McGill News - Telling the whole story

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-CA" class="scroll-smooth"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="icon" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/dist/css/main.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/dist/css/mds.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/print.css"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>McGill News - Telling the whole story </title> <meta name="description" content="The Rediscovery of America by Ned Blackhawk, BA’92, emphasizes the pivotal role that Native Americans have played in the history of the U.S." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Telling the whole story" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Yale historian Ned Blackhawk, BA’92, believes that too many accounts of U.S. history pay little attention to the pivotal role that the country’s Native Americans played in that history. His recent book, The Rediscovery of America, winner of the U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction, serves as a corrective." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="McGill News" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/McGillUniversityAlumni/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-08-22T18:00:08+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-08-22T18:00:19+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ned-blackhawk-720x480-cat-hero.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="720" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Daniel McCabe" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Daniel McCabe" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="7 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/","url":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/","name":"McGill News - Telling the whole story ","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ned-blackhawk-600x600-square.jpg","datePublished":"2024-08-22T18:00:08+00:00","dateModified":"2024-08-22T18:00:19+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/#/schema/person/0a4be13a7f3274e1791ae53c552ab052"},"description":"The Rediscovery of America by Ned Blackhawk, BA’92, emphasizes the pivotal role that Native Americans have played in the history of the U.S.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/#primaryimage","url":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ned-blackhawk-600x600-square.jpg","contentUrl":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ned-blackhawk-600x600-square.jpg","width":600,"height":600,"caption":"A person with long gray hair"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/telling-the-whole-story/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Telling the whole story "}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/#website","url":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/","name":"McGill News","description":"A publication of McGill University Advancement","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/#/schema/person/0a4be13a7f3274e1791ae53c552ab052","name":"Daniel McCabe","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d422a6b6ea10a74544020c1cb029ddf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d422a6b6ea10a74544020c1cb029ddf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Daniel McCabe"},"description":"BA’89"}]}</script>  <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-popup-style-css' href='https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/plugins/mcgill-cookies/cookie-popup.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-core-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ajax_object = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/mcgillnews.mcgill.ca\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <noscript><style>.lazyload[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.lazyload{background-image:none !important;}.lazyload:before{background-image:none !important;}</style><style type="text/css">.broken_link, a.broken_link { text-decoration: line-through; }</style> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .wp-embed-aspect-16-9 { margin-bottom: 1rem; } .wp-embed-aspect-16-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper { position: relative; display: block; width: 100%; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; } .wp-embed-aspect-16-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper::before { padding-top: 56.25%; } .wp-embed-aspect-16-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper::before { display: block; content: ""; } .wp-embed-aspect-16-9 iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 0; } </style> </head> <body> <header class="mds-header mds-header--huge relative z-50 px-0 md:px-4 xl:px-0" data-testid="mds-header"> <div class="mds-header__content mds-container !mb-0 !pb-0 "> <div class="mds-header__branding !py-4 flex !items-center"> <div class=""> <a class="mds-link" href="/"> <p class="mds-header__name mb-0">McGill News</p> </a> </div> <div class="mds-header__logo"> <a class="mds-link" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/"> <img width="144" height="38" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJAAAAAmAQAAAAADri99AAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAAAPSURBVCjPY2AYBaNgOAEAAtIAAYqaYEcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="McGill University" class="mds-logo--sm mx-auto lazyload" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/dist/assets/svgs/logo.svg" decoding="async" data-eio-rwidth="144" data-eio-rheight="38" /><noscript><img width="144" height="38" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/dist/assets/svgs/logo.svg" alt="McGill University" class="mds-logo--sm mx-auto" data-eio="l" /></noscript> </a> </div> </div> <div class="mds-header__nav-wrapper !self-center !justify-self-end flex !items-center"> <section aria-label="navigation" class="mds-nav mds-nav--supplementary mds-nav--tools"> <ul class="mds-nav__list"> <li class="mds-nav__item"> <button class="px-2 py-[6px] border-none" id="search-button" aria-label="Search"> <ion-icon class="mds-button__ionicon" data-testid="ionicon" name="search" alt="open the search dialog" size="large"></ion-icon> </button> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="mds-header__mb-menu mds-toggle"> <button class="menu-button"> <ion-icon name="menu-outline" role="img" class="md hydrated" aria-label="menu outline">menu</ion-icon> </button> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="menu-container" aria-label="primary " class="relative mds-nav mds-nav--primary mds-nav--drop-down !py-0"> <ul id="menu-main-menu" class="!justify-between mds-nav__list mds-l-flex-col fade fade-out !px-4 md:!px-0 !py-8 lg:!py-0 absolute top-0 left-0 md:relative bg-white"><li class="mds-nav__item"> <a class="mds-nav__link mds-nav__link--selected mds-link__icon" aria-label="Go to the homepage" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca"> <ion-icon aria-hidden="true" data-testid="mds-icon" class="mds-icon" name="home-sharp" size="" alt=""> home-sharp icon </ion-icon> <span class="mds-link__icon-label">Home</span> </a> </li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/culture/">Culture</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/society/">Society</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/health/">Health</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/discovery/">Discovery</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/people/">People</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/oncampus/">On Campus</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/editions/">Editions</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/fr/a-la-une/">À la une</a></li></ul> </nav> </header><main> <div class="lg:mt-8 mb-8 lg:border-t lg:border-solid lg:border-black mds-container mx-auto"> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-2 items-center"> <div class="flex flex-col lg:pr-8 m-4"> <p class="text-sm text-dkgray mb-4"> <span class="uppercase">Society</span> </p> <h1 class="font-mds-serif text-4xl mb-4">Telling the whole story </h1> <p class="text-2xl font-mds-serif mb-8"> Yale historian Ned Blackhawk, BA’92, believes that too many accounts of U.S. history pay little attention to the pivotal role that the country’s Native Americans played in that history. His recent book, The Rediscovery of America, winner of the U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction, serves as a corrective. </p> <p class="text-sm mb-0 font-mds-sans-bold"> Story by Daniel McCabe, BA’89 </p> <p class="text-sm text-dkgray mb-0"> <span class="uppercase">August 2024</span> </p> <p class="hero-caption order-first lg:order-last text-sm font-mds-sans-bold caption mb-4 lg:mb-0 lg:mt-16"> (Photo: Chris Buck) </p> </div> <div class="block sm:!hidden lg:!block order-first mb-4 lg:mb-0 "> <img class="hero-image lazyload" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAlgAAAJYAQAAAACWHaVxAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAABDSURBVHja7cEBDQAAAMKg909tDjegAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC+DbIgAAFbm/qRAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="A person with long gray hair" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ned-blackhawk-600x600-square.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="600" data-eio-rwidth="600" data-eio-rheight="600"><noscript><img class="hero-image" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ned-blackhawk-600x600-square.jpg" alt="A person with long gray hair" data-eio="l"></noscript> </div> <div class="hidden sm:!block lg:!hidden order-first mb-4 lg:mb-0 lg:order-last"> <img class="hero-image lazyload" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAlgAAAJYAQAAAACWHaVxAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAABDSURBVHja7cEBDQAAAMKg909tDjegAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC+DbIgAAFbm/qRAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ned-blackhawk-600x600-square.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="600" data-eio-rwidth="600" data-eio-rheight="600"><noscript><img class="hero-image" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ned-blackhawk-600x600-square.jpg" alt="" data-eio="l"></noscript> </div> </div> <img class="hidden lg:!block mt-[-10px] lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/down_tip.svg" decoding="async"><noscript><img class="hidden lg:!block mt-[-10px]" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/down_tip.svg" alt="" data-eio="l"></noscript> </div> <div class="mds-container px-4 lg:px-0 mb-16 lg:mb-32"> <article data-clarity-region="article" id="article" class="mb-16"> <div class="mx-auto max-w-[740px]"> <p>Earlier this summer, the Canadian Historical Association held its annual meeting at McGill and <strong>Ned Blackhawk</strong>, BA’92, gave the keynote address. It was a bit of a coup for the CHA, as Blackhawk, a professor of history and American studies at Yale University, is undeniably a rising star in academic circles right now.  </p> <p>One of his former teachers at McGill, Leonard Moore, a recently retired professor of American history, introduced Blackhawk to the audience. </p> <p>“I remember Ned sitting at the back of the class, with this look on his face that said, ‘I’m questioning everything you’re saying.’” </p> <p>Blackhawk, a member of the Te-Moak tribe of Western Shoshone, never stopped asking questions. </p> <p>As a McGill student, he asked, why was it acceptable for the University’s football team to use a caricature of an angry Indigenous man in a headdress, an image that was profoundly offensive to him and other Indigenous people, on its football helmets and in its promotional materials? Blackhawk was a key figure in the successful student-led campaign to have that image removed. </p> <p>As a scholar of Native American history who has been teaching since 1999, Blackhawk asked, why were the experiences of Indigenous people so often downplayed, if not outright ignored, whenever a new “serious” tome about U.S. history was published?  </p> <p>One example of that came up during the Q&A portion of his presentation at the CHA meeting – Jill Lepore’s bestseller <em>These Truths: A History of the United States</em>, a book that pays little attention to the role that Indigenous people have played in U.S. history. “How is that possible?” Blackhawk asked. </p> <p>He decided to write his own book, one that would reexamine the history of his country while highlighting how the experiences of Native Americans are essential to the telling of that story. </p> <p>The result, published last year, was <strong><em>The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History</em></strong>. </p> <figure class="wp-block-pullquote"><blockquote><p>“The histories of Indigenous people in North America weren’t just something that happened in the distant past. That history continues to affect us today.” </p><cite>Ned Blackhawk, author of <em>The Rediscovery of America</em></cite></blockquote></figure> <p>The book provides a sweeping narrative, one that covers five centuries. And it builds a convincing case that a proper understanding of how the U.S. has evolved as a country is impossible without thoroughly considering the role that Indigenous people have played in that evolution.  </p> <p>“Encounter – rather than discovery – must structure America’s origins story,” Blackhawk writes in the book’s introduction. When European explorers first arrived on the continent in the 1490s, Indigenous people were already there, speaking hundreds of languages and living in a wide range of societies.  </p> <p>Blackhawk begins the book by asking yet another thorny question. “How can a nation founded on the homelands of dispossessed Indigenous peoples be the world’s most exemplary democracy?” </p> <p>He spotlights how portions of the country’s foundational documents, the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, were written in direct response to the presence of Native Americans – in some cases fundamentally affecting the division of powers between states and the federal government. </p> <p>He also draws attention to one of the less heralded – and less savoury – motivating factors behind the American Revolutionary War. The revolt against British rule wasn’t just fueled by ire over taxation without representation. </p> <p>Some settlers interested in expanding their territory wanted the freedom to use violence “against the same Indian communities that British leaders wanted to secure as partners and allies,” writes Blackhawk. The British were in their way. </p> <p><strong>Causing a stir</strong> </p> <p>Blackhawk was hoping his book would have an impact, but he was caught off guard by the amount of attention it continues to receive.  </p> <p>“It has all been a little overwhelming,” he says. </p> <p><em>Esquire</em> described the book as “gripping and nuanced,” adding that “<em>The Rediscovery of America</em> is an essential remedy to the historical record.” It was named one of the best books of 2023 by <em>The New York Times</em>, <em>The New Yorker</em>, <em>Publisher’s Weekly</em> and NPR. </p> <p><em>The Rediscovery of America </em>received one of the most coveted book prizes in the U.S., the National Book Award for Nonfiction. More recently, it won the $10,000 Mark Lynton History Prize. Earlier this year, Blackhawk was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. </p> <p>Blackhawk wrote the book, in part, because he believes he would have benefitted had such a resource existed when he was starting out as a scholar. </p> <p>“It wasn’t just that I wish I had had access to it [when I was younger]. I wish that some of the people teaching me had known these things because then they wouldn’t have taught me the things they taught me.” </p> <p>At the CHA event, Leonard Moore recalled the conversations he once had with his former student when Blackhawk was first thinking about becoming a historian. “I remember him saying that the profession seemed awfully white to him. I am happy to say that things have changed in that regard and Ned has been at the forefront of that change.” </p> <p><strong>Clearing the bar</strong> </p> <p>“I had a really formative experience at McGill,” says Blackhawk, who grew up in Detroit.  </p> <p>He had studied French in high school and the thought of going to another country for his university studies held appeal (of course, Canada didn’t seem <em>too</em> foreign – Windsor was only a short drive away). Mostly, he wanted something a little different, something not so close to home. “I just really didn’t want to go to the University of Michigan,” he says with a laugh. </p> <p>McGill proved to be challenging. </p> <p>“You had to sink or swim – and I didn’t swim all that fast initially,” says Blackhawk. “There were professors here who held the bar up very high in terms of their expectations. I was able to clear that bar periodically, and when I did, it was incredibly satisfying.  </p> <p>“I had some wonderful teachers here. Len Moore. Catherine LeGrand. I had the opportunity to work with Robert Vogel, a prominent military historian. Gil Troy, an American historian, was famous for his strenuous evaluations. I took some of the poli-sci classes with people like Charles Taylor and Jim Tully. Many of these people were teaching award winners.” </p> <p>Blackhawk began to think seriously about pursuing an academic career of his own and credits Moore with providing valuable counsel on that front. </p> <p><strong>‘That history continues to affect us’</strong> </p> <p>His time at McGill and in Montreal affected him in other ways.  </p> <p>The Oka Crisis (also known as the Kanehsatà:ke Resistance) took place in 1990 close to Montreal. A tense 78-day standoff involving Mohawk protesters, Quebec police and the Canadian army, the crisis was sparked by a plan to build a golf course on disputed land that included an Indigenous burial ground. </p> <p>Watching that event unfold had a profound impact on Blackhawk. “The histories of Indigenous people in North America weren’t just something that happened in the distant past,” he says. “That history continues to affect us today.” </p> <p>Affronted by the McGill football team’s logo – as a member of McGill’s track team, he couldn’t help but see it often in the University’s athletic facilities – he became one of the leaders of the student protest movement against it, helping to organize teach-ins and a Native Awareness Week.  </p> <p>“The first thing I ever published was an op-ed in the <em>McGill Daily</em>,” says Blackhawk. “It is hard now to even imagine a Canadian school having that kind of representational symbolism.” </p> <p>Blackhawk maintains ties to his alma mater. In fact, he wrote portions of <em>The Rediscovery of America </em>in the McLennan Library, profiting from the collections built up by Bruce Trigger and other scholars at McGill who studied the history of Indigenous people in North America.  </p> <p>Blackhawk has noticed that Indigenous professors have been added to McGill’s faculty ranks in recent years. “I can remember a time when you could count the number of Indigenous professors at McGill on the fingers of no hands.” </p> <p>That said, he adds, “McGill has trained dozens upon dozens of Cree teachers in the North. These are things that the institution isn’t always touting.” </p> <p>Blackhawk has seen the field of Native American studies expand substantially over the course of his career and he credits the existence of <em>The Rediscovery of America</em>, in part, to “this generation of scholars who have all filled in pieces of the puzzle.” </p> <p>He believes universities can and should do more. </p> <p>“I’d like to see more administrative commitments from academic leaders,” he says. “Many very major universities in the United States still do not teach anything related to Native American history.” </p> <p>One of the courses that Blackhawk regularly teaches at Yale, American Indian Law and Policy, has had a powerful impact on some of his own Indigenous students.  </p> <p>“That’s been really gratifying because a lot of these students are not getting that kind of exposure to these subjects anywhere else,” he says. Indigenous leaders and activists in the U.S. have won some important legal victories in recent years regarding territorial and sovereignty issues, says Blackhawk, and some of his students want to be part of that process. </p> <p>“I’ve somehow taken on this role of helping Native American students get into law school, including many high-ranking law schools. They carry this commitment with them in ways that I find really inspiring.” </p> <p>His students have access to one important resource that didn’t exist when he was their age. They can consult <em>The Rediscovery of America</em>. </p> <div id="tags"> <div class="pt-8 mt-8 border-t flex gap-2 flex-wrap"> <a class="text-red hover:text-black hover:underline" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/tag/books/">Books</a> <a class="text-red hover:text-black hover:underline" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/tag/faculty-of-arts/">Faculty of Arts</a> <a class="text-red hover:text-black hover:underline" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/tag/history/">History</a> <a class="text-red hover:text-black hover:underline" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/tag/indigenous/">Indigenous</a> <a class="text-red hover:text-black hover:underline" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/tag/united-states/">United States</a> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div id="read-next"> <h2 class="font-serif text-4xl mb-8">What to read next</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-3 gap-8" id="related-stories-container"> <div class="card group/card society"> <a href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/the-final-frontier-for-law/" title="The final frontier… for law "><img class="card-image aspect-square lazyload" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAB4AAAAeAAQAAAAAH2XdrAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAAHXSURBVHja7cExAQAAAMKg9U9tDB+gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHgaD+kAAcuGLKEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="A video game screen with a planet in the background" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/michael-byers-space-law-600x600-square.jpg" decoding="async" width="2048" height="2048" data-eio-rwidth="2048" data-eio-rheight="2048"><noscript><img class="card-image aspect-square" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/michael-byers-space-law-600x600-square.jpg" alt="A video game screen with a planet in the background" data-eio="l"></noscript></a> <a class="mt-4 block text-red uppercase text-sm" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/society/"> Society </a> <a class="mt-4 block" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/the-final-frontier-for-law/"> <h3 class="font-mds-serif text-3xl mb-4"> The final frontier… for law </h3> </a> <p class="group-hover/card:text-black"> The rise of space tourism, an increase in potentially dangerous space debris, the possibility of asteroid mining – as the technologies associated with space exploration continue to advance, an award-winning book by legal scholar Michael Byers asks if international law is keeping pace. </p> </div><div class="card group/card society"> <a href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/once-an-olympian-always-an-olympian/" title="Once an Olympian, always an Olympian "><img class="card-image aspect-square lazyload" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAABLAAAASwAQAAAADDWo5iAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAADGSURBVHja7cExAQAAAMKg9U9tCU+gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOBvw+4AAZdzZFoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="Illustration of a hand holding an olympic flame" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mcgill-olympians-600x600-square.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="1200" data-eio-rwidth="1200" data-eio-rheight="1200"><noscript><img class="card-image aspect-square" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mcgill-olympians-600x600-square.jpg" alt="Illustration of a hand holding an olympic flame" data-eio="l"></noscript></a> <a class="mt-4 block text-red uppercase text-sm" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/society/"> Society </a> <a class="mt-4 block" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/once-an-olympian-always-an-olympian/"> <h3 class="font-mds-serif text-3xl mb-4"> Once an Olympian, always an Olympian </h3> </a> <p class="group-hover/card:text-black"> The Olympics always offer a unique blend of exceptional skill, thrilling competitions, and surprises, and the 2024 Paris Games are certain to do the same. What’s life like for the athletes who take part in the world’s biggest international sporting event? We asked some McGillians with firsthand experience. </p> </div><div class="card group/card society"> <a href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/a-million-dimensions-of-inequality/" title="‘A million dimensions of inequality’"><img class="card-image aspect-square lazyload" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAlgAAAJYAQAAAACWHaVxAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAABDSURBVHja7cEBDQAAAMKg909tDjegAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC+DbIgAAFbm/qRAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="Debra Thompson leaning against an orange tile wall" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Debra-Thompson-600x600-square.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="600" data-eio-rwidth="600" data-eio-rheight="600"><noscript><img class="card-image aspect-square" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Debra-Thompson-600x600-square.jpg" alt="Debra Thompson leaning against an orange tile wall" data-eio="l"></noscript></a> <a class="mt-4 block text-red uppercase text-sm" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/society/"> Society </a> <a class="mt-4 block" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/a-million-dimensions-of-inequality/"> <h3 class="font-mds-serif text-3xl mb-4"> ‘A million dimensions of inequality’ </h3> </a> <p class="group-hover/card:text-black"> In her podcast series <em>In/Equality</em>, Debra Thompson, an associate professor in McGill’s Department of Political Science, interviews leading academic experts about different aspects of inequality. She wants to ‘create shortcuts’ to provide her audience with nuanced and accessible information about complicated issues. </p> </div> </div> <button id="load-more-button" class="mds-button mds-button--secondary items-center mt-8">Load more stories<ion-icon name="chevron-down-outline"></ion-icon></button> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.7.0.min.js"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { var page = 2; var loading = false; var loadMoreButton = $('#load-more-button'); var storyContainer = $('#related-stories-container'); loadMoreButton.on('click', function() { if (!loading) { loading = true; loadMoreButton.text("Loading..."); $.ajax({ url: ajax_object.ajaxurl, type: 'POST', data: { action: 'load_more_stories', page: page, current_post_id: 18501, exclude: [18432, 18280, 16334] }, success: function(response) { if (response) { if (response.length < 3) { loadMoreButton.remove(); } storyContainer.append(response); loadMoreButton.html('Load more stories <ion-icon name="chevron-down-outline"></ion-icon>'); loading = false; page++; } else { loadMoreButton.remove(); } }, }); } }); }); </script> </div> </div> </main> <footer data-testid="mds-footer" class="mds-footer mds-dark px-0 md:px-4 xl:px-0"> <div class="bg-charcoal py-16 md:px-4 xl:px-0"> <div class="mds-container text-center lg:text-left px-4 lg:px-0 flex flex-col lg:flex-row gap-8 mb-8"> <div class="w-full lg:w-3/12"> <p class="font-medium text-3xl text-white mb-4"><a href="/"><img class="max-w-[200px] mx-auto lg:mx-0 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="McGill News" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/mnews-logo.svg" decoding="async"><noscript><img class="max-w-[200px] mx-auto lg:mx-0" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/mnews-logo.svg" alt="McGill News" data-eio="l"></noscript></a></p> <p class="font-medium text-white mb-8">A publication of McGill University Advancement</p> <p class="font-sans text-sm text-white">1430, rue Peel<br>Montréal (Québec)  H3A 3T3</p> </div> <div class="w-full lg:w-3/12 flex flex-col items-center"> <ul id="menu-main-menu-1" class="footer-menu list-none"><li class="mds-nav__item"> <a class="mds-nav__link mds-nav__link--selected mds-link__icon" aria-label="Go to the homepage" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca"> <ion-icon aria-hidden="true" data-testid="mds-icon" class="mds-icon" name="home-sharp" size="" alt=""> home-sharp icon </ion-icon> <span class="mds-link__icon-label">Home</span> </a> </li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/culture/">Culture</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/society/">Society</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/health/">Health</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/discovery/">Discovery</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/people/">People</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/oncampus/">On Campus</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/editions/">Editions</a></li><li class="mds-nav__item"><a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/fr/a-la-une/">À la une</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="w-full lg:w-3/12 flex flex-col items-center"> <div class=""> <div class="footer-widget"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading text-xl text-white mb-4">Looking for more?</h2> </div><div class="footer-widget"> <ul class="list-none p-0 m-0 wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/alumnotes">Alum Notes</a></li> <li><a href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/in-memoriam/">In Memoriam</a></li> <li><a href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/category/webcasts">Webcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://myalumni.mcgill.ca/">McGill Alumni</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="w-full lg:w-3/12 flex flex-col items-center"> <div class=""> <div class="footer-widget"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading text-xl text-white mb-4"><a href="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/about/">About McGill News</a></h2> </div><div class="footer-widget"> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mds-container"> <div class="flex gap-4 justify-center items-center"> <a aria-label="Follow us on X" class="flex-none leading-none" href="https://twitter.com/McGillNewsMag"><svg class="footer-social" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/></svg></a> <a aria-label="Follow us on Facebook" class="flex-none leading-none" href="https://www.facebook.com/McGillUniversityAlumni/"><ion-icon name="logo-facebook" class="footer-social"></ion-icon></a> <a aria-label="Follow us on Instagram" class="flex-none leading-none" href="https://www.instagram.com/mcgillalumni/"><ion-icon name="logo-instagram" class="footer-social"></ion-icon></a> <a aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn" class="flex-none leading-none" href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/49847/"><ion-icon name="logo-linkedin" class="footer-social"></ion-icon></a> <a aria-label="Follow us on YouTube" class="flex-none leading-none" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/McGillAlumni"><ion-icon name="logo-youtube" class="footer-social"></ion-icon></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mds-footer__wrapper mds-container"> <img width="144" height="40" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJAAAAAoAQAAAAA5pE4NAAAAAnRSTlMAAHaTzTgAAAAPSURBVCjPY2AYBaNg5AEAAvgAAdMjykAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="" class="mds-logo--sm lazyload" data-src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/dist/assets/svgs/logo--inverted.svg" decoding="async" data-eio-rwidth="144" data-eio-rheight="40" /><noscript><img width="144" height="40" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/dist/assets/svgs/logo--inverted.svg" alt="" class="mds-logo--sm" data-eio="l" /></noscript> <div class="mds-footer__body mds-copy--muted"> Copyright © 2025 McGill University. All rights reserved </div> <section aria-label="Footer Nav navigation" class="mds-nav mds-nav--supplementary"> <ul class="mds-nav__list mds-l-flex-row"> <li class="mds-nav__item"> <a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/digital-accessibility-mcgill-university">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="mds-nav__item"> <a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/privacy-notice">Privacy notice</a> </li> <li class="mds-nav__item"> <a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/cookie-notice">Cookie notice</a> </li> <li class="mds-nav__item"> <a class="mds-nav__link" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/contact-us/">Contact us</a> </li> <li class="mds-nav__item"> <a class="button eu-cookie-withdraw-button" href="#cookie_settings">Cookie settings</a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> </footer> <div class="hidden fixed top-0 left-0 w-full h-full flex items-start justify-center z-50 pt-20" id="modal"> <div class="bg-black bg-opacity-70 absolute inset-0"></div> <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded shadow-md z-10 flex flex-col items-end" id="modal-container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="flex" action="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/"> <label class="hidden" for="search">Search</label> <input id="search" type="search" name="s" class="mds-search__form-text" placeholder="Search..." value=""> <button type="submit" data-testid="mds-button" class="mds-button mds-button--secondary mds-search__submit"> <span class="hidden">Search</span> <ion-icon class="mds-button__ionicon md" name="search" alt="Search"></ion-icon> </button> </form> <button class="lg:!hidden mds-button mt-8" id="close">Close</button> </div> </div> <div class="fixed bottom-8 mr-8 right-8"> <a id="top-page-link" class="block opacity-0 w-[30px] h-[30px] text-[0px] bg-charcoal bg-center lazyload" style="" href="#" data-back="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/top-page.png">Back to top</a> </div> <script type="module" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/ionicons/dist/ionicons/ionicons.esm.js"></script> <script nomodule src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/ionicons/dist/ionicons/ionicons.js"></script> <script src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/menu.js"></script> <script src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/search.js"></script> <script src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/themes/mcgill-news/top.js"></script> <div id="sliding-popup" class="sliding-popup-bottom hidden"> <div class="eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories"> <div class="popup-content info"> <div id="popup-text"><p><a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/cookie-notice">We use cookies to help improve the usability of our websites.</a></p><p>What are you comfortable with?</p></div> <div id="eu-cookie-compliance-categories" class="eu-cookie-compliance-categories"> <div class="eu-cookie-compliance-category"> <div> <input type="checkbox" name="cookie-categories" id="cookie-category-required" value="required" checked disabled > <label for="cookie-category-required">Essential cookies that allow our website to function</label> </div> </div> <div class="eu-cookie-compliance-category"> <div> <input type="checkbox" name="cookie-categories" id="cookie-category-performance" value="performance" > <label for="cookie-category-performance">Performance cookies that collect usability data</label> </div> </div> <div class="eu-cookie-compliance-category"> <div> <input type="checkbox" name="cookie-categories" id="cookie-category-marketing" value="marketing" > <label for="cookie-category-marketing">Marketing cookies that can personalize your web experiences</label> </div> </div> <div class="eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons"> <button onclick="agreeCookies()"type="button"class="agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button">Accept all</button> <button onclick="getCheckedCookies()"type="button" class="eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button">Only selected</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" id="eio-lazy-load-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var eio_lazy_vars = {"exactdn_domain":"","skip_autoscale":0,"threshold":0,"use_dpr":1}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/plugins/ewww-image-optimizer/includes/lazysizes.min.js?ver=810" id="eio-lazy-load-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="cookie-popup-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mcgillCookies = {"pluginUrl":"https:\/\/mcgillnews.mcgill.ca\/wp-content\/plugins\/mcgill-cookies\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://mcgillnews.mcgill.ca/wp-content/plugins/mcgill-cookies/cookie-popup.js" id="cookie-popup-script-js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

McGill News - Telling the whole story