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text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre DURAND</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">729 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Pour les sociologues, le concept d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « aliénation » est, aujourd'hui, en langue française, un mot malade. Il souffre de cette affection que certains lexicologues appellent « surcharge sémantique » : à force de signifier trop, il risque de ne plus rien signifier du tout. La question qui se pose à propos de ce malade est de savoir s'il faut le tuer ou le guérir.. Dans l'usage actuel, le mot trouve une application ..." title="Article : ALIÉNATION" href="/encyclopedie/alienation/">aliénation</a> a été forgé par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de KARL MARX (1818-1883). Plus d'un siècle après sa mort, Karl Marx apparaît bien comme le premier théoricien du « socialisme scientifique » (même s'il n'est pas l'inventeur de cette expression, déjà utilisée avant lui par Proudhon) et, à ce titre, comme l'initiateur du mouvement ouvrier international contemporain. Toutefois, la présentation de sa théorie n'a jamais ..." title="Article : KARL MARX (1818-1883)" href="/encyclopedie/karl-marx/">Karl Marx</a> à la suite de ses lectures de Hegel. Lors du rapport salarial capitaliste, le résultat du travail de l'ouvrier ne lui appartient pas puisqu'il a échangé un temps de travail contre un salaire. À la fin de cet échange...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/carriere-sociologie/"> <span class="rg">CARRIÈRE, </span><em class="it">sociologie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Mathilde SEMPÉ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 129 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le terme de carrière, issu du sens commun pour désigner les étapes de la vie professionnelle, est par ailleurs envisagé, dans sa construction savante, comme un outil de recherche. Objet d’appropriations méthodologiques différenciées au sein du champ scientifique, la notion constitue dès lors un enjeu...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chomage-le-chomeur-dans-la-societe/"> <span class="rg">CHÔMAGE - </span><span class="rm">Le chômeur dans la société</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Dominique SCHNAPPER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 598 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L'accroissement du nombre des chômeurs depuis le milieu des années 1970 ne traduit pas seulement des modifications quantitatives. Un chômage élevé devient moins sélectif, les catégories sociales qu'il touche sont plus nombreuses et plus variées : on n'ignore plus le chômage des cadres ou des jeunes diplômés,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/chomage-sociologie-du-chomage/"> <span class="rg">CHÔMAGE - </span><span class="rm">Sociologie du chômage</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Didier DEMAZIÈRE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 479 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> À partir de la fin des années 1970, le chômage s'est durablement installé dans la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les hommes vivent en société. Or, lorsqu'il s'agit de le définir, cet espace familier, dans lequel s'inscrivent toutes leurs pratiques – individuelles ou collectives –, et toutes leurs représentations, révèle une opacité inattendue.. L'analyse sociologique construit des niveaux de réalité sociale, des systèmes de relations : ordre du politique, de l'économique, du religieux ou, p..." title="Article : SOCIÉTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/societe/">société</a> française. Ce phénomène a directement contribué au développement d'enquêtes sociologiques destinées à comprendre les chômeurs : parcours biographiques, conditions de vie, activités quotidiennes, adaptations...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/classification-sociologie/"> <span class="rg">CLASSIFICATION, </span><em class="it">sociologie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Michel LALLEMENT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 000 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Une classification est une représentation du monde ou d’une partie du monde. Elle est basée sur un principe de division et, le cas échéant, sur un principe de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Observables dans toute société , archaïque ou moderne, totale – la société française, par exemple – ou partielle – le salon de Mme Verdurin –, les phénomènes de hiérarchisation sociale sont familiers et omniprésents. Dans toute société, les agents sociaux se classent les uns par rapport aux autres, se distinguent les uns des autres sous le rapport du prestige, du pouvoir ou..." title="Article : HIÉRARCHIE" href="/encyclopedie/hierarchie/">hiérarchie</a>. Dans la préface des <em>Mots et les </em><em>C</em><em>hoses</em> (1966), Michel Foucault évoque « une certaine encyclopédie chinoise » dans laquelle...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/declassement-sociologie/"> <span class="rg">DÉCLASSEMENT, </span><em class="it">sociologie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Camille PEUGNY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">997 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le déclassement, concept très présent dans le débat public depuis la fin des années 1990, est une notion sociologique polysémique qui peut renvoyer à trois définitions distinctes, et donc à trois réalités sociales différentes mais non exclusives les unes des autres.</p><p>Dans une première acception,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/greve/"> <span class="rg">GRÈVE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> et <span rel="author">Hélène SINAY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">12 544 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : GR&Egrave;VE" href="/encyclopedie/greve/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Grève des mineurs en Grande-Bretagne, 1984 - crédits : Colin Davey/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/9/csm_ph998364_7ea3ede1ef.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La grève est un phénomène dualiste et paradoxal. Comment un phénomène de force peut-il être saisi dans les mailles du droit ? Alain eut des formules pour traduire cet impossible jeu : « Il me semble que faire grève c'est prendre le parti de forcer ?... Conclusion... que tout essai de liberté, en quelque...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/sociologie-des-professions/"> <span class="rg">PROFESSIONS </span><span class="pc">SOCIOLOGIE DES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Michel EYMERI-DOUZANS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 416 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : PROFESSIONS SOCIOLOGIE DES" href="/encyclopedie/sociologie-des-professions/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Émile Durkheim - crédits : Bettman/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/c/csm_ph020252_86a31e4974.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Dès 1893, Émile Durkheim annonçait, dans <em>De la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Platon est un des premiers philosophes à avoir remarqué qu'« on fait plus et mieux et plus aisément, lorsque chacun ne fait qu'une chose, celle à laquelle il est propre » ( La République ). Sur ce point, philosophes, économistes, sociologues et anthropologues semblent s'accorder. Il n'est guère de sociétés, aussi restreintes soient-elles, qui ne connaissent une division des tâches. �..." title="Article : DIVISION DU TRAVAIL" href="/encyclopedie/division-du-travail/">division du travail</a> social</em> : « Un jour viendra où notre <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'idée est ancienne : la société humaine fonctionne non comme une machine ou un automate composé de pièces mécaniques, mais comme un corps organisé ou, plus généralement, comme une « organisation ». L'analogie, cependant, serait trompeuse, et conduirait aux métaphores de l'organisme, si ethnologues et sociologues n'élaboraient des instruments d'analyse pour leur usage spéc..." title="Article : ORGANISATION SOCIALE" href="/encyclopedie/organisation-sociale/">organisation sociale</a> et politique aura une base exclusivement ou presque exclusivement professionnelle. » Si l'on observe au microscope l'une quelconque des sociétés occidentales d'aujourd'hui,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/reconnaissance-sociologie/"> <span class="rg">RECONNAISSANCE, </span><em class="it">sociologie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Wenceslas LIZÉ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 062 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La notion de reconnaissance doit une part de son succès à l’omniprésence des phénomènes qu’elle désigne dans le fonctionnement du monde social. Pour saisir simplement cette notion particulièrement labile, on peut dire que la reconnaissance a lieu à chaque fois qu’un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La notion d'individualité ne se laisse définir ni par les procédés étymologiques habituels aux philosophes depuis que Platon en a établi la coutume dans le Cratyle , ni par une axiomatique rationnelle. Lorsqu'on s'y attache, c'est pour trouver des différences, lui opposer d'autres notions ; tout se passe comme si elle relevait de plusieurs champs sémantiques, sans qu'au premier abord i..." title="Article : INDIVIDU" href="/encyclopedie/individu/">individu</a>, un groupe...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/sociologie-du-travail/"> <span class="rg">TRAVAIL </span><span class="pc">SOCIOLOGIE DU</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">François VATIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 646 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : TRAVAIL SOCIOLOGIE DU" href="/encyclopedie/sociologie-du-travail/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Manifestation contre l’ubérisation du monde du travail - crédits : Robert Deyrail/ Gamma-Rapho/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/8/csm_ph230791_953c93c3ba.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Entendue comme un champ académique institué, la « sociologie du travail » est d'origine française et de d’apparition récente. On peut en dresser l'acte de naissance avec la parution, en 1946, des <em>Problèmes humains du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="On appelle « machinisme » un ensemble de conceptions et de pratiques nées de la prolifération des machines de production, elles-mêmes produites, et « mécanisme » certaines conceptions scientifiques ou philosophiques qu'on a tirées depuis bien longtemps des principes physiques de la mécanique. Mêchanê et téchnê , machine et technique , étaient distinguées par les Grecs ..." title="Article : MACHINISME" href="/encyclopedie/machinisme/">machinisme</a> industriel</em> de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de GEORGES FRIEDMANN (1902-1977). Par son œuvre, par son enseignement, par son exemple, Georges Friedmann a été l'un des principaux responsables de la renaissance des sciences sociales en France au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.. Le jeune intellectuel des années 1930 est d'abord un philosophe : entré, après de premières études de chimie, à l'École normale supérie..." title="Article : GEORGES FRIEDMANN (1902-1977)" href="/encyclopedie/georges-friedmann/">Georges Friedmann</a>. Ceux-ci suscitèrent...</p> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="row"> <div class="col mt-3"> <ul class="d-print-none pagination justify-content-center"> <li class="page-item active"> <span class="page-link">1</span> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/sociologie-du-travail/2/"> 2 </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5"> <i id="classification-medias" class="anchor"></i> <h2 class="minor"> Média </h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V050716A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Chômage en France : trois définitions" href="/media/chomage-en-france-trois-definitions-v050716a/"> <img id="V050716A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/8/csm_v050716a_9a90ac1727.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Chômage en France : trois définitions - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Trois définitions du chômage en France (d'après O. Marchand in « Économie et statistique », n° 249, déc. 1991)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1124" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Chômage en France : trois définitions </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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