugger, R Froeschl, A Infantino, T Kajimoto, N Nakao, S Roesler, T Sanami, A Siountas; citation_volume=885; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=79-85; citation_doi=10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.058; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Characterization, Treatment and Conditioning of Radioactive Graphite from Decommissioning of Nuclear Reactors. Number 1521 in TECDOC Series (Vienna, 2006)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Progress in Radioactive Graphite Waste Management, Number 1647 in TECDOC Series (Vienna, 2010)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Processing of Irradiated Graphite to Meet Acceptance Criteria for Waste Disposal. Number 1790 in TECDOC Series (Vienna, 2016)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="J. Wozniak, C. Roderick. NXCALS—architecture and challenges of the next CERN accelerator logging service, in 17th Biennial International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS), New York, USA, 5–11 Oct 2019 (2020), p. WEPHA163"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Phys.: Confer. Ser.; citation_title=A method for radiological characterization based on fluence conversion coefficients; citation_author=R Froeschl; citation_volume=1046; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_id=CR18"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="ANDRA. Spécification d’Acceptation des colis de déchets radioactifs au CSFMA (INB No 149), Spécification d’évaluation et de déclaration des caractéristiques radioactives 2014. Available online: https://docplayer.fr/87439106-Specification-d-acceptation-des-colis-de-dechets-radioactifs-au-csfma-inb-n-149.html (online). Accessed 11 Apr 2023"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (2023)"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Infantino, Angelo"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="angelo.infantino@cern.ch"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Harbron, Richard William"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mouret, Renaud"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bertreix, Philippe"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bernardes, Ana-Paula"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bruno, Luca"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Calviani, Marco"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dumont, Gerald"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="El-Idrissi, Safouane"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Magistris, Matteo"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Menaa, Nabil"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Theis, Chris"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tromel, Christophe"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Vincke, Heinz"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2023/08/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN - The European Physical Journal Plus"/> <meta property="og:description" content="During the last Long Shutdown, a scheduled maintenance period between physics runs, the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dumps were replaced with upgraded spares modules. It was then decided to conduct an in-house autopsy and a post-irradiation examination of the removed dumps to extract information essential for the 3rd LHC physics run and to aid the design of new generations of beam dumps able to cope with future upgrades of the LHC. The need for a postmortem analysis of the dump cores opened the opportunity to combine the autopsy with processes required for the disposal of the dumps as radioactive waste at a dedicated disposal facility in France. This had a direct impact in terms of overall optimization of the interventions (postmortem analysis and prepackaging) to be performed on the dump as well as in terms of minimizing of the radiological risk (ALARA), by reducing the exposure of the personnel by combining two interventions in one. The characterization of the dump as radioactive waste was performed by means of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo and analytical techniques verified experimentally via a series of dedicated radiochemical (using liquid scintillation) analyses, conducted in-house and in external specialized laboratories. Based on these results, the dumps will be disposed of as intermediate–medium-level (FMA-VC) waste at the ANDRA CSA repository in France."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-b8af42253b.css> <style> html{text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a{background-color:transparent;color:#025e8d}sub{bottom:-.25em;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{height:1rem;width:1rem} </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { body{background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;min-height:100%}a{color:#025e8d;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}button{cursor:pointer}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;overflow-y:scroll}h1{font-size:2.25rem}h2{font-size:1.75rem}h1,h2,h4{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h4{font-size:1.25rem}body{font-size:1.125rem}*{box-sizing:inherit}p{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:0}p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-status-message{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%}.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.eds-c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 0 0}.eds-c-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto 8px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid #c5e0f4;padding-top:4px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 4px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child){margin-right:32px}.eds-c-header__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between}.eds-c-header__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.eds-c-header__list-item{font-weight:700;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:8px}.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:2px solid #c5e0f4}.eds-c-header__item{color:inherit}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}.eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:flex;gap:16px 16px;visibility:visible}}.eds-c-header__item--divider:before{border-left:2px solid #c5e0f4;content:"";height:calc(100% - 16px);margin-left:-15px;position:absolute;top:8px}.eds-c-header__brand{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-header__brand a{display:block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}.eds-c-header__brand img{height:1.5rem;width:auto}.eds-c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.eds-c-header__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;font-size:1.5rem;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}.eds-c-header__icon+*{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-header__expander{background-color:#f0f7fc}.eds-c-header__search{display:block;padding:24px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__search{max-width:70%}}.eds-c-header__search-container{position:relative}.eds-c-header__search-label{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}.eds-c-header__search-input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:8px 48px 8px 8px;width:100%}.eds-c-header__search-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;height:100%;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;right:0}.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander{border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;left:0;margin-top:-2px;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search{margin:auto}.eds-c-header__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 16px 0}.eds-c-pagination{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;gap:16px 0;justify-content:center;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:32px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.eds-c-pagination{padding:32px 16px}}.eds-c-pagination__item{margin-right:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--prev{margin-right:16px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child{margin-right:0}.eds-c-pagination__link{align-items:center;color:#222;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;margin:0;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;text-align:center;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.eds-c-pagination__link:visited{color:#222}.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled{border-color:#555;color:#555;cursor:default}.eds-c-pagination__link--active{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border-radius:8px;color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited{color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.eds-c-pagination__icon{fill:#222;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled{fill:#555}.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#333;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs>li{display:inline}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#333;height:10px;margin:0 .25rem;width:10px}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#fff}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-skip-link{background:#01324b;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);width:100%;z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:hover,.c-skip-link:link,.c-skip-link:visited{color:#fff}.c-skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}.l-with-sidebar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-with-sidebar>*{margin:0}.l-with-sidebar__sidebar{flex-basis:var(--with-sidebar--basis,400px);flex-grow:1}.l-with-sidebar>:not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar){flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:999;min-width:var(--with-sidebar--min,53%)}.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:4rem}@supports (gap:1em){.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:0}.l-with-sidebar{gap:var(--with-sidebar--gap,4rem)}}.c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.app-masthead__colour-4{--background-color:#ff9500;--gradient-light:rgba(0,0,0,.5);--gradient-dark:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.app-masthead{background:var(--background-color,#0070a8);position:relative}.app-masthead:after{background:radial-gradient(circle at top right,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)));bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.app-masthead:after{background:linear-gradient(225deg,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)))}}.app-masthead__container{color:var(--masthead-color,#fff);margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;border-radius:32px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:16px 32px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--contrast svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--secondary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button,.u-button:visited{color:#fff}.u-button,.u-button:hover{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button:focus,.u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button--primary:focus svg path,.u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button:focus svg path,.u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.u-button--primary{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--primary:hover{border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus,.u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary{background-color:#fff;border:4px solid #fff;color:#01324b;font-weight:700}.u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--secondary:focus,.u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--tertiary:focus svg path,.u-button--tertiary:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#666;font-weight:700}.u-button--tertiary:visited{color:#666}.u-button--tertiary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--tertiary:focus,.u-button--tertiary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.u-button--contrast{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400}.u-button--contrast:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--contrast,.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--contrast:focus svg path,.u-button--contrast:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--disabled,.u-button:disabled{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:4px solid #ccc;color:#000;cursor:default;font-weight:400;opacity:.7}.u-button--disabled svg,.u-button:disabled svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button--disabled:visited,.u-button:disabled:visited{color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{border:4px solid #ccc;text-decoration:none}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus svg path,.u-button--disabled:hover svg path,.u-button:disabled:focus svg path,.u-button:disabled:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--small,.u-button--xsmall{font-size:.875rem;padding:2px 8px}.u-button--small{padding:8px 16px}.u-button--large{font-size:1.125rem;padding:10px 35px}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-button--icon-left svg{margin-right:8px}.u-button--icon-right svg{margin-left:8px}.u-clear-both{clear:both}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-ma-16{margin:16px}.u-mt-0{margin-top:0}.u-mt-24{margin-top:24px}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.u-serif{font-family:Merriweather,serif}h1,h2,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}.u-mbs-0{margin-block-start:0!important}.c-article-header{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#025e8d;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider{padding:8px 16px}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,.c-notes{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin:24px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text{color:#555}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,.c-notes__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;text-align:center}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address{color:inherit;font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item{display:inline;margin-left:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #fff;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:24px}.c-article-share-box__description{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__additional-info{color:#626262;font-size:.813rem}.c-article-share-box__button{background:#fff;box-sizing:content-box;text-align:center}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#025e8d;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{font-size:1rem}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-article-section__figure-caption{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;word-break:break-word}.c-article-section__figure .video,p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:1rem}.c-article-section__figure-description>*{margin-bottom:0}.c-cod{display:block;font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#025e8d;border:1px solid #025e8d;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,.save-data .c-article-equation__number,.save-data .c-article-figure-description,.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,.save-data .c-article-main-column,.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,.save-data .c-article-table-container,.save-data .c-blockquote__body,.save-data .c-code-block__heading,.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,.save-data .serif,.save-data .u-serif,.save-data h1,.save-data h2,.save-data h3{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:16px 16px;margin:0;max-width:100%;padding:16px 0 0}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item{flex:1 1 0%}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{flex-direction:column}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-body .c-article-history{margin-top:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar p{margin:0}.app-article-masthead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px 16px;padding:16px 0 24px}.app-article-masthead__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1}.app-article-masthead__brand{border-top:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;gap:8px 8px;min-height:96px;padding:16px 0 0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 4px 15px 0 hsla(0,0%,50%,.25);height:auto;left:0;position:absolute;width:72px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 8px;max-width:400px;padding:0 0 0 88px;position:relative}.app-article-masthead__journal-title{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:1rem;gap:4px 4px;margin:0 0 0 88px}.app-article-masthead__access{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;gap:4px 4px;margin:0}.app-article-masthead__buttons{display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;gap:16px 16px}.app-article-masthead__access svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg{fill:currentcolor}.app-article-masthead a{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;background-image:none;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;color:#025e8d;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:4px solid #fc0;color:#01324b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.app-article-masthead{flex-direction:row;gap:64px 64px;padding:24px 0}.app-article-masthead__brand{border:0;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{height:auto;position:static;width:auto}.app-article-masthead__buttons{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;margin-top:auto}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px 24px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{margin:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-masthead__brand{flex-basis:400px}}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list{margin:0 0 16px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *{color:#fff}.app-article-masthead .c-cod{display:none}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item{border-left:1px solid #fff;border-right:0;margin:0 17px 8px -9px;padding:0 0 0 8px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite{border-left:0}.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 0 0;row-gap:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar__item{padding:0 16px 0 0}.app-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700}.app-article-metrics-bar__label{font-weight:400;padding-left:4px}.app-article-metrics-bar__icon{height:auto;margin-right:4px;margin-top:-4px;width:auto}.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon{margin:4px 0 0 4px}.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:#000}.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics{padding-right:0}.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,.app-overview-section__authors{line-height:2}.app-article-metrics-bar{margin-top:8px}.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top{margin-top:0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter{color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:20px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon{fill:#003f8d;vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body-section__content--separator{padding-top:40px}.c-pdf-download__link{max-height:44px}.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.c-article-sidebar{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-sidebar{display:block}}.c-cod__form{border-radius:12px}.c-cod__label{font-size:.875rem}.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:inherit}}.c-cod .c-status-message__icon{margin-top:4px}.c-cod .c-cod__prompt{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:none}}.c-article-body .app-card-service{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-card-service{display:none}}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#025e8d;color:#fff}.buybox__buy .c-notes__text{color:#666;font-size:.875rem;padding:0 16px 8px}.c-cod__input{flex-basis:auto;width:100%}.c-article-title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure{margin:0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{margin:16px 0}}.app-article-access{border:1px solid #c5e0f4;border-radius:12px}.app-article-access__heading{border-bottom:1px solid #c5e0f4;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:16px;text-align:center}.app-article-access .buybox__info svg{vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body .app-article-access p{margin-bottom:0}.app-article-access .buybox__info{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.app-article-access{margin:0 0 32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-access{margin:0 0 24px}}.c-status-message{font-size:1rem}.c-article-body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-body dl,.c-article-body ol,.c-article-body p,.c-article-body ul{margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:0}.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-body ol p,.c-article-body ul p{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top-color:#c5e0f4}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:400px}.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>*{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;padding:16px 0}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-article-share-box__button,.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;border-radius:32px;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;margin:0;padding:8px 24px;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{width:100%}.c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#fff;border:2px solid #fff;color:#01324b;justify-content:center}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button svg,.c-pdf-download .u-button svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-image:none;border:2px solid;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button,.c-pdf-download .u-button{box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#025e8d}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #fff}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background:0 0;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{border:2px solid #025e8d}.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus,.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus{outline:3px solid #08c;will-change:transform}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:0}.c-bibliographic-information__column button{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,figure{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__button{margin-right:16px}.c-status-message--boxed{border-radius:12px}.c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1rem}.app-card-service__description,.c-article-body .app-card-service__description{color:#222;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8px}.app-article-access__subscriptions a,.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,.app-book-series-listing__item a,.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,.c-article-author-list a,.c-article-author-list a:visited,.c-article-buy-box a,.c-article-buy-box a:visited,.c-article-peer-review a,.c-article-peer-review a:visited,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,.c-breadcrumbs__link,.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited{color:#000}.c-article-author-list svg{height:24px;margin:0 0 0 6px;width:24px}.c-article-header{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--conditional{display:block}}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#fff;display:none;min-height:149px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}p.c-ad__label{margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #cedbe0} } </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .eds-c-header__brand img{height:24px;width:203px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:93px;width:72px}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:161px;width:122px}} } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-3c86549cfc.css media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-article-72ba046d97.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script type="text/javascript"> config = { env: 'live', site: '13360.springer.com', siteWithPath: '13360.springer.com' + window.location.pathname, twitterHashtag: '13360', cmsPrefix: 'https://studio-cms.springernature.com/studio/', publisherBrand: 'Springer', mustardcut: false }; </script> <script> window.dataLayer = [{"GA Key":"UA-26408784-1","DOI":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0","Page":"article","springerJournal":true,"Publishing Model":"Hybrid Access","page":{"attributes":{"environment":"live"}},"Country":"HK","japan":false,"doi":"10.1140-epjp-s13360-023-04319-0","Journal Id":13360,"Journal Title":"The European Physical Journal Plus","imprint":"Springer","Keywords":"","kwrd":[],"Labs":"Y","ksg":"Krux.segments","kuid":"Krux.uid","Has Body":"Y","Features":[],"Open Access":"Y","hasAccess":"Y","bypassPaywall":"N","user":{"license":{"businessPartnerID":[],"businessPartnerIDString":""}},"Access Type":"open","Bpids":"","Bpnames":"","BPID":["1"],"VG Wort Identifier":"vgzm.415900-10.1140-epjp-s13360-023-04319-0","Full HTML":"Y","Subject Codes":["SCP","SCP31000","SCP19005","SCP33000","SCP25005","SCP24009"],"pmc":["P","P31000","P19005","P33000","P25005","P24009"],"session":{"authentication":{"loginStatus":"N"},"attributes":{"edition":"academic"}},"content":{"serial":{"eissn":"2190-5444"},"type":"Article","category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Physics","primarySubjectCode":"P","secondarySubjects":{"1":"Applied and Technical Physics","2":"Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics","3":"Complex Systems","4":"Condensed Matter Physics","5":"Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics"},"secondarySubjectCodes":{"1":"P31000","2":"P19005","3":"P33000","4":"P25005","5":"P24009"}},"sucode":"SC12","articleType":"Regular Article"},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar"}},"Event Category":"Article"}]; </script> <script data-test="springer-link-article-datalayer"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-B3E4QL2TPR', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-26408784-1', twitterId: 'o47a7', baiduId: 'aef3043f025ccf2305af8a194652d70b', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.springer.com', imprint: 'springerlink', page: { attributes:{ featureFlags: [{ name: 'darwin-orion', active: true }, { name: 'chapter-books-recs', active: true } ], darwinAvailable: true } } }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = false; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-dad1690b0d.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-e7d03c4cb3.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/oscar-static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN","description":"During the last Long Shutdown, a scheduled maintenance period between physics runs, the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dumps were replaced with upgraded spares modules. It was then decided to conduct an in-house autopsy and a post-irradiation examination of the removed dumps to extract information essential for the 3rd LHC physics run and to aid the design of new generations of beam dumps able to cope with future upgrades of the LHC. The need for a postmortem analysis of the dump cores opened the opportunity to combine the autopsy with processes required for the disposal of the dumps as radioactive waste at a dedicated disposal facility in France. This had a direct impact in terms of overall optimization of the interventions (postmortem analysis and prepackaging) to be performed on the dump as well as in terms of minimizing of the radiological risk (ALARA), by reducing the exposure of the personnel by combining two interventions in one. The characterization of the dump as radioactive waste was performed by means of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo and analytical techniques verified experimentally via a series of dedicated radiochemical (using liquid scintillation) analyses, conducted in-house and in external specialized laboratories. Based on these results, the dumps will be disposed of as intermediate–medium-level (FMA-VC) waste at the ANDRA CSA repository in France.","datePublished":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"13","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0","keywords":["Applied and Technical Physics","Theoretical","Mathematical and Computational Physics","Complex Systems","Condensed Matter Physics","Atomic","Molecular","Optical and Plasma Physics"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig4_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig5_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig6_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig7_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig8_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig9_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig10_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig11_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig12_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig13_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","issn":["2190-5444"],"volumeNumber":"138","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Angelo Infantino","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-3502","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"angelo.infantino@cern.ch","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Richard William Harbron","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Renaud Mouret","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Philippe Bertreix","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Ana-Paula Bernardes","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Luca Bruno","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Marco Calviani","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Gerald Dumont","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Safouane El-Idrissi","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Matteo Magistris","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Nabil Menaa","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Chris Theis","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Christophe Tromel","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Heinz Vincke","affiliation":[{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)","address":{"name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol id="icon-eds-i-accesses-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H15a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4.455a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM8 13c2.052 0 4.66 1.61 6.36 3.4l.124.141c.333.41.516.925.516 1.459 0 .6-.232 1.178-.64 1.599C12.666 21.388 10.054 23 8 23c-2.052 0-4.66-1.61-6.353-3.393A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 1 18c0-.6.232-1.178.64-1.6C3.34 14.61 5.948 13 8 13Zm0 2c-1.369 0-3.552 1.348-4.917 2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 3 18c0 .083.031.161.09.222C4.447 19.652 6.631 21 8 21c1.37 0 3.556-1.35 4.917-2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 13 18a.32.32 0 0 0-.048-.17l-.042-.052C11.553 16.348 9.369 15 8 15Zm0 1a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c5.978 0 10.843 4.77 10.996 10.712l.004.306-.002.022-.002.248C22.843 18.23 17.978 23 12 23 5.925 23 1 18.075 1 12S5.925 1 12 1Zm-1.726 9.246L8.848 12.53a1 1 0 0 1-.718.461L8.003 13l-4.947.014a9.001 9.001 0 0 0 17.887-.001L16.553 13l-2.205 3.53a1 1 0 0 1-1.735-.068l-.05-.11-2.289-6.106ZM12 3a9.001 9.001 0 0 0-8.947 8.013l4.391-.012L9.652 7.47a1 1 0 0 1 1.784.179l2.288 6.104 1.428-2.283a1 1 0 0 1 .722-.462l.129-.008 4.943.012A9.001 9.001 0 0 0 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 20.989.058.007L12 21l.075-.003.126-.017.111-.03.111-.044.098-.052.104-.074.082-.073 6-6a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L13 17.585v-12.2C13 4.075 11.964 3 10.667 3H4a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h6.667c.175 0 .333.164.333.385v12.2l-4.293-4.292a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l6 6c.035.036.073.068.112.097l.11.071.114.054.105.035.118.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5v8.585L3.707 8.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l5 5 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.048.104.035.105.022.096.01h.136l.122-.018.113-.03.103-.04.1-.053.102-.07.052-.043 5.04-5.037a1 1 0 1 0-1.415-1.414L9 11.583V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 3.011.058-.007L12 3l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 6 6a1 1 0 1 1-1.414 1.414L13 6.415v12.2C13 19.925 11.964 21 10.667 21H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6.667c.175 0 .333-.164.333-.385v-12.2l-4.293 4.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6c.035-.036.073-.068.112-.097l.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 13.998a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5V4.413L3.707 7.705a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.084l-.094-.084a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l5-5 .063-.059.093-.068.081-.05.105-.047.104-.035.105-.022L7.94 1l.136.001.122.017.113.03.103.04.1.053.102.07.052.043 5.04 5.037a1 1 0 1 1-1.415 1.414L9 4.415v8.583a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 3h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L21 4v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L17.584 5H14a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L13 4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3.584l4.293-4.291a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L6.414 19H10a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 20a1 1 0 0 1-1 1l-6.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.054-.114-.035-.105-.025-.118-.007-.058L3 20v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2 15-.082-.004-.119-.016-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.031-.062-.034-.081-.024-.076-.025-.118-.007-.058L1 14.02V9a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v2.584l2.793-2.791a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L4.414 13H7a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8 14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2ZM14 1l.081.003.12.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.031.062.034.081.024.076.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414l-2.96 2.96A1 1 0 1 1 8.626 5.96L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m20.707 12.728-7.99 7.98a.996.996 0 0 1-.561.281l-.157.011a.998.998 0 0 1-.788-.384l-7.918-7.908a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.416L11 17.576V4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v13.598l6.293-6.285a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.082l.095.083a1 1 0 0 1-.001 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 8.707 6 6 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.049.104.034.056.013.118.017L8 15l.076-.003.122-.017.113-.03.085-.032.063-.03.098-.058.06-.043.05-.043 6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L9 11.583V2a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v9.585L2.707 7.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.272 3.293-7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 0-.281.561L3 12.001c0 .32.15.605.384.788l7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 0 1.416-1.414L6.424 13H20a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H6.402l6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 0 .082-1.32l-.083-.095a1 1 0 0 0-1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.293 1.293-6 6-.059.063-.069.093-.048.081-.049.105-.034.104-.013.056-.017.118L1 8l.003.076.017.122.03.113.032.085.03.063.058.098.043.06.043.05 6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 0 1.414-1.414L4.417 9H14a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H4.415l4.292-4.293a1 1 0 0 0 .083-1.32l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 0-1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8.707 1.293 6 6 .059.063.069.093.048.081.049.105.034.104.013.056.017.118L15 8l-.003.076-.017.122-.03.113-.032.085-.03.063-.058.098-.043.06-.043.05-6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.583 9H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h9.585L7.293 2.707a1 1 0 0 1-.083-1.32l.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m3.293 11.272 7.99-7.98a.996.996 0 0 1 .561-.281L12.001 3c.32 0 .605.15.788.384l7.918 7.908a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.416L13 6.424V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.402l-6.293 6.285a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.082l-.095-.083a1 1 0 0 1 .001-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 7.293 6-6 .063-.059.093-.069.081-.048.105-.049.104-.034.056-.013.118-.017L8 1l.076.003.122.017.113.03.085.032.063.03.098.058.06.043.05.043 6.04 6.037a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L9 4.417V14a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.415L2.707 8.707a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-article-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM8 11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM7 16a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h8a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 18.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3H18.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v16.962c0 .293-.24.538-.546.538H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v12c0 1.16-.79 2.135-1.86 2.418l-.14.031V21h1a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L21 22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H6.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 3 19.5v-15A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h12ZM17 18H6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-1.493 1.356L5 19.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 21H17v-3Zm1.5-15h-12A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 4.5v11.837l.054-.025a3.481 3.481 0 0 1 1.254-.307L6.5 16h12a.5.5 0 0 0 .492-.41L19 15.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM15 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1 3.786C1 2.759 1.857 2 2.82 2H6.18c.964 0 1.82.759 1.82 1.786V4h3.168c.668 0 1.298.364 1.616.938.158-.109.333-.195.523-.252l3.216-.965c.923-.277 1.962.204 2.257 1.187l4.146 13.82c.296.984-.307 1.957-1.23 2.234l-3.217.965c-.923.277-1.962-.203-2.257-1.187L13 10.005v10.21c0 1.04-.878 1.785-1.834 1.785H7.833c-.291 0-.575-.07-.83-.195A1.849 1.849 0 0 1 6.18 22H2.821C1.857 22 1 21.241 1 20.214V3.786ZM3 4v11h3V4H3Zm0 16v-3h3v3H3Zm15.075-.04-.814-2.712 2.874-.862.813 2.712-2.873.862Zm1.485-5.49-2.874.862-2.634-8.782 2.873-.862 2.635 8.782ZM8 20V6h3v14H8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-acceptance-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-.534 7.747a1 1 0 0 1 .094 1.412l-4.846 5.538a1 1 0 0 1-1.352.141l-2.77-2.076a1 1 0 0 1 1.2-1.6l2.027 1.519 4.236-4.84a1 1 0 0 1 1.411-.094ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-date-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM8 15a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm-4-4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-decision-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-2.935 8.246 2.686 2.645c.34.335.34.883 0 1.218l-2.686 2.645a.858.858 0 0 1-1.213-.009.854.854 0 0 1 .009-1.21l1.05-1.035H7.984a.992.992 0 0 1-.984-1c0-.552.44-1 .984-1h5.928l-1.051-1.036a.854.854 0 0 1-.085-1.121l.076-.088a.858.858 0 0 1 1.213-.009ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.2 6.924a.48.48 0 0 1 .125.544l-1.52 3.283h2.304c.27 0 .491.215.491.483a.477.477 0 0 1-.13.327l-4.18 4.484a.498.498 0 0 1-.69.031.48.48 0 0 1-.125-.544l1.52-3.284H9.291a.487.487 0 0 1-.491-.482c0-.121.047-.238.13-.327l4.18-4.484a.498.498 0 0 1 .69-.031ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-call-papers-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="m20.707 2.883-1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 0 1.414 1.414l1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414Z"/><path d="M6 16.054c0 2.026 1.052 2.943 3 2.943a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-2.996 0-5-1.746-5-4.943v-1.227a4.068 4.068 0 0 1-1.83-1.189 4.553 4.553 0 0 1-.87-1.455 4.868 4.868 0 0 1-.3-1.686c0-1.17.417-2.298 1.17-3.14.38-.426.834-.767 1.338-1 .51-.237 1.06-.36 1.617-.36L6.632 6H7l7.932-2.895A2.363 2.363 0 0 1 18 5.36v9.28a2.36 2.36 0 0 1-3.069 2.25l.084.03L7 14.997H6v1.057Zm9.637-11.057a.415.415 0 0 0-.083.008L8 7.638v5.536l7.424 1.786.104.02c.035.01.072.02.109.02.2 0 .363-.16.363-.36V5.36c0-.2-.163-.363-.363-.363Zm-9.638 3h-.874a1.82 1.82 0 0 0-.625.111l-.15.063a2.128 2.128 0 0 0-.689.517c-.42.47-.661 1.123-.661 1.81 0 .34.06.678.176.992.114.308.28.585.485.816.4.447.925.691 1.464.691h.874v-5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M20 8.997h2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2ZM20.707 14.293l1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-card-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385c-.213 0-.265.034-.317.14A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068h15.23c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM17 16a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm-.5-7A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 18 7.5v3a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.5 1.5h-9A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 10.5v-3A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 7.5 6h9ZM16 8H8v2h8V8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cart-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.76 1a1 1 0 0 1 .994.902L7.155 6h13.34c.18 0 .358.02.532.057l.174.045a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1.693 3.103l-2.069 7.03c-.36 1.099-1.398 1.823-2.49 1.763H8.65c-1.272.015-2.352-.927-2.546-2.244L4.852 3H2a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L1 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.76Zm2.328 14.51a.555.555 0 0 0 .55.488l9.751.001a.533.533 0 0 0 .527-.357l2.059-7a.5.5 0 0 0-.48-.642H7.351l.737 7.51ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm5.125 4.72a1 1 0 0 1 .156 1.405l-6 7.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.421.143l-3-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.28-1.536l2.217 1.846 5.362-6.703a1 1 0 0 1 1.406-.156Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm5.125 6.72a1 1 0 0 0-1.406.155l-5.362 6.703-2.217-1.846a1 1 0 1 0-1.28 1.536l3 2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.143l6-7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.155-1.406Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.305 8.28a1 1 0 0 0-.024 1.415l7.495 7.762c.314.345.757.543 1.224.543.467 0 .91-.198 1.204-.522l7.515-7.783a1 1 0 1 0-1.438-1.39L12 15.845l-7.28-7.54A1 1 0 0 0 3.4 8.2l-.096.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.72 3.305a1 1 0 0 0-1.415-.024l-7.762 7.495A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 6 12c0 .467.198.91.522 1.204l7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 0 1.39-1.438L8.155 12l7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 0 15.8 3.4l-.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M10.722 2.308a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-.03L4.49 6.897a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-.019 2.188l4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 0 1.384-1.444L6.229 8l4.463-4.278a1 1 0 0 0 .111-1.318l-.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28 3.305a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.024l7.762 7.495c.345.314.543.757.543 1.224 0 .467-.198.91-.522 1.204l-7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 1-1.39-1.438L15.845 12l-7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 1 8.2 3.4l.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5.278 2.308a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.03l4.819 4.619a1.491 1.491 0 0 1 .019 2.188l-4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 1-1.384-1.444L9.771 8 5.308 3.722a1 1 0 0 1-.111-1.318l.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.695 15.72a1 1 0 0 0 .024-1.415l-7.495-7.762A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 12 6c-.467 0-.91.198-1.204.522l-7.515 7.783a1 1 0 1 0 1.438 1.39L12 8.155l7.28 7.54a1 1 0 0 0 1.319.106l.096-.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 10.722a1 1 0 0 0 .03-1.414L9.103 4.49a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-2.188-.019L2.278 9.308a1 1 0 0 0 1.444 1.384L8 6.229l4.278 4.463a1 1 0 0 0 1.318.111l.096-.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-citations-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742h-5.843a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h5.843a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM5.483 14.35c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Zm5 0c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-1.909 4.205a1 1 0 0 1 .19 1.401l-5.334 7a1 1 0 0 1-1.344.23l-2.667-1.75a1 1 0 1 1 1.098-1.672l1.887 1.238 4.769-6.258a1 1 0 0 1 1.401-.19ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-2.658 10.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857Zm0-3.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM8.707 7.293 12 10.585l3.293-3.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414L13.415 12l3.292 3.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L12 13.415l-3.293 3.292a1 1 0 1 1-1.414-1.414L10.585 12 7.293 8.707a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cloud-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.852 10.011.028-.004L13 10l.075.003.126.017.086.022.136.052.098.052.104.074.082.073 3 3a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L14 13.416V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l3-3 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Zm.587-7.962c3.065.362 5.497 2.662 5.992 5.562l.013.085.207.073c2.117.782 3.496 2.845 3.337 5.097l-.022.226c-.297 2.561-2.503 4.491-5.124 4.502a1 1 0 1 1-.009-2c1.619-.007 2.967-1.186 3.147-2.733.179-1.542-.86-2.979-2.487-3.353-.512-.149-.894-.579-.981-1.165-.21-2.237-2-4.035-4.308-4.308-2.31-.273-4.497 1.06-5.25 3.19l-.049.113c-.234.468-.718.756-1.176.743-1.418.057-2.689.857-3.32 2.084a3.668 3.668 0 0 0 .262 3.798c.796 1.136 2.169 1.764 3.583 1.635a1 1 0 1 1 .182 1.992c-2.125.194-4.193-.753-5.403-2.48a5.668 5.668 0 0 1-.403-5.86c.85-1.652 2.449-2.79 4.323-3.092l.287-.039.013-.028c1.207-2.741 4.125-4.404 7.186-4.042Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-collection-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v12.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h11.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.5-5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 18 4.5v12a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 16.5v-12A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 2h11Zm0 2h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v12a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM13 13a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm0-3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6ZM13 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-conference-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.5 2A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2 4.5v11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4.5 18h2.37l-2.534 2.253a1 1 0 0 0 1.328 1.494L9.88 18H11v3a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3h1.12l4.216 3.747a1 1 0 0 0 1.328-1.494L17.13 18h2.37a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19.5 2h-15ZM20 6V4.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-15a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V6h16ZM4 8v7.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-delivery-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.51 20.598a3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 4.161 19L3.5 19A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1 16.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.5 3h10a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.45 2.004L16 5h2.527c.976 0 1.855.585 2.27 1.49l2.112 4.62a1 1 0 0 1 .091.416v4.856C23 17.814 21.889 19 20.484 19h-.523a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.121-.007 2.96 2.96 0 0 1-1.33 1.605 3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 14.161 19H9.838a2.968 2.968 0 0 1-1.327 1.597Zm-2.024-3.462a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73L5.999 18l.001.022a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0A.97.97 0 0 0 8 17.978a.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0Zm10 0a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73l-.005.156a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0a.97.97 0 0 0 .486-.886.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0ZM21 12h-5v3.17a3.038 3.038 0 0 1 2.51.232 2.993 2.993 0 0 1 1.277 1.45l.058.155.058-.005.581-.002c.27 0 .516-.263.516-.618V12Zm-7.5-7h-10a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h.662a2.964 2.964 0 0 1 1.155-1.491l.172-.107a3.037 3.037 0 0 1 3.022 0A2.987 2.987 0 0 1 9.843 17H13.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Zm5.027 2H16v3h4.203l-1.224-2.677a.532.532 0 0 0-.375-.316L18.527 7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 18.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-3.5 3.5h-13A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 2 18.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5.5 20h13a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5-1.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5Zm-3.293-7.793-6 6-.063.059-.093.069-.081.048-.105.049-.104.034-.056.013-.118.017L12 17l-.076-.003-.122-.017-.113-.03-.085-.032-.063-.03-.098-.058-.06-.043-.05-.043-6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.294 4.29L11 3a1 1 0 0 1 2 0l.001 10.585 4.292-4.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.149 2a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 1.699.711l2.446 2.46a2.384 2.384 0 0 1 .005 3.38L10.01 19.906a1 1 0 0 1-.434.257l-6.3 1.8a1 1 0 0 1-1.237-1.237l1.8-6.3a1 1 0 0 1 .257-.434L15.443 2.718A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 17.15 2Zm-3.874 5.689-7.586 7.536-1.234 4.319 4.318-1.234 7.54-7.582-3.038-3.039ZM17.149 4a.395.395 0 0 0-.286.126L14.695 6.28l3.029 3.029 2.162-2.173a.384.384 0 0 0 .106-.197L20 6.864c0-.103-.04-.2-.119-.278l-2.457-2.47A.385.385 0 0 0 17.149 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-education-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.41 2.088a1 1 0 0 0-.82 0l-10 4.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.824L3 9.047v7.124A3.001 3.001 0 0 0 4 22a3 3 0 0 0 1-5.83V9.948l1 .45V14.5a1 1 0 0 0 .087.408L7 14.5c-.913.408-.912.41-.912.41l.001.003.003.006.007.015a1.988 1.988 0 0 0 .083.16c.054.097.131.225.236.373.21.297.53.68.993 1.057C8.351 17.292 9.824 18 12 18c2.176 0 3.65-.707 4.589-1.476.463-.378.783-.76.993-1.057a4.162 4.162 0 0 0 .319-.533l.007-.015.003-.006v-.003h.002s0-.002-.913-.41l.913.408A1 1 0 0 0 18 14.5v-4.103l4.41-1.985a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.824l-10-4.5ZM16 11.297l-3.59 1.615a1 1 0 0 1-.82 0L8 11.297v2.94a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677.739C9.267 15.457 10.294 16 12 16s2.734-.543 3.323-1.024a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677-.739v-2.94ZM4.437 7.5 12 4.097 19.563 7.5 12 10.903 4.437 7.5ZM3 19a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1-2 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-diamond-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008Zm0 2a.646.646 0 0 0-.38.123l-.093.08-8.34 8.34a.646.646 0 0 0-.18.355L3 12c0 .171.068.336.19.457l8.353 8.354a.646.646 0 0 0 .914 0l8.354-8.354a.646.646 0 0 0-.001-.914l-8.351-8.354A.646.646 0 0 0 12.002 3ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H4.6c-.371 0-.6.209-.6.5v15c0 .291.229.5.6.5h14.8c.371 0 .6-.209.6-.5V15a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4.5c0 1.438-1.162 2.5-2.6 2.5H4.6C3.162 22 2 20.938 2 19.5v-15C2 3.062 3.162 2 4.6 2H9Zm6 0h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L22 3v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V5.414l-6.693 6.693a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L18.584 4H15a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L14 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5 1a1 1 0 1 1 0 2l-2-.001V13L13 13v-2a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v2c0 1.15-.93 2-2.067 2H3.067C1.93 15 1 14.15 1 13V3c0-1.15.93-2 2.067-2H5Zm4 0h5l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08.044.047.073.093.051.083.054.113.035.105.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414L9.107 8.307a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.585l2.293-2.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-4 4a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.112.097l-.11.071-.114.054-.105.035-.149.03L12 18l-.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08-4-4a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414L11 14.585V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H5.545c-.674 0-1.32-.267-1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .142.057.278.158.379.102.102.242.159.387.159h12.91a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-4.793-6.207L13 9.585l1.793-1.792a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-2.5 2.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10.5 9.915l-1.793 1.792a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l2.5-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-text-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 15a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-5-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3Zm-2.233 4.011.058-.007L12 7l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 4 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L13 10.415V17a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.585l-2.293 2.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l4-4 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-filter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 2a1 1 0 0 1 .82 1.573L15 13.314V18a1 1 0 0 1-.31.724l-.09.076-4 3A1 1 0 0 1 9 21v-7.684L2.18 3.573a1 1 0 0 1 .707-1.567L3 2h18Zm-1.921 2H4.92l5.9 8.427a1 1 0 0 1 .172.45L11 13v6l2-1.5V13a1 1 0 0 1 .117-.469l.064-.104L19.079 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-funding-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8A7 7 0 1 0 9 8a7 7 0 0 0 14 0ZM9.006 12.225A4.07 4.07 0 0 0 6.12 11.02H2a.979.979 0 1 0 0 1.958h4.12c.558 0 1.094.222 1.489.617l2.207 2.288c.27.27.27.687.012.944a.656.656 0 0 1-.928 0L7.744 15.67a.98.98 0 0 0-1.386 1.384l1.157 1.158c.535.536 1.244.791 1.946.765l.041.002h6.922c.874 0 1.597.748 1.597 1.688 0 .203-.146.354-.309.354H7.755c-.487 0-.96-.178-1.339-.504L2.64 17.259a.979.979 0 0 0-1.28 1.482L5.137 22c.733.631 1.66.979 2.618.979h9.957c1.26 0 2.267-1.043 2.267-2.312 0-2.006-1.584-3.646-3.555-3.646h-4.529a2.617 2.617 0 0 0-.681-2.509l-2.208-2.287ZM16 3a5 5 0 1 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0-10Zm.979 3.5a.979.979 0 1 0-1.958 0v3a.979.979 0 1 0 1.958 0v-3Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-hashtag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM9.52 18.189a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274H6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.378l.592-3.076H6a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3.354l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.437 2.272h3.04l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.438 2.272H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1.917l-.592 3.076H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-2.893l-.51 2.652a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274h-3.04l-.51 2.652Zm.895-4.652h3.04l.591-3.076h-3.04l-.591 3.076Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-home-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-8.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l10-10a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0l10 10a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L20 12.415V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5Zm7-17.585-6 5.999V20h5v-4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4h5v-9.585l-6-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-image-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 22 4.385v15.23A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 19.615 22H4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 2 19.615V4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.172.385.385.385h1.244l10.228-8.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.254-.037L20 13.392V4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 19.615 4Zm-3.07 9.283L8.703 20h10.912a.385.385 0 0 0 .385-.385v-3.713l-3.455-2.619ZM9.5 6a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.49 2.672c.74.694.986 1.765.632 2.712l-.04.1-1.549 3.54h1.477a2.496 2.496 0 0 1 2.485 2.34l.005.163c0 .618-.23 1.21-.642 1.675l-7.147 7.961a2.48 2.48 0 0 1-3.554.165 2.512 2.512 0 0 1-.633-2.712l.042-.103L9.108 15H7.46c-1.393 0-2.379-1.11-2.455-2.369L5 12.473c0-.593.142-1.145.628-1.692l7.307-7.944a2.48 2.48 0 0 1 3.555-.165ZM14.43 4.164l-7.33 7.97c-.083.093-.101.214-.101.34 0 .277.19.526.46.526h4.163l.097-.009c.015 0 .03.003.046.009.181.078.264.32.186.5l-2.554 5.817a.512.512 0 0 0 .127.552.48.48 0 0 0 .69-.033l7.155-7.97a.513.513 0 0 0 .13-.34.497.497 0 0 0-.49-.502h-3.988a.355.355 0 0 1-.328-.497l2.555-5.844a.512.512 0 0 0-.127-.552.48.48 0 0 0-.69.033Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h1.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-5a1 1 0 0 1 0-2H11v-4h-.5a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L9.5 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1H12Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 8.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-journal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v14a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-13a.5.5 0 1 0 0 1H20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H5.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3 20.5v-17A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5.5 1h13ZM7 3H5.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v14.549l.016-.002c.104-.02.211-.035.32-.042L5.5 18H7V3Zm11.5 0H9v15h9.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM16 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v4a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Zm-1 2h-3v2h3V7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.462 3C21.875 3 23 4.184 23 5.619v12.762C23 19.816 21.875 21 20.462 21H3.538C2.125 21 1 19.816 1 18.381V5.619C1 4.184 2.125 3 3.538 3h16.924ZM21 8.158l-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-3.253-.008L3 8.16v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619V8.158ZM20.462 5H3.538c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-send-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.444 5a2.562 2.562 0 0 1 2.548 2.37l.007.078.001.123v7.858A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 20.444 18H9.556A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 7 15.429l.001-7.977.007-.082A2.561 2.561 0 0 1 9.556 5h10.888ZM21 9.331l-5.46 3.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.08 0L9 9.332v6.097c0 .317.251.571.556.571h10.888a.564.564 0 0 0 .556-.571V9.33ZM20.444 7H9.556a.543.543 0 0 0-.32.105l5.763 3.706 5.766-3.706a.543.543 0 0 0-.32-.105ZM4.308 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mentions-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.452 1.293 5.92 5.92 2.92-2.92a1 1 0 0 1 1.415 1.414l-2.92 2.92 5.92 5.92a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415 10.371 10.371 0 0 1-10.378 2.584l.652 3.258A1 1 0 0 1 12 23H2a1 1 0 0 1-.874-1.486l4.789-8.62C4.194 9.074 4.9 4.43 8.038 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Zm-2.355 13.59L3.699 21h7.081l-.689-3.442a10.392 10.392 0 0 1-2.775-2.396l-.22-.28Zm1.69-11.427-.07.09a8.374 8.374 0 0 0 11.737 11.737l.089-.071L8.787 3.456Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-metrics-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7h4V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v13a1 1 0 0 1-.883.993L21 22H3Zm17-2V9h-4v11h4Zm-6-8h-4v8h4v-8ZM8 4H4v16h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-news-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.384 3c.975 0 1.77.787 1.77 1.762v13.333c0 .462.354.846.815.899l.107.006.109-.006a.915.915 0 0 0 .809-.794l.006-.105V8.19a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v9.905A2.914 2.914 0 0 1 20.077 21H3.538a2.547 2.547 0 0 1-1.644-.601l-.147-.135A2.516 2.516 0 0 1 1 18.476V4.762C1 3.787 1.794 3 2.77 3h14.614Zm-.231 2H3v13.476c0 .11.035.216.1.304l.054.063c.101.1.24.157.384.157l13.761-.001-.026-.078a2.88 2.88 0 0 1-.115-.655l-.004-.17L17.153 5ZM14 15.021a.979.979 0 1 1 0 1.958H6a.979.979 0 1 1 0-1.958h8Zm0-8c.54 0 .979.438.979.979v4c0 .54-.438.979-.979.979H6A.979.979 0 0 1 5.021 12V8c0-.54.438-.979.979-.979h8Zm-.98 1.958H6.979v2.041h6.041V8.979Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-newsletter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v9.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-15A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 20.5V11a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.439l8 4.888 8-4.889V11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-1 3.783-7.479 4.57a1 1 0 0 1-1.042 0l-7.48-4.57V20.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .501.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.717ZM15 9a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm2.5-8A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 20 3.5V9a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V9a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h11ZM15 5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-notifcation-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM3 18l-.133-.007c-1.156-.124-1.156-1.862 0-1.986l.3-.012C4.32 15.923 5 15.107 5 14V9.5C5 5.368 8.014 2 12 2s7 3.368 7 7.5V14c0 1.107.68 1.923 1.832 1.995l.301.012c1.156.124 1.156 1.862 0 1.986L21 18H3Zm9-14C9.17 4 7 6.426 7 9.5V14c0 .671-.146 1.303-.416 1.858L6.51 16h10.979l-.073-.142a4.192 4.192 0 0 1-.412-1.658L17 14V9.5C17 6.426 14.83 4 12 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-publish-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M16.296 1.291A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V13a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3.538l.007-.087A.543.543 0 0 1 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.534.534 0 0 1-.158.379.548.548 0 0 1-.387.159H11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8.455c.674 0 1.32-.267 1.798-.742A2.534 2.534 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385Z"/><path d="M10.762 16.647a1 1 0 0 0-1.525-1.294l-4.472 5.271-2.153-1.665a1 1 0 1 0-1.224 1.582l2.91 2.25a1 1 0 0 0 1.374-.144l5.09-6ZM16 10a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h8ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3a1 1 0 0 0 1-1Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-refresh-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7.831 5.636H6.032A8.76 8.76 0 0 1 9 3.631 8.549 8.549 0 0 1 12.232 3c.603 0 1.192.063 1.76.182C17.979 4.017 21 7.632 21 12a1 1 0 1 0 2 0c0-5.296-3.674-9.746-8.591-10.776A10.61 10.61 0 0 0 5 3.851V2.805a1 1 0 0 0-.987-1H4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3.831a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3.831a1 1 0 0 0 .013-2h-.013ZM17.968 18.364c-1.59 1.632-3.784 2.636-6.2 2.636C6.948 21 3 16.993 3 12a1 1 0 1 0-2 0c0 6.053 4.799 11 10.768 11 2.788 0 5.324-1.082 7.232-2.85v1.045a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3.831a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-3.831a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h1.799Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-settings-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.382 1h1.24a2.508 2.508 0 0 1 2.334 1.63l.523 1.378 1.59.933 1.444-.224c.954-.132 1.89.3 2.422 1.101l.095.155.598 1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-.195 2.848l-.894 1.161v1.896l.92 1.163c.6.768.707 1.812.295 2.674l-.09.17-.606 1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-2.531 1.25l-1.428-.223-1.589.932-.523 1.378a2.512 2.512 0 0 1-2.155 1.625L12.65 23h-1.27a2.508 2.508 0 0 1-2.334-1.63l-.524-1.379-1.59-.933-1.443.225c-.954.132-1.89-.3-2.422-1.101l-.095-.155-.598-1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1 .195-2.847l.891-1.161v-1.898l-.919-1.162a2.562 2.562 0 0 1-.295-2.674l.09-.17.606-1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1 2.531-1.25l1.43.223 1.618-.938.524-1.375.07-.167A2.507 2.507 0 0 1 11.382 1Zm.003 2a.509.509 0 0 0-.47.338l-.65 1.71a1 1 0 0 1-.434.51L7.6 6.85a1 1 0 0 1-.655.123l-1.762-.275a.497.497 0 0 0-.498.252l-.61 1.088a.562.562 0 0 0 .04.619l1.13 1.43a1 1 0 0 1 .216.62v2.585a1 1 0 0 1-.207.61L4.15 15.339a.568.568 0 0 0-.036.634l.601 1.072a.494.494 0 0 0 .484.26l1.78-.278a1 1 0 0 1 .66.126l2.2 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .43.507l.648 1.71a.508.508 0 0 0 .467.338h1.263a.51.51 0 0 0 .47-.34l.65-1.708a1 1 0 0 1 .428-.507l2.201-1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .66-.126l1.763.275a.497.497 0 0 0 .498-.252l.61-1.088a.562.562 0 0 0-.04-.619l-1.13-1.43a1 1 0 0 1-.216-.62v-2.585a1 1 0 0 1 .207-.61l1.105-1.437a.568.568 0 0 0 .037-.634l-.601-1.072a.494.494 0 0 0-.484-.26l-1.78.278a1 1 0 0 1-.66-.126l-2.2-1.292a1 1 0 0 1-.43-.507l-.649-1.71A.508.508 0 0 0 12.62 3h-1.234ZM12 8a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-shipping-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.515 2c1.406 0 2.706.728 3.352 1.902l2.02 3.635.02.042.036.089.031.105.012.058.01.073.004.075v11.577c0 .64-.244 1.255-.683 1.713a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.701.731H4.386a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.702-.731 2.476 2.476 0 0 1-.683-1.713V7.948c.01-.217.083-.43.22-.6L4.2 3.905C4.833 2.755 6.089 2.032 7.486 2h9.029ZM20 9H4v10.556a.49.49 0 0 0 .075.26l.053.07a.356.356 0 0 0 .257.114h15.23c.094 0 .186-.04.258-.115a.477.477 0 0 0 .127-.33V9Zm-2 7.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM16.514 4H13v3h6.3l-1.183-2.13c-.288-.522-.908-.87-1.603-.87ZM11 3.999H7.51c-.679.017-1.277.36-1.566.887L4.728 7H11V3.999Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-step-guide-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.394 9.447a1 1 0 1 0-1.788-.894l-.88 1.759-.019-.02a1 1 0 1 0-1.414 1.415l1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1.601-.26l1.5-3ZM12 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM12 17a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM10.947 14.105a1 1 0 0 1 .447 1.342l-1.5 3a1 1 0 0 1-1.601.26l-1-1a1 1 0 1 1 1.414-1.414l.02.019.879-1.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.341-.447Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.293-.707l-5.5-5.5A1 1 0 0 0 14.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h8.54L19 7.914v12.547c0 .294-.24.539-.546.539H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-submission-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.535.535 0 0 1-.158.379.549.549 0 0 1-.387.159H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.5a1 1 0 1 0-2 0V20a3 3 0 0 0 3 3h13.455c.673 0 1.32-.266 1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V7a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V3.538Z"/><path d="m13.707 13.707-4 4a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 .083-1.32L10.585 14 2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2l8.583.001-2.29-2.294a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.037 4.04.043.05.043.06.059.098.03.063.031.085.03.113.017.122L14 13l-.004.087-.017.118-.013.056-.034.104-.049.105-.048.081-.07.093-.058.063Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-1-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.385 22a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385ZM4 19.615c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068H8v-4H4v3.615ZM20 16H10v4h9.615c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V16Zm0-2v-4H10v4h10ZM4 14h4v-4H4v4ZM19.615 4H10v4h10V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM8 4H4.385l-.082.002c-.146.01-.19.047-.235.138A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385V8h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-2-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.384 22A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 2 19.616V4.384A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 4.384 2h15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 22 4.384v15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 19.616 22H4.384ZM10 15H4v4.616c0 .212.172.384.384.384H10v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h3v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h2.616a.384.384 0 0 0 .384-.384V15ZM10 9H4v4h6V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm-.384-5H4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 4 4.384V7h16V4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 19.616 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-tag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.621 1.998.127.004L20.496 2a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.497 1.355L22 3.5l-.005 7.669c.038.456-.133.905-.447 1.206l-9.02 9.018a2.075 2.075 0 0 1-2.932 0l-6.99-6.99a2.075 2.075 0 0 1 .001-2.933L11.61 2.47c.246-.258.573-.418.881-.46l.131-.011Zm.286 2-8.885 8.886a.075.075 0 0 0 0 .106l6.987 6.988c.03.03.077.03.106 0l8.883-8.883L19.999 4l-7.092-.002ZM16 6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L16 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-trash-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c2.717 0 4.913 2.232 4.997 5H21a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1v12.5c0 1.389-1.152 2.5-2.556 2.5H6.556C5.152 23 4 21.889 4 20.5V8H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4.003l.001-.051C7.114 3.205 9.3 1 12 1Zm6 7H6v12.5c0 .238.19.448.454.492l.102.008h10.888c.315 0 .556-.232.556-.5V8Zm-4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.005a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V12a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-4 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm2-8c-1.595 0-2.914 1.32-2.996 3h5.991v-.02C14.903 4.31 13.589 3 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-account-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 16c-1.806 0-3.52.994-4.664 2.698A8.947 8.947 0 0 0 12 21a8.958 8.958 0 0 0 4.664-1.301C15.52 17.994 13.806 17 12 17Zm0-14a9 9 0 0 0-6.25 15.476C7.253 16.304 9.54 15 12 15s4.747 1.304 6.25 3.475A9 9 0 0 0 12 3Zm0 3a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-add-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3h3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-3h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-assign-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.226 13.298a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.01l.084.093a1 1 0 0 1-.073 1.32L15.39 17H22a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-6.611l2.262 2.298a1 1 0 0 1-1.425 1.404l-3.939-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.404l3.94-4Zm-3.771-.449a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 10.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-block-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM15 18a3 3 0 0 0 4.294 2.707l-4.001-4c-.188.391-.293.83-.293 1.293Zm3-3c-.463 0-.902.105-1.294.293l4.001 4A3 3 0 0 0 18 15Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm13.647 12.237a1 1 0 0 1 .116 1.41l-5.091 6a1 1 0 0 1-1.375.144l-2.909-2.25a1 1 0 1 1 1.224-1.582l2.153 1.665 4.472-5.271a1 1 0 0 1 1.41-.116Zm-8.139-.977c.22.214.428.44.622.678a1 1 0 1 1-1.548 1.266 6.025 6.025 0 0 0-1.795-1.49.86.86 0 0 1-.163-.048l-.079-.036a5.721 5.721 0 0 0-2.62-.63l-.194.006c-2.76.134-5.022 2.177-5.592 4.864l-.035.175-.035.213c-.03.201-.05.405-.06.61L3.003 20 10 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876l.005-.223.02-.356.02-.222.03-.248.022-.15c.02-.133.044-.265.071-.397.44-2.178 1.725-4.105 3.595-5.301a7.75 7.75 0 0 1 3.755-1.215l.12-.004a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-delete-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6ZM4.763 13.227a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378 1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20H11.5a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897Zm11.421 1.543 2.554 2.553 2.555-2.553a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414l-2.554 2.554 2.554 2.555a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-2.555-2.554-2.554 2.554a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414l2.553-2.555-2.553-2.554a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.876 10.77 2.831 2.83a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415l-7.246 7.246a1 1 0 0 1-.572.284l-3.277.446a1 1 0 0 1-1.125-1.13l.461-3.277a1 1 0 0 1 .283-.567l7.23-7.246a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.001Zm-7.421 2.08a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 7.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Zm6.715.042-6.29 6.3-.23 1.639 1.633-.222 6.302-6.302-1.415-1.415ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-linked-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.65 6c.31 0 .706.066 1.122.274C17.522 6.65 18 7.366 18 8.35v12.3c0 .31-.066.706-.274 1.122-.375.75-1.092 1.228-2.076 1.228H3.35a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-1.122-.274C1.478 22.35 1 21.634 1 20.65V8.35c0-.31.066-.706.274-1.122C1.65 6.478 2.366 6 3.35 6h12.3Zm0 2-12.376.002c-.134.007-.17.04-.21.12A.672.672 0 0 0 3 8.35v12.3c0 .198.028.24.122.287.09.044.2.063.228.063h.887c.788-2.269 2.814-3.5 5.263-3.5 2.45 0 4.475 1.231 5.263 3.5h.887c.198 0 .24-.028.287-.122.044-.09.063-.2.063-.228V8.35c0-.198-.028-.24-.122-.287A.672.672 0 0 0 15.65 8ZM9.5 19.5c-1.36 0-2.447.51-3.06 1.5h6.12c-.613-.99-1.7-1.5-3.06-1.5ZM20.65 1A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 23 3.348V15.65A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 20.65 18H20a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h.65a.35.35 0 0 0 .35-.35V3.348A.35.35 0 0 0 20.65 3H8.35a.35.35 0 0 0-.35.348V4a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.652A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 8.35 1h12.3ZM9.5 10a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-multiple-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm6 0a5 5 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 0 1-.117-1.993L15 9a3 3 0 0 0 0-6 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM9 3a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm8.857 9.545a7.99 7.99 0 0 1 2.651 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 23 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h1.995l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209a5.99 5.99 0 0 0-1.988-1.287 1 1 0 1 1 .732-1.861Zm-3.349 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 17 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.877c.044-4.343 3.387-7.908 7.638-8.115a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252ZM9.016 14l-.285.006c-3.104.15-5.58 2.718-5.725 5.9L3.004 20h11.991l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209A5.924 5.924 0 0 0 9.3 14.008L9.016 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-notify-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm10 18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2v-2.818C14 13.885 15.777 12 18 12s4 1.885 4 4.182V19a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3Zm-6.545-8.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM18 14c-1.091 0-2 .964-2 2.182V19h4v-2.818c0-1.165-.832-2.098-1.859-2.177L18 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-remove-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm3.455 9.85a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM22 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 11.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 13.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.7194 3.3054C15.3358 2.90809 14.7027 2.89699 14.3054 3.28061L6.54342 10.7757C6.19804 11.09 6 11.5335 6 12C6 12.4665 6.19804 12.91 6.5218 13.204L14.3054 20.7194C14.7027 21.103 15.3358 21.0919 15.7194 20.6946C16.103 20.2973 16.0919 19.6642 15.6946 19.2806L8.155 12L15.6946 4.71939C16.0614 4.36528 16.099 3.79863 15.8009 3.40105L15.7194 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28061 3.3054C8.66423 2.90809 9.29729 2.89699 9.6946 3.28061L17.4566 10.7757C17.802 11.09 18 11.5335 18 12C18 12.4665 17.802 12.91 17.4782 13.204L9.6946 20.7194C9.29729 21.103 8.66423 21.0919 8.28061 20.6946C7.89699 20.2973 7.90809 19.6642 8.3054 19.2806L15.845 12L8.3054 4.71939C7.93865 4.36528 7.90098 3.79863 8.19908 3.40105L8.28061 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-alerts" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 12.667c.736 0 1.333.597 1.333 1.333v13.333A3.333 3.333 0 0 1 26 30.667H6a3.333 3.333 0 0 1-3.333-3.334V14a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 2.666 0v1.252L16 21.769l10.667-6.518V14c0-.736.597-1.333 1.333-1.333Zm-1.333 5.71-9.972 6.094c-.427.26-.963.26-1.39 0l-9.972-6.094v8.956c0 .368.299.667.667.667h20a.667.667 0 0 0 .667-.667v-8.956ZM19.333 12a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0 2.667h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.667h6.666Zm4-10.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334 3.334v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667A.667.667 0 0 0 23.333 4H8.667A.667.667 0 0 0 8 4.667v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334-3.334h14.666Zm-4 5.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 0 2.666h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.666h6.666Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="m13.002 7.408 4.88 4.88a.99.99 0 0 0 1.32.08l.09-.08c.39-.39.39-1.03 0-1.42l-6.58-6.58a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-1.42 0l-6.58 6.58a1 1 0 0 0-.09 1.32l.08.1a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.01l4.88-4.87v11.59a.99.99 0 0 0 .88.99l.12.01c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7.408z" class="layer"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-checklist" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.2 1.333a3.468 3.468 0 0 1 3.381 2.699L24.667 4C26.515 4 28 5.52 28 7.38v19.906c0 1.86-1.485 3.38-3.333 3.38H7.333c-1.848 0-3.333-1.52-3.333-3.38V7.38C4 5.52 5.485 4 7.333 4h2.093A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 12.8 1.333h6.4ZM9.426 6.667H7.333c-.36 0-.666.312-.666.713v19.906c0 .401.305.714.666.714h17.334c.36 0 .666-.313.666-.714V7.38c0-.4-.305-.713-.646-.714l-2.121.033A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 19.2 9.333h-6.4a3.468 3.468 0 0 1-3.374-2.666Zm12.715 5.606c.586.446.7 1.283.253 1.868l-7.111 9.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1-1.792.306l-3.556-2.333a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 1.463-2.23l2.517 1.651 6.358-8.344a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 1.868-.252ZM19.2 4h-6.4a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8v1.067a.8.8 0 0 0 .8.8h6.4a.8.8 0 0 0 .8-.8V4.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-citation" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M23.25 1.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.06.44l8.25 8.25a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .44 1.06v19.5c0 2.105-1.645 3.75-3.75 3.75H18a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3h11.25c.448 0 .75-.302.75-.75V11.873L22.628 4.5H8.31a.811.811 0 0 0-.8.68l-.011.13V16.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0V5.31A3.81 3.81 0 0 1 8.31 1.5h14.94ZM8.223 20.358a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878C3.302 28.536 3 27.657 3 26.486c0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Zm7.5 0a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878-.604-.586-.906-1.465-.906-2.636 0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-access-indicator" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><circle cx="4.5" cy="11.5" r="3.5" style="fill:currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702v7.846c0 .505-.197.993-.554 1.354a1.902 1.902 0 0 1-1.355.569H10a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2V5.64L9.4 3H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="fill:#222"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-github-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 11.964844 0 C 5.347656 0 0 5.269531 0 11.792969 C 0 17.003906 3.425781 21.417969 8.179688 22.976562 C 8.773438 23.09375 8.992188 22.722656 8.992188 22.410156 C 8.992188 22.136719 8.972656 21.203125 8.972656 20.226562 C 5.644531 20.929688 4.953125 18.820312 4.953125 18.820312 C 4.417969 17.453125 3.625 17.101562 3.625 17.101562 C 2.535156 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 C 4.914062 16.457031 5.546875 17.589844 5.546875 17.589844 C 6.617188 19.386719 8.339844 18.878906 9.03125 18.566406 C 9.132812 17.804688 9.449219 17.277344 9.785156 16.984375 C 7.132812 16.710938 4.339844 15.695312 4.339844 11.167969 C 4.339844 9.878906 4.8125 8.824219 5.566406 8.003906 C 5.445312 7.710938 5.03125 6.5 5.683594 4.878906 C 5.683594 4.878906 6.695312 4.566406 8.972656 6.089844 C 9.949219 5.832031 10.953125 5.703125 11.964844 5.699219 C 12.972656 5.699219 14.003906 5.835938 14.957031 6.089844 C 17.234375 4.566406 18.242188 4.878906 18.242188 4.878906 C 18.898438 6.5 18.480469 7.710938 18.363281 8.003906 C 19.136719 8.824219 19.589844 9.878906 19.589844 11.167969 C 19.589844 15.695312 16.796875 16.691406 14.125 16.984375 C 14.558594 17.355469 14.933594 18.058594 14.933594 19.171875 C 14.933594 20.753906 14.914062 22.019531 14.914062 22.410156 C 14.914062 22.722656 15.132812 23.09375 15.726562 22.976562 C 20.480469 21.414062 23.910156 17.003906 23.910156 11.792969 C 23.929688 5.269531 18.558594 0 11.964844 0 Z M 11.964844 0 "/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-limited-access" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702V6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.36L9.4 3H4ZM3 8a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm10 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.5 6a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1Zm2.441-1a1 1 0 0 1 2 0c0 .73-.246 1.306-.706 1.664a1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.876.334l-.032.002H11.5a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h.441ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 0-2 0c0 .73.247 1.306.706 1.664a1.609 1.609 0 0 0 .876.334l.032.002H4.5a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-subjects-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="icon-subjects-copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M13.3846154,2 C14.7015971,2 15.7692308,3.06762994 15.7692308,4.38461538 L15.7692308,7.15384615 C15.7692308,8.47082629 14.7015955,9.53846154 13.3846154,9.53846154 L13.1038388,9.53925278 C13.2061091,9.85347965 13.3815528,10.1423885 13.6195822,10.3804178 C13.9722182,10.7330539 14.436524,10.9483278 14.9293854,10.9918129 L15.1153846,11 C16.2068332,11 17.2535347,11.433562 18.0254647,12.2054189 C18.6411944,12.8212361 19.0416785,13.6120766 19.1784166,14.4609738 L19.6153846,14.4615385 C20.932386,14.4615385 22,15.5291672 22,16.8461538 L22,19.6153846 C22,20.9323924 20.9323924,22 19.6153846,22 L16.8461538,22 C15.5291672,22 14.4615385,20.932386 14.4615385,19.6153846 L14.4615385,16.8461538 C14.4615385,15.5291737 15.5291737,14.4615385 16.8461538,14.4615385 L17.126925,14.460779 C17.0246537,14.1465537 16.8492179,13.857633 16.6112344,13.6196157 C16.2144418,13.2228606 15.6764136,13 15.1153846,13 C14.0239122,13 12.9771569,12.5664197 12.2053686,11.7946314 C12.1335167,11.7227795 12.0645962,11.6485444 11.9986839,11.5721119 C11.9354038,11.6485444 11.8664833,11.7227795 11.7946314,11.7946314 C11.0228431,12.5664197 9.97608778,13 8.88461538,13 C8.323576,13 7.78552852,13.2228666 7.38881294,13.6195822 C7.15078359,13.8576115 6.97533988,14.1465203 6.8730696,14.4607472 L7.15384615,14.4615385 C8.47082629,14.4615385 9.53846154,15.5291737 9.53846154,16.8461538 L9.53846154,19.6153846 C9.53846154,20.932386 8.47083276,22 7.15384615,22 L4.38461538,22 C3.06762347,22 2,20.9323876 2,19.6153846 L2,16.8461538 C2,15.5291721 3.06762994,14.4615385 4.38461538,14.4615385 L4.8215823,14.4609378 C4.95831893,13.6120029 5.3588057,12.8211623 5.97459937,12.2053686 C6.69125996,11.488708 7.64500941,11.0636656 8.6514968,11.0066017 L8.88461538,11 C9.44565477,11 9.98370225,10.7771334 10.3804178,10.3804178 C10.6184472,10.1423885 10.7938909,9.85347965 10.8961612,9.53925278 L10.6153846,9.53846154 C9.29840448,9.53846154 8.23076923,8.47082629 8.23076923,7.15384615 L8.23076923,4.38461538 C8.23076923,3.06762994 9.29840286,2 10.6153846,2 L13.3846154,2 Z M7.15384615,16.4615385 L4.38461538,16.4615385 C4.17220099,16.4615385 4,16.63374 4,16.8461538 L4,19.6153846 C4,19.8278134 4.17218833,20 4.38461538,20 L7.15384615,20 C7.36626945,20 7.53846154,19.8278103 7.53846154,19.6153846 L7.53846154,16.8461538 C7.53846154,16.6337432 7.36625679,16.4615385 7.15384615,16.4615385 Z M19.6153846,16.4615385 L16.8461538,16.4615385 C16.6337432,16.4615385 16.4615385,16.6337432 16.4615385,16.8461538 L16.4615385,19.6153846 C16.4615385,19.8278103 16.6337306,20 16.8461538,20 L19.6153846,20 C19.8278229,20 20,19.8278229 20,19.6153846 L20,16.8461538 C20,16.6337306 19.8278103,16.4615385 19.6153846,16.4615385 Z M13.3846154,4 L10.6153846,4 C10.4029708,4 10.2307692,4.17220099 10.2307692,4.38461538 L10.2307692,7.15384615 C10.2307692,7.36625679 10.402974,7.53846154 10.6153846,7.53846154 L13.3846154,7.53846154 C13.597026,7.53846154 13.7692308,7.36625679 13.7692308,7.15384615 L13.7692308,4.38461538 C13.7692308,4.17220099 13.5970292,4 13.3846154,4 Z" id="Shape" fill-rule="nonzero"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14 8.092H2m0 0L8 2M2 8.092l6 6.035"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"><path d="M2 8.092h12M8 2l6 6.092M8 14.127l6-6.035"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid-logo" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.281 10.453c.875 0 1.578-.719 1.578-1.578 0-.86-.703-1.578-1.578-1.578-.875 0-1.578.703-1.578 1.578 0 .86.703 1.578 1.578 1.578Zm-1.203 18.641h2.406V12.359h-2.406v16.735Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.016 12.36h6.5c6.187 0 8.906 4.421 8.906 8.374 0 4.297-3.36 8.375-8.875 8.375h-6.531V12.36Zm6.234 14.578h-3.828V14.53h3.703c4.688 0 6.828 2.844 6.828 6.203 0 2.063-1.25 6.203-6.703 6.203Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol></svg> </div> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <header class="eds-c-header" data-eds-c-header> <div class="eds-c-header__container" data-eds-c-header-expander-anchor> <div class="eds-c-header__brand"> <a href="https://link.springer.com" data-test=springerlink-logo data-track="click_imprint_logo" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click logo link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > <img src="/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-3149409f62.svg" alt="Springer Nature Link"> </a> </div> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.springer.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0?'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </div> <nav class="eds-c-header__nav" aria-label="header navigation"> <div class="eds-c-header__nav-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--menu"> <a href="#eds-c-header-nav" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-menu-medium"></use> </svg><span>Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--inline-links"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__link-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--divider"> <a href="#eds-c-header-popup-search" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander data-eds-c-header-test-search-btn> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link" class="eds-c-header__item ecommerce-cart" style="display:inline-block"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" style="appearance:none;border:none;background:none;color:inherit;position:relative"> <svg id="eds-i-cart" class="eds-c-header__icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M2 1a1 1 0 0 0 0 2l1.659.001 2.257 12.808a2.599 2.599 0 0 0 2.435 2.185l.167.004 9.976-.001a2.613 2.613 0 0 0 2.61-1.748l.03-.106 1.755-7.82.032-.107a2.546 2.546 0 0 0-.311-1.986l-.108-.157a2.604 2.604 0 0 0-2.197-1.076L6.042 5l-.56-3.17a1 1 0 0 0-.864-.82l-.12-.007L2.001 1ZM20.35 6.996a.63.63 0 0 1 .54.26.55.55 0 0 1 .082.505l-.028.1L19.2 15.63l-.022.05c-.094.177-.282.299-.526.317l-10.145.002a.61.61 0 0 1-.618-.515L6.394 6.999l13.955-.003ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"></path> </svg><span>Cart</span><span class="cart-info" style="display:none;position:absolute;top:10px;right:45px;background-color:#C65301;color:#fff;width:18px;height:18px;font-size:11px;border-radius:50%;line-height:17.5px;text-align:center"></span></a> <script>(function () { var exports = {}; if (window.fetch) { "use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.headerWidgetClientInit = void 0; var headerWidgetClientInit = function (getCartInfo) { document.body.addEventListener("updatedCart", function () { updateCartIcon(); }, false); return updateCartIcon(); function updateCartIcon() { return getCartInfo() .then(function (res) { return res.json(); }) .then(refreshCartState) .catch(function (_) { }); } function refreshCartState(json) { var indicator = document.querySelector("#ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link .cart-info"); /* istanbul ignore else */ if (indicator && json.itemCount) { indicator.style.display = 'block'; indicator.textContent = json.itemCount > 9 ? '9+' : json.itemCount.toString(); var moreThanOneItem = json.itemCount > 1; indicator.setAttribute('title', "there ".concat(moreThanOneItem ? "are" : "is", " ").concat(json.itemCount, " item").concat(moreThanOneItem ? "s" : "", " in your cart")); } return json; } }; exports.headerWidgetClientInit = headerWidgetClientInit; headerWidgetClientInit( function () { return window.fetch("https://cart.springer.com/cart-info", { credentials: "include", headers: { Accept: "application/json" } }) } ) }})()</script> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <article lang="en" id="main" class="app-masthead__colour-default"> <section class="app-masthead " aria-label="article masthead"> <div class="app-masthead__container"> <div class="app-article-masthead u-sans-serif js-context-bar-sticky-point-masthead" data-track-component="article" data-test="masthead-component"> <div class="app-article-masthead__info"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" data-test="breadcrumbs"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs c-breadcrumbs--contrast" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/journal/13360" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb2"><span itemprop="name">The European Physical Journal Plus</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Regular Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open access</a> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2023-08-08">08 August 2023</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 138</span>, article number <span data-test="article-number">692</span>, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2023</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> <p class="app-article-masthead__access"> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use></svg> You have full access to this <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">open access</a> article</p> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/13360" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13360?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13360?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13360?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13360?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">The European Physical Journal Plus</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/13360/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/epjp" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Angelo-Infantino-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Angelo-Infantino-Aff1" data-author-search="Infantino, Angelo" data-corresp-id="c1">Angelo Infantino<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-3502"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-3502</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Richard_William-Harbron-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Richard_William-Harbron-Aff1" data-author-search="Harbron, Richard William">Richard William Harbron</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Renaud-Mouret-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Renaud-Mouret-Aff1" data-author-search="Mouret, Renaud">Renaud Mouret</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Philippe-Bertreix-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Philippe-Bertreix-Aff1" data-author-search="Bertreix, Philippe">Philippe Bertreix</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ana_Paula-Bernardes-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Ana_Paula-Bernardes-Aff1" data-author-search="Bernardes, Ana-Paula">Ana-Paula Bernardes</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Luca-Bruno-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Luca-Bruno-Aff1" data-author-search="Bruno, Luca">Luca Bruno</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Marco-Calviani-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Marco-Calviani-Aff1" data-author-search="Calviani, Marco">Marco Calviani</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gerald-Dumont-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Gerald-Dumont-Aff1" data-author-search="Dumont, Gerald">Gerald Dumont</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Safouane-El_Idrissi-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Safouane-El_Idrissi-Aff1" data-author-search="El-Idrissi, Safouane">Safouane El-Idrissi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Matteo-Magistris-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Matteo-Magistris-Aff1" data-author-search="Magistris, Matteo">Matteo Magistris</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Nabil-Menaa-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Nabil-Menaa-Aff1" data-author-search="Menaa, Nabil">Nabil Menaa</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Chris-Theis-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Chris-Theis-Aff1" data-author-search="Theis, Chris">Chris Theis</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Christophe-Tromel-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Christophe-Tromel-Aff1" data-author-search="Tromel, Christophe">Christophe Tromel</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 14 authors for this article" title="Show all 14 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Heinz-Vincke-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Heinz-Vincke-Aff1" data-author-search="Vincke, Heinz">Heinz Vincke</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <div id="fallback-article-metrics-bar" class="flash flash--danger"> <p class="mb0" data-component='Article Metrics Bar'>We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.</p><p> Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.</p> </div> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>During the last Long Shutdown, a scheduled maintenance period between physics runs, the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dumps were replaced with upgraded spares modules. It was then decided to conduct an in-house autopsy and a post-irradiation examination of the removed dumps to extract information essential for the 3rd LHC physics run and to aid the design of new generations of beam dumps able to cope with future upgrades of the LHC. The need for a postmortem analysis of the dump cores opened the opportunity to combine the autopsy with processes required for the disposal of the dumps as radioactive waste at a dedicated disposal facility in France. This had a direct impact in terms of overall optimization of the interventions (postmortem analysis and prepackaging) to be performed on the dump as well as in terms of minimizing of the radiological risk (ALARA), by reducing the exposure of the personnel by combining two interventions in one. The characterization of the dump as radioactive waste was performed by means of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo and analytical techniques verified experimentally via a series of dedicated radiochemical (using liquid scintillation) analyses, conducted in-house and in external specialized laboratories. Based on these results, the dumps will be disposed of as intermediate–medium-level (FMA-VC) waste at the ANDRA CSA repository in France.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-019-8122-6/MediaObjects/12665_2019_8122_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12665-019-8122-6?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s12665-019-8122-6">Radiological characterization of the irt-5000(14-Tammuz) research nuclear reactor at Al-Tuwaitha nuclear center in Iraq </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">16 March 2019</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10967-018-6023-x/MediaObjects/10967_2018_6023_Fig1_HTML.jpg" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10967-018-6023-x?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/s10967-018-6023-x">Neutron activation of NIST surrogate post-detonation urban debris (SPUD) candidate SRMs </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">25 July 2018</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10967-022-08319-9/MediaObjects/10967_2022_8319_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10967-022-08319-9?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/s10967-022-08319-9">Analysis of the comparison of in situ measurements made on biological shielding of the BR3 nuclear reactor </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">05 May 2022</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732514066, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <section aria-labelledby="content-related-subjects" data-test="subject-content"> <h3 id="content-related-subjects" class="c-article__sub-heading">Explore related subjects</h3> <span class="u-sans-serif u-text-s u-display-block u-mb-24">Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.</span> <ul class="c-article-subject-list" role="list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"> <a href="/subject/experimental-particle-physics" data-track="select_related_subject_1" data-track-context="related subjects from content page" data-track-label="Experimental Particle Physics">Experimental Particle Physics</a> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=13360" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1 </span>Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, presently allowing proton–proton collision at <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sqrt{s}= 13.6$</span> TeV center of mass. The LHC consists of a 27-km ring of superconducting magnets, about 100 m beneath surface, at the border between Switzerland and France. Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams (protons or heavy ions) travel in opposite directions, in separate beam pipes, before they collide at dedicated experimental points. The LHC has 8 access points corresponding to the so-called Long Straight Sections (as opposed to the curved part of the tunnel infrastructure, i.e., the arc) which serve as experimental or utility insertion regions. There are two high-luminosity experimental insertions located next to the experiments at Point 1 (ATLAS) and 5 (CMS) and two additional experimental insertions next to the experiments at Point 2 (ALICE) and Point 8 (LHCb), which also contain the injection systems. The beams only cross at these four locations and are focused onto the interaction point (IP) by superconducting low-beta triplets (quadrupoles). Points 3 and 7 are the momentum and beta-cleaning insertions, respectively. Point 4 hosts the RF system, while Point 6 contains the beam dumping system [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="O.S. Brüning, P. Collier, P. Lebrun, S. Myers, R. Ostojic, J. Poole, P. Proudlock. LHC Design Report. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs. CERN, Geneva (2004)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e479">1</a>], which is the subject of this publication. Two LHC external dumps, known in CERN jargon as “Target Dump External” (TDE), are used (one for each circulating beam) and are essential devices for the accelerator operation. The two TDEs absorb the energy of the two counter rotating beams, including abnormal operation conditions (e.g., asynchronous beam dump). They are installed in two dedicated underground caverns (conventionally called UD62/UD68) located <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim $</span>750 m downstream from interaction point 6 (IP6). Each TDE (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig1">1</a>) is made of multiple blocks of graphite with different densities: 1710 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\times $</span> 2 mm thick sheets of low-density graphite (Sigraflex®1.1–1.2 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {g/cm}^3$</span>, LDG) and 6 blocks (<span class="mathjax-tex">$\times $</span> 700 mm in diameter and length) of high-density graphite (Sigrafine® <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim $</span>1.73–1.77 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {g/cm}^3$</span>, HDG). The graphite is contained in a 8520-mm-long and 722-mm-diameter duplex stainless steel vessel (318LN, also known as URANUS® 45), filled with <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {N}_2$</span>. The full TDE assembly is surrounded by <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim $</span> 900 tons of iron shielding blocks which have been constructed using decommissioned ISR (intersecting storage rings) dipole yokes, partially filled with concrete [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="O.S. Brüning, P. Collier, P. Lebrun, S. Myers, R. Ostojic, J. Poole, P. Proudlock. LHC Design Report. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs. CERN, Geneva (2004)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e643">1</a>]. The shielding aims to reduce the residual radiation levels during interventions in the UD caverns. The two dumps are owned and maintained by CERN Sources, Targets and Interactions Group (SY-STI).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="279"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Schematics of the LHC beam dump core (TDE) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="J. Maestre, C. Torregrosa, K. Kershaw, C. Bracco, T. Coiffet, M. Ferrari, R. Franqueira Ximenes, S. Gilardoni, D. Grenier, A. Lechner, V. Maire, J.M. Martin Ruiz, E. Matheson, N. Solieri, A. Perillo-Marcone, T. Polzin, V. Rizzoglio, D. Senajova, C. Sharp, M. Timmins, and M. Calviani. Design and behaviour of the large hadron collider external beam dumps capable of receiving 539 mj/dump. J. Instrum. 16(11), P11019 (2021)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e656">2</a>]</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>During the last LHC physics period (Run 2, 2015–2018) several problems, which are described in depth by Maestre et al. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="J. Maestre, C. Torregrosa, K. Kershaw, C. Bracco, T. Coiffet, M. Ferrari, R. Franqueira Ximenes, S. Gilardoni, D. Grenier, A. Lechner, V. Maire, J.M. Martin Ruiz, E. Matheson, N. Solieri, A. Perillo-Marcone, T. Polzin, V. Rizzoglio, D. Senajova, C. Sharp, M. Timmins, and M. Calviani. Design and behaviour of the large hadron collider external beam dumps capable of receiving 539 mj/dump. J. Instrum. 16(11), P11019 (2021)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e670">2</a>], arose, related to excessive vibrations of the TDE and leakage of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {N}_2$</span>. These challenges led to a modification of the TDE layout by replacing the two operational dumps with upgraded spares modules. Therefore, it was decided to conduct an in-house autopsy (i.e., to cut the TDE to inspect the graphite blocks) and post-irradiation examination (PIE) of the extracted TDE to obtain information essential for Run 3 operations (2022–2025), the production of new spare dumps and support the design of a new generation of dumps able to cope with the future high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade (up to 680 MJ of total stored beam energy [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="O. Aberle, I Béjar Alonso, O Brüning, P Fessia, L Rossi, L Tavian, M Zerlauth, C. Adorisio, A. Adraktas, M. Ady, J. Albertone, L. Alberty, M. Alcaide Leon, A. Alekou, D. Alesini, B. Almeida Ferreira, P. Alvarez Lopez, G. Ambrosio, P. Andreu Munoz, M. Anerella, D. Angal-Kalinin, F. Antoniou, G. Apollinari, A. Apollonio, R. Appleby, G. Arduini, B. Arias Alonso, K. Artoos, S. Atieh, B. Auchmann, V. Badin, T. Baer, D. Baffari, V. Baglin, M. Bajko, A. Ball, A. Ballarino, S. Bally, T. Bampton, D. Banfi, R. Barlow, M. Barnes, J. Barranco, L. Barthelemy, W. Bartmann, H. Bartosik, E. Barzi, M. Battistin, P. Baudrenghien, I. Bejar Alonso, S. Belomestnykh, A. Benoit, I. Ben-Zvi, A. Bertarelli, S. Bertolasi, C. Bertone, B. Bertran, P. Bestmann, N. Biancacci, A. Bignami, N. Bliss, C. Boccard, Y. Body, J. Borburgh, B. Bordini, F. Borralho, R. Bossert, L. Bottura, A. Boucherie, R. Bozzi, C. Bracco, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, D. Brett, A. Broche, K. Brodzinski, F. Broggi, R. Bruce, M. Brugger, O. Brüning, X. Buffat, H. Burkhardt, J. Burnet, A. Burov, G. Burt, R. Cabezas, Y. Cai, R. Calaga, S. Calatroni, O. Capatina, T. Capelli, P. Cardon, E. Carlier, F. Carra, A. Carvalho, L.R. Carver, F. Caspers, G. Cattenoz, F. Cerutti, A. Chancé, M. Chastre Rodrigues, S. Chemli, D. Cheng, P. Chiggiato, G. Chlachidze, S. Claudet, JM. Coello De Portugal, C. Collazos, J. Corso, S. Costa Machado, P. Costa Pinto, E. Coulinge, M. Crouch, P. Cruikshank, E. Cruz Alaniz, M. Czech, K. Dahlerup-Petersen, B. Dalena, G. Daniluk, S. Danzeca, H. Day, J. De Carvalho Saraiva, D. De Luca, R. De Maria, G. De Rijk, S. De Silva, B. Dehning, J. Delayen, Q. Deliege, B. Delille, F. Delsaux, R. Denz, A. Devred, A. Dexter, B. Di Girolamo, D. Dietderich, J.W. Dilly, A. Doherty, N. Dos Santos, A. Drago, D.Drskovic, D. Duarte Ramos, L. Ducimetière, I. Efthymiopoulos, K. Einsweiler, L. Esposito, J. Esteban Muller, S. Evrard, P. Fabbricatore, S. Farinon, S. Fartoukh, A. Faus-Golfe, G. Favre, H. Felice, B. Feral, G. Ferlin, P. Ferracin, A. Ferrari, L. Ferreira, P. Fessia, L. Ficcadenti, S. Fiotakis, L. Fiscarelli, M. Fitterer, J. Fleiter, G. Foffano, E. Fol, R. Folch, K. Foraz, A. Foussat, M. Frankl, O. Frasciello, M. Fraser, P. Freijedo Menendez, J-F. Fuchs, S. Furuseth, A. Gaddi, M. Gallilee, A. Gallo, R. Garcia Alia, H. Garcia Gavela, J. Garcia Matos, H. Garcia Morales, A. Garcia-Tabares Valdivieso, C. Garino, C. Garion, J. Gascon, Ch. Gasnier, L. Gentini, C. Gentsos, A. Ghosh, L. Giacomel, K. Gibran Hernandez, S. Gibson, C. Ginburg, F. Giordano, M. Giovannozzi, B. Goddard, P. Gomes, M. Gonzalez De La Aleja Cabana, P. Goudket, E. Gousiou, P. Gradassi, A. Granadeiro Costa, L. Grand-Clément, S. Grillot, JC. Guillaume, M. Guinchard, P. Hagen, T. Hakulinen, B. Hall, J. Hansen, N. Heredia Garcia, W. Herr, A. Herty, C. Hill, M. Hofer, W. Höfle, B. Holzer, S. Hopkins, J. Hrivnak, G. Iadarola, A. Infantino, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, S. Jakobsen, M.A. Jebramcik, B. Jenninger, E. Jensen, M. Jones, R. Jones, T. Jones, J. Jowett, M. Juchno, C. Julie, T. Junginger, V. Kain, D. Kaltchev, N. Karastathis, P. Kardasopoulos, M. Karppinen, J. Keintzel, R. Kersevan, F. Killing, G. Kirby, M. Korostelev, N. Kos, S. Kostoglou, I. Kozsar, A. Krasnov, S. Krave, L. Krzempek, N. Kuder, A. Kurtulus, R. Kwee-Hinzmann, F. Lackner, M. Lamont, A.L. Lamure, L. Lari m, M. Lazzaroni, M. Le Garrec, A. Lechner, T. Lefevre, R. Leuxe, K. Li, Z. Li, R. Lindner, B. Lindstrom, C. Lingwood, C. Löffler, C. Lopez, LA. Lopez-Hernandez, R. Losito, F. Maciariello, P. Macintosh, E.H. Maclean, A. Macpherson, P. Maesen, C. Magnier, H. Mainaud Durand, L. Malina, M. Manfredi, F. Marcellini, M. Marchevsky, S. Maridor, G. Marinaro, K. Marinov, T. Markiewicz, A. Marsili, P. Martinez Urioz, M. Martino, A. Masi, T. Mastoridis, P. Mattelaer, A. May, J. Mazet, S. Mcilwraith, E. McIntosh, L. Medina Medrano, A. Mejica Rodriguez, M. Mendes, P. Menendez, M. Mensi, A. Mereghetti, D. Mergelkuhl, T. Mertens, L. Mether, E. Métral, M. Migliorati, A. Milanese, P. Minginette, D. Missiaen, T. Mitsuhashi, M. Modena, N. Mokhov, J. Molson, E. Monneret, E. Montesinos, R. Moron-Ballester, M. Morrone, A. Mostacci, N. Mounet, P. Moyret, P. Muffat, B. Muratori, Y. Muttoni, T. Nakamoto, M. Navarro-Tapia, H. Neupert, L. Nevay, T. Nicol, E. Nilsson, P. Ninin, A. Nobrega, C. Noels, E. Nolan, Y. Nosochkov, FX. Nuiry, L. Oberli, T. Ogitsu, K. Ohmi, Olave R., J. Oliveira, Ph. Orlandi, P. Ortega, J. Osborne, T. Otto, L. Palumbo, S. Papadopoulou, Y. Papaphilippou, K. Paraschou, C. Parente, S. Paret, H. Park, V. Parma, Ch. Pasquino, A. Patapenka, L. Patnaik, S. Pattalwar, J. Payet, G. Pechaud, D. Pellegrini, P. Pepinster, J. Perez, J. Perez Espinos, A. Perillo Marcone, A. Perin, P. Perini, T.H.B. Persson, T. Peterson, T. Pieloni, G. Pigny, J.P. Pinheiro de Sousa, O. Pirotte, F. Plassard, M. Pojer, L. Pontercorvo, A. Poyet, D. Prelipcean, H. Prin, R. Principe, T. Pugnat, J. Qiang, E. Quaranta, H. Rafique, I. Rakhno, D. Ramos Duarte, A. Ratti, E. Ravaioli, M. Raymond, S. Redaelli, T. Renaglia, D. Ricci, G. Riddone, J. Rifflet, E. Rigutto, T. Rijoff, R. Rinaldesi, O. Riu Martinez, L. Rivkin, F. Rodriguez Mateos, S. Roesler, I. Romera Ramirez, A. Rossi, L. Rossi, V. Rude, G. Rumolo, J. Rutkovksi, M. Sabate Gilarte, G. Sabbi, T. Sahner, R. Salemme, B. Salvant, F. Sanchez Galan, A. Santamaria Garcia, I. Santillana, C. Santini, O. Santos, P. Santos Diaz, K. Sasaki, F. Savary, A. Sbrizzi, M. Schaumann, C. Scheuerlein, J. Schmalzle, H. Schmickler, R. Schmidt, D. Schoerling, M. Segreti, M. Serluca, J. Serrano, J. Sestak, E. Shaposhnikova, D. Shatilov, A. Siemko, M. Sisti, M. Sitko, J. Skarita, E. Skordis, K. Skoufaris, G. Skripka, D. Smekens, Z. Sobiech, M. Sosin, M. Sorbio, F. Soubelet, B. Spataro, G. Spiezia, G. Stancari, M. Staterao, J. Steckert, G. Steele, G. Sterbini, M. Struik, M. Sugano, A. Szeberenyi, M. Taborelli, C. Tambasco, R. Tavares Rego, L. Tavian, B. Teissandier, N. Templeton, M. Therasse, H. Thiesen, E. Thomas, A. Toader, E. Todesco, R. Tomás, F. Toral, R. Torres-Sanchez, G. Trad, N. Triantafyllou, I. Tropin, A. Tsinganis, J. Tuckamantel, J. Uythoven, A. Valishev, F. Van Der Veken, R. Van Weelderen, A. Vande Craen, B. Vazquez De Prada, F. Velotti, S. Verdu Andres, A. Verweij, N. Vittal Shetty, V. Vlachoudis, G. Volpini, U. Wagner, P. Wanderer, M. Wang, X. Wang, R. Wanzenberg, A. Wegscheider, S. Weisz, C. Welsch, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger, W. Weterings, S. White, K. Widuch, A. Will, G. Willering, D. Wollmann, A. Wolski, J. Wozniak, Q. Wu, B. Xiao, L. Xiao, Q. Xu, Y. Yakovlev, S. Yammine, Y. Yang, M. Yu, I. Zacharov, O. Zagorodnova, C. Zannini, C. Zanoni, M. Zerlauth, F. Zimmermann, A. Zlobin, M. Zobov, I. Zurbano Fernandez. High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): technical design report. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs. CERN, Geneva (2020)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e695">3</a>]). The two operational TDEs used in Run 1 and Run 2 were extracted during the so-called Long Shutdown 2 or LS2 (2019–2021), a scheduled LHC maintenance period between Run 2 and Run 3 physics operations.</p><p>The TDE autopsy required several activities to be performed in high-radiation environment posing significant radiation protection (RP) challenges [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="A. Infantino, D. Björkman, L. Elie, M. Maietta, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection at the large hadron collider: problematics, challenges and advanced Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Environments 9(5), 54 (2022)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e701">4</a>], due to the high residual activation of the TDE assembly (up to almost 10 mSv/h in contact after 1 year of cool down). The RP aspects related to preparation, optimization and execution of the TDE autopsy are discussed in a dedicated publication [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. 199(8–9), 891–899 (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e704">5</a>]. To ensure high safety standards and to respect the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle, these challenges were addressed by using state-of-the-art Monte Carlo techniques to predict the residual ambient dose equivalent rate and radionuclide inventory at different stages of the intervention. The CERN Radiation Protection group (HSE-RP) makes extensive use of the FLUKA [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="CERN. FLUKA CERN website (2020). Available online: 
 https://fluka.cern
 
 (online). Accessed 11 Apr 2023" href="#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e707">6</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="C. Ahdida, D. Bozzato, D. Calzolari, F. Cerutti, N. Charitonidis, A. Cimmino, A. Coronetti, G.L. D’Alessandro, A. Donadon Servelle, L.S. Esposito, R. Froeschl, R. García Alía, A. Gerbershagen, S. Gilardoni, D. Horváth, G. Hugo, A. Infantino, V. Kouskoura, A. Lechner, B. Lefebvre, G. Lerner, M. Magistris, A. Manousos, G. Moryc, F. Ogallar Ruiz, F. Pozzi, D. Prelipcean, S. Roesler, R. Rossi, M. Sabaté Gilarte, F. Salvat Pujol, P. Schoofs, V. Stránský, C. Theis, A. Tsinganis, R. Versaci, V. Vlachoudis, A. Waets, M. Widorski. New capabilities of the FLUKA multi-purpose code. Front. Phys. 9, 788253 (2022)" href="#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e707_1">7</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="G. Battistoni, T. Boehlen, F. Cerutti, P.W. Chin, L.S. Esposito, A. Fassò, A. Ferrari, A. Lechner, A. Empl, A. Mairani, A. Mereghetti, P. Garcia Ortega, J. Ranft, S. Roesler, P.R. Sala, V. Vlachoudis, G. Smirnov. Overview of the FLUKA code. Ann. Nucl. Energy 82, 10–18 (2015)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e710">8</a>] and ActiWiz [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="H. Vincke, C. Theis. Actiwiz 3—an overview of the latest developments and their application. J. Phys.: Confer. Ser. 1046(1), 012007 (2018)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e713">9</a>] codes to produce accurate estimates of radionuclide inventories and associated activities. Ad hoc FLUKA benchmarks are reported in a number of publications such as [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="CERN. FLUKA CERN website (2020). Available online: 
 https://fluka.cern
 
 (online). Accessed 11 Apr 2023" href="#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e717">6</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="C. Ahdida, D. Bozzato, D. Calzolari, F. Cerutti, N. Charitonidis, A. Cimmino, A. Coronetti, G.L. D’Alessandro, A. Donadon Servelle, L.S. Esposito, R. Froeschl, R. García Alía, A. Gerbershagen, S. Gilardoni, D. Horváth, G. Hugo, A. Infantino, V. Kouskoura, A. Lechner, B. Lefebvre, G. Lerner, M. Magistris, A. Manousos, G. Moryc, F. Ogallar Ruiz, F. Pozzi, D. Prelipcean, S. Roesler, R. Rossi, M. Sabaté Gilarte, F. Salvat Pujol, P. Schoofs, V. Stránský, C. Theis, A. Tsinganis, R. Versaci, V. Vlachoudis, A. Waets, M. Widorski. New capabilities of the FLUKA multi-purpose code. Front. Phys. 9, 788253 (2022)" href="#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e717_1">7</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="G. Battistoni, T. Boehlen, F. Cerutti, P.W. Chin, L.S. Esposito, A. Fassò, A. Ferrari, A. Lechner, A. Empl, A. Mairani, A. Mereghetti, P. Garcia Ortega, J. Ranft, S. Roesler, P.R. Sala, V. Vlachoudis, G. Smirnov. Overview of the FLUKA code. Ann. Nucl. Energy 82, 10–18 (2015)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e720">8</a>] concerning FLUKA capabilities and nuclear models, and [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="T. Oyama, T. Sanami, H. Yashima, M. Hagiwara, N. Nakao, A. Infantino, E. Iliopoulou, R. Froeschl, S. Roesler, T. Kajimoto, E. Lee, S. Nagaguro, T. Matsumoto, A. Masuda, Y. Uwamino, Measurements of secondary-particle emissions from copper target bombarded with 24-GeV/c protons. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 990, 164977 (2021)" href="#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e723">10</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="C. Ahdida, R. Froeschl, E. Iliopoulou, A. Infantino, S. Jensen, Measurements and fluka simulations of aluminium, bismuth and indium activation by stray radiation from the annihilation of low energy antiprotons. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 950, 162972 (2020)" href="#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e723_1">11</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="T. Oyama, M. Hagiwara, T. Sanami, H. Yashima, N. Nakao, E.J. Lee, E. Iliopoulou, R. Froeschl, A. Infantino, S. Roesler, Measurement and calculation of thermal neutrons induced by the 24 GeV/c proton bombardment of a thick copper target. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 434, 29–36 (2018)" href="#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e723_2">12</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="E. Iliopoulou, P. Bamidis, M. Brugger, R. Froeschl, A. Infantino, T. Kajimoto, N. Nakao, S. Roesler, T. Sanami, A. Siountas, Measurements and fluka simulations of bismuth and aluminium activation at the CERN shielding benchmark facility (csbf). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 885, 79–85 (2018)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e726">13</a>] concerning radiation protection-related topics (secondary emission yield, activation, deep shielding calculations and more). With regard to nuclear libraries, FLUKA cross sections are based on the hadronic nuclear models described in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="C. Ahdida, D. Bozzato, D. Calzolari, F. Cerutti, N. Charitonidis, A. Cimmino, A. Coronetti, G.L. D’Alessandro, A. Donadon Servelle, L.S. Esposito, R. Froeschl, R. García Alía, A. Gerbershagen, S. Gilardoni, D. Horváth, G. Hugo, A. Infantino, V. Kouskoura, A. Lechner, B. Lefebvre, G. Lerner, M. Magistris, A. Manousos, G. Moryc, F. Ogallar Ruiz, F. Pozzi, D. Prelipcean, S. Roesler, R. Rossi, M. Sabaté Gilarte, F. Salvat Pujol, P. Schoofs, V. Stránský, C. Theis, A. Tsinganis, R. Versaci, V. Vlachoudis, A. Waets, M. Widorski. New capabilities of the FLUKA multi-purpose code. Front. Phys. 9, 788253 (2022)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e729">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="G. Battistoni, T. Boehlen, F. Cerutti, P.W. Chin, L.S. Esposito, A. Fassò, A. Ferrari, A. Lechner, A. Empl, A. Mairani, A. Mereghetti, P. Garcia Ortega, J. Ranft, S. Roesler, P.R. Sala, V. Vlachoudis, G. Smirnov. Overview of the FLUKA code. Ann. Nucl. Energy 82, 10–18 (2015)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e732">8</a>]. Neutrons below 20 MeV are treated, by default, via a multi-group algorithm for which available neutron cross section evaluated data sets (ENDF, JENDL, JEFF) are used, as explained in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="G. Battistoni, T. Boehlen, F. Cerutti, P.W. Chin, L.S. Esposito, A. Fassò, A. Ferrari, A. Lechner, A. Empl, A. Mairani, A. Mereghetti, P. Garcia Ortega, J. Ranft, S. Roesler, P.R. Sala, V. Vlachoudis, G. Smirnov. Overview of the FLUKA code. Ann. Nucl. Energy 82, 10–18 (2015)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e736">8</a>]. ActiWiz makes use of the same FLUKA libraries concerning hadrons and high-energy neutrons (above 20 MeV). In addition, JEFF 3.3 are used for neutrons below 20 MeV, as reported in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="H. Vincke, C. Theis. Actiwiz 3—an overview of the latest developments and their application. J. Phys.: Confer. Ser. 1046(1), 012007 (2018)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e739">9</a>]. In this paper, FLUKA results will be compared with radiological measurements (e.g., H-3 specific activity). These comparisons were performed for cross-validation of the simulation setup rather than a benchmark of the FLUKA nuclear models, which is out of the scope of this paper.</p><p>The need for a postmortem analysis of the TDE core opened the opportunity to combine the autopsy with procedures required for radioactive waste (RW) conditioning/packaging. This had a direct impact in terms of optimization of the interventions to be performed on the TDE, namely the autopsy, post-irradiation examination, characterization and disposal. This led to significantly reduce future costs for materials, services and resources allocated for the autopsy and packaging (e.g., combined worksite, cutting sequence and tools optimized also in view of the packaging, remote handling and robotic tools and more) as well as the minimization of the radiological risk (i.e., optimization, ALARA) by reducing the exposure of the personnel combining two interventions in one. While a detailed overview of the radiation protection studies conducted in the context of the preparation of the autopsy is reported in Infantino et al. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. 199(8–9), 891–899 (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e745">5</a>], this paper aims to report on the characterization of the LHC dumps as radioactive waste.</p><p>While the activation of the graphite in graphite-moderated nuclear reactors has been discussed in scientific literature [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Characterization, Treatment and Conditioning of Radioactive Graphite from Decommissioning of Nuclear Reactors. Number 1521 in TECDOC Series (Vienna, 2006)" href="#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e752">14</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Progress in Radioactive Graphite Waste Management, Number 1647 in TECDOC Series (Vienna, 2010)" href="#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e752_1">15</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Processing of Irradiated Graphite to Meet Acceptance Criteria for Waste Disposal. Number 1790 in TECDOC Series (Vienna, 2016)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e755">16</a>], previously published information on the radiological characteristics of a beam dump subjected to a 6.5 TeV/<i>c</i> proton beam is nonexistent. Indeed, the LHC beam dump is subjected to a unique radiation environment coming from the unique characteristics of CERN accelerator complex. As it will discussed in paper, the LHC beam dump is subjected to a radiation environment given from the interaction of the 6.5 TeV primary protons with the graphite core as well as from high-energy secondary particles (neutrons, charged pions and more) coming from the hadron and electromagnetic particle shower developed within dump: This radiation environment is significantly different from the one it can be found in graphite-moderated nuclear reactors, and therefore, it cannot directly compared with, so that a number of innovative approaches were therefore required in order to estimate the activities of various radionuclides and plan the disposal of the LHC beam dump as radioactive waste. This paper describes our experiences, including (1) the use of Monte Carlo techniques and radiological measurements to estimate activities, (2) the analysis of these activities in the context of the various limits imposed by waste storage facilities, (3) the determination of optimum packaging for waste storage and (4) transport considerations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Estimate of the LHC TDE activation by FLUKA simulations"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2 </span>Estimate of the LHC TDE activation by FLUKA simulations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><p>Simulations were performed using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA (FLUKA.CERN Version 4-2.2) to characterize the TDE in terms of the radionuclide inventory produced in all the different parts of the LHC dump core. A detailed FLUKA model of the TDE core, the surrounding iron and concrete shielding and the UD cavern infrastructure was used to produce estimates relevant for the preparation of the TDE autopsy, as described in our publication [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. 199(8–9), 891–899 (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e769">5</a>]. Compared to the model reported by Infantino et al. [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. 199(8–9), 891–899 (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e772">5</a>], the model of the dump core was further improved in terms of material composition (e.g., different cobalt content in the 318LN steel to account for different batches composing the vessel) and geometry, by subdividing the core into different regions in order to match the autopsy cutting sequence, as performed. Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig2">2</a> shows the new FLUKA model of the TDE core, as used in the present work.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="288"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>FLUKA model of the LHC beam dump core (TDE). The different regions represent the high-/low-density graphite blocks and the stainless steel vessel. The three dashed lines represent the main transverse cuts performed during the TDE autopsy</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>As described above, the TDE core is made of different blocks of high- and low-density graphite (respectively, HDG1 to HDG6 and LDG). The LDG section was further subdivided into 10 regions (LGD1 to LDG10) to match the autopsy cutting sequence performed in February 2022. PLG1 and PLG2 (PLG meaning polycrystalline graphite) represent two blocks of extruded graphite. All the graphite blocks are enclosed in a 318LN steel vessel. The chemical compositions of the graphite and the steel vessel were modeled based on a combination of in-situ measurements (specifically regarding cobalt content in steel), discussion with TDE experts at CERN (SY-STI) and assumptions from comparing simulations with experimental RP surveys [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. 199(8–9), 891–899 (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e798">5</a>]. In particular, impurities were included in both the graphite and the vessel. The chemical composition of the graphite used in our simulations is, in weight fraction: Al 1.79E–03, Ba 4.50E–05, Ca 8.96E–04, C 9.80E–01, Cr 1.34E–04, Co 9.00E–06, Cu 1.80E–05, Fe 2.69E–03, Pb 4.50E–05, Mg 8.96E–04, Mn 9.00E–05, Mo 4.50E–05, Ni 4.50E–05, K 8.96E–04, Si 1.16E–02, Na, 4.48E–04, Sn 1.80E–05, Ti 2.69E–04, W 1.80E–05. A cobalt (Co) content between 0.035 wt% (percentage weight fraction) and 0.07 wt% was used in different sections of the steel jacket (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig2">2</a>): This difference is based on measurements of the Co content as well as of the residual dose rate from the vessel. The chemical composition of the stainless steel 318LN used in our simulations is, in weight fraction: C 2.20E–04, Cr 2.25E–01, Co 7.00E–04 (3.50E–04), Fe 6.69E–01, Mn 1.49E–02, Mo 3.12E–02, Ni 5.34E–02, N 1.70E–03, P 2.30E–04, Si 4.50E–03, S 2.00E–05.</p><p>The primary 6.5 TeV/<i>c</i> proton beam was handled by a dedicated source routine which generates a characteristic sweeping path in the TDE core, as shown in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. 199(8–9), 891–899 (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e810">5</a>]. The routine samples the <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> coordinates, as well as the <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{x}$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$p_{y}$</span> momentum, from a dedicated trajectory file. Electromagnetic (EM) production and transport thresholds for electrons and positrons were set to 100 keV, while 10 keV was set for photons. All other particle transport thresholds were set to 100 keV, except for neutrons, for which 0.01 meV was set. Photonuclear interactions were explicitly enabled: A variance reduction technique (biasing) was applied to the graphite (low and high density) and the steel vessel to increase artificially the frequency of photonuclear interactions. The operation of the TDE is quite complex due to the different conditions that trigger the dump of the primary beam (end of a fill, emergency stop, failure modes) and beam intensity (charges) extracted onto the core. A dedicated irradiation profile [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. 199(8–9), 891–899 (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e864">5</a>] was created in order to reproduce the operation during Run 1 and Run 2, based on the data available in the CERN Accelerator Logging Service [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="J. Wozniak, C. Roderick. NXCALS—architecture and challenges of the next CERN accelerator logging service, in 17th Biennial International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS), New York, USA, 5–11 Oct 2019 (2020), p. WEPHA163" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e867">17</a>]. A cumulative irradiation time of 1724 days and a total cumulative beam load of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> protons were simulated.</p><p>FLUKA was used to score the <i>n</i>, <i>p</i>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\gamma $</span>, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\pi ^+$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$\pi ^-$</span> fluence distribution in energy in each of the main components of the TDE core, accordingly to Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig2">2</a>. These fluences were then incorporated into the analytical code ActiWiz Creator [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="H. Vincke, C. Theis. Actiwiz 3—an overview of the latest developments and their application. J. Phys.: Confer. Ser. 1046(1), 012007 (2018)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e975">9</a>] to estimate the radionuclide inventory in the different parts of the TDE, based on the irradiation profile (i.e., the number of primary protons dumped during Run 1 and Run 2 operations) and the material composition.</p><p>In addition, the production yield of key radionuclides such as H-3, Co-60, Mn-54 and Fe-55 was estimated based on fluence conversion coefficients (FCC) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="R. Froeschl, A method for radiological characterization based on fluence conversion coefficients. J. Phys.: Confer. Ser. 1046(1), 012006 (2018)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e982">18</a>]. The FCC method allowed to use ad hoc fluence-to-specific activity conversion coefficients generated considered the material composition of the different TDE components, the irradiation profile and a suitable cool down time. These coefficients were applied runtime to FLUKA, via a dedicated user routine, to generate 3D maps of the spatial distribution of the above-mentioned radionuclides. In particular, the coefficients were applied to cylindrical R-<span class="mathjax-tex">$\phi $</span>-Z meshes covering the entire radius/length of the TDE core, with steps of 5 degree over <span class="mathjax-tex">$\phi $</span> (azimuthal angle around the longitudinal z-axis).</p><p>Figures <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig3">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig4">4</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig5">5</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig6">6</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig7">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig8">8</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig9">9</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig10">10</a> show the spatial distribution of the specific activity for H-3, Co-60, Mn-54 and Fe-55 within the TDE core, 1245 days of cooling time from the end of Run 2 operations. The cool down applied to the maps is relative to the day of the analysis of dedicated samples extracted from the TDE core, as will be discussed in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Sec3">3</a>. The cross sections showed in the plots (HDG1, LGD6 and HDG2) are also related to specific sampling locations. Figures <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig3">3</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig4">4</a> show how the H-3 distribution is mainly due to high-energy spallation reactions in the graphite matrix. Indeed, the activation follows the primary beam pattern. Conversely, Co-60, Mn-54 and Fe-55 (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig5">5</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig6">6</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig7">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig8">8</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig9">9</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig10">10</a>) are mainly produced in the steel matrix (most external cylinder in the plots) by spallation and neutron capture reactions, while their production in the graphite matrix is at least one order of magnitude lower.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="236"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>Specific activity H-3 over different sections of high-/low-density graphite (1724 days irradiation, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> cumulative protons, 1245 days cool down). Circular crowns (dashed lines) highlight the areas used to produce the longitudinal plot</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="141"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>Specific activity H-3 over the TDE longitudinal axis (1724 days irradiation, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> cumulative protons, 1245 days cool down). Average over <span class="mathjax-tex">$105^{\circ } \le \phi \le 120^{\circ }$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$285^{\circ } \le \phi \le 300^{\circ }$</span> from positive <i>x</i>-axis</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5" data-title="Fig. 5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/5" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig5_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig5" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig5_HTML.png" alt="figure 5" loading="lazy" width="685" height="238"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-5-desc"><p>Specific activity Co-60 over different sections of high-/low-density graphite (1724 days irradiation, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> cumulative protons, 1245 days cool down). Circular crowns (dashed lines) highlight the areas used to produce the longitudinal plot</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/5" data-track-dest="link:Figure5 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 5" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6" data-title="Fig. 6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/6" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig6_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig6" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig6_HTML.png" alt="figure 6" loading="lazy" width="685" height="141"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-6-desc"><p>Specific activity Co-60 over the TDE longitudinal axis (1724 days irradiation, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> cumulative protons, 1245 days cool down). Average over <span class="mathjax-tex">$105^{\circ } \le \phi \le 120^{\circ }$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$285^{\circ } \le \phi \le 300^{\circ }$</span> from positive <i>x</i>-axis</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/6" data-track-dest="link:Figure6 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 6" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7" data-title="Fig. 7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 7</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/7" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig7_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig7" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig7_HTML.png" alt="figure 7" loading="lazy" width="685" height="236"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-7-desc"><p>Specific activity Mn-54 over different sections of high-/low-density graphite (1724 days irradiation, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> cumulative protons, 1245 days cool down). Circular crowns (dashed lines) highlight the areas used to produce the longitudinal plot</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/7" data-track-dest="link:Figure7 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 7" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-8" data-title="Fig. 8"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig8" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 8</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/8" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig8_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig8" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig8_HTML.png" alt="figure 8" loading="lazy" width="685" height="141"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-8-desc"><p>Specific activity Mn-54 over the TDE longitudinal axis (1724 days irradiation, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> cumulative protons, 1245 days cool down). Average over <span class="mathjax-tex">$105^{\circ } \le \phi \le 120^{\circ }$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$285^{\circ } \le \phi \le 300^{\circ }$</span> from positive <i>x</i>-axis</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/8" data-track-dest="link:Figure8 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 8" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-9" data-title="Fig. 9"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig9" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 9</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/9" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig9_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig9" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig9_HTML.png" alt="figure 9" loading="lazy" width="685" height="236"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-9-desc"><p>Specific activity Fe-55 over different sections of high-/low-density graphite (1724 days irradiation, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> cumulative protons, 1245 days cool down). Circular crowns (dashed lines) highlight the areas used to produce the longitudinal plot</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/9" data-track-dest="link:Figure9 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 9" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-10" data-title="Fig. 10"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig10" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 10</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/10" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig10_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig10" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig10_HTML.png" alt="figure 10" loading="lazy" width="685" height="141"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-10-desc"><p>Specific activity Fe-55 over the TDE longitudinal axis (1724 days irradiation, <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sim 3\times 10^{17}$</span> cumulative protons, 1245 days cool down). Average over <span class="mathjax-tex">$105^{\circ } \le \phi \le 120^{\circ }$</span> and <span class="mathjax-tex">$285^{\circ } \le \phi \le 300^{\circ }$</span> from positive <i>x</i>-axis</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/10" data-track-dest="link:Figure10 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 10" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Radioactive waste classification"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3 </span>Radioactive waste classification</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><p>As part of a tripartite agreement between CERN and its host states, radioactive waste produced at CERN is disposed of as very low-level waste, TFA (from French très faible activité), at the ANDRA repository in France or intermediate- and low-level waste, FMA (from French faible et moyenne activité), either at the ANDRA repository or in Switzerland, depending on activity levels. For a waste package to be classified as TFA, the “IRAS” (from French “Indice Radiologique d’Acceptation en Stockage,” or Radiological Storage Acceptance Index) figure, calculated using Eq. (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="equation anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Equ1">1</a>), must be below 10.</p><div id="Equ1" class="c-article-equation"><div class="c-article-equation__content"><span class="mathjax-tex">$$\begin{aligned} IRAS=\sum A_i/AL \end{aligned}$$</span></div><div class="c-article-equation__number"> (1) </div></div><p>(where <span class="mathjax-tex">$A_i$</span> is the activity of nuclide <i>i</i> in Bq/g and <span class="mathjax-tex">$AL=10^j$</span>, where <i>j</i> is the nuclide-specific TFA class number). Waste exceeding the TFA limit is considered a candidate for FMA-VC (short-lived, i.e., <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {t}_{\frac{1}{2}}<31$</span> years) waste for storage at the ANDRA repository if the activities of all individual nuclides are below their respective LMA (“Limites Maximales d’Acceptabilité,” or Maximum Acceptability Limits) threshold [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="ANDRA. Spécification d’Acceptation des colis de déchets radioactifs au CSFMA (INB No 149), Spécification d’évaluation et de déclaration des caractéristiques radioactives 2014. Available online: 
 https://docplayer.fr/87439106-Specification-d-acceptation-des-colis-de-dechets-radioactifs-au-csfma-inb-n-149.html
 
 (online). Accessed 11 Apr 2023" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e1948">19</a>] (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab1">1</a>). In addition, ANDRA FMA waste must be encapsulated in a concrete matrix if any of the following four conditions are met: (1) the activity of <i>any</i> individual nuclide exceeds its respective encapsulation threshold (ET) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="ANDRA. Spécification d’Acceptation des colis de déchets radioactifs au CSFMA (INB No 149), Spécification d’évaluation et de déclaration des caractéristiques radioactives 2014. Available online: 
 https://docplayer.fr/87439106-Specification-d-acceptation-des-colis-de-dechets-radioactifs-au-csfma-inb-n-149.html
 
 (online). Accessed 11 Apr 2023" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e1957">19</a>] shown in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab1">1</a>, (2) the sum of activities for all <span class="mathjax-tex">$\beta $</span> and photon emitting nuclides in an item exceeds 37 kBq/g, (3) the activity of any <span class="mathjax-tex">$\alpha $</span>-emitter with a half-life less than 31 years exceeds 3.7 kBq/g or (4) the sum of activities of all <span class="mathjax-tex">$\alpha $</span>-emitters with half-lives <span class="mathjax-tex">$<31$</span> years exceeds 37 kBq/g. In addition, the sum of activities of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\alpha $</span>-emitters must be below 185 Bq/g at 300 years. Finally, ANDRA imposes additional limits specific to H-3 and C-14, where 5 or 10 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\textrm{m}^3$</span> injection boxes are used (see section Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Sec6">5</a>), the total H-3 and C-14 activities cannot exceed 50 and 20 GBq, respectively. Either must be declared if they exceed 5 GBq. If the requirements for disposal at the ANDRA repository are not met, the waste must be disposed of as FMA-MA (intermediate and low-level waste which does not fulfill the FMA-VC criteria) waste in Switzerland.</p><p>To determine the waste category of the LHC beam dump, the activities estimated using ActiWiz were compared to the limits for the waste categories described above. Calculations were performed for each region of the beam dump shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig2">2</a> (four sections of the steel vessel, six high-density graphite sections and ten low-density graphite sections) using reported specific activities plus 2 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\sigma $</span> uncertainties. These uncertainties, which are well below 1% for most nuclides of interest, indicate statistical errors only (from both the nuclear data library and fluence spectra). Calculations were performed for activities representative of February 2022, when the beam dump autopsy took place.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 ANDRA limits (in Bq/g)</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab2">2</a> shows IRAS figures calculated using the activities estimated by ActiWiz for each region of the beam dump. IRAS figures easily exceed 10 for each region, meaning the beam dump could not be classified as TFA waste. The nuclides making the largest contributions to IRAS are H-3, Na-22 and Co-60 in the graphite regions, and Mn-54, Fe-55 and Co-60 in the steel vessel.</p><p>The LMA threshold is not reached by any nuclide, in any region of the beam dump. The most limiting nuclide is H-3, which does not exceed 35% of the LMA. For all other nuclides, the fraction of the LMA is well below 1%. This means the dump meets the requirements for disposal as medium-level (FMA) waste in France.</p><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab2">2</a> also shows the sum of specific activities of <span class="mathjax-tex">$\beta $</span> and photon emitters in each region. This sum exceeds the ANDRA encapsulation threshold of 37 kBq/g in several regions of high- and low-density graphite, at February 2022. In addition, the nuclide-specific encapsulation threshold was exceeded by H-3 in all graphite regions. No other nuclides in the graphite region exceeded the encapsulation threshold. Activity levels in two regions of the steel vessel exceed 37 kBq/g, while nuclide-specific encapsulation thresholds were exceeded by Co-60 and Fe-55 in the vessel corresponding to the low-density graphite and high-density graphite regions 2-5.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 IRAS, beta-gamma (<span class="mathjax-tex">$\beta \gamma $</span>) activity for all nuclides combined and total H-3 activity for each region of the dump</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1 </span>H-3 activity</h3><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab2">2</a> shows total estimated H-3 activity for each region, calculated by multiplying specific activities by the respective region mass. Based on these figures, and depending on the number of graphite sections packaged together, the total H-3 activity could easily exceed 50 GBq, thus exceeding the limit set by ANDRA for a single 10 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span> container. It is possible, however, that H-3 could diffuse out from the graphite matrix, meaning H-3 activities could be lower than predicted by the ActiWiz/FLUKA calculations. Theoretical calculations of outgassing are extremely sensitive to the structure of the graphite matrix, as well as to the temperature profile in the TDE core, and thus subject to large uncertainties. Given this, and given the cost implications of exceeding H-3 activity limits, the decision was made to perform radiochemical analysis (Jacobs Clean Energy Limited, Washington, UK) on samples of graphite to better estimate H-3 activity. This was performed by liquid scintillation counting following oxidation of all forms of H-3 by pyrolysis to titrated water. No specific radiochemical treatment or preconditioning was required during the sampling at CERN.</p><p>Samples were extracted from five longitudinal positions along the length of the beam dump, three representing the low-density graphite region and the remaining two representing high-density graphite regions 1 and 2. At each longitudinal position, four samples were extracted at different radial distances from the center (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig11">11</a>). The angular and longitudinal location of the samples was designed to be representative of the H-3 distribution predicted by FLUKA simulations, as shown in Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig3">3</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig8">8</a>.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-11" data-title="Fig. 11"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig11" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 11</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/11" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig11_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig11" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig11_HTML.png" alt="figure 11" loading="lazy" width="685" height="586"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-11-desc"><p>Overlay of the sampling points for first high-density graphite (HDG1) region. Bold circles (in scale) represent the samples while dashed (--) circles represent the graphite volumes used for weighting the results</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/11" data-track-dest="link:Figure11 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 11" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>For the high-density graphite, samples were obtained using a core drill bit, producing cylindrical samples of 10 mm diameter, 30 mm length and around 4 g mass. The samples have been extracted remotely by using an in-house robot developed by CERN’s robotic team. For the low-density graphite, the core drill was considered unsuitable because the graphite disintegrated into fine fragments during testing, thus risking induced outgassing. Instead, a round metal punch was struck by a hammer to produce disks of 32 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness and 2 g mass.</p><p>Analysis was performed between 23–30 April 2022. H-3 activity in the regions represented by the samples was estimated by calculating a weighted average, accounting for the different graphite volumes represented by the different radial sampling points (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig11">11</a>).</p><p>Compared to the H-3 activities estimated using ActiWiz, the activities based on the sampling results are lower for LDG region 3, reasonably similar for LDG6 and higher for LDG8 (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab3">3</a>, LDG3, LDG6 and LDG8). Concerning the high-density graphite, the H-3 activity levels of the samples were much lower than respective figures obtained using ActiWiz (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab3">3</a>, HDG1 and HDG2). This suggests outgassing of H-3 has occurred from the high-density graphite but not the low-density graphite. Such differences likely reflect variation in the crystalline structure of the graphite between the two forms. We do not believe outgassing was induced by the sampling process itself, given the highly intact, unfragmented nature of the samples. The heat generated during drilling was substantially less than generated during beam dump aborts.</p><p>For the purposes of determining optimal packaging, the H-3 activity determined by sampling in HDG region 2 (HDG2) was extrapolated to regions 3–6 based on the activity ratio between these regions calculated using ActiWiz. Based on these calculations, the total activity of H-3 for the whole HDG region and the associated steel vessel is around 24 GBq. Thus, this region can be comfortably packaged together in a single 10 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span> container without exceeding the 50 GBq limit. For the low-density graphite, activities estimated using ActiWiz were scaled by the ratio between sample and ActiWiz activities for LDG region 8 (where the ratio was the highest).</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Total H-3 activities (GBq) based on sampling results compared to equivalent figures estimated using ActiWiz</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Transport of radioactive material"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec5-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec5"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4 </span>Transport of radioactive material</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec5-content"><p>The transport of radioactive material on public roads is based on the agreement concerning the International Carriage of “Dangerous Goods by Road” (ADR [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e4526">20</a>]). This defines a certain number of rules that must be adhered to in order to transport radioactive goods safely on public roads. The application of ADR at CERN is defined and documented in a dedicated internal document, which defines the procedure for transporting radioactive goods between CERN’s premises, covering intra- as well as inter-site transports.</p><p>Depending on the quantity of radioactivity transported, several safety measures are foreseen for the transport. As a general rule, the higher the activity levels are, the more stringent the transport constraints become, especially concerning the resistance of the transport package. In addition, dose rate limits also have to be taken into account to maintain external exposure within acceptable levels during transport.</p><p>Based on simulation results, the classifications for several transport scenarios have been estimated. These scenarios correspond to:</p><ul class="u-list-style-bullet"> <li> <p>Scenario 1a: the transport of the HDG and the HDG’s steel vessel;</p> </li> <li> <p>Scenario 1b: the transport of the HDG, the HDG’s steel vessel and all LDG parts;</p> </li> <li> <p>Scenario 2: the transport of the LDG parts;</p> </li> <li> <p>Scenario 3: the transport of the LDG’s steel vessel.</p> </li> </ul><p>Note that each transport is considered to be made in a single class 7 package/container.</p><p>For the purpose of transport classification, one can define the decision threshold for a specific classification as the sum over all the radionuclides, of the fractions of the activity over the corresponding transport limit. As a reminder, a certain transport classification can be used if the decision threshold is below 1.</p><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab4">4</a> presents the transport classifications for the considered scenarios. Note that values in bold in the tables denote classifications that can be used for the transport, as they do not exceed unity.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-4"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab4" data-test="table-caption">Table 4 Transport classifications for different scenarios</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/tables/4" aria-label="Full size table 4"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Dose rate measurements [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. 199(8–9), 891–899 (2023)" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d274794524e4861">5</a>] performed on the TDE did not show values exceeding 2 mSv/h at 30 cm from the dump, after more than 3 years cool down from the end of Run 2 operation.</p><p>With respect to handling and transport, no major concerns have been identified for the four scenarios studied. Technical solutions exist for the packaging (ISO 20 or 40 feet containers IP2 certified, ISO 20 feet containers type A certified). For internal transport, CERN has its own class 7 certified packages. These package are generally not used for shipping of radioactive materials.</p><p>Regarding the internal transport of the LDG steel vessel (scenario 3), CERN owns an IP2 container for large materials. The inner dimensions of this container (9.764 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\times $</span> 1.400 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\times $</span> 2.280 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span>) allowed the successful transfer of the LDG steel vessel from CERN point 6 to the ISR facility on Meyrin site. Depending on the conditioning of the LDG steel vessel when it will be evacuated outside CERN, we may consider the rental of a 40 foot IP2 package. Particular attention should be paid to the verification of the dose rate at contact of the container (limited to 2 mSv/h).</p><p>Regarding scenarios 1a, 1b and 2, it is foreseen that the radioactive materials will be packed in a specific waste package (see Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Sec6">5</a>). Taking into account the dimensions and the maximum weight of this waste package loaded (3400 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\times $</span> 1700 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\times $</span> 1700 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span>, 13.55 tons, scenario 1a and 1b) CERN’s IP2 container for the internal transport of large material cannot be used for the transfer between CERN point 6 to the ISR facility on Meyrin site. In order to transfer the HDG region (including its respective steel vessel and possible LDG parts), CERN has only one option available, namely its own Type A 20 foot container. Thanks to the 15 cm thickness of concrete shielding provided by the waste package, the limits of 10 mSv/h at contact with the package and 2 mSv/h at contact with the Type A container are not expected to be exceeded. For the final elimination outside CERN, the rental of a 20 foot type A or IP2 package might be possible.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Radioactive waste prepackaging"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5 </span>Radioactive waste prepackaging</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><p>As reported in the waste classification Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Sec3">3</a>, the dump shall be classified as FMA waste, with the requirement that the waste be encapsulated. The most appropriate elimination pathway for this class of waste is the CSA (Centre de Stockage de l’Aube) in France. At the CSA, only standard storage containers are allowed. The container is in fact the first safety barrier implemented to meet the general safety objectives of containment and environmental protection. Considering the TDE dimensions, only two standard conditioning options are available for its storage at CSA while meeting specific ANDRA’s specifications: an injectable container of 5 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span> and an injectable container of 10 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span>. It is important to note that CERN will only precondition the dump (characterization, cutting of the dumps in appropriate pieces, preparation of the packages following ANDRA specifications). On the other hand, the final conditioning (e.g., filling the container with concrete) and storage of the radioactive waste package will be performed by ANDRA. While this work provides the methodology for the radiological characterization of the LHC beam dump as radioactive waste, the details of the final conditioning at the ANDRA CSA center are out of the scope of the present paper.</p><p>This type of package is accepted at the CSA for disposal in concrete-filled vaults (in French, “Ouvrage Betonné”). Two versions are available: simple and pre-concreted containers. For the TDE, it was decided to use a pre-concreted container with an inner layer of concrete of thickness 150 mm, ensuring both containment and radiological protection. The mortar used for the final injection must meet the ANDRA requirements in terms of mechanical and containment properties (gas permeability, compressive and tensile strength, water porosity, shrinkage, etc.). It is necessary to carry out an exhaustive set of technical tests to demonstrate that these requirements are met. To avoid any problem with this mortar, we decided to let ANDRA perform the injection themselves at the CSA.</p><p>In addition to the radiological limits detailed in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Sec3">3</a>, other criteria need to be respected in accordance with the ANDRA’s specification:</p><ul class="u-list-style-dash"> <li> <p>A list of forbidden waste is defined in ANDRA’s specification. The TDE dump does not include this type of material.</p> </li> <li> <p>A list of waste accepted with restriction is defined in ANDRA’s Specification. The TDE dump is only composed of nonreactive metal and graphite. These two materials are accepted without restriction.</p> </li> <li> <p>The injectable containers shall withstand with a maximum gross weight of 19 tons. The container that will be used passed all the necessary tests for a weight of 13.55 tons.</p> </li> </ul><p>Finally all items shall fit inside the container. The TDE autopsy was conducted firstly by performing three radial cuts to split the dump into four main parts: HDG1, LDG, HDG2,3,4 and HDG5,6. Secondly, three horizontal cuts along the length of the LDG section were performed to extract the LDG disks, split them up in batches of 10 units to avoid the H-3 activity exceeding 50 GBq (see in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Sec3">3</a>) and isolate the LDG vessel in three independent parts (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig12">12</a>b). The three parts of the LDG vessel are treated separately as metallic FMA waste candidates for another elimination pathway.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-12" data-title="Fig. 12"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig12" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 12</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/12" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig12_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig12" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig12_HTML.png" alt="figure 12" loading="lazy" width="685" height="247"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-12-desc"><p>Process performed to fit the dump pieces inside the 10 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span> container</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/12" data-track-dest="link:Figure12 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 12" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The three blocks of HDG were placed inside a “lost mold” into which they fit perfectly and can be stowed safely. This “lost mold” is present inside the injectable container of 10 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span> and 150 mm pre-concrete lining. Based on combined values in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Tab3">3</a>, the total tritium activity present inside the container is 19.7 GBq. This configuration allows to add LDG disks into the container, in batches of 10 units, until the limit of 50 GBq/container is reached. The filled container Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Fig13">13</a> will be shipped to the CSA following the transport rules described in Sect. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0#Sec5">4</a> and it will be filled with mortar at the CSA before being disposed in an concrete-filled vault.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-13" data-title="Fig. 13"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig13" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 13</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/13" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig13_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig13" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0/MediaObjects/13360_2023_4319_Fig13_HTML.png" alt="figure 13" loading="lazy" width="685" height="405"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-13-desc"><p>Left: lost mold. Right: the final container with three high-density graphite blocks inside</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0/figures/13" data-track-dest="link:Figure13 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 13" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec7-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec7"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">6 </span>Conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec7-content"><p>The present paper summarizes the radiological characterization of the LHC beam dump core (TDE), following the in-house TDE autopsy conducted in February 2022, in anticipation of the disposal of the dump as radioactive waste. Performing these activities in tandem had a number of benefits, including the requirement for only one worksite and minimizing staff radiation exposure. Radioactivity levels were estimated using a combination of Monte Carlo simulations (FLUKA) and analytical radionuclide inventory estimation software (ActiWiz). The main limiting nuclide (in terms of the various limits imposed by waste repositories) was found to be H-3 within the graphite core of the dump. Based on these findings, and aided by radiochemical analysis of samples of graphite, we determined that the TDE should be classed as medium-level (FMA-VC) waste, with the additional requirement that the waste is encapsulated in a concrete matrix. The dump will be stored in 10 <span class="mathjax-tex">$\text {m}^3$</span> injectable containers with 150 mm of pre-concreting. No major internal or external transport obstacles were identified.</p><p>Finally, it is important to note that the results presented here are related to a single LHC beam dump. This study created the in-house expertise necessary to dispose the second TDE removed during LS2, as well as the presently installed TDE which will be uninstalled at the end of Run 3, leaving room for a new generation of dumps capable of coping with HL-LHC beam intensity. Furthermore, the expertise developed during the TDE autopsy/characterization may be employed to other highly activated equipment at CERN, for which the disposal as TFA might be not feasible.</p></div></div></section> </div> <section data-title="Data Availability Statement"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-statement-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability-statement">Data Availability Statement</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-statement-content"> <p>This manuscript has associated data in a data repository. [Authors’ comment: The data that support the findings of this study are included in this publication. The full dataset is available from the corresponding author, on reasonable request evaluated case-by-case.]</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">O.S. Brüning, P. Collier, P. Lebrun, S. Myers, R. Ostojic, J. Poole, P. Proudlock. LHC Design Report. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs. CERN, Geneva (2004)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">J. Maestre, C. Torregrosa, K. Kershaw, C. Bracco, T. Coiffet, M. Ferrari, R. Franqueira Ximenes, S. Gilardoni, D. Grenier, A. Lechner, V. Maire, J.M. Martin Ruiz, E. Matheson, N. Solieri, A. Perillo-Marcone, T. Polzin, V. Rizzoglio, D. Senajova, C. Sharp, M. Timmins, and M. Calviani. Design and behaviour of the large hadron collider external beam dumps capable of receiving 539 mj/dump. J. Instrum. <b>16</b>(11), P11019 (2021)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="3."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">O. Aberle, I Béjar Alonso, O Brüning, P Fessia, L Rossi, L Tavian, M Zerlauth, C. Adorisio, A. Adraktas, M. Ady, J. Albertone, L. Alberty, M. Alcaide Leon, A. Alekou, D. Alesini, B. Almeida Ferreira, P. Alvarez Lopez, G. Ambrosio, P. Andreu Munoz, M. Anerella, D. Angal-Kalinin, F. Antoniou, G. Apollinari, A. Apollonio, R. Appleby, G. Arduini, B. Arias Alonso, K. Artoos, S. Atieh, B. Auchmann, V. Badin, T. Baer, D. Baffari, V. Baglin, M. Bajko, A. Ball, A. Ballarino, S. Bally, T. Bampton, D. Banfi, R. Barlow, M. Barnes, J. Barranco, L. Barthelemy, W. Bartmann, H. Bartosik, E. Barzi, M. Battistin, P. Baudrenghien, I. Bejar Alonso, S. Belomestnykh, A. Benoit, I. Ben-Zvi, A. Bertarelli, S. Bertolasi, C. Bertone, B. Bertran, P. Bestmann, N. Biancacci, A. Bignami, N. Bliss, C. Boccard, Y. Body, J. Borburgh, B. Bordini, F. Borralho, R. Bossert, L. Bottura, A. Boucherie, R. Bozzi, C. Bracco, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, D. Brett, A. Broche, K. Brodzinski, F. Broggi, R. Bruce, M. Brugger, O. Brüning, X. Buffat, H. Burkhardt, J. Burnet, A. Burov, G. Burt, R. Cabezas, Y. Cai, R. Calaga, S. Calatroni, O. Capatina, T. Capelli, P. Cardon, E. Carlier, F. Carra, A. Carvalho, L.R. Carver, F. Caspers, G. Cattenoz, F. Cerutti, A. Chancé, M. Chastre Rodrigues, S. Chemli, D. Cheng, P. Chiggiato, G. Chlachidze, S. Claudet, JM. Coello De Portugal, C. Collazos, J. Corso, S. Costa Machado, P. Costa Pinto, E. Coulinge, M. Crouch, P. Cruikshank, E. Cruz Alaniz, M. Czech, K. Dahlerup-Petersen, B. Dalena, G. Daniluk, S. Danzeca, H. Day, J. De Carvalho Saraiva, D. De Luca, R. De Maria, G. De Rijk, S. De Silva, B. Dehning, J. Delayen, Q. Deliege, B. Delille, F. Delsaux, R. Denz, A. Devred, A. Dexter, B. Di Girolamo, D. Dietderich, J.W. Dilly, A. Doherty, N. Dos Santos, A. Drago, D.Drskovic, D. Duarte Ramos, L. Ducimetière, I. Efthymiopoulos, K. Einsweiler, L. Esposito, J. Esteban Muller, S. Evrard, P. Fabbricatore, S. Farinon, S. Fartoukh, A. Faus-Golfe, G. Favre, H. Felice, B. Feral, G. Ferlin, P. Ferracin, A. Ferrari, L. Ferreira, P. Fessia, L. Ficcadenti, S. Fiotakis, L. Fiscarelli, M. Fitterer, J. Fleiter, G. Foffano, E. Fol, R. Folch, K. Foraz, A. Foussat, M. Frankl, O. Frasciello, M. Fraser, P. Freijedo Menendez, J-F. Fuchs, S. Furuseth, A. Gaddi, M. Gallilee, A. Gallo, R. Garcia Alia, H. Garcia Gavela, J. Garcia Matos, H. Garcia Morales, A. Garcia-Tabares Valdivieso, C. Garino, C. Garion, J. Gascon, Ch. Gasnier, L. Gentini, C. Gentsos, A. Ghosh, L. Giacomel, K. Gibran Hernandez, S. Gibson, C. Ginburg, F. Giordano, M. Giovannozzi, B. Goddard, P. Gomes, M. Gonzalez De La Aleja Cabana, P. Goudket, E. Gousiou, P. Gradassi, A. Granadeiro Costa, L. Grand-Clément, S. Grillot, JC. Guillaume, M. Guinchard, P. Hagen, T. Hakulinen, B. Hall, J. Hansen, N. Heredia Garcia, W. Herr, A. Herty, C. Hill, M. Hofer, W. Höfle, B. Holzer, S. Hopkins, J. Hrivnak, G. Iadarola, A. Infantino, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, S. Jakobsen, M.A. Jebramcik, B. Jenninger, E. Jensen, M. Jones, R. Jones, T. Jones, J. Jowett, M. Juchno, C. Julie, T. Junginger, V. Kain, D. Kaltchev, N. Karastathis, P. Kardasopoulos, M. Karppinen, J. Keintzel, R. Kersevan, F. Killing, G. Kirby, M. Korostelev, N. Kos, S. Kostoglou, I. Kozsar, A. Krasnov, S. Krave, L. Krzempek, N. Kuder, A. Kurtulus, R. Kwee-Hinzmann, F. Lackner, M. Lamont, A.L. Lamure, L. Lari m, M. Lazzaroni, M. Le Garrec, A. Lechner, T. Lefevre, R. Leuxe, K. Li, Z. Li, R. Lindner, B. Lindstrom, C. Lingwood, C. Löffler, C. Lopez, LA. Lopez-Hernandez, R. Losito, F. Maciariello, P. Macintosh, E.H. Maclean, A. Macpherson, P. Maesen, C. Magnier, H. Mainaud Durand, L. Malina, M. Manfredi, F. Marcellini, M. Marchevsky, S. Maridor, G. Marinaro, K. Marinov, T. Markiewicz, A. Marsili, P. Martinez Urioz, M. Martino, A. Masi, T. Mastoridis, P. Mattelaer, A. May, J. Mazet, S. Mcilwraith, E. McIntosh, L. Medina Medrano, A. Mejica Rodriguez, M. Mendes, P. Menendez, M. Mensi, A. Mereghetti, D. Mergelkuhl, T. Mertens, L. Mether, E. Métral, M. Migliorati, A. Milanese, P. Minginette, D. Missiaen, T. Mitsuhashi, M. Modena, N. Mokhov, J. Molson, E. Monneret, E. Montesinos, R. Moron-Ballester, M. Morrone, A. Mostacci, N. Mounet, P. Moyret, P. Muffat, B. Muratori, Y. Muttoni, T. Nakamoto, M. Navarro-Tapia, H. Neupert, L. Nevay, T. Nicol, E. Nilsson, P. Ninin, A. Nobrega, C. Noels, E. Nolan, Y. Nosochkov, FX. Nuiry, L. Oberli, T. Ogitsu, K. Ohmi, Olave R., J. Oliveira, Ph. Orlandi, P. Ortega, J. Osborne, T. Otto, L. Palumbo, S. Papadopoulou, Y. Papaphilippou, K. Paraschou, C. Parente, S. Paret, H. Park, V. Parma, Ch. Pasquino, A. Patapenka, L. Patnaik, S. Pattalwar, J. Payet, G. Pechaud, D. Pellegrini, P. Pepinster, J. Perez, J. Perez Espinos, A. Perillo Marcone, A. Perin, P. Perini, T.H.B. Persson, T. Peterson, T. Pieloni, G. Pigny, J.P. Pinheiro de Sousa, O. Pirotte, F. Plassard, M. Pojer, L. Pontercorvo, A. Poyet, D. Prelipcean, H. Prin, R. Principe, T. Pugnat, J. Qiang, E. Quaranta, H. Rafique, I. Rakhno, D. Ramos Duarte, A. Ratti, E. Ravaioli, M. Raymond, S. Redaelli, T. Renaglia, D. Ricci, G. Riddone, J. Rifflet, E. Rigutto, T. Rijoff, R. Rinaldesi, O. Riu Martinez, L. Rivkin, F. Rodriguez Mateos, S. Roesler, I. Romera Ramirez, A. Rossi, L. Rossi, V. Rude, G. Rumolo, J. Rutkovksi, M. Sabate Gilarte, G. Sabbi, T. Sahner, R. Salemme, B. Salvant, F. Sanchez Galan, A. Santamaria Garcia, I. Santillana, C. Santini, O. Santos, P. Santos Diaz, K. Sasaki, F. Savary, A. Sbrizzi, M. Schaumann, C. Scheuerlein, J. Schmalzle, H. Schmickler, R. Schmidt, D. Schoerling, M. Segreti, M. Serluca, J. Serrano, J. Sestak, E. Shaposhnikova, D. Shatilov, A. Siemko, M. Sisti, M. Sitko, J. Skarita, E. Skordis, K. Skoufaris, G. Skripka, D. Smekens, Z. Sobiech, M. Sosin, M. Sorbio, F. Soubelet, B. Spataro, G. Spiezia, G. Stancari, M. Staterao, J. Steckert, G. Steele, G. Sterbini, M. Struik, M. Sugano, A. Szeberenyi, M. Taborelli, C. Tambasco, R. Tavares Rego, L. Tavian, B. Teissandier, N. Templeton, M. Therasse, H. Thiesen, E. Thomas, A. Toader, E. Todesco, R. Tomás, F. Toral, R. Torres-Sanchez, G. Trad, N. Triantafyllou, I. Tropin, A. Tsinganis, J. Tuckamantel, J. Uythoven, A. Valishev, F. Van Der Veken, R. Van Weelderen, A. Vande Craen, B. Vazquez De Prada, F. Velotti, S. Verdu Andres, A. Verweij, N. Vittal Shetty, V. Vlachoudis, G. Volpini, U. Wagner, P. Wanderer, M. Wang, X. Wang, R. Wanzenberg, A. Wegscheider, S. Weisz, C. Welsch, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger, W. Weterings, S. White, K. Widuch, A. Will, G. Willering, D. Wollmann, A. Wolski, J. Wozniak, Q. Wu, B. Xiao, L. Xiao, Q. Xu, Y. Yakovlev, S. Yammine, Y. Yang, M. Yu, I. Zacharov, O. Zagorodnova, C. Zannini, C. Zanoni, M. Zerlauth, F. Zimmermann, A. Zlobin, M. Zobov, I. Zurbano Fernandez. High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): technical design report. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs. CERN, Geneva (2020)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="4."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">A. Infantino, D. Björkman, L. Elie, M. Maietta, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection at the large hadron collider: problematics, challenges and advanced Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Environments <b>9</b>(5), 54 (2022)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3390/environments9050054" data-track-item_id="10.3390/environments9050054" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fenvironments9050054" aria-label="Article reference 4" data-doi="10.3390/environments9050054">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Radiation%20protection%20at%20the%20large%20hadron%20collider%3A%20problematics%2C%20challenges%20and%20advanced%20Monte%20Carlo%20simulation%20techniques&journal=Environments&doi=10.3390%2Fenvironments9050054&volume=9&issue=5&publication_year=2022&author=Infantino%2CA&author=Bj%C3%B6rkman%2CD&author=Elie%2CL&author=Maietta%2CM&author=Tromel%2CC&author=Vincke%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="5."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">A. Infantino, A.P. Bernardes, M. Calviani, G. Dumont, S. El-Idrissi, R. Mouret, C. Tromel, H. Vincke, Radiation protection challenges in the upgrade, autopsy and disposal of the LHC beam dump. Radiat. Protect. Dosimet. <b>199</b>(8–9), 891–899 (2023)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/rpd/ncad118" data-track-item_id="10.1093/rpd/ncad118" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frpd%2Fncad118" aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.1093/rpd/ncad118">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Radiation%20protection%20challenges%20in%20the%20upgrade%2C%20autopsy%20and%20disposal%20of%20the%20LHC%20beam%20dump&journal=Radiat.%20Protect.%20Dosimet.&doi=10.1093%2Frpd%2Fncad118&volume=199&issue=8%E2%80%939&pages=891-899&publication_year=2023&author=Infantino%2CA&author=Bernardes%2CAP&author=Calviani%2CM&author=Dumont%2CG&author=El-Idrissi%2CS&author=Mouret%2CR&author=Tromel%2CC&author=Vincke%2CH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="6."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">CERN. FLUKA CERN website (2020). Available online: <a href="https://fluka.cern" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://fluka.cern">https://fluka.cern</a> (online). Accessed 11 Apr 2023</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="7."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">C. Ahdida, D. Bozzato, D. Calzolari, F. Cerutti, N. Charitonidis, A. Cimmino, A. Coronetti, G.L. D’Alessandro, A. Donadon Servelle, L.S. Esposito, R. Froeschl, R. García Alía, A. Gerbershagen, S. Gilardoni, D. Horváth, G. Hugo, A. Infantino, V. Kouskoura, A. Lechner, B. Lefebvre, G. Lerner, M. Magistris, A. Manousos, G. Moryc, F. Ogallar Ruiz, F. Pozzi, D. Prelipcean, S. Roesler, R. Rossi, M. Sabaté Gilarte, F. Salvat Pujol, P. Schoofs, V. Stránský, C. Theis, A. Tsinganis, R. Versaci, V. Vlachoudis, A. Waets, M. Widorski. New capabilities of the FLUKA multi-purpose code. Front. Phys. <b>9</b>, 788253 (2022)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="8."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">G. Battistoni, T. Boehlen, F. Cerutti, P.W. Chin, L.S. Esposito, A. Fassò, A. Ferrari, A. Lechner, A. Empl, A. Mairani, A. Mereghetti, P. Garcia Ortega, J. Ranft, S. Roesler, P.R. Sala, V. Vlachoudis, G. Smirnov. Overview of the FLUKA code. Ann. Nucl. Energy <b>82</b>, 10–18 (2015)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="9."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">H. Vincke, C. Theis. Actiwiz 3—an overview of the latest developments and their application. J. Phys.: Confer. Ser. <b>1046</b>(1), 012007 (2018)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="10."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">T. Oyama, T. Sanami, H. Yashima, M. Hagiwara, N. Nakao, A. Infantino, E. Iliopoulou, R. Froeschl, S. Roesler, T. Kajimoto, E. Lee, S. Nagaguro, T. Matsumoto, A. Masuda, Y. Uwamino, Measurements of secondary-particle emissions from copper target bombarded with 24-GeV/c protons. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A <b>990</b>, 164977 (2021)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.nima.2020.164977" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.nima.2020.164977" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nima.2020.164977" aria-label="Article reference 10" data-doi="10.1016/j.nima.2020.164977">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 10" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Measurements%20of%20secondary-particle%20emissions%20from%20copper%20target%20bombarded%20with%2024-GeV%2Fc%20protons&journal=Nucl.%20Instrum.%20Methods%20Phys.%20Res.%2C%20Sect.%20A&doi=10.1016%2Fj.nima.2020.164977&volume=990&publication_year=2021&author=Oyama%2CT&author=Sanami%2CT&author=Yashima%2CH&author=Hagiwara%2CM&author=Nakao%2CN&author=Infantino%2CA&author=Iliopoulou%2CE&author=Froeschl%2CR&author=Roesler%2CS&author=Kajimoto%2CT&author=Lee%2CE&author=Nagaguro%2CS&author=Matsumoto%2CT&author=Masuda%2CA&author=Uwamino%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="11."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">C. Ahdida, R. Froeschl, E. Iliopoulou, A. Infantino, S. Jensen, Measurements and fluka simulations of aluminium, bismuth and indium activation by stray radiation from the annihilation of low energy antiprotons. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A <b>950</b>, 162972 (2020)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.nima.2019.162972" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.nima.2019.162972" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nima.2019.162972" aria-label="Article reference 11" data-doi="10.1016/j.nima.2019.162972">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Measurements%20and%20fluka%20simulations%20of%20aluminium%2C%20bismuth%20and%20indium%20activation%20by%20stray%20radiation%20from%20the%20annihilation%20of%20low%20energy%20antiprotons&journal=Nucl.%20Instrum.%20Methods%20Phys.%20Res.%2C%20Sect.%20A&doi=10.1016%2Fj.nima.2019.162972&volume=950&publication_year=2020&author=Ahdida%2CC&author=Froeschl%2CR&author=Iliopoulou%2CE&author=Infantino%2CA&author=Jensen%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="12."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">T. Oyama, M. Hagiwara, T. Sanami, H. Yashima, N. Nakao, E.J. Lee, E. Iliopoulou, R. Froeschl, A. Infantino, S. Roesler, Measurement and calculation of thermal neutrons induced by the 24 GeV/c proton bombardment of a thick copper target. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B <b>434</b>, 29–36 (2018)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.nimb.2018.08.016" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.nimb.2018.08.016" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nimb.2018.08.016" aria-label="Article reference 12" data-doi="10.1016/j.nimb.2018.08.016">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2018NIMPB.434...29O" aria-label="ADS reference 12">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Measurement%20and%20calculation%20of%20thermal%20neutrons%20induced%20by%20the%2024%20GeV%2Fc%20proton%20bombardment%20of%20a%20thick%20copper%20target&journal=Nucl.%20Instrum.%20Methods%20Phys.%20Res.%2C%20Sect.%20B&doi=10.1016%2Fj.nimb.2018.08.016&volume=434&pages=29-36&publication_year=2018&author=Oyama%2CT&author=Hagiwara%2CM&author=Sanami%2CT&author=Yashima%2CH&author=Nakao%2CN&author=Lee%2CEJ&author=Iliopoulou%2CE&author=Froeschl%2CR&author=Infantino%2CA&author=Roesler%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="13."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">E. Iliopoulou, P. Bamidis, M. Brugger, R. Froeschl, A. Infantino, T. Kajimoto, N. Nakao, S. Roesler, T. Sanami, A. Siountas, Measurements and fluka simulations of bismuth and aluminium activation at the CERN shielding benchmark facility (csbf). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A <b>885</b>, 79–85 (2018)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.058" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.058" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nima.2017.12.058" aria-label="Article reference 13" data-doi="10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.058">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2018NIMPA.885...79I" aria-label="ADS reference 13">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Measurements%20and%20fluka%20simulations%20of%20bismuth%20and%20aluminium%20activation%20at%20the%20CERN%20shielding%20benchmark%20facility%20%28csbf%29&journal=Nucl.%20Instrum.%20Methods%20Phys.%20Res.%2C%20Sect.%20A&doi=10.1016%2Fj.nima.2017.12.058&volume=885&pages=79-85&publication_year=2018&author=Iliopoulou%2CE&author=Bamidis%2CP&author=Brugger%2CM&author=Froeschl%2CR&author=Infantino%2CA&author=Kajimoto%2CT&author=Nakao%2CN&author=Roesler%2CS&author=Sanami%2CT&author=Siountas%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="14."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), <i>Characterization, Treatment and Conditioning of Radioactive Graphite from Decommissioning of Nuclear Reactors. Number 1521 in TECDOC Series</i> (Vienna, 2006)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="15."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), <i>Progress in Radioactive Graphite Waste Management, Number 1647 in TECDOC Series</i> (Vienna, 2010)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="16."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), <i>Processing of Irradiated Graphite to Meet Acceptance Criteria for Waste Disposal. Number 1790 in TECDOC Series</i> (Vienna, 2016)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="17."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">J. Wozniak, C. Roderick. NXCALS—architecture and challenges of the next CERN accelerator logging service, in <i>17th Biennial International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (ICALEPCS), New York, USA, 5–11 Oct 2019</i> (2020), p. WEPHA163</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="18."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">R. Froeschl, A method for radiological characterization based on fluence conversion coefficients. J. Phys.: Confer. Ser. <b>1046</b>(1), 012006 (2018)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20method%20for%20radiological%20characterization%20based%20on%20fluence%20conversion%20coefficients&journal=J.%20Phys.%3A%20Confer.%20Ser.&volume=1046&issue=1&publication_year=2018&author=Froeschl%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="19."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">ANDRA. Spécification d’Acceptation des colis de déchets radioactifs au CSFMA (INB No 149), Spécification d’évaluation et de déclaration des caractéristiques radioactives 2014. Available online: <a href="https://docplayer.fr/87439106-Specification-d-acceptation-des-colis-de-dechets-radioactifs-au-csfma-inb-n-149.html" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://docplayer.fr/87439106-Specification-d-acceptation-des-colis-de-dechets-radioactifs-au-csfma-inb-n-149.html">https://docplayer.fr/87439106-Specification-d-acceptation-des-colis-de-dechets-radioactifs-au-csfma-inb-n-149.html</a> (online). Accessed 11 Apr 2023</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="20."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (2023)</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>The authors would like also to thanks the CERN FLUKA team for sharing the original FLUKA model of the TDE core and for the very useful technical discussions and interactions.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>Open access funding provided by CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217, Meyrin, Geneva, Switzerland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Angelo Infantino, Richard William Harbron, Renaud Mouret, Philippe Bertreix, Ana-Paula Bernardes, Luca Bruno, Marco Calviani, Gerald Dumont, Safouane El-Idrissi, Matteo Magistris, Nabil Menaa, Chris Theis, Christophe Tromel & Heinz Vincke</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Angelo-Infantino-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Angelo Infantino</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Angelo%20Infantino" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Angelo%20Infantino" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Angelo%20Infantino%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Richard_William-Harbron-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Richard William Harbron</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Richard%20William%20Harbron" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Richard%20William%20Harbron" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Richard%20William%20Harbron%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Renaud-Mouret-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Renaud Mouret</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Renaud%20Mouret" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Renaud%20Mouret" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Renaud%20Mouret%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Philippe-Bertreix-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Philippe Bertreix</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Philippe%20Bertreix" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Philippe%20Bertreix" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Philippe%20Bertreix%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Ana_Paula-Bernardes-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Ana-Paula Bernardes</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Ana-Paula%20Bernardes" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ana-Paula%20Bernardes" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Ana-Paula%20Bernardes%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Luca-Bruno-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Luca Bruno</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Luca%20Bruno" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Luca%20Bruno" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Luca%20Bruno%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Marco-Calviani-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Marco Calviani</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Marco%20Calviani" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Marco%20Calviani" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Marco%20Calviani%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Gerald-Dumont-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Gerald Dumont</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Gerald%20Dumont" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Gerald%20Dumont" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Gerald%20Dumont%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Safouane-El_Idrissi-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Safouane El-Idrissi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Safouane%20El-Idrissi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Safouane%20El-Idrissi" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Safouane%20El-Idrissi%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Matteo-Magistris-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Matteo Magistris</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Matteo%20Magistris" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Matteo%20Magistris" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Matteo%20Magistris%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Nabil-Menaa-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Nabil Menaa</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Nabil%20Menaa" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Nabil%20Menaa" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Nabil%20Menaa%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Chris-Theis-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Chris Theis</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Chris%20Theis" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Chris%20Theis" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Chris%20Theis%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Christophe-Tromel-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Christophe Tromel</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Christophe%20Tromel" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Christophe%20Tromel" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Christophe%20Tromel%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Heinz-Vincke-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Heinz Vincke</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Heinz%20Vincke" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Heinz%20Vincke" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Heinz%20Vincke%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:angelo.infantino@cern.ch">Angelo Infantino</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p>Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>.</p> <p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Radiological%20characterization%20for%20the%20disposal%20of%20a%20decommissioned%20LHC%20external%20beam%20dump%20at%20CERN&author=Angelo%20Infantino%20et%20al&contentID=10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-023-04319-0&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=2190-5444&publicationDate=2023-08-08&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&oa=CC%20BY">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Infantino, A., Harbron, R.W., Mouret, R. <i>et al.</i> Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN. <i>Eur. Phys. J. Plus</i> <b>138</b>, 692 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-04-27">27 April 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-07-25">25 July 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-08-08">08 August 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=13360" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div data-test="collections"> <aside> <div class="c-article-associated-content__container"> <h2 class="c-article-associated-content__title u-h3 u-mb-24 u-visually-hidden">Associated Content</h2> <div class="c-article-associated-content__collection collection u-mb-24"> <p class="c-article-associated-content__collection-label u-sans-serif u-text-bold u-mb-8">Part of a collection:</p> <h3 class="c-article-associated-content__collection-title u-mt-0 u-h3 u-mb-8" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/journal/13360/topicalCollection/AC_818bfd0a00d61511678cb96711d96df2" data-track="click" data-track-action="view collection" data-track-label="link">Focus Point on Radiation Protection Issues in the Environment and Workplaces</a> </h3> </div> </div> </aside> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer[0] = window.dataLayer[0] || {}; window.dataLayer[0].content = window.dataLayer[0].content || {}; window.dataLayer[0].content.collections = 'AC_818bfd0a00d61511678cb96711d96df2'; </script> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu><div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-MPU1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/13360/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-test="MPU1-ad" data-gpt-targeting="pos=MPU1;articleid=s13360-023-04319-0;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </article> <div class="app-elements"> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--search" id="eds-c-header-popup-search"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Search</h2> <div class="u-container"> <search class="eds-c-header__search" role="search" aria-label="Search from the header"> <form method="GET" action="//link.springer.com/search" data-test="header-search" data-track="search" data-track-context="search from header" data-track-action="submit search form" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="form" > <label for="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-label">Search by keyword or author</label> <div class="eds-c-header__search-container"> <input id="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-input" autocomplete="off" name="query" type="search" value="" required> <button class="eds-c-header__search-button" type="submit"> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--menu" id="eds-c-header-nav"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Navigation</h2> <ul class="eds-c-header__list"> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </li> </ul> </div> <footer > <div class="eds-c-footer" > <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <div class="eds-c-footer__grid eds-c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Discover content</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="nav_journals_a_z" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="nav_books_a_z" data-track-action="books a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Books A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Publish with us</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals" data-track="nav_journal_finder" data-track-action="journal finder" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journal finder</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_publish_your_research" data-track-action="publish your research" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Publish your research</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="nav_open_access_publishing" data-track-action="open access publishing" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Open access publishing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Products and services</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/products" data-track="nav_our_products" data-track-action="our products" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Our products</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="nav_librarians" data-track-action="librarians" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Librarians</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/societies" data-track="nav_societies" data-track-action="societies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Societies</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/partners" data-track="nav_partners_and_advertisers" data-track-action="partners and advertisers" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Partners and advertisers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Our imprints</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springer.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Springer" data-track-action="Springer" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Springer</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Nature_Portfolio" data-track-action="Nature Portfolio" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_BMC" data-track-action="BMC" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">BMC</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.palgrave.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Palgrave_Macmillan" data-track-action="Palgrave Macmillan" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.apress.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Apress" data-track-action="Apress" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Apress</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <nav aria-label="footer navigation"> <ul class="eds-c-footer__links"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <button class="eds-c-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="dialog_manage_cookies" data-track-action="Manage cookies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link"><span class="eds-c-footer__button-text">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</span></button> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="nav_california_privacy_statement" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="nav_accessibility_statement" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/termsandconditions" data-track="nav_terms_and_conditions" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/privacystatement" data-track="nav_privacy_policy" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/home" data-track="nav_help_and_support" data-track-action="help and support" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Help and support</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000255911-subscription-cancellations" data-track-action="cancel contracts here">Cancel contracts here</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="eds-c-footer__user"> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info"> <span data-test="footer-user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </p> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info" data-test="footer-business-partners">Not affiliated</p> </div> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="eds-c-footer__link"> <img src="/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="eds-c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>