CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134ccbdaaf237b5',cH: 'jLETyMRT0XEpC0tI7sGr3iKQ9pKz88OhRJ4A1prGG5U-1739785056-1.2.1.1-kZW.GL8PdNkL_S7WITvVveGUAt38z32Sp_TEsMWT9pRlQ9Az195V9KO85ZMt61lj',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=hardware&__cf_chl_tk=88CqRbePCU20SUrktBJajIY6yHFs.lbI9B3lXDmAZps-1739785056-1.0.1.1-XfjcKJv7GtSo7o0HPZS2ThXL8Gw0XM0myi2O5MIAK4I",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739785056',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=hardware&__cf_chl_f_tk=88CqRbePCU20SUrktBJajIY6yHFs.lbI9B3lXDmAZps-1739785056-1.0.1.1-XfjcKJv7GtSo7o0HPZS2ThXL8Gw0XM0myi2O5MIAK4I",md: "znF3YDydo0QFLW0QwpzSf968L_nFmClIlGWg8KLORdE-1739785056-1.2.1.1-kr1sJSU_UAzikITZ3LtVSaGSfvw50sBYUgtZADcbpur583TwWJZ29yectb_4XAsefYz5vn4QBJZ7ZSMGQgv0URmp4ru4mLdPzAWiwsugfOrxRKCcnhFzsIsBR3o9WVEkbtF3PQwe056ki0h04JUL8fWPfxOTccuBjYwRuSuRfhQ_hGy5e2xmjV2ouF68tPoMtq.RxKBpfaRsokIHxqPzEhoM22vEzk3SVmIBlBOFKUK549_qw11u5uS3NwWSiz9KS46._tNuBdeARTrDvkDPqM.1JP3QjmxFbi.LNCmf25otKkZwQ_E9_r6SgtoA_7RjW06dOdJt25V.iu10JfcV7VnRvBykZKqQchApuHkT545u8970lhMffOzNkLzhteBWOftQkRbFJFdEK039xHnRWH6deDZU3j48rTF6sul91WiPrEbNNubURgIWe37mzaPnDiORTtCuq5N3bX8Zzta5579LxJD_HcP8XTFzMBsPQUmeli1XsCOpfevrCvC0ALJx2e2.zREa7hO.O8pRpKZ4_iNArbdseskjelOk331bZA3RnWww4vg8DozknvvdshOHSybseDocnjysBFkC6sqE9p_s4S9__vcUoi5Lq7iG3cpC6gtMdTjquA2REvK97DftjcdrnFn.F_H7gieXI.Ih_U123x83lxz.5e14qGa.0pEANl3Zus.THVbx_RvN0FuUmkVlJOZnDpUNSIhcDGN_xfq.8uSkUDbzGuoHeeV31bH4VMsaKdMNras9Mxee7_fhXSJt2bfiPSaL4M4kyssz.H31PALAiEjLMh.R9ZvN3Ws94BlUBhsDI51elKDT7WSpXhSr82NMRfQROrhPxsEiE2RQJW7hM8E4WECytyAmYVTJrB2Fi21J1zJT8_tMNikJpi_dQPXRlBVsR3Czy4wIdd.Ak_DGJ1Foe3wAISTULnFcSldwdOY1nnBO7Liti1ZSvoi4NXodPIHXoEOS11C6Wl0MXeBGO3JsCJFSGU9a34cgBlpx5cUR9nAiIMy5x3U.b_CtfFZu3j.gf02macCop8C8g.voNAieX1v82Yi45o_YMkTiUE2TpqmAPfepmJUMUR1j1eIaRBS3NH8WiA6fepOi1oVkJNsDmV3KfO_xQH5AKkKPeSz..GdPJOOyCTWzlTu1ABeIdVIEJLCzul3ihIIdiPlD6ncAShLOfRdJ1RUGvQ9pj9w6Z4ksBFPhXK0EVsPwaTr4M4mHRkA1fXLE2UcxSOVdYYB.3U.7Xczke70iW8Tr1KqK.ZjmJE40Wgv9QbYYsiihrYmA2J9kWxJnGSVEhDEVO7.nI1uiXhha3fMkFO6nprbf_9cIH0kCmDqvJCNiyvYENLffyj8gOhy5NshChnnSzazEjrHPVKFcZ2YNpZWyXBfgaIeBK2e3FN6qXZm9k_ebJfG6WhUZisaDZxiHovGeNAE1hhhByaV4On7i8hREEs.4gmCHloRyx8rCpDJ4563PF4oB2lUVdMB_9ks0W1Ha7v.RpBY2cDEtaLe5s.kZbXaxqwzQmse__gc76mpDiy2RzK.MM2kXfAW_W7wzYHjpsdAAzZxdgK37dyujMsGPnUXCf6iDf6VPwVFcdK1rIL_lsFUhQCpOUFcBcbDvEHopXyja1I5MSkpHCtsolasnDysl2GOHUXeDXTKiAqN6IKke9g_C1EB2j4Z7Epssu3dXNHXZDtSi0QSG3hXg4bfM3DLoplIHiDoCk_.Pjr1U1jlvZ.wzV20AHa0uZXvuuaQxze4q3yCxEQo2prjcujn1r.xx95w9y8xXEjYd45RA4jQf.H3VSrYBnF3tI_ZNxp0VhTAMGCk_DuFDvI72QFzFyCSBNI7eG8oyUHFhBPVTR4w6fXbvIh.DXkB4npwiyJP1_LKpeRup5SSg.SfaZeWyUJ1x_6b.lTY6ZZI35_PLcvEIlupYeS1FNF6AIQ",mdrd: "Opd.XbKG2nqMHdqr3vBttpmUlb20iToHr.dEXW_jkF0-1739785056-1.2.1.1-1YdFDMlyicz4xCyCagQRr7Kxd29mPMngQAAbZxpLlExD79XIaoK4dDQs5ZqVa3X.UlvN8AQHcQy6CUkooUPSCcNH5AS9EcOQ3sC.cL7vdFtTRuLZqa84pbc6kYRLq2UQKwWR1sHx.7NchBCg2je78MJMLIONtTQd1CrEcd4zJnIyjLSofTlqxazxGC7N.G1hfIHwdM853Y1U5MF0balRGXQeHCknURFH4zcmTFWSQVVI77zMIe6qmUOzIw3JYu3JLJiVEx.ec5b5S5lwGJRz59p8Al5MZp61lVdfnTjmorwF9G5gp7KOjb_hvQqAY56wv_jMLAEPlpmWSM5Ai3sKmEa7Wr6H14f9LKMfZyRdGDpTEZjTOEeDUe4ye0ToqIp.b0lV.KwqrIEBFjsLxKeIoG2wX5bmQI4YybdDpQAj3VSenASWbVCRgw70OKigHuXT6QLijmzrpeSUh5AsbIJ7gRWayFSxeHrnwRtqwV5NQMYChCg2Gv6CTI2VBdgJmqtEunlbtePGBpFd5sCcnjw6JfzohSTQacCXVyObbe17azsgcbYIS6ZlDhkHIUVPRtSJ1yITwD4EiLp5nLa5G6gfGmVUrh3wFS4HWhWp9joFygEqk0dHN8Xa_UvG2YvWiEwlTeBYz.qeJoZ4s._9FZwK1vT6zwabG10dDzlVd2CmX0RygKoMok5sJoWLSqauvgkZ1pfAgyPfyXz.3RdbIRWoyBsLVx8nuXoOE3ZRDKhTFjqGDSxGAxp5mfzfS.D1m6SnF2eipJy3f7ElWjivqAFIlRRyvXTbWIuEkyIbWJG9QGIn.YhSx0JeCQ68i3Y_yxL7_mG1y3wgJQPZop4yiCAGVBZtu_2y6M_f5FIaobzmJbaUDiEgqsL_Th7Z7Xmdl05ZrVzBr9b1AuHYn7a5Plx_PVhI2COqzINc3PK64wXrgrvyhx09U6UGmiarrF2WtKa0AIRK9XFsuqdTWenSXcl5HGAV70hqrG8B7kjlVOJh0OiKe4X940eC2FIbqUDFUeFDgWg2gdMmQ8rCIWYaY0HI45NzhmvcmEoraZOh6Wc_5Wm30dXimEJzq1mTX_9BomwiwKiY9R4_Y90.m10DHPreN_NkBJcY5YZ5Qziu0pEgKy74PGSkuarz2XHJhOH8Y6S_oAUjfAbMB7hQtHk9LBH.NBuikT2cZpecwQ9z7S8Adb4ez3DSFvUklM5H6aGGwuDFniC8Ij9X6Xhsk7uk.NxN1K6._6oZfajXHzRYPBduawq8hkkxIRMuBB5catQ7wnPKww8kWkEU37JQ.IUYjFpT_d8uBzWogqo9YCwRmP0uy0xb0_n3rWC6SsV2ghxnAtzZC3K37Pxg4pJ62G80gr7QHrEoZyOlo5bOyQNzpU9vy78L.c6vbguhi5sGgmbLFSjp.UtcKLOAJcPwhMklIq1AldfZitjvOUl6kDRnRwpsOk0gBQW89poYDnaeR6__QK5Td5xvil22prES8winJ3dXEekumvgi5Qp.t0pgWYrJj2USU5qOh1f429bdcFmpWbdZZAPg2iOKHcEn.VPJwqJOeqgUXLp1oODrG06YFcgRkHHA1X259sweyLpPUtZUjICr0cb6PLrJ_oB.hCpSR1wZXYFerX0HPIAbYcsBkZg0SfQ5H4GV7VVNHeMAe2CYsh5xwnTvNVKuarsSzcLsQzxX4I.h_6U4d3biHA9AoCO4NZ2FEob_3YFu_ga01Mqkb3IyDNw0Xv_YXy58sbRhgs19CadmTdsoeN1qmssg2ewWYQxLTzRkPGpW09tBwRxVkGi5Ky_7oUPRsIDdDI1bD_9saHJRzSuZ.pwMXUtmH_fD1SE9AMLagkl8_c3oQZHFFroVgVvvAk5SxFiIvPIxdBkyUE_KvRX6yXhGy39RCrc38hx86wbLcfNXB6sBnlyRAVInSNC2EsRnMW5KmkWB0IjpQ8PigkDq14lkuZlhQ8fg7FvOmsGTY8UYYUneQTbvvkJzUz_bKJj2umDoG2DIM8.Qsw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134ccbdaaf237b5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=hardware&__cf_chl_rt_tk=88CqRbePCU20SUrktBJajIY6yHFs.lbI9B3lXDmAZps-1739785056-1.0.1.1-XfjcKJv7GtSo7o0HPZS2ThXL8Gw0XM0myi2O5MIAK4I" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>