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loading</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: inclined loading"> <meta name="keywords" content="inclined loading"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="inclined loading"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1772</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: inclined loading</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1652</span> Experimental Investigation on the Behavior of Steel Fibers Reinforced Concrete under Impact Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feng%20Fu">Feng Fu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Bazgir"> Ahmad Bazgir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed to investigate and examine the structural behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete slabs when subjected to impact loading using drop weight method. A number of compressive tests, tensile splitting tests, as well as impact tests were conducted. The experimental work consists of testing both conventional reinforced slabs and SFRC slabs. Parameters to be considered for carrying out the test will consist of the volume fraction of steel fibre, type of steel fibres, drop weight height and number of blows. Energy absorption of slabs under impact loading and failure modes were examined in-depth and compared with conventional reinforced concrete slab are investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20fibre%20reinforce%20concrete" title="steel fibre reinforce concrete">steel fibre reinforce concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20test" title=" compressive test"> compressive test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20splitting%20test" title=" tensile splitting test"> tensile splitting test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20test" title=" impact test"> impact test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50930/experimental-investigation-on-the-behavior-of-steel-fibers-reinforced-concrete-under-impact-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1651</span> Reformulation of Theory of Critical Distances to Predict the Strength of Notched Plain Concrete Beams under Quasi Static Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radhika%20V.">Radhika V.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20Chandra%20Kishen"> J. M. Chandra Kishen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The theory of critical distances (TCD), due to its appealing characteristics, has been successfully used in the past to predict the strength of brittle as well as ductile materials, weakened by the presence of stress risers under both static and fatigue loading. By utilising most of the TCD's unique features, this paper summarises an attempt for a reformulation of the point method of the TCD to predict the strength of notched plain concrete beams under mode I quasi-static loading. A zone of micro cracks, which is responsible for the non-linearity of concrete, is taken into account considering the concept of an effective elastic crack. An attempt is also made to correlate the value of the material characteristic length required for the application of TCD with the maximum aggregate size in the concrete mix, eliminating the need for any extensive experimentation prior to the application of TCD. The devised reformulation and the proposed power law based relationship is found to yield satisfactory predictions for static strength of notched plain concrete beams, with geometric dimensions of the beam, tensile strength, and maximum aggregate size of the concrete mix being the only needed input parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characteristic%20length" title="characteristic length">characteristic length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20elastic%20crack" title=" effective elastic crack"> effective elastic crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inherent%20material%20strength" title=" inherent material strength"> inherent material strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeI%20loading" title=" modeI loading"> modeI loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theory%20of%20critical%20distances" title=" theory of critical distances"> theory of critical distances</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154148/reformulation-of-theory-of-critical-distances-to-predict-the-strength-of-notched-plain-concrete-beams-under-quasi-static-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1650</span> A New Instrumented Drop-Weight Test Machine for Studying the Impact Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Al-Farttoosi">M. Al-Farttoosi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Y.%20Rafiq"> M. Y. Rafiq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Summerscales"> J. Summerscales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Williams"> C. Williams</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Structures can be subjected to impact loading from various sources like earthquake, tsunami, missiles and explosions. The impact loading can cause different degrees of damage to concrete structures. The demand for strengthening and rehabilitation of damaged structures is increasing. In recent years, Car0bon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) matrix composites has gain more attention for strengthening and repairing these structures. To study the impact behaviour of the reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened or repaired using CFRP, a heavy impact test machine was designed and manufactured .The machine included a newly designed support system for beams together with various instrumentation. This paper describes the support design configuration of the impact test machine, instrumentation and dynamic analysis of the concrete beams. To evaluate the efficiency of the new impact test machine, experimental impact tests were conducted on simple supported reinforced concrete beam. Different methods were used to determine the impact force and impact response of the RC beams in terms of inertia force, maximum deflection, reaction force and fracture energy. The manufactured impact test machine was successfully used in testing RC beams under impact loading and used successfully to test the reinforced concrete beams strengthened or repaired using CFRP under impact loading. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beam" title="beam">beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact" title=" impact"> impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine" title=" machine"> machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35977/a-new-instrumented-drop-weight-test-machine-for-studying-the-impact-behaviour-of-reinforced-concrete-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35977.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1649</span> Three-Dimensional Unsteady Natural Convection and Entropy Generation in an Inclined Cubical Trapezoidal Cavity Subjected to Uniformly Heated Bottom Wall</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farshid%20Fathinia">Farshid Fathinia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical computation of unsteady laminar three-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation in an inclined cubical trapezoidal air-filled cavity is performed for the first time in this work. The vertical right and left sidewalls of the cavity are maintained at constant cold temperatures. The lower wall is subjected to a constant hot temperature, while the upper one is considered insulated. Computations are performed for Rayleigh numbers varied as 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 105, while the trapezoidal cavity inclination angle is varied as 0° ≤ ϕ ≤ 180°. Prandtl number is considered constant at Pr = 0.71. The second law of thermodynamics is applied to obtain thermodynamic losses inside the cavity due to both heat transfer and fluid friction irreversibilities. The variation of local and average Nusselt numbers are presented and discussed.While, streamlines, isotherms and entropy contours are presented in both two and three-dimensional pattern. The results show that when the Rayleigh number increases, the flow patterns are changed especially in three-dimensional results and the flow circulation increases. Also, the inclination angle effect on the total entropy generation becomes insignificant when the Rayleigh number is low.Moreover, when the Rayleigh number increases the average Nusselt number increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20natural%20convection" title="transient natural convection">transient natural convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trapezoidal%20cavity" title=" trapezoidal cavity"> trapezoidal cavity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=three-dimensional%20flow" title=" three-dimensional flow"> three-dimensional flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy%20generation" title=" entropy generation"> entropy generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20law" title=" second law "> second law </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24831/three-dimensional-unsteady-natural-convection-and-entropy-generation-in-an-inclined-cubical-trapezoidal-cavity-subjected-to-uniformly-heated-bottom-wall" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1648</span> Analysis of the Vibration Behavior of a Small-Scale Wind Turbine Blade under Johannesburg Wind Speed</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tolulope%20Babawarun">Tolulope Babawarun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harry%20Ngwangwa"> Harry Ngwangwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wind turbine blade may sustain structural damage from external loads such as high winds or collisions, which could compromise its aerodynamic efficiency. The wind turbine blade vibrates at significant intensities and amplitudes under these conditions. The effect of these vibrations on the dynamic flow field surrounding the blade changes the forces operating on it. The structural dynamic analysis of a small wind turbine blade is considered in this study. It entails creating a finite element model, validating the model, and doing structural analysis on the verified finite element model. The analysis is based on the structural reaction of a small-scale wind turbine blade to various loading sources. Although there are many small-scale off-shore wind turbine systems in use, only preliminary structural analysis is performed during design phases; these systems' performance under various loading conditions as they are encountered in real-world situations has not been properly researched. This will allow us to record the same Equivalent von Mises stress and deformation that the blade underwent. A higher stress contour was found to be more concentrated near the middle span of the blade under the various loading scenarios studied. The highest stress that the blade in this study underwent is within the range of the maximum stress that blade material can withstand. The maximum allowable stress of the blade material is 1,770 MPa. The deformation of the blade was highest at the blade tip. The critical speed of the blade was determined to be 4.3 Rpm with a rotor speed range of 0 to 608 Rpm. The blade's mode form under loading conditions indicates a bending mode, the most prevalent of which is flapwise bending. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ANSYS" title="ANSYS">ANSYS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20loading" title=" static loading"> static loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20analysis" title=" dynamic analysis"> dynamic analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158468/analysis-of-the-vibration-behavior-of-a-small-scale-wind-turbine-blade-under-johannesburg-wind-speed" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158468.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1647</span> Peridynamic Modeling of an Isotropic Plate under Tensile and Flexural Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eda%20G%C3%B6k">Eda Gök</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Peridynamics is a new modeling concept of non-local interactions for solid structures. The formulations of Peridynamic (PD) theory are based on integral equations rather than differential equations. Through, undefined equations of associated problems are avoided. PD theory might be defined as continuum version of molecular dynamics. The medium is usually modeled with mass particles bonded together. Particles interact with each other directly across finite distances through central forces named as bonds. The main assumption of this theory is that the body is composed of material points which interact with other material points within a finite distance. Although, PD theory developed for discontinuities, it gives good results for structures which have no discontinuities. In this paper, displacement control of the isotropic plate under the effect of tensile and bending loading has been investigated by means of PD theory. A MATLAB code is generated to create PD bonds and corresponding surface correction factors. Using generated MATLAB code the geometry of the specimen is generated, and the code is implemented in Finite Element Software. The results obtained from non-local continuum theory are compared with the Finite Element Analysis results and analytical solution. The results show good agreement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-local%20continuum%20mechanics" title="non-local continuum mechanics">non-local continuum mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peridynamic%20theory" title=" peridynamic theory"> peridynamic theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20structures" title=" solid structures"> solid structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20loading" title=" tensile loading"> tensile loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20loading" title=" flexural loading"> flexural loading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111268/peridynamic-modeling-of-an-isotropic-plate-under-tensile-and-flexural-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1646</span> The Critical Velocity and Heat of Smoke Outflow in Z-shaped Passage Fires Under Weak Stack Effect</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zekun%20Li">Zekun Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bart%20Merci"> Bart Merci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miaocheng%20Weng"> Miaocheng Weng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fang%20Liu"> Fang Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Z-shaped passage, widely used in metro entrance/exit passageways, inclined mining laneways, and other applications, features steep slopes and a combination of horizontal and inclined sections. These characteristics lead to notable differences in airflow patterns and temperature distributions compared to conventional confined passages. In fires occurring within Z-shaped passages under natural ventilation with a weak stack effect, the induced airflow may be insufficient to fully confined smoke downstream of the fire source. This can cause smoke back-layering upstream, with the possibility of smoke escaping from the lower entrance located upstream of the fire. Consequently, not all the heat from the fire source contributes to the stack effect. This study combines theoretical analysis and fire simulations to examine the influence of various heat release rates (HRR), passage structures, and fire source locations on the induced airflow velocity driven by the stack effect. An empirical equation is proposed to quantify the strength of the stack effect under different conditions. Additionally, predictive models have been developed to determine the critical induced airflow and to estimate the heat of smoke escaping from the lower entrance of the passage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stack%20effect" title="stack effect">stack effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20velocity" title=" critical velocity"> critical velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20outflow" title=" heat outflow"> heat outflow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193173/the-critical-velocity-and-heat-of-smoke-outflow-in-z-shaped-passage-fires-under-weak-stack-effect" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">8</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1645</span> Seismic Evaluation of Connected and Disconnected Piled Raft Foundations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Fallah%20Yeznabad">Ali Fallah Yeznabad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20H.%20Baziar"> Mohammad H. Baziar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Saedi%20Azizkandi"> Alireza Saedi Azizkandi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rafts may be used when a low bearing capacity exists underneath the foundation and may be combined by piles in some special circumstances; such as to reduce settlements or high groundwater to control buoyancy. From structural point of view, these piles could be both connected or disconnected from the raft and are to be classified as Piled Rafts (PR) or Disconnected Piled Rafts (DPR). Although the researches about the behavior of piled rafts subjected to vertical loading is really extensive, in the context of dynamic load and earthquake loading, the studies are very limited. In this study, to clarify these foundations’ performance under dynamic loading, series of Shaking Table tests have been performed. The square raft and four piles in connected and disconnected configurations were used in dry silica sand and the model was experimented using a shaking table under 1-g conditions. Moreover, numerical investigation using finite element software have been conducted to better understand the differences and advantages. Our observations demonstrates that in connected Piled Rafts piles have to bear greater amount of moment in their upper parts, however this moments are approximately 40% lower in disconnected piled rafts in the same conditions and loading. Considering the Rafts’ lateral movement which be of crucial importance in foundations performance evaluation, connected piled rafts show much better performance with about 30% less lateral movement. Further, it was observed on confirmed both through laboratory tests and numerical analysis, that adding the superstructure over the piled raft foundation the raft separates from the soil and it significantly increases rocking of the raft which was observed to be the main reason of increase in piles’ moments under superstructure interaction with the foundation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piled%20Rafts%20%28PR%29" title="Piled Rafts (PR)">Piled Rafts (PR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Disconnected%20Piled%20Rafts%20%28DPR%29" title=" Disconnected Piled Rafts (DPR)"> Disconnected Piled Rafts (DPR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20loading" title=" dynamic loading"> dynamic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shaking%20table" title=" shaking table"> shaking table</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20performance" title=" seismic performance "> seismic performance </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37165/seismic-evaluation-of-connected-and-disconnected-piled-raft-foundations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1644</span> Damage of Laminated Corrugated Sandwich Panels under Inclined Impact Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Kamran">Muhammad Kamran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xue%20Pu"> Xue Pu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naveed%20Ahmed"> Naveed Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sandwich foam structures are efficient in impact energy absorption and making components lightweight; however their efficient use require a detailed understanding of its mechanical response. In this study, the foam core, laminated facings’ sandwich panel with internal triangular rib configuration is impacted by a spherical steel projectile at different angles using ABAQUS finite element package and damage mechanics is studied. Laminated ribs’ structure is sub-divided into three formations; all zeros, all 45 and optimized combination of zeros and 45 degrees. Impact velocity is varied from 250 m/s to 500 m/s with an increment of 50 m/s. The impact damage can significantly demolish the structural integrity and energy absorption due to fiber breakage, matrix cracking, and de-bonding. Macroscopic fracture study of the panel and core along with load-displacement responses and failure modes are the key parameters in the design of smart ballistic resistant structures. Ballistic impact characteristics of panels are studied on different speed, different inclination angles and its dependency on the base, and core materials, ribs formation, and cross-sectional spaces among them are determined. Impact momentum, penetration and kinetic energy absorption data and curves are compiled to predict the first and proximity impact in an effort to enhance the dynamic energy absorption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20energy%20absorption" title="dynamic energy absorption">dynamic energy absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proximity%20impact" title=" proximity impact"> proximity impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandwich%20panels" title=" sandwich panels"> sandwich panels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20momentum" title=" impact momentum"> impact momentum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60138/damage-of-laminated-corrugated-sandwich-panels-under-inclined-impact-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60138.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1643</span> Evaluation of Numerical Modeling of Jet Grouting Design Using in situ Loading Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Ziaie%20Moayed">Reza Ziaie Moayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehsan%20Azini"> Ehsan Azini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Jet grouting (JG) is one of the methods of improving and increasing the strength and bearing of soil in which the high pressure water or grout is injected through the nozzles into the soil. During this process, a part of the soil and grout particles comes out of the drill borehole, and the other part is mixed up with the grout in place, as a result of this process, a mass of modified soil is created. The purpose of this method is to change the soil into a mixture of soil and cement, commonly known as "soil-cement". In this paper, first, the principles of high pressure injection and then the effective parameters in the JG method are described<span dir="RTL">.</span> Then, the tests on the samples taken from the columns formed from the excavation around the soil-cement columns, as well as the static loading test on the created column, are discussed. In the other part of this paper, the soil behavior models for numerical modeling in PLAXIS software are mentioned. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the results of numerical modeling based on in-situ static loading tests. The results indicate an acceptable agreement between the results of the tests mentioned and the modeling results. Also, modeling with this software as an appropriate option for technical feasibility can be used to soil improvement using JG. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jet%20grouting%20column" title="jet grouting column">jet grouting column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20improvement" title=" soil improvement"> soil improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modeling" title=" numerical modeling"> numerical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-situ%20loading%20test" title=" in-situ loading test"> in-situ loading test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111026/evaluation-of-numerical-modeling-of-jet-grouting-design-using-in-situ-loading-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111026.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1642</span> Investigation of Static Stability of Soil Slopes Using Numerical Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abolhasan%20Naeini">Seyed Abolhasan Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elham%20Ghanbari%20Alamooti"> Elham Ghanbari Alamooti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Static stability of soil slopes using numerical simulation by a finite element code, ABAQUS, has been investigated, and safety factors of the slopes achieved in the case of static load of a 10-storey building. The embankments have the same soil condition but different loading distance from the slope heel. The numerical method for estimating safety factors is 'Strength Reduction Method' (SRM). Mohr-Coulomb criterion used in the numerical simulations. Two steps used for measuring the safety factors of the slopes: first is under gravity loading, and the second is under static loading of a building near the slope heel. These safety factors measured from SRM, are compared with the values from Limit Equilibrium Method, LEM. Results show that there is good agreement between SRM and LEM. Also, it is seen that by increasing the distance from slope heel, safety factors increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20equilibrium%20%20method" title="limit equilibrium method">limit equilibrium method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20stability" title=" static stability"> static stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20slopes" title=" soil slopes"> soil slopes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength%20reduction%20method" title=" strength reduction method"> strength reduction method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90783/investigation-of-static-stability-of-soil-slopes-using-numerical-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90783.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1641</span> Experimental Study of CO2 Absorption in Different Blend Solutions as Solvent for CO2 Capture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rouzbeh%20Ramezani">Rouzbeh Ramezani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renzo%20Di%20Felice"> Renzo Di Felice</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, removal of CO<sub>2</sub> as one of the major contributors to global warming using alternative solvents with high CO<sub>2</sub> absorption efficiency, is an important industrial operation. In this study, three amines, including 2-methylpiperazine, potassium sarcosinate and potassium lysinate as potential additives, were added to the potassium carbonate solution as a base solvent for CO<sub>2</sub> capture. In order to study the absorption performance of CO<sub>2</sub> in terms of loading capacity of CO<sub>2</sub> and absorption rate, the absorption experiments in a blend of additives with potassium carbonate were carried out using the vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus at a temperature of 313.15 K, CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressures ranging from 0 to 50 kPa and at mole fractions 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. Furthermore, the performance of CO<sub>2</sub> absorption in these blend solutions was compared with pure monoethanolamine and with pure potassium carbonate. Finally, a correlation with good accuracy was developed using the nonlinear regression analysis in order to predict CO<sub>2</sub> loading capacity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption%20rate" title="absorption rate">absorption rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide" title=" carbon dioxide"> carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20capture" title=" CO2 capture"> CO2 capture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20warming" title=" global warming"> global warming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loading%20capacity" title=" loading capacity"> loading capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68900/experimental-study-of-co2-absorption-in-different-blend-solutions-as-solvent-for-co2-capture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68900.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1640</span> Centrifuge Modeling of Monopiles Subjected to Lateral Monotonic Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20R.%20Khodaei">H. R. Khodaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Moradi"> M. Moradi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20H.%20Tajik"> A. H. Tajik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The type of foundation commonly used today for berthing dolphins is a set of tubular steel piles with large diameters, which are known as monopiles. The design of these monopiles is based on the theories related with laterally loaded piles. One of the most common methods to analyze and design the piles subjected to lateral loads is the p-y curves. In the present study, centrifuge tests are conducted in order to obtain the p-y curves. Series of tests were designed in order to investigate the scaling laws in the centrifuge for monotonic loading. Also, two important parameters, the embedded depth L of the pile in the soil and free length e of the pile, as well as their ratios were studied via five experimental tests. Finally, the p-y curves of API are presented to be compared with the curves obtained from the tests so that the differences could be demonstrated. The results show that the p-y curves proposed by API highly overestimate the lateral load bearing capacity. It suggests that these curves need correction and modification for each site as the soil conditions change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=centrifuge%20modeling" title="centrifuge modeling">centrifuge modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monopile" title=" monopile"> monopile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20loading" title=" lateral loading"> lateral loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=p-y%20curves" title=" p-y curves"> p-y curves</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84252/centrifuge-modeling-of-monopiles-subjected-to-lateral-monotonic-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">247</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1639</span> Extension of the Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones for Analyzing Elastic Shakedown in a Multi-Dimensional Load Domain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bastian%20Vollrath">Bastian Vollrath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hartwig%20Hubel"> Hartwig Hubel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In case of over-elastic and cyclic loading, strain may accumulate due to a ratcheting mechanism until the state of shakedown is possibly achieved. Load history dependent numerical investigations by a step-by-step analysis are rather costly in terms of engineering time and numerical effort. In the case of multi-parameter loading, where various independent loadings affect the final state of shakedown, the computational effort becomes an additional challenge. Therefore, direct methods like the Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones (STPZ) are developed to solve the problem with a few linear elastic analyses. Post-shakedown quantities such as strain ranges and cyclic accumulated strains are calculated approximately by disregarding the load history. The STPZ is based on estimates of a transformed internal variable, which can be used to perform modified elastic analyses, where the elastic material parameters are modified, and initial strains are applied as modified loading, resulting in residual stresses and strains. The STPZ already turned out to work well with respect to cyclic loading between two states of loading. Usually, few linear elastic analyses are sufficient to obtain a good approximation to the post-shakedown quantities. In a multi-dimensional load domain, the approximation of the transformed internal variable transforms from a plane problem into a hyperspace problem, where time-consuming approximation methods need to be applied. Therefore, a solution restricted to structures with four stress components was developed to estimate the transformed internal variable by means of three-dimensional vector algebra. This paper presents the extension to cyclic multi-parameter loading so that an unlimited number of load cases can be taken into account. The theoretical basis and basic presumptions of the Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones are outlined for the case of elastic shakedown. The extension of the method to many load cases is explained, and a workflow of the procedure is illustrated. An example, adopting the FE-implementation of the method into ANSYS and considering multilinear hardening is given which highlights the advantages of the method compared to incremental, step-by-step analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20loading" title="cyclic loading">cyclic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20method" title=" direct method"> direct method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elastic%20shakedown" title=" elastic shakedown"> elastic shakedown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-parameter%20loading" title=" multi-parameter loading"> multi-parameter loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STPZ" title=" STPZ"> STPZ</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84976/extension-of-the-simplified-theory-of-plastic-zones-for-analyzing-elastic-shakedown-in-a-multi-dimensional-load-domain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1638</span> The Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Based Dental Crowns from Cyclic Loading: A Function of Relative Wear Depth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Qasim">T. Qasim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20El%20Masoud"> B. El Masoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Ailabouni"> D. Ailabouni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This <em>in vitro</em> study focused on investigating the fatigue resistance of veneered zirconia molar crowns with different veneering ceramic thicknesses, simulating the relative wear depths under simulated cyclic loading. A mandibular first molar was prepared and then scanned using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology to fabricate 32 zirconia copings of uniform 0.5 mm thickness. The manufactured copings then veneered with 1.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.0 mm representing 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% relative wear of a normal ceramic thickness of 1.5 mm. All samples were thermally aged to 6000 thermo-cycles for 2 minutes with distilled water between 5 ˚C and 55 ˚C. The samples subjected to cyclic fatigue and fracture testing using SD Mechatronik chewing simulator. These samples are loaded up to 1.25x10⁶ cycles or until they fail. During fatigue, testing, extensive cracks were observed in samples with 0.5 mm veneering layer thickness. Veneering layer thickness 1.5-mm group and 1.0-mm group were not different in terms of resisting loads necessary to cause an initial crack or final failure. All ceramic zirconia-based crown restorations with varying occlusal veneering layer thicknesses appeared to be fatigue resistant. Fracture load measurement for all tested groups before and after fatigue loading exceeded the clinical chewing forces in the posterior region. In general, the fracture loads increased after fatigue loading and with the increase in the thickness of the occlusal layering ceramic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=all%20ceramic" title="all ceramic">all ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20loading" title=" cyclic loading"> cyclic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chewing%20simulator" title=" chewing simulator"> chewing simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20crowns" title=" dental crowns"> dental crowns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20wear" title=" relative wear"> relative wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermally%20ageing" title=" thermally ageing"> thermally ageing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94708/the-fracture-resistance-of-zirconia-based-dental-crowns-from-cyclic-loading-a-function-of-relative-wear-depth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1637</span> Separate Production of Hydrogen and Methane from Ethanol Wastewater Using Two-Stage UASB: Micronutrient Transportation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Jaikeaw">S. Jaikeaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Chavadej"> S. Chavadej</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to determine the effects of COD loading rate on hydrogen and methane production and micronutrient transportation using a two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) system under mesophilic temperature (37°C) with a constant recycle ratio of 1:1 (final effluent flow rate: feed flow rate). The first (hydrogen) UASB unit having 4 L liquid holding volume was controlled at pH 5.5 but the second (methane) UASB unit having 24 L liquid holding volume had no pH control. The two-stage UASB system operated at different COD loading rates from 8 to 20 kg/m³d based on total UASB working volume. The results showed that, at the optimum COD loading rate of 13 kg/m³d, the produced gas from the hydrogen UASB unit contained 1.5% H₂, 16.5% CH₄, and 82% CO₂ with H₂S of 252 ppm and also provided a hydrogen yield of 1.66 mL/g COD removed (or 0.56 mL/g COD applied) and a specific hydrogen production rate of 156.85 ml H₂/LRd (or 5.12 ml H₂/g MLVSS d). Under the optimum COD loading rate, the produced gas from the methane UASB unit mainly contained methane and carbon dioxide without hydrogen of 74 and 26%, respectively with hydrogen sulfide of 287 ppm and the system also provided a maximum methane yield of 407.00 mL/g COD removed (or 263.23 mL/g COD applied) and a specific methane production rate of 2081.44 ml CH₄/LRd (or 99.75 ml CH₄/g MLVSS d). Under the optimum COD loading rate, all micronutrients markedly dropped by the sulfide precipitation reactions. The reduction of micronutrients mostly appeared in the methane UASB unit. Under the studied conditions, both Co and Ni were found to be greatly precipitated out, causing the deficiency to microbial activity. It is hypothesized that an addition of both Co and Ni can improve the methanogenic activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20and%20methane%20production" title="hydrogen and methane production">hydrogen and methane production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanol%20wastewater" title=" ethanol wastewater"> ethanol wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=a%20two-stage%20upflow%20anaerobic%20blanket%20%28UASB%29%20system" title=" a two-stage upflow anaerobic blanket (UASB) system"> a two-stage upflow anaerobic blanket (UASB) system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesophillic%20temperature" title=" mesophillic temperature"> mesophillic temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20concentration%20%28MLVSS%29" title=" microbial concentration (MLVSS)"> microbial concentration (MLVSS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micronutrients" title=" micronutrients"> micronutrients</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66190/separate-production-of-hydrogen-and-methane-from-ethanol-wastewater-using-two-stage-uasb-micronutrient-transportation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1636</span> Reinforced Concrete Slab under Static and Dynamic Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aaron%20Aboshio">Aaron Aboshio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianqiao%20Ye"> Jianqiao Ye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, static and dynamic responses of a typical reinforced concrete flat slab, designed to British Standard (BS 8110, 1997) and under self and live loadings for dance halls are reported. Linear perturbation analysis using finite element method was employed for modal, impulse loading and frequency response analyses of the slab under the aforementioned loading condition. Results from the static and dynamic analyses, comprising of the slab fundamental frequencies and mode shapes, dynamic amplification factor, maximum deflection, stress distributions among other valuable outcomes are presented and discussed. These were gauged with the limiting provisions in the design code with a view to optimise the structure and ensure both adequate strength and economical section for large clear span slabs. This is necessary owing to the continued increase in cost of erecting building structures and the squeeze on public finance globally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economical%20design" title="economical design">economical design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modal%20dynamics" title=" modal dynamics"> modal dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title=" reinforced concrete"> reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slab" title=" slab"> slab</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35666/reinforced-concrete-slab-under-static-and-dynamic-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35666.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1635</span> Numerical Investigation of Beam-Columns Subjected to Non-Proportional Loadings under Ambient Temperature Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Adomako%20Kumi">George Adomako Kumi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The response of structural members, when subjected to various forms of non-proportional loading, plays a major role in the overall stability and integrity of a structure. This research seeks to present the outcome of a finite element investigation conducted by the use of finite element programming software ABAQUS to validate the experimental results of elastic and inelastic behavior and strength of beam-columns subjected to axial loading, biaxial bending, and torsion under ambient temperature conditions. The application of the rigorous and highly complicated ABAQUS finite element software will seek to account for material, non-linear geometry, deformations, and, more specifically, the contact behavior between the beam-columns and support surfaces. Comparisons of the three-dimensional model with the results of actual tests conducted and results from a solution algorithm developed through the use of the finite difference method will be established in order to authenticate the veracity of the developed model. The results of this research will seek to provide structural engineers with much-needed knowledge about the behavior of steel beam columns and their response to various non-proportional loading conditions under ambient temperature conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beam-columns" title="beam-columns">beam-columns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20loading" title=" axial loading"> axial loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biaxial%20bending" title=" biaxial bending"> biaxial bending</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torsion" title=" torsion"> torsion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABAQUS" title=" ABAQUS"> ABAQUS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20difference%20method" title=" finite difference method"> finite difference method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141589/numerical-investigation-of-beam-columns-subjected-to-non-proportional-loadings-under-ambient-temperature-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141589.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1634</span> Study on Sharp V-Notch Problem under Dynamic Loading Condition Using Symplectic Analytical Singular Element</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaofei%20Hu">Xiaofei Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiyu%20Cai"> Zhiyu Cai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weian%20Yao"> Weian Yao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> V-notch problem under dynamic loading condition is considered in this paper. In the time domain, the precise time domain expanding algorithm is employed, in which a self-adaptive technique is carried out to improve computing accuracy. By expanding variables in each time interval, the recursive finite element formulas are derived. In the space domain, a Symplectic Analytical Singular Element (SASE) for V-notch problem is constructed addressing the stress singularity of the notch tip. Combining with the conventional finite elements, the proposed SASE can be used to solve the dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) in a simple way. Numerical results show that the proposed SASE for V-notch problem subjected to dynamic loading condition is effective and efficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V-notch" title="V-notch">V-notch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20stress%20intensity%20factor" title=" dynamic stress intensity factor"> dynamic stress intensity factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precise%20time%20domain%20expanding%20algorithm" title=" precise time domain expanding algorithm"> precise time domain expanding algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83948/study-on-sharp-v-notch-problem-under-dynamic-loading-condition-using-symplectic-analytical-singular-element" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83948.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">172</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1633</span> The Role of Secondary Filler on the Fracture Toughness of HDPE/Clay Nanocomposites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Kamarudzaman">R. Kamarudzaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kalam"> A. Kalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20A.%20Mohd%20Fadzil"> N. A. Mohd Fadzil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oil Palm Fruit Bunch Fiber (OPEFB) was used as secondary filler in HDPE/clay nanocomposites. The composites were prepared by melt compounding which contains High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), OPEFB fibers, Maleic Anhydride Graft Polyethylene (MAPE) and four different clay loading (3, 5, 7 and 10 PE nanoclay pellets per hundred of HDPE pellets). Four OPEFB sizes (180 µm, 250 µm, 300 µm and 355 µm) were added in the composites to investigate their effects on fracture toughness. Fracture toughness of the composites were determined according to ASTM D5045 and Single Edge Notch Bending (SENB) been employed during the test. The effects of alkali treatment were also investigated in this study. The results indicate that the fracture toughness slightly increased as clay loading increased. The highest value of fracture toughness was 0.47 and 1.06 MPa.m1/2 at 5 phr for both types of clay loading. The presence of filler as reinforcement with the matrix indicates the enhancement of composites compared to those without the filler. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20palm%20empty%20fruit%20bunch" title="oil palm empty fruit bunch">oil palm empty fruit bunch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber" title=" fiber"> fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyethylene" title=" polyethylene"> polyethylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20nanocomposite" title=" polymer nanocomposite"> polymer nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20strength" title=" impact strength"> impact strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9134/the-role-of-secondary-filler-on-the-fracture-toughness-of-hdpeclay-nanocomposites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9134.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">583</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1632</span> Effect of the Concrete Cover on the Bond Strength of the FRP Wrapped and Non-Wrapped Reinforced Concrete Beam with Lap Splice under Uni-Direction Cyclic Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rayed%20Alyousef">Rayed Alyousef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tim%20Topper"> Tim Topper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20Al-Mayah"> Adil Al-Mayah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many of the reinforced concrete structures subject to cyclic load constructed before the modern bond and fatigue design code. One of the main issue face on exists structure is the bond strength of the longitudinal steel bar and the surrounding concrete. A lap splice is a common connection method to transfer the force between the steel rebar in a reinforced concrete member. Usually, the lap splice is the weak connection on the bond strength. Fatigue flexural loading imposes severe demands on the strength and ductility of the lap splice region in reinforced concrete structures and can lead to a brittle and sudden failure of the member. This paper investigates the effect of different concrete covers on the fatigue bond strength of reinforcing concrete beams containing a lap splice under a fatigue loads. It includes tests of thirty-seven beams divided into three groups. Each group has beams with 30 mm and 50 mm clear side and bottom concrete covers. The variables that were addressed where the concrete cover, the presence or absence of CFRP or GFRP sheet wrapping, the type of loading (monotonic or fatigue) and the fatigue load ranges. The test results showed that an increase in the concrete cover led to an increase in the bond strength under both monotonic and fatigue loading for both the unwrapped and wrapped beams. Also, the FRP sheets increased both the fatigue strength and the ductility for both the 30 mm and the 50 mm concrete covers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bond%20strength" title="bond strength">bond strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title=" fatigue"> fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lap%20splice" title=" Lap splice"> Lap splice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FRp%20wrapping" title=" FRp wrapping"> FRp wrapping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34465/effect-of-the-concrete-cover-on-the-bond-strength-of-the-frp-wrapped-and-non-wrapped-reinforced-concrete-beam-with-lap-splice-under-uni-direction-cyclic-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34465.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1631</span> An Efficient Approach for Shear Behavior Definition of Plant Stalk </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Kamandar">M. R. Kamandar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Massah"> J. Massah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The information of the impact cutting behavior of plants stalk plays an important role in the design and fabrication of plants cutting equipment. It is difficult to investigate a theoretical method for defining cutting properties of plants stalks because the cutting process is complex. Thus, it is necessary to set up an experimental approach to determine cutting parameters for a single stalk. To measure the shear force, shear energy and shear strength of plant stalk, a special impact cutting tester was fabricated. It was similar to an Izod impact cutting tester for metals but a cutting blade and data acquisition system were attached to the end of pendulum's arm. The apparatus was included four strain gages and a digital indicator to show the real-time cutting force of plant stalk. To measure the shear force and also testing the apparatus, two plants’ stalks, like buxus and privet, were selected. The samples (buxus and privet stalks) were cut under impact cutting process at four loading rates 1, 2, 3 and 4 m.s<sup>-1</sup> and three internodes fifth, tenth and fifteenth by the apparatus. At buxus cutting analysis: the minimum value of cutting energy was obtained at fifth internode and loading rate 4 m.s<sup>-1</sup> and the maximum value of shear energy was obtained at fifteenth internode and loading rate 1 m.s<sup>-1</sup>. At privet cutting analysis: the minimum value of shear consumption energy was obtained at fifth internode and loading rate: 4 m.s<sup>-1</sup> and the maximum value of shear energy was obtained at fifteenth internode and loading rate: 1 m.s<sup>-1</sup>. The statistical analysis at both plants showed that the increase of impact cutting speed would decrease the shear consumption energy and shear strength. In two scenarios, the results showed that with increase the cutting speed, shear force would decrease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buxus" title="Buxus">Buxus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Privet" title=" Privet"> Privet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20cutting" title=" impact cutting"> impact cutting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20energy" title=" shear energy"> shear energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109634/an-efficient-approach-for-shear-behavior-definition-of-plant-stalk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109634.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1630</span> Performance and Damage Detection of Composite Structural Insulated Panels Subjected to Shock Wave Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anupoju%20Rajeev">Anupoju Rajeev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joanne%20Mathew"> Joanne Mathew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Shelke"> Amit Shelke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the current study, a new type of Composite Structural Insulated Panels (CSIPs) is developed and investigated its performance against shock loading which can replace the conventional wooden structural materials. The CSIPs is made of Fibre Cement Board (FCB)/aluminum as the facesheet and the expanded polystyrene foam as the core material. As tornadoes are very often in the western countries, it is suggestable to monitor the health of the CSIPs during its lifetime. So, the composite structure is installed with three smart sensors located randomly at definite locations. Each smart sensor is fabricated with an embedded half stainless phononic crystal sensor attached to both ends of the nylon shaft that can resist the shock and impact on facesheet as well as polystyrene foam core and safeguards the system. In addition to the granular crystal sensors, the accelerometers are used in the horizontal spanning and vertical spanning with a definite offset distance. To estimate the health and damage of the CSIP panel using granular crystal sensor, shock wave loading experiments are conducted. During the experiments, the time of flight response from the granular sensors is measured. The main objective of conducting shock wave loading experiments on the CSIP panels is to study the effect and the sustaining capacity of the CSIP panels in the extreme hazardous situations like tornados and hurricanes which are very common in western countries. The effects have been replicated using a shock tube, an instrument that can be used to create the same wind and pressure intensity of tornado for the experimental study. Numerous experiments have been conducted to investigate the flexural strength of the CSIP. Furthermore, the study includes the damage detection using three smart sensors embedded in the CSIPs during the shock wave loading. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20structural%20insulated%20panels" title="composite structural insulated panels">composite structural insulated panels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage%20detection" title=" damage detection"> damage detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20strength" title=" flexural strength"> flexural strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandwich%20structures" title=" sandwich structures"> sandwich structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shock%20wave%20loading" title=" shock wave loading"> shock wave loading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96316/performance-and-damage-detection-of-composite-structural-insulated-panels-subjected-to-shock-wave-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96316.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1629</span> Exploring Hydrogen Embrittlement and Fatigue Crack Growth in API 5L X52 Steel Pipeline Under Cyclic Internal Pressure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Bouledroua">Omar Bouledroua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djamel%20Zelmati"> Djamel Zelmati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahreddine%20Hafsi"> Zahreddine Hafsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milos%20B.%20Djukic"> Milos B. Djukic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transporting hydrogen gas through the existing natural gas pipeline network offers an efficient solution for energy storage and conveyance. Hydrogen generated from excess renewable electricity can be conveyed through the API 5L steel-made pipelines that already exist. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for the transportation of hydrogen through existing gas pipelines. Therefore, numerical and experimental tests are required to verify and ensure the mechanical integrity of the API 5L steel pipelines that will be used for pressurized hydrogen transportation. Internal pressure loading is likely to accelerate hydrogen diffusion through the internal pipe wall and consequently accentuate the hydrogen embrittlement of steel pipelines. Furthermore, pre-cracked pipelines are susceptible to quick failure, mainly under a time-dependent cyclic pressure loading that drives fatigue crack propagation. Meanwhile, after several loading cycles, the initial cracks will propagate to a critical size. At this point, the remaining service life of the pipeline can be estimated, and inspection intervals can be determined. This paper focuses on the hydrogen embrittlement of API 5L steel-made pipeline under cyclic pressure loading. Pressurized hydrogen gas is transported through a network of pipelines where demands at consumption nodes vary periodically. The resulting pressure profile over time is considered a cyclic loading on the internal wall of a pre-cracked pipeline made of API 5L steel-grade material. Numerical modeling has allowed the prediction of fatigue crack evolution and estimation of the remaining service life of the pipeline. The developed methodology in this paper is based on the ASME B31.12 standard, which outlines the guidelines for hydrogen pipelines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20embrittlement" title="hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen embrittlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipelines" title=" pipelines"> pipelines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20flow" title=" transient flow"> transient flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20pressure" title=" cyclic pressure"> cyclic pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack%20growth" title=" fatigue crack growth"> fatigue crack growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178022/exploring-hydrogen-embrittlement-and-fatigue-crack-growth-in-api-5l-x52-steel-pipeline-under-cyclic-internal-pressure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1628</span> Behavior of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite with Nano-Ceramic Particle under Ballistic Impact and Quasi-Static Punch-Shear Loading </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Rajalakshmi">K. Rajalakshmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Vasudevan"> A. Vasudevan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The performance of Fibre Reinforced Polymer composite with the nano-ceramic particle as function of time and thickness of laminate which is subjected to ballistic impact and quasi-static punch-shear loading is investigated. The material investigated is made up of several layers of Kevlar fibres which are fabricated with nano-ceramic particles and epoxy resin by compression moulding. The ballistic impact and quasi-static punch-shear loading are studied experimentally and numerically. The failure mechanism is observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The result obtained in the experiment and numerical studies are compared. Due to nano size of the ceramic particle, the strength to weight ratio and penetrating resistance will improve in Fibre Reinforced Polymer composite which will have better impact property compared to ceramic plates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ballistic%20impact" title="ballistic impact">ballistic impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevlar" title=" Kevlar"> Kevlar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano%20ceramic" title=" nano ceramic"> nano ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penetration" title=" penetration"> penetration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20composite" title=" polymer composite"> polymer composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20plug" title=" shear plug"> shear plug</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75932/behavior-of-fibre-reinforced-polymer-composite-with-nano-ceramic-particle-under-ballistic-impact-and-quasi-static-punch-shear-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1627</span> Model Tests on Geogrid-Reinforced Sand-Filled Embankments with a Cover Layer under Cyclic Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ma%20Yuan">Ma Yuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Mengxi"> Zhang Mengxi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akbar%20Javadi"> Akbar Javadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Longqing"> Chen Longqing</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The structure of sand-filled embankment with cover layer is treated with tipping clay modified with lime on the outside of the packing, and the geotextile is placed between the stuffing and the clay. The packing is usually river sand, and the improved clay protects the sand core against rainwater erosion. The sand-filled embankment with cover layer has practical problems such as high filling embankment, construction restriction, and steep slope. The reinforcement can be applied to the sand-filled embankment with cover layer to solve the complicated problems such as irregular settlement caused by poor stability of the embankment. At present, the research on the sand-filled embankment with cover layer mainly focuses on the sand properties, construction technology, and slope stability, and there are few studies in the experimental field, the deformation characteristics and stability of reinforced sand-filled embankment need further study. In addition, experimental research is relatively rare when the cyclic load is considered in tests. A subgrade structure of geogrid-reinforced sand-filled embankment with cover layer was proposed. The mechanical characteristics, the deformation properties, reinforced behavior and the ultimate bearing capacity of the embankment structure under cyclic loading were studied. For this structure, the geogrids in the sand and the tipping soil are through the geotextile which is arranged in sections continuously so that the geogrids can cross horizontally. Then, the Unsaturated/saturated Soil Triaxial Test System of Geotechnical Consulting and Testing Systems (GCTS), USA was modified to form the loading device of this test, and strain collector was used to measuring deformation and earth pressure of the embankment. A series of cyclic loading model tests were conducted on the geogrid-reinforced sand-filled embankment with a cover layer under a different number of reinforcement layers, the length of reinforcement and thickness of the cover layer. The settlement of the embankment, the normal cumulative deformation of the slope and the earth pressure were studied under different conditions. Besides cyclic loading model tests, model experiments of embankment subjected cyclic-static loading was carried out to analyze ultimate bearing capacity with different loading. The experiment results showed that the vertical cumulative settlement under long-term cyclic loading increases with the decrease of the number of reinforcement layers, length of the reinforcement arrangement and thickness of the tipping soil. Meanwhile, these three factors also have an influence on the decrease of the normal deformation of the embankment slope. The earth pressure around the loading point is significantly affected by putting geogrid in a model embankment. After cyclic loading, the decline of ultimate bearing capacity of the reinforced embankment can be effectively reduced, which is contrary to the unreinforced embankment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20load%3B%20geogrid%3B%20reinforcement%20behavior%3B%20cumulative%20deformation%3B%20earth%20pressure" title="cyclic load; geogrid; reinforcement behavior; cumulative deformation; earth pressure">cyclic load; geogrid; reinforcement behavior; cumulative deformation; earth pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104870/model-tests-on-geogrid-reinforced-sand-filled-embankments-with-a-cover-layer-under-cyclic-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1626</span> Fatigue Life Evaluation of Al6061/Al2O3 and Al6061/SiC Composites under Uniaxial and Multiaxial Loading Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20E.%20Sutton">C. E. Sutton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Varvani-Farahani"> A. Varvani-Farahani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fatigue damage and life prediction of particle metal matrix composites (PMMCs) under uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions were investigated. Three PMM composite materials of Al6061/Al2O3/20p-T6, Al6061/Al2O3/22p-T6 and Al6061/SiC/17w-T6 tested under tensile, torsion, and combined tension-torsion fatigue cycling were evaluated with various fatigue damage models. The fatigue damage models of Smith-Watson-Topper (S. W. T.), Ellyin, Brown-Miller, Fatemi-Socie, and Varvani were compared for their capability to assess the fatigue damage of materials undergoing various loading conditions. Fatigue life predication results were then evaluated by implementing material-dependent coefficients that factored in the effects of the particle reinforcement in the earlier developed Varvani model. The critical plane-energy approach incorporated the critical plane as the plane of crack initiation and early stage of crack growth. The strain energy density was calculated on the critical plane incorporating stress and strain components acting on the plane. This approach successfully evaluated fatigue damage values versus fatigue lives within a narrower band for both uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions as compared with other damage approaches studied in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20damage" title="fatigue damage">fatigue damage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20prediction" title=" life prediction"> life prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20plane%20approach" title=" critical plane approach"> critical plane approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20approach" title=" energy approach"> energy approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMM%20composites" title=" PMM composites"> PMM composites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18743/fatigue-life-evaluation-of-al6061al2o3-and-al6061sic-composites-under-uniaxial-and-multiaxial-loading-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1625</span> Determination of Viscosity and Degree of Hydrogenation of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers by Cavity Based Permittivity Measurement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Wiemann">I. Wiemann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Wei%C3%9F"> N. Weiß</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Schl%C3%BCcker"> E. Schlücker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Wensing"> M. Wensing</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A very promising alternative to compression or cryogenics is the chemical storage of hydrogen by liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC). These carriers enable high energy density and allow, at the same time, efficient and safe storage under ambient conditions without leakage losses. Another benefit of this storage medium is the possibility of transporting it using already available infrastructure for the transport of fossil fuels. Efficient use of LOHC is related to precise process control, which requires a number of sensors in order to measure all relevant process parameters, for example, to measure the level of hydrogen loading of the carrier. The degree of loading is relevant for the energy content of the storage carrier and simultaneously represents the modification in the chemical structure of the carrier molecules. This variation can be detected in different physical properties like permittivity, viscosity, or density. E.g., each degree of loading corresponds to different viscosity values. Conventional measurements currently use invasive viscosity measurements or near-line measurements to obtain quantitative information. This study investigates permittivity changes resulting from changes in hydrogenation degree (chemical structure) and temperature. Based on calibration measurements, the degree of loading and temperature of LOHC can thus be determined by comparatively simple permittivity measurements in a cavity resonator. Subsequently, viscosity and density can be calculated. An experimental setup with a heating device and flow test bench was designed. By varying temperature in the range of 293,15 K -393,15 K and flow velocity up to 140 mm/s, corresponding changes in the resonation frequency were determined in the hundredths of the GHz range. This approach allows inline process monitoring of hydrogenation of the liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20loading" title="hydrogen loading">hydrogen loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LOHC" title=" LOHC"> LOHC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement" title=" measurement"> measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permittivity" title=" permittivity"> permittivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity" title=" viscosity"> viscosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161031/determination-of-viscosity-and-degree-of-hydrogenation-of-liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-by-cavity-based-permittivity-measurement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1624</span> Diagnosis of Induction Machine Faults by DWT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamidreza%20Akbari">Hamidreza Akbari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, for detection of inclined eccentricity in an induction motor, time–frequency analysis of the stator startup current is carried out. For this purpose, the discrete wavelet transform is used. Data are obtained from simulations, using winding function approach. The results show the validity of the approach for detecting the fault and discriminating with respect to other faults. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20machine" title="induction machine">induction machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault" title=" fault"> fault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DWT" title=" DWT"> DWT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric" title=" electric"> electric</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13400/diagnosis-of-induction-machine-faults-by-dwt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13400.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1623</span> Time-Dependent Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams under Sustained and Repeated Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sultan%20Daud">Sultan Daud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20P.%20Forth"> John P. Forth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolaos%20Nikitas"> Nikolaos Nikitas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current study aims to highlight the loading characteristics impact on the time evolution (focusing particularly on long term effects) of the deformation of realized reinforced concrete beams. Namely the tension stiffening code provisions (i.e. within Eurocode 2) are reviewed with a clear intention to reassess their operational value and predicting capacity. In what follows the experimental programme adopted along with some preliminary findings and numerical modelling attempts are presented. For a range of long slender reinforced concrete simply supported beams (4200 mm) constant static sustained and repeated cyclic loadings were applied mapping the time evolution of deformation. All experiments were carried out at the Heavy Structures Lab of the University of Leeds. During tests the mid-span deflection, creep coefficient and shrinkage strains were monitored for duration of 90 days. The obtained results are set against the values predicted by Eurocode 2 and the tools within an FE commercial package (i.e. Midas FEA) to yield that existing knowledge and practise is at times over-conservative. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eurocode2" title="Eurocode2">Eurocode2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=midas%20fea" title=" midas fea"> midas fea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeated" title=" repeated"> repeated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustained%20loading." title=" sustained loading."> sustained loading.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35305/time-dependent-behaviour-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-under-sustained-and-repeated-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35305.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclined%20loading&page=4" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclined%20loading&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclined%20loading&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclined%20loading&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclined%20loading&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">5</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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