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<li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable researchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atomic_clocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_clocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Atomic clocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_clocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Early computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packet_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packet_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Packet switching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packet_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internetworking_and_Email" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internetworking_and_Email"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Internetworking and Email</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internetworking_and_Email-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrapbook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrapbook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Scrapbook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrapbook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secure_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Secure communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Electromagnetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Metrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors_of_NPL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors_of_NPL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Directors of NPL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors_of_NPL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NPL_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NPL_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>NPL buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NPL_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="المختبر الفيزيائي الوطني (المملكة المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المختبر الفيزيائي الوطني (المملكة المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Национална физическа лаборатория (Великобритания) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национална физическа лаборатория (Великобритания)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory" title="National Physical Laboratory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Physical Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory" title="National Physical Laboratory – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="National Physical Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory" title="National Physical Laboratory – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Physical Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saotharlann_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_Fisice" title="Saotharlann Náisiúnta Fisice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saotharlann Náisiúnta Fisice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="국립 물리학 연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국립 물리학 연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի ֆիզիկայի ազգային լաբորատորիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի ֆիզիկայի ազգային լաբորատորիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory" title="National Physical Laboratory – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="National Physical Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory" title="National Physical Laboratory – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Physical Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="イギリス国立物理学研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス国立物理学研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory" title="National Physical Laboratory – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="National Physical Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborat%C3%B3rio_Nacional_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Laboratório Nacional de Física – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laboratório Nacional de Física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Национальная физическая лаборатория Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная физическая лаборатория Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory" title="National Physical Laboratory – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="National Physical Laboratory" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_Fizik_Laboratuvar%C4%B1_(Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k)" title="Ulusal Fizik Laboratuvarı (Birleşik Krallık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulusal Fizik Laboratuvarı (Birleşik Krallık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Національна фізична лабораторія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національна фізична лабораторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="英国国家物理实验室 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英国国家物理实验室" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&params=51_25_35_N_0_20_37_W_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°25′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°20′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.42639°N 0.34361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.42639; -0.34361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National measurement institution of the UK</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">National Physical Laboratory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NPL_logo.svg/220px-NPL_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NPL_logo.svg/330px-NPL_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NPL_logo.svg/440px-NPL_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="147" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Physical_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_16240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/National_Physical_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_16240.jpg/220px-National_Physical_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_16240.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/National_Physical_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_16240.jpg/330px-National_Physical_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_16240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/National_Physical_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_16240.jpg/440px-National_Physical_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_16240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">NPL's main entrance on Hampton Road</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1900<span class="noprint">; 124 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1900</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Applied Physics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Field of research</div></th><td class="infobox-data category">Metrology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chief Executive Officer</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Thomson (scientist)">Peter Thompson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Address</th><td class="infobox-data label">Hampton Road, <a href="/wiki/Teddington" title="Teddington">Teddington</a>, TW11 0LW, England, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&params=51_25_35_N_0_20_37_W_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°25′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°20′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.42639°N 0.34361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.42639; -0.34361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Operating agency</div></th><td class="infobox-data">NPL Management Ltd for the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npl.co.uk/">www<wbr />.npl<wbr />.co<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Physical Laboratory</b> (NPL) is the national <a href="/wiki/Measurement_standards_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurement standards laboratory">measurement standards laboratory</a> of the United Kingdom. It sets and maintains physical standards for British industry. </p><p>Founded in 1900, the NPL is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> institutes in the world. <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> work at the laboratory has contributed to the advancement of many disciplines of science, including the development of early computers in the late 1940s and 1950s, construction of the first accurate <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a> in 1955, and the invention and first implementation of <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> in the 1960s, which is today one of the fundamental technologies of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former heads of NPL include many individuals who were pillars of the British scientific establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NPL is based at <a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Teddington" title="Teddington">Teddington</a>, west London. It is operated by NPL Management Ltd, a company owned by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a>, and is one of the most extensive government laboratories in the United Kingdom. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Observatory" title="King's Observatory">Kew Observatory</a> was run by self-funded devotees of science. In the early 1850s, the observatory began charging fees for testing meteorological instruments and other scientific equipment. As <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">universities in the United Kingdom</a> created and expanded <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> departments, the governing committee of the observatory became increasingly dominated by paid university physicists in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. By this time, instrument-testing was the observatory's main role. Physicists sought the establishment of a state-funded scientific institution for testing electrical standards.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Physical_Laboratory-_Science_and_Technology_in_Wartime,_Teddington,_Middlesex,_England,_UK,_1944_D22641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/National_Physical_Laboratory-_Science_and_Technology_in_Wartime%2C_Teddington%2C_Middlesex%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D22641.jpg/220px-National_Physical_Laboratory-_Science_and_Technology_in_Wartime%2C_Teddington%2C_Middlesex%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D22641.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/National_Physical_Laboratory-_Science_and_Technology_in_Wartime%2C_Teddington%2C_Middlesex%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D22641.jpg/330px-National_Physical_Laboratory-_Science_and_Technology_in_Wartime%2C_Teddington%2C_Middlesex%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D22641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/National_Physical_Laboratory-_Science_and_Technology_in_Wartime%2C_Teddington%2C_Middlesex%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D22641.jpg/440px-National_Physical_Laboratory-_Science_and_Technology_in_Wartime%2C_Teddington%2C_Middlesex%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D22641.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Electricity Division of the National Physical Laboratory in 1944</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Physical Laboratory was established in 1900 at <a href="/wiki/Bushy_House" title="Bushy House">Bushy House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Teddington" title="Teddington">Teddington</a>. Its purpose was "for standardising and verifying instruments, for testing materials, and for the determination of physical constants".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laboratory was run by the UK government, with members of staff being part of <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">the civil service</a>. It grew to fill a large selection of buildings on the Teddington site.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Administration of NPL was contracted out in 1995 under a Government Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO) model, via a new operating company, NPL Management Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Serco" title="Serco">Serco</a> won the bid and all staff transferred to their employment. Under this regime, overhead costs halved, third-party revenues grew by 16% per annum, and the number of peer-reviewed research papers published doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NPL procured a large state-of-the-art laboratory under a <a href="/wiki/Private_Finance_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Finance Initiative">Private Finance Initiative</a> contract in 1998. The construction was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/John_Laing_Group" title="John Laing Group">John Laing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new laboratory building, which had been maintained by Serco, was transferred back to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">DTI</a> in 2004 after the private sector companies involved made losses of over £100m.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was decided in 2012 to change the operating model for NPL from 2014 onwards to include academic partners and to establish a postgraduate teaching institute on site.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of the changeover was later postponed for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The candidates for lead academic partner were the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">Surrey</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an alliance of the Universities of Strathclyde and Surrey chosen as preferred partners.<sup id="cite_ref-surrey-strathclyde_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surrey-strathclyde-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funding was announced in January 2013 for a new £25m Advanced Metrology Laboratory that will be built on the footprint of an existing unused building.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NPL Management Ltd and the operation of the laboratory transferred back to the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills" title="Department for Business, Innovation and Skills">Department for Business, Innovation and Skills</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a>) on 1 January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_researchers">Notable researchers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable researchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Watson-Watt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Robert_Watson-Watt.jpg/170px-Robert_Watson-Watt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Robert_Watson-Watt.jpg/255px-Robert_Watson-Watt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Robert_Watson-Watt.jpg/340px-Robert_Watson-Watt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Researchers who have worked at NPL include:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D._W._Dye" class="mw-redirect" title="D. W. Dye">D. W. Dye</a> who did important work in developing the technology of <a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">quartz clocks</a>; the inventor Sir <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a> who did early development work on the "Bouncing Bomb" used in the "Dam Busters" wartime raids;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._J._Gough" title="H. J. Gough">H. J. Gough</a>, one of the pioneers of research into <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">metal fatigue</a>, who worked at NPL for 19 years from 1914 to 1938; and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Goldstein" title="Sydney Goldstein">Sydney Goldstein</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> who worked in NPL's aerodynamics division during World War II researching <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> theory and <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics#Supersonic_flow" title="Aerodynamics">supersonic aerodynamics</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, known for his work at the <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters#Government_Code_and_Cypher_School_(GC&CS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Code and Cypher School</a> (GC&CS) at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> to decipher German encrypted messages, worked at the National Physical Laboratory from 1945 to 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He designed there the <a href="/wiki/ACE_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE (computer)">ACE</a> (Automatic Computing Engine), which was one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. Clifford Hodge also worked there and was engaged in research on semiconductors. Others who have spent time at NPL include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a>, generally considered the inventor of radar, Oswald Kubaschewski, the father of computational materials <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analyst</a> <a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metallurgist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rosenhain" title="Walter Rosenhain">Walter Rosenhain</a> appointed the NPL's first female scientific staff members in 1915, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Laura_Violet_Gayler" title="Marie Laura Violet Gayler">Marie Laura Violet Gayler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Hadfield" title="Isabel Hadfield">Isabel Hadfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NPL research has contributed to <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bioscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioscience">bioscience</a>. Applications have been found in <a href="/wiki/Ship_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship design">ship design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_design_process" title="Aircraft design process">aircraft development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">computer networking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Global_positioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Global positioning">global positioning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_clocks">Atomic clocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Atomic clocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg/260px-Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg/390px-Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg/520px-Atomic_Clock-Louis_Essen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Essen" title="Louis Essen">Louis Essen</a> at right, with Jack Perry</figcaption></figure> <p>The first accurate atomic clock, a <a href="/wiki/Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">caesium standard</a> based on a certain transition of the <a href="/wiki/Caesium-133" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-133">caesium-133</a> atom, was built by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Essen" title="Louis Essen">Louis Essen</a> and Jack Parry in 1955 at NPL.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calibration of the caesium standard atomic clock was carried out by the use of the astronomical time scale <i><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">ephemeris time</a></i> (ET).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the internationally agreed definition of the latest <a href="/wiki/Second#International_second" title="Second">SI second</a> being based on atomic time.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_computers">Early computers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NPL has undertaken computer research since the mid-1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1945, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> led the design of the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" title="Automatic Computing Engine">Automatic Computing Engine</a> (ACE) computer. The ACE project was overambitious and floundered, leading to Turing's departure.<sup id="cite_ref-MCK_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> took the project over and concentrated on delivering the less ambitious <a href="/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE">Pilot ACE</a> computer, which first worked in May 1950. Among those who worked on the project was American computer pioneer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Huskey" title="Harry Huskey">Harry Huskey</a>. A commercial spin-off, <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE" title="English Electric DEUCE">DEUCE</a> was manufactured by <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="English Electric Computers">English Electric Computers</a> and became one of the best-selling machines of the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-MCK_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCK-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Packet_switching">Packet switching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Packet switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a> and <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet in the United Kingdom § History</a></div> <p>Beginning in the mid-1960s, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> invented and pioneered the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>, now the dominant basis for data communications in <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davies designed and proposed a national commercial data network in his 1965 <i>Proposal for the Development of a National Communications Service for On-line Data Processing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the NPL team, led by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scantlebury" title="Roger Scantlebury">Roger Scantlebury</a>, were the first to implement packet switching in the local-area <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> in early 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hempstead2005_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempstead2005-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which operated until 1986. They carried out work to analyse and simulate the performance of a wide-area packet-switched network capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their research and practice influenced the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> in the United States, the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, and other researchers in the UK and Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillies2000_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillies2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isaacson2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacson2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NPL sponsors a gallery, opened in 2009, about the development of packet switching and "Technology of the Internet" at <a href="/wiki/The_National_Museum_of_Computing" title="The National Museum of Computing">The National Museum of Computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internetworking_and_Email">Internetworking and Email</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internetworking and Email"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NPL <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a> research was led by Davies, Barber and Scantlebury, who were members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> (INWG).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connecting heterogeneous computer networks creates a "basic dilemma" since a common host protocol would require restructuring the existing networks. NPL connected with the <a href="/wiki/European_Informatics_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="European Informatics Network">European Informatics Network</a> (Barber directed the project and Scantlebury led the UK technical contribution)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by translating between two different host protocols; that is, using a <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateway</a>. Concurrently, the NPL connection to the Post Office <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching#EPSS" title="Packet switching">Experimental Packet Switched Service</a> used a common host protocol in both networks. NPL research confirmed establishing a common host protocol would be more reliable and efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EIN protocol helped to launch the proposed INWG standard.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> acknowledged Davies and Scantlebury in their 1974 paper "<i>A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Derek Barber proposed an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mail">electronic mail</a> protocol in 1979 in INWG 192 and implemented it on the EIN.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was referenced by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> in his early work on Internet email, published in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Experiment_Note" title="Internet Experiment Note">Internet Experiment Note</a> series.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scrapbook">Scrapbook</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scrapbook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scrapbook was an information storage and retrieval system that went live in mid-1971. It included what would now be called <a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, anticipating many elements of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was managed by David Yates who said of it "We had a community of bright people that were interested in new things, they were good fodder for a system like Scrapbook" and "When we had more than one Scrapbook system, hyperlinks could go across the network without the user knowing what was happening".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was decided that any commercial development of Scrapbook should be left to industry and it was licensed to Triad and then to BT who marketed it as Milepost and developed a transaction processor as an additional feature. Various implementations were marketed on <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_Technology_Limited" title="Computer Technology Limited">ITL</a> machines. All NPL implementations of Scrapbook were closed down in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secure_communication">Secure communication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secure communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1990s, the NPL developed three formal specifications of the <a href="/wiki/Message_Authenticator_Algorithm" title="Message Authenticator Algorithm">MAA</a>: one in <a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">Z</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one in <a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">LOTOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one in <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Development_Method" title="Vienna Development Method">VDM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VDM specification became part of the 1992 revision of the International Standard 8731–2, and three implementations in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(programming_language)" title="Miranda (programming language)">Miranda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetics">Electromagnetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electromagnetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2020 study by researchers from <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a> and NPL successfully used microwaves to measure blood-based molecules known to be influenced by dehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metrology">Metrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Metrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Physical Laboratory is involved with new developments in <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a>, such as researching metrology for, and standardising, <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly based at the Teddington site, but also has a site in <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dimensional_metrology" title="Dimensional metrology">dimensional metrology</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">underwater acoustics</a> facility at <a href="/wiki/Wraysbury_Reservoir" title="Wraysbury Reservoir">Wraysbury Reservoir</a> near <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors_of_NPL">Directors of NPL</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Directors of NPL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Directors of NPL</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E. V. Appleton"><img alt="E. V. Appleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Appleton.jpg/120px-Appleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Appleton.jpg/180px-Appleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Appleton.jpg/240px-Appleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">E. V. Appleton</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wl-bragg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="W. L. Bragg"><img alt="W. L. Bragg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/120px-Wl-bragg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/180px-Wl-bragg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/240px-Wl-bragg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_G._Darwin,_Bain_News_Service_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="C. G. Darwin"><img alt="C. G. Darwin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charles_G._Darwin%2C_Bain_News_Service_photo_portrait.jpg/128px-Charles_G._Darwin%2C_Bain_News_Service_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charles_G._Darwin%2C_Bain_News_Service_photo_portrait.jpg/193px-Charles_G._Darwin%2C_Bain_News_Service_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Charles_G._Darwin%2C_Bain_News_Service_photo_portrait.jpg/257px-Charles_G._Darwin%2C_Bain_News_Service_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3593" data-file-height="4753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Galton_Darwin" title="Charles Galton Darwin">C. G. Darwin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Clapham_NPL_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Clapham"><img alt="Peter Clapham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Peter_Clapham_NPL_crop.jpg/154px-Peter_Clapham_NPL_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Peter_Clapham_NPL_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter Clapham</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Directors of NPL include a number of notable individuals:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazebrook" title="Richard Glazebrook">Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook</a>, 1900–1919</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ernest_Petavel" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ernest Petavel">Joseph Ernest Petavel</a>, 1919–1936</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Frank_Edward_Smith" title="Frank Edward Smith">Frank Edward Smith</a>, 1936–1937 (acting)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a>, 1937–1938</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Galton_Darwin" title="Charles Galton Darwin">Charles Galton Darwin</a>, 1938–1949</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a>, 1941 (acting)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Crisp Bullard</a>, 1948–1955</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Leslie_Smith-Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Leslie Smith-Rose">Reginald Leslie Smith-Rose</a>, 1955–1956 (acting)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brims_Black_McIvor_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Brims Black McIvor Sutherland">Gordon Brims Black McIvor Sutherland</a>, 1956–1964</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Vernon_Dunworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Vernon Dunworth (page does not exist)">John Vernon Dunworth</a>, 1964–1977</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dean_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Dean (physicist) (page does not exist)">Paul Dean</a>, 1977–1990</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Clapham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Clapham (page does not exist)">Peter Clapham</a>, 1990–1995</li></ul> <p><b>Managing Directors</b> </p> <ul><li>John Rae, 1995–2000</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_McGuiness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob McGuiness (page does not exist)">Bob McGuiness</a>, 2000–2005</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_McQuillan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve McQuillan (page does not exist)">Steve McQuillan</a>, 2005–2008</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyn_Sen%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyn Sené (page does not exist)">Martyn Sené</a>, 2008–2009, 2015 (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Bowsher" title="Brian Bowsher">Brian Bowsher</a>, 2009–2015</li></ul> <p><b>Chief Executive Officers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Thomson (scientist)">Peter Thompson</a>, 2015–present<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NPL_buildings">NPL buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: NPL buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">NPL buildings</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Npl_bushy_house_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bushy House"><img alt="Bushy House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Npl_bushy_house_2.JPG/150px-Npl_bushy_house_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Npl_bushy_house_2.JPG/225px-Npl_bushy_house_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Npl_bushy_house_2.JPG/300px-Npl_bushy_house_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bushy_House" title="Bushy House">Bushy House</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Npl_building2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Darwin building"><img alt="The Darwin building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Npl_building2.JPG/150px-Npl_building2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Npl_building2.JPG/225px-Npl_building2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Npl_building2.JPG/300px-Npl_building2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Darwin building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Physical_Laboratory,_Teddington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4048376.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New building with preserved gates from the original entrance on Queen's Road"><img alt="New building with preserved gates from the original entrance on Queen's Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_National_Physical_Laboratory%2C_Teddington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4048376.jpg/150px-The_National_Physical_Laboratory%2C_Teddington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4048376.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_National_Physical_Laboratory%2C_Teddington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4048376.jpg/225px-The_National_Physical_Laboratory%2C_Teddington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4048376.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_National_Physical_Laboratory%2C_Teddington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4048376.jpg/300px-The_National_Physical_Laboratory%2C_Teddington_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4048376.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New building with preserved gates from the original entrance on Queen's Road</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Npl_new_building_module1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the new building"><img alt="Part of the new building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Npl_new_building_module1.JPG/150px-Npl_new_building_module1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Npl_new_building_module1.JPG/225px-Npl_new_building_module1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Npl_new_building_module1.JPG/300px-Npl_new_building_module1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the new building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_colour_Lee_Campbell.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of the laboratory by Lee Campbell, resident artist there in 2009"><img alt="Painting of the laboratory by Lee Campbell, resident artist there in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NPL_colour_Lee_Campbell.JPG/150px-NPL_colour_Lee_Campbell.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NPL_colour_Lee_Campbell.JPG/225px-NPL_colour_Lee_Campbell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NPL_colour_Lee_Campbell.JPG/300px-NPL_colour_Lee_Campbell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of the laboratory by Lee Campbell, resident artist there in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_ground_plan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ground floor plan of Bushy House in 1901/1902"><img alt="Ground floor plan of Bushy House in 1901/1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_ground_plan.png/126px-PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_ground_plan.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_ground_plan.png/190px-PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_ground_plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_ground_plan.png/253px-PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_ground_plan.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ground floor plan of Bushy House in 1901/1902</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_basement_plan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Basement plan of Bushy House in 1901/1902"><img alt="Basement plan of Bushy House in 1901/1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_basement_plan.png/150px-PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_basement_plan.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_basement_plan.png/225px-PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_basement_plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_basement_plan.png/300px-PSM_V60_D136_Bushy_house_basement_plan.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basement plan of Bushy House in 1901/1902</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metrology_and_measurement" title="Outline of metrology and measurement">Outline of metrology and measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_government_scientific_research_institutes" title="List of UK government scientific research institutes">List of UK government scientific research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_of_India" title="National Physical Laboratory of India">National Physical Laboratory of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles_project_on_advanced_materials_and_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles project on advanced materials and standards">VAMAS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npl.co.uk/about-us">"About us"</a>. <i>NPLWebsite</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723020908/https://www.npl.co.uk/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPLWebsite&rft.atitle=About+us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2002" class="citation journal cs1">Needham, Roger M. (2002). "Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000". <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>48</b>: 87–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2002.0006">10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72835589">72835589</a>. <q>This was the start of 10 years of pioneering work at the NPL in packet switching. ... At that lecture he first became aware that Paul Baran, of the RAND Corporation, had proposed a similar system in the context of military communication. His report was not as detailed as Davies's design and had not been acted on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Donald+Watts+Davies%2C+C.B.E.+7+June+1924+%E2%80%93+28+May+2000&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=87-96&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72835589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2002.0006&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2000" class="citation news cs1">Feder, Barnaby J. (4 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/business/donald-w-davies-75-dies-helped-refine-data-networks.html">"Donald W. Davies, 75, Dies; Helped Refine Data Networks"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406213400/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/04/business/donald-w-davies-75-dies-helped-refine-data-networks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>Donald W. Davies, who proposed a method for transmitting data that made the Internet possible</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Donald+W.+Davies%2C+75%2C+Dies%3B+Helped+Refine+Data+Networks&rft.date=2000-06-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Barnaby+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F04%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-w-davies-75-dies-helped-refine-data-networks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation cs2">Harris, Trevor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/378261"><i>Who is the Father of the Internet? The case for Donald Watts Davies</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001438/https://www.academia.edu/378261">archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+the+Father+of+the+Internet%3F+The+case+for+Donald+Watts+Davies&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F378261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2015" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, John (24 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbonCgAAQBAJ&q=English+outfit"><i>A Brief History of the Future</i></a>. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-0277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4746-0277-8"><bdi>978-1-4746-0277-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818231620/https://books.google.com/books?id=bbonCgAAQBAJ&q=English+outfit">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-91661-5"><bdi>978-1-139-91661-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001412/https://books.google.com/books?id=OVpzAwAAQBAJ&q=NPL">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>The system first went 'live' early in 1969</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+NPL+Network&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Scantlebury&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topquark.co.uk%2Fconf%2FIAP2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_SJosiah_C1986" class="citation journal cs1">John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F6617.6618">"Notable computer networks"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>29</b> (10): 932–971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F6617.6618">10.1145/6617.6618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25341056">25341056</a>. <q>The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574"><i>Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135455514" title="Special:BookSources/9781135455514"><bdi>9781135455514</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001453/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+20th-Century+Technology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135455514&rft.au=Hempstead%2C+C.&rft.au=Worthington%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZCNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1982" class="citation thesis cs1">Clarke, Peter (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf"><i>Packet and circuit-switched data networks</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Packet+and+circuit-switched+data+networks&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Department+of+Electrical+Engineering%2C+Imperial+College+of+Science+and+Technology%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspiral.imperial.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F10044%2F1%2F35864%2F2%2FClarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span> "As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in [69]. The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. ... Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies [70] called 'isarithmic' flow control. ... The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillies2000-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillies2000_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliesCailliau2000" class="citation book cs1">Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill"><i>How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192862075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192862075"><bdi>978-0192862075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Web+was+Born%3A+The+Story+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0192862075&rft.aulast=Gillies&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Cailliau%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwebwasbornsto00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaacson2014-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isaacson2014_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237"><i>The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476708690" title="Special:BookSources/9781476708690"><bdi>9781476708690</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044223/https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476708690&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V9koAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2000" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Bill (7 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_npl.htm">"UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL) & Donald Davies"</a>. <i>Living Internet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208035453/http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_npl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=UK+National+Physical+Laboratory+%28NPL%29+%26+Donald+Davies&rft.date=2000-01-07&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fi%2Fii_npl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnmoc.org/npl-gallery">"Technology of the Internet"</a>. The National Museum of Computing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131122922/https://www.tnmoc.org/npl-gallery">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=The+National+Museum+of+Computing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnmoc.org%2Fnpl-gallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie2011" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 66–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9">10.1109/MAHC.2011.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206443072">206443072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=INWG+and+the+Conception+of+the+Internet%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-71&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206443072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Shanks, Heart, Barker, Despres, Detwiler and Riml, "Report of Subgroup 1 on Communication System", INWG Note No. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:18_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/vc1.html">"Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Vinton Cerf"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. 24 April 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>Roger Scantlebury was one of the major players. And Donald Davies who ran, at least he was superintendent of the information systems division or something like that. I absolutely had a lot of interaction with NPL at the time. They in fact came to the ICCC 72 and they had been coming to previous meetings of what is now called Datacomm. Its first incarnation was a long title having to do with the analysis and optimization of computer communication networks, or something like that. This started in late 1969, I think, was when the first meeting happened in Pine Hill, Georgia. I didn't go to that one, but I went to the next one that was at Stanford, I think. That's where I met Scantlebury, I believe, for the first time. Then I had a lot more interaction with him. I would come to the UK fairly regularly, partly for IFIP or INWG reasons</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Oral+and+Video+Histories%3A+Vinton+Cerf&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcomphist%2Fvc1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScantlebury2013" class="citation web cs1">Scantlebury, Roger (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history">"<i>Internet pioneers airbrushed from history</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101062943/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Internet+pioneers+airbrushed+from+history&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Scantlebury&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2Fjun%2F25%2Finternet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScantlebury,_RogerWilkinson,_Peter2020" class="citation web cs1">Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (8 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg24532640-100-how-we-nearly-invented-the-internet-in-the-uk/">"How we nearly invented the internet in the UK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=How+we+nearly+invented+the+internet+in+the+UK&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.au=Scantlebury%2C+Roger&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fletter%2Fmg24532640-100-how-we-nearly-invented-the-internet-in-the-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA1975" class="citation journal cs1">A, BarberD L. (1 July 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1015667.1015669">"Cost project 11"</a>. <i>ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 12–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1015667.1015669">10.1145/1015667.1015669</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28994436">28994436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGCOMM+Computer+Communication+Review&rft.atitle=Cost+project+11&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=12-15&rft.date=1975-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1015667.1015669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28994436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=A&rft.aufirst=BarberD+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F1015667.1015669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2014" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, A. V. (23 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EaeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA203"><i>Communications Standards: State of the Art Report 14:3</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483160931" title="Special:BookSources/9781483160931"><bdi>9781483160931</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308005807/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3EaeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communications+Standards%3A+State+of+the+Art+Report+14%3A3&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft.isbn=9781483160931&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EaeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/networking/19/375/2062">"EIN (European Informatics Network) – CHM Revolution"</a>. <i>www.computerhistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203111015/https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/networking/19/375/2062">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.computerhistory.org&rft.atitle=EIN+%28European+Informatics+Network%29+%E2%80%93+CHM+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fnetworking%2F19%2F375%2F2062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&pg=PA125"><i>Inventing the Internet</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51115-5"><bdi>978-0-262-51115-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001414/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2BdY6WQo4AC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyMalleus2002" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Daniel; Malleus, Guy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRhHPINWo2AC&pg=PT526"><i>Networks: Internet, Telephony, Multimedia: Convergences and Complementarities</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00559-9"><bdi>978-3-540-00559-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001414/https://books.google.com/books?id=dRhHPINWo2AC&pg=PT526">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/acoustics/underwater-acoustics/products-and-services/calibration-and-characterisation-of-sonar-transducers-and-systems">the original</a> on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npl.co.uk&rft.atitle=Calibration+and+characterisation+of+sonar+transducers+and+systems+%3A+Products+%26+Services+%3A+Underwater+Acoustics+%3A+Acoustics+%3A+Science+%2B+Technology+%3A+National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Facoustics%2Funderwater-acoustics%2Fproducts-and-services%2Fcalibration-and-characterisation-of-sonar-transducers-and-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/about/history/directors/">"Directors"</a>. <i>National Physical Laboratory</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306141958/http://www.npl.co.uk/about/history/directors/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Directors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fdirectors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/news/new-ceo-for-national-physical-laboratory">"New CEO for National Physical Laboratory : News : News + Events : National Physical Laboratory"</a>. <i>npl.co.uk</i>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906065124/http://www.npl.co.uk/news/new-ceo-for-national-physical-laboratory">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npl.co.uk&rft.atitle=New+CEO+for+National+Physical+Laboratory+%3A+News+%3A+News+%2B+Events+%3A+National+Physical+Laboratory&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnew-ceo-for-national-physical-laboratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly1987" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4640566">"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"</a>. <i>Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>9</b> (3/4): 221–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1987.10023">10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-1239">0164-1239</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8172150">8172150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Data+Communications+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+%281965-1975%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=221-247&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8172150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0164-1239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1987.10023&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F4640566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaxton1983" class="citation journal cs1">Claxton, J K (1983). "The National Physical Laboratory – A History". <i>Physics Bulletin</i>. <b>34</b> (9): 395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9112%2F34%2F9%2F029">10.1088/0031-9112/34/9/029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9112">0031-9112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+National+Physical+Laboratory+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=395&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9112%2F34%2F9%2F029&rft.issn=0031-9112&rft.aulast=Claxton&rft.aufirst=J+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2018" class="citation journal cs1">Macdonald, Lee T. (2018). "University physicists and the origins of the National Physical Laboratory, 1830–1900". <i>History of Science</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 73–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0073275318811445">10.1177/0073275318811445</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0073-2753">0073-2753</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30474405">30474405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53792127">53792127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Science&rft.atitle=University+physicists+and+the+origins+of+the+National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+1830%E2%80%931900&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-92&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0073-2753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53792127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30474405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0073275318811445&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley1978" class="citation journal cs1">Moseley, Russell (1978). "The Origins and Early Years of the National Physical Laboratory: A Chapter in the Pre-history of British Science Policy". <i>Minerva</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 222–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01096015">10.1007/BF01096015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4695">0026-4695</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820329">41820329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144283941">144283941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Early+Years+of+the+National+Physical+Laboratory%3A+A+Chapter+in+the+Pre-history+of+British+Science+Policy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-250&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0026-4695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144283941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41820329%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01096015&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1997" class="citation book cs1">Yates, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMfAQAAIAAJ"><i>Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995</i></a>. National Museum of Science and Industry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2"><bdi>978-0-901805-94-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+History+of+Computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945-1995&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Science+and+Industry&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-901805-94-2&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToMfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigoureux1988" class="citation journal cs1">Vigoureux, P. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/206273">"Electric units at the National Physical Laboratory, 1900-50"</a>. <i>Papers Presented at the Sixteenth I.E.E. Week-End Meeting on the History of Electrical Engineering</i>: 9–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+Presented+at+the+Sixteenth+I.E.E.+Week-End+Meeting+on+the+History+of+Electrical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Electric+units+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+1900-50&rft.pages=9-12&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Vigoureux&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F206273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Physical+Laboratory+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Template:Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Template:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Template talk:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/100_Parliament_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="100 Parliament Street">100 Parliament Street</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology#Ministers" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology">Secretary of State</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kyle" title="Peter Kyle">Peter Kyle MP</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Science,_Research_and_Innovation" title="Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation">Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vallance" title="Patrick Vallance">Lord Vallance of Balham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Data_Protection_and_Telecoms" title="Minister of State for Data Protection and Telecoms">Minister of State for Data Protection and Telecoms</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bryant" title="Chris Bryant">Sir Chris Bryant MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_AI_and_Digital_Government" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for AI and Digital Government">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for AI and Digital Government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Feryal_Clark" title="Feryal Clark">Feryal Clark MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Future_Digital_Economy_and_Online_Safety" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Jones,_Baroness_Jones_of_Whitchurch" title="Maggie Jones, Baroness Jones of Whitchurch">Baroness Jones of Whitchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_secretary_(UK)" title="Permanent secretary (UK)">Permanent Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Munby" title="Sarah Munby">Sarah Munby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser (United Kingdom)">Government Chief Scientific Adviser</a>: <a href="/wiki/Angela_McLean_(biologist)" title="Angela McLean (biologist)">Dame Angela McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Technology_Advisor" title="National Technology Advisor">National Technology Advisor</a>: Dr Dave Smith</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_Digital_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Building Digital UK (page does not exist)">Building Digital UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">Non-departmental<br />public bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_and_Invention_Agency" title="Advanced Research and Invention Agency">Advanced Research and Invention Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation" title="UK Research and Innovation">UK Research and Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council">Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovate_UK" title="Innovate UK">Innovate UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council">Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribunal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Tribunal" title="Copyright Tribunal">Copyright Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Public corporations">Public corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Physical Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Technology_Investments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Technology Investments (page does not exist)">British Technology Investments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incubator_for_Artificial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incubator for Artificial Intelligence (page does not exist)">Incubator for Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chemist">Government Chemist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Digital_Service" title="Government Digital Service">Government Digital Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Office_for_Science" title="Government Office for Science">Government Office for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone-paid_Services_Authority" title="Phone-paid Services Authority">Phone-paid Services Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_Horizons_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulatory Horizons Council (page does not exist)">Regulatory Horizons Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UK_Shared_Business_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UK Shared Business Services (page does not exist)">UK Shared Business Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Official<br />bodies and<br />personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence">Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Council for Science and Technology">Council for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_Digital_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Building Digital UK (page does not exist)">Building Digital UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Office_for_Science" title="Government Office for Science">Government Office for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser">Chief Scientific Adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Technology_Advisor" title="National Technology Advisor">National Technology Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation" title="UK Research and Innovation">UK Research and Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council">Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovate_UK" title="Innovate UK">Innovate UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council">Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Environment_Research_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Environment Research Agency">Food and Environment Research Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_government_scientific_research_institutes" title="List of UK government scientific research institutes">List of UK government scientific research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Office_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology">Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Technology Select Committee">Science and Technology Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies">Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Industry<br />sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Computer companies of the United Kingdom">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Non-<br />governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Education<br />and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_museums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science museums in the United Kingdom">Science museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Science and Industry">National Museum of Science and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Centre" title="National Space Centre">National Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Societies and<br />professional<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mass_Spectrometry_Society" title="British Mass Spectrometry Society">British Mass Spectrometry Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Science Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science" title="British Society for the Philosophy of Science">British Society for the Philosophy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Council" title="Engineering Council">Engineering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_and_Engineering_in_Medicine" title="Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine">Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Entomological_Society" title="Royal Entomological Society">Royal Entomological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Association_for_Science_Education" title="The Association for Science Education">The Association for Science Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Council" title="Science Council">Science Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Biology" title="Royal Society of Biology">Royal Society of Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_England_Institute_of_Mining_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers">North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Research institutes in the United Kingdom">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering" title="Campaign for Science and Engineering">Campaign for Science and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EngineeringUK" title="EngineeringUK">EngineeringUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Media_Centre" title="Science Media Centre">Science Media Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_engineers" title="Category:British engineers">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_inventors" title="Category:British inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:British Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_science_writers" title="Category:British science writers">Science writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_scientists" title="Category:British scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_technology_writers" title="Category:British technology writers">Technology writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_parks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of science parks in the United Kingdom">Science parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Gorge" title="Silicon Gorge">Silicon Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_science_and_technology_awards" title="Category:British science and technology awards">Science and technology awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_magazines_published_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom">Science and technology magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Week">National Science Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LB_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Template:LB Richmond upon Thames"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LB_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Template talk:LB Richmond upon Thames"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LB_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LB Richmond upon Thames"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">London Borough of Richmond upon Thames</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnes,_London" title="Barnes, London">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sheen" title="East Sheen">East Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulwell,_London" title="Fulwell, London">Fulwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham,_London" title="Ham, London">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_London" title="Hampton, London">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Hill" title="Hampton Hill">Hampton Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Wick" title="Hampton Wick">Hampton Wick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew" title="Kew">Kew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortlake" title="Mortlake">Mortlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersham,_London" title="Petersham, London">Petersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margarets,_London" title="St Margarets, London">St Margarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill,_London" title="Strawberry Hill, London">Strawberry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddington" title="Teddington">Teddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitton,_London" title="Whitton, London">Whitton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="18" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in Greater London"><img alt="Location of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in Greater London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonRichmond.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in Greater London"><img alt="Location of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in Greater London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LondonRichmond.svg/100px-LondonRichmond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LondonRichmond.svg/150px-LondonRichmond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LondonRichmond.svg/200px-LondonRichmond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Barnes_railway_station" title="Barnes railway station"><img alt="Barnes railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Barnes_railway_station" title="Barnes railway station">Barnes</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Barnes_Bridge_railway_station" title="Barnes Bridge railway station"><img alt="Barnes Bridge railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Bridge_railway_station" title="Barnes Bridge railway station">Barnes Bridge</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fulwell_railway_station" title="Fulwell railway station"><img alt="Fulwell railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fulwell_railway_station" title="Fulwell railway station">Fulwell</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hampton_railway_station_(London)" title="Hampton railway station (London)"><img alt="Hampton railway station (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hampton_railway_station_(London)" title="Hampton railway station (London)">Hampton</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Wick_railway_station" title="Hampton Wick railway station"><img alt="Hampton Wick railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Wick_railway_station" title="Hampton Wick railway station">Hampton Wick</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_station_(London)" title="Kew Gardens station (London)"><img alt="Kew Gardens station (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_station_(London)" title="Kew Gardens station (London)"><img alt="Kew Gardens station (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="406" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens_station_(London)" title="Kew Gardens station (London)">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mortlake_railway_station" title="Mortlake railway station"><img alt="Mortlake railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mortlake_railway_station" title="Mortlake railway station">Mortlake</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Sheen_railway_station" title="North Sheen railway station"><img alt="North Sheen railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Sheen_railway_station" title="North Sheen railway station">North Sheen</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)" title="Richmond station (London)"><img alt="Richmond station (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)" title="Richmond station (London)"><img alt="Richmond station (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="406" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)" title="Richmond station (London)">Richmond</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/St_Margarets_railway_station_(London)" title="St Margarets railway station (London)"><img alt="St Margarets railway station (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/St_Margarets_railway_station_(London)" title="St Margarets railway station (London)">St Margarets</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_railway_station" title="Strawberry Hill railway station"><img alt="Strawberry Hill railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_railway_station" title="Strawberry Hill railway station">Strawberry Hill</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Teddington_railway_station" title="Teddington railway station"><img alt="Teddington railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Teddington_railway_station" title="Teddington railway station">Teddington</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_railway_station" title="Twickenham railway station"><img alt="Twickenham railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Twickenham_railway_station" title="Twickenham railway station">Twickenham</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Whitton_railway_station" title="Whitton railway station"><img alt="Whitton railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/12px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/18px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/National_Rail_logo.svg/24px-National_Rail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="39" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Whitton_railway_station" title="Whitton railway station">Whitton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Circular_Road,_London#Clapham–Kew" title="South Circular Road, London">A205 road (South Circular Road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A307_road" title="A307 road">A307 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A308_road" title="A308 road">A308 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A309_road" title="A309 road">A309 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A316_road" title="A316 road">A316 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_High_Street" title="Barnes High Street">Barnes High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelnau,_London" title="Castelnau, London">Castelnau, Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Road,_Barnes" title="Church Road, Barnes">Church Road, Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Richmond" title="George Street, Richmond">George Street, Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Green" title="Kew Green">Kew Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Hill,_Barnes" title="Mill Hill, Barnes">Mill Hill, Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortlake_High_Street" title="Mortlake High Street">Mortlake High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Palace_Lane" title="Old Palace Lane">Old Palace Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Palace_Lane" title="Old Palace Lane">Old Palace Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Road,_Richmond" title="Queen's Road, Richmond">Queen's Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Ringways#Ringway_2" title="London Ringways">Ringway 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Green" title="Richmond Green">The Green, Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Terrace,_Barnes" title="The Terrace, Barnes">The Terrace, Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vineyard,_Richmond" title="The Vineyard, Richmond">The Vineyard, Richmond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River Thames bridges, islands<br />and river services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bridges_in_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Template:Bridges in Richmond upon Thames">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Island" title="Ash Island">Ash Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benn%27s_Island" title="Benn's Island">Benn's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_Island" title="Corporation Island">Corporation Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_Pie_Island" title="Eel Pie Island">Eel Pie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glover%27s_Island" title="Glover's Island">Glover's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt%27s_Eyot" title="Platt's Eyot">Platt's Eyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Island,_London" title="Swan Island, London">Swan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagg%27s_Island" title="Tagg's Island">Tagg's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trowlock_Island" title="Trowlock Island">Trowlock Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerton%27s_Ferry" title="Hammerton's Ferry">Hammerton's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Ferry_(River_Thames)" title="Hampton Ferry (River Thames)">Hampton Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Pier" title="Kew Pier">Kew Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lock_and_Footbridge" title="Richmond Lock and Footbridge">Richmond Lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddington_Lifeboat_Station" title="Teddington Lifeboat Station">Teddington Lifeboat Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddington_Lock" title="Teddington Lock">Teddington Lock</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Ferry" title="Twickenham Ferry">Twickenham Ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other rivers and streams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Brook" title="Beverley Brook">Beverley Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Crane,_London" title="River Crane, London">River Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Northumberland%27s_River" title="Duke of Northumberland's River">Duke of Northumberland's River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longford_River" title="Longford River">Longford River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbrook_(stream)" title="Sudbrook (stream)">Sudbrook and Latchmere stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_Ground,_Richmond" title="Athletic Ground, Richmond">Athletic Ground, Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_Elms##Barn_Elms_Playing_Fields" title="Barn Elms">Barn Elms playing fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championship_Course" title="The Championship Course">The Championship Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cricket_in_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Template:Cricket in Richmond upon Thames">Cricket clubs and grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Golf_in_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Template:Golf in Richmond upon Thames">Golf clubs and courses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Pool" title="Hampton Pool">Hampton Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lensbury" title="The Lensbury">The Lensbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pools_on_the_Park" title="Pools on the Park">Pools on the Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tennis_Court,_Hampton_Court" title="Royal Tennis Court, Hampton Court">Royal Tennis Court, Hampton Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddington_Pools_and_Fitness_Centre" title="Teddington Pools and Fitness Centre">Teddington Pools and Fitness Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Young_Mariners" title="Thames Young Mariners">Thames Young Mariners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stoop" title="Twickenham Stoop">Twickenham Stoop</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Ranelagh_Club" title="Ranelagh Club">Ranelagh Club</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Ice_Rink" title="Richmond Ice Rink">Richmond Ice Rink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_annual_sports_events_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of annual sports events in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Annual sports events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Garden_Festival" title="Hampton Court Garden Festival">Hampton Court Garden Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace_Festival" title="Hampton Court Palace Festival">Hampton Court Palace Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breweries and pubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia,_Richmond" title="Britannia, Richmond">Britannia, Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bull%27s_Head,_Barnes" title="The Bull's Head, Barnes">The Bull's Head, Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown,_Twickenham" title="The Crown, Twickenham">The Crown, Twickenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysart_Arms" title="Dysart Arms">Dysart Arms, Petersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fox,_Twickenham" title="The Fox, Twickenham">The Fox, Twickenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_George,_Twickenham" title="The George, Twickenham">The George, Twickenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_and_Hounds,_East_Sheen" title="Hare and Hounds, East Sheen">Hare and Hounds, East Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Coopers,_Hampton" title="Jolly Coopers, Hampton">Jolly Coopers, Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Ship,_Richmond" title="Old Ship, Richmond">Old Ship, Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Hotel,_Teddington" title="Park Hotel, Teddington">Park Hotel, Teddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Brewery_Stores" title="Richmond Brewery Stores">Richmond Brewery Stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Inn,_Barnes" title="Sun Inn, Barnes">Sun Inn, Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Fine_Ales" title="Twickenham Fine Ales">Twickenham Fine Ales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watney_Combe_%26_Reid" title="Watney Combe & Reid">Watney Combe & Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cross,_Richmond" title="White Cross, Richmond">White Cross, Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_White_Swan,_Twickenham" title="The White Swan, Twickenham">The White Swan, Twickenham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatres, cinemas <br />and music venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bull%27s_Head,_Barnes" title="The Bull's Head, Barnes">The Bull's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawdaddy_Club" title="Crawdaddy Club">Crawdaddy Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exchange,_Twickenham" title="The Exchange, Twickenham">The Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Studios" title="Olympic Studios">Olympic Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Tree_Theatre" title="Orange Tree Theatre">Orange Tree Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_Arts_Centre" title="OSO Arts Centre">OSO Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_Theatre_Barge" title="Puppet Theatre Barge">Puppet Theatre Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Theatre_(London)" title="Richmond Theatre (London)">Richmond Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwickFolk" title="TwickFolk">TwickFolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wathen_Hall" title="Wathen Hall">Wathen Hall</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Eel_Pie_Island#Eel_Pie_Island_Hotel" title="Eel Pie Island">Eel Pie Island Hotel</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Theatre_(Surrey)" title="Richmond Theatre (Surrey)">Richmond Theatre (1765–1884)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and recording studios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Astoria_(recording_studio)" title="Astoria (recording studio)">Astoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boathouse,_Twickenham" title="The Boathouse, Twickenham">The Boathouse, Twickenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_Pie_Studios" title="Eel Pie Studios">Eel Pie Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Studios" title="Olympic Studios">Olympic Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Twickenham Studios">Twickenham Studios</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Teddington_Studios" title="Teddington Studios">Teddington Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_Twickenham_Times" title="Richmond and Twickenham Times">Richmond and Twickenham Times</a></i></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Gaydar_Radio" title="Gaydar Radio">Gaydar Radio</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of public art in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fountain,_Bushy_Park" title="Diana Fountain, Bushy Park">Diana Fountain, Bushy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Beasts,_Hampton_Court_Palace" title="King's Beasts, Hampton Court Palace">King's Beasts, Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Ladies" title="The Naked Ladies">The Naked Ladies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pope%27s_Urn" title="Pope's Urn">Pope's Urn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Beasts" title="The Queen's Beasts">The Queen's Beasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical royal palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_astronomical_clock" title="Hampton Court astronomical clock">Hampton Court astronomical clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Maze" title="Hampton Court Maze">Hampton Court Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other places<br />of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123_Mortlake_High_Street" title="123 Mortlake High Street">123 Mortlake High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_The_Terrace,_Barnes" title="14 The Terrace, Barnes">14 The Terrace, Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_Station_Road,_Barnes" title="18 Station Road, Barnes">18 Station Road, Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70_Barnes_High_Street" title="70 Barnes High Street">70 Barnes High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgill_House" title="Asgill House">Asgill House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_power_station" title="Barnes power station">Barnes power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsworth_House" title="Brinsworth House">Brinsworth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushy_House" title="Bushy House">Bushy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Cottage" title="Cambridge Cottage">Cambridge Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_House,_Twickenham" title="Chapel House, Twickenham">Chapel House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_in_the_Wood,_Strawberry_Hill" title="Chapel in the Wood, Strawberry Hill">Chapel in the Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House,_Richmond" title="Clarence House, Richmond">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doughty_House" title="Doughty House">Doughty House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_House,_Petersham" title="Douglas House, Petersham">Douglas House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downe_House,_Richmond_Hill" title="Downe House, Richmond Hill">Downe House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sheen_Filling_Station" title="East Sheen Filling Station">East Sheen Filling Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulwell_bus_garage" title="Fulwell bus garage">Fulwell bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrick%27s_Temple_to_Shakespeare" title="Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare">Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrick%27s_Villa" title="Garrick's Villa">Garrick's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pagoda,_Kew_Gardens" title="Great Pagoda, Kew Gardens">Great Pagoda, Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_Gardens_Chapel" title="Grove Gardens Chapel">Grove Gardens Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_House,_Hampton" title="Grove House, Hampton">Grove House, Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halford_House" title="Halford House">Halford House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_House" title="Ham House">Ham House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Water_Treatment_Works" title="Hampton Water Treatment Works">Hampton Water Treatment Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Youth_Project" title="Hampton Youth Project">Hampton Youth Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods_Furniture_Depository" title="Harrods Furniture Depository">Harrods Furniture Depository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Homestead,_Barnes" title="The Homestead, Barnes">The Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotham_House" title="Hotham House">Hotham House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Mortuary" title="Kew Mortuary">Kew Mortuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Observatory" title="King's Observatory">King's Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneller_Hall" title="Kneller Hall">Kneller Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langham_House,_Ham" title="Langham House, Ham">Langham House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langham_House_Close" title="Langham House Close">Langham House Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchmere_House" title="Latchmere House">Latchmere House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Court" title="Lichfield Court">Lichfield Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_House" title="Marble Hill House">Marble Hill House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_House" title="Montrose House">Montrose House</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Physical Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normansfield_Theatre" title="Normansfield Theatre">Normansfield Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Court_House" title="The Old Court House">The Old Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall,_Richmond" title="Old Town Hall, Richmond">Old Town Hall, Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeley_Lodge" title="Ormeley Lodge">Ormeley Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Span_Developments#Parkleys" title="Span Developments">Parkleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane_Stables_Teddington" title="Park Lane Stables Teddington">Park Lane Stables Teddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pavilion,_Hampton_Court" title="The Pavilion, Hampton Court">The Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Lodge,_Richmond_Park" title="Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park">Pembroke Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope%27s_villa" title="Pope's villa">Pope's Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_Factory" title="Poppy Factory">Poppy Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_School_of_Music" title="Royal Military School of Music">Royal Military School of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Star_and_Garter_Home,_Richmond" title="Royal Star and Garter Home, Richmond">Royal Star and Garter Home, Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_Court" title="St Leonard's Court">St Leonard's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_House" title="Strawberry Hill House">Strawberry Hill House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stud_House" title="Stud House">Stud House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbrook_Park,_Petersham" title="Sudbrook Park, Petersham">Sudbrook House and Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatched_House_Lodge" title="Thatched House Lodge">Thatched House Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpeters%27_House" title="Trumpeters' House">Trumpeters' House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Boat_Race_Stones" title="University Boat Race Stones">University Boat Race Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Working_Men%27s_Club" title="Victoria Working Men's Club">Victoria Working Men's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Hall,_Kew" title="West Hall, Kew">West Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lodge,_Richmond_Park" title="White Lodge, Richmond Park">White Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wick" title="The Wick">The Wick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wick_House,_Richmond_Hill" title="Wick House, Richmond Hill">Wick House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelverton_Lodge" title="Yelverton Lodge">Yelverton Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_House,_Twickenham" title="York House, Twickenham">York House</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Research_Laboratory" title="Admiralty Research Laboratory">Admiralty Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Camp_Griffiss" title="Camp Griffiss">Camp Griffiss</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_House" title="Cardigan House">Cardigan House</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Cross_Deep_House" title="Cross Deep House">Cross Deep House</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/The_Karsino" class="mw-redirect" title="The Karsino">The Karsino</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Mortlake_Tapestry_Works" title="Mortlake Tapestry Works">Mortlake Tapestry Works</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat,_Richmond" title="Mount Ararat, Richmond">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Pope%27s_villa" title="Pope's villa">Pope's villa</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Radnor_House" title="Radnor House">Radnor House</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_House,_Twickenham" title="Richmond House, Twickenham">Richmond House</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Lodge" title="Richmond Lodge">Richmond Lodge</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Theological_College" title="Richmond Theological College">Richmond Theological College</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Sheen_Priory" title="Sheen Priory">Sheen Priory</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Star_and_Garter_Hotel,_Richmond" title="Star and Garter Hotel, Richmond">Star and Garter Hotel</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Park" title="Twickenham Park">Twickenham Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tragedy and disaster</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Williams_(baby_farmer)" title="Ada Williams (baby farmer)">Barnes child murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_rail_crash" title="Barnes rail crash">Barnes rail crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_bank_murder" title="Ham bank murder">Ham bank murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Am%C3%A9lie_Delagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Amélie Delagrange">Murder of Amélie Delagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Julia_Martha_Thomas" title="Murder of Julia Martha Thomas">Murder of Julia Martha Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_child_murder" title="Richmond child murder">Richmond child murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath_murders" title="Towpath murders">Towpath murders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other history topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Printing_Machines" title="Adana Printing Machines">Adana Printing Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashe_baronets" title="Ashe baronets">Ashe baronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_baronets" title="Cook baronets">Cook baronets of Doughty House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darell_baronets" title="Darell baronets">Darell baronets, of Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHQ_Liaison_Regiment" title="GHQ Liaison Regiment">GHQ Liaison Regiment (Phantom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Conference" title="Hampton Court Conference">Hampton Court Conference (1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Letters" title="Kew Letters">Kew Letters (1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersham_Hole" title="Petersham Hole">Petersham Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocock_baronets" title="Pocock baronets">Pocock baronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Flyers" title="Richmond Flyers">Richmond Flyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Petersham_and_Ham_Open_Spaces_Act_1902" title="Richmond, Petersham and Ham Open Spaces Act 1902">Richmond, Petersham and Ham Open Spaces Act 1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hampton_Court_(1562)" title="Treaty of Hampton Court (1562)">Treaty of Hampton Court (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandeput_baronets" title="Vandeput baronets">Vandeput baronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren-Lambert" title="Warren-Lambert">Warren-Lambert Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_baronets" title="Wigan baronets">Wigan baronets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Richmond Park (UK Parliament constituency)">Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)">Twickenham</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_Barnes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Richmond and Barnes (UK Parliament constituency)">Richmond and Barnes</a></li> <li><i>former</i> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_(Surrey)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Richmond (Surrey) (UK Parliament constituency)">Richmond (Surrey)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_almshouses_in_the_United_Kingdom#Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of almshouses in the United Kingdom">Almshouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives,_museums_and_art_galleries_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Archives, museums and art galleries in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Archives, museums and art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries,_crematoria_and_memorials_in_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of cemeteries, crematoria and memorials in Richmond upon Thames">Cemeteries, crematoria and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_London#Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of churches in London">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Synagogue" title="Richmond Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of hospitals in Richmond upon Thames">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_upon_Thames_London_Borough_Council" title="Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_upon_Thames_London_Borough_Council_elections" title="Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council elections">Local council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of people from the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of schools in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Schools, colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_clubs_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="List of sports clubs in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Sports clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Parks,_open_spaces_and_nature_reserves_in_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Parks, open spaces and nature reserves in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Parks, open spaces and nature reserves in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_signal_authorities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_signal_authorities" title="Template:Time signal authorities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Time_signal_authorities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Time signal authorities (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_signal_authorities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time signal authorities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_signal_authorities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Time signal authorities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/39px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_nationale_des_fr%C3%A9quences" class="extiw" title="fr:Agence nationale des fréquences">ANFR</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/21px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/42px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Research_Institute_of_Standards_and_Science" title="Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science">KRISS</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Metrology_and_Accreditation" title="Centre for Metrology and Accreditation">MIKES</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/52px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NPL</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" title="National Research Council Canada">NRC</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Time_Service_Center" title="National Time Service Center">NTSC</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/34px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">PTB</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/39px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Real_Instituto_y_Observatorio_de_la_Armada" title="Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada">ROA</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/21px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/42px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Naval_Hydrographic_Service" title="Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service">SHN</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/39px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Scientific_Research_Institute_for_Physical-Engineering_and_Radiotechnical_Metrology" title="All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology">VNIIFTRI</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal;">Other</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALS162_time_signal" title="ALS162 time signal">ALS162</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HLA_(radio_station)" title="HLA (radio station)">HLA</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIKES_(radio_station)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIKES (radio station) (page does not exist)">MIKES</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JJY" title="JJY">JJY</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_from_NPL_(MSF)" title="Time from NPL (MSF)">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_teleswitch" title="Radio teleswitch">BBC (198 kHz)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHU_(radio_station)" title="CHU (radio station)">CHU</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPC_(time_signal)" title="BPC (time signal)">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPL_(time_service)" title="BPL (time service)">BPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPM_(time_service)" title="BPM (time service)">BPM</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkrundsteuertechnik" class="extiw" title="de:Funkrundsteuertechnik">DCF (EFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background: #f7f7f7;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROA_Time" title="ROA Time">EBC</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a 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