CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c7253a5c73494f',cH: 'fOCm8o9TdfH.MMd7q2OrmGPVYsDU3PYVIxxrlXkgMsA-1741319602-1.2.1.1-D1Sj5gB71p8cAHekKTooWpGVcEr5JSua3eWubpRHwRX.lNV9D9IRf6hTwzdPutmS',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=information%20rate&__cf_chl_tk=a_xVlukqyGVj0yvStC73pFrZ0rVL.i.elNxzMKxeLIk-1741319602-1.0.1.1-djfhfAqlB0UxfV.HQIs8UYSdLRzkLIh0IE6u6tF3xDo",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741319602',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=information%20rate&__cf_chl_f_tk=a_xVlukqyGVj0yvStC73pFrZ0rVL.i.elNxzMKxeLIk-1741319602-1.0.1.1-djfhfAqlB0UxfV.HQIs8UYSdLRzkLIh0IE6u6tF3xDo",md: "E9IOQU9JiUw5fDPXgfaZP2inYuBXybtRrEXfAV9drsU-1741319602-1.2.1.1-c4QRZavcHvjpXQY37F0xG294E8uNSkDi9rcn_wkylqLydFG4dza5gzGO_PPMLDEUHnSbqbr9Hpwk8QAJrMv.bM1jnxLv1HUZZKOeeVL2kjNxhbVtLeo6doITrAnYEm6Y5NDoMNlup5JVWHNIQjyIPSBJuSPKuS70JWJMTYU7UtnzJtEyiCl7dlZsWXzhSZDe7wLUWe413W3dFj2ISzNIyjiLJddCaCP3z2.uTwYo.3Wga5.qNn29lhNoImKJIOjgQrTuy2aE3oaGeB1ZBDdLxqhNZ1P0hqWvastZGVnHOePbyv9KM7XUvZN6VOrtsHN4tMwIXyfHYa66yGasz7frVw_KBW8bEteWNmP89xaQkOzgK5zhSMq9FhgrSPXhqZ.uFviRf2S.aXGVXQldRqDn2iO.KV9JR3LfwYHpUu035779s28NqF_nrdVrNo1mbBDi44xli7Qr0nZoIa20aypPZXYAOyT.qsDo5yE2CQKuGJSVtNwcgZzpiRuVbn7lNF7J0G9CMioaP0BuXGQhmRUFimu_VwsxefiX_iXZQYNCdQ8RIeVsROBSgrECkXDO8pxJbEV8Anb9U0nx3ah5yYYrCN..RNZf1IlGeIgW9cDXxo_LMFqJwL4QcqrgEWHTtFDB9YxU8VM57fWUe2_ImMs7.uaFvkqyyjFoSeIxC.qYFZgIjmGsA.NwT4ZabheprqAeNvHeRAb47rU14DLAI2cPbfXSYhvA8rwtEQJDpAv4q830.djtvhy03Liov9PA9JSjkFfgc8FBybeepuc6BbR8hpxRtQFzFERmvG5aFffTi7ePL.A0RtiTqszKqJvHdhHvRRWIqn2u3K1kJ7MEjbymz9uER7O_Q3GtoU9dsrxvhQhAHHK_ZTH22MokeNG9E0fBEeUqeTSumFKJ4mb5rnGxuGREc_2LuVX3CWICl3GfVrcC8UO8T5p8Gdk6y_dHdLgovxDK5uC6CphwcKgRBThK8y7fK8tye48Pygz4rDC.UFHIuc087qOzQAen1orpR1Gf_LMIymf3jR_budJj4JRqnqfK2pov_bk3IapCcOhbavOy9gMxly2OJ8ie11FZKa1b9M2fcfJbvzYbZGJqI7Nk_zkxoQ8jT0RchBhfOWqwWaOnKEBATAPzu9uAy8ijsJh2RTVUn5G2zeQhM390lM3F0McbtoHR0rCkwC_NQr7KVFYVPJ.XUj.rb7HKnTvDhD.nx5R1AF9tMdGTqJZdrFCDU.qKJCmjLCmOs5bBAIOBCnehWG1B8mIGy_jB1DzLMjkqgyi8Npb_LAV5eCnK1ncuIA",mdrd: "Hpp9IETn7gzlyTVl_aQ.ddoRejwyyv6L2UK6goUqUfE-1741319602-1.2.1.1-tmhieSsmos10rcwJu8eLj0Wrr6SLAe6qNxFLkzafDNDMpB8C6olPbgQr8pVbOp1ODgKG4GFUsxacShQ7S8c6aRLihAF15gJwstFiFOlspnPtFji2z9Kj43kbj_3hl2_bJGQRsEPiLu58wi9PUTZsGjDhHI2VYogE2G9sKz8SQj3LuIM0wprgw0iFzHDg0sY_JgAKXM1bxjHs7F.dlLe3fE71EbUtBbBQuq2GJCx0IUYT3CQfDvnQ3FkXAnw7Zi.8D9_qudAx.XHr8b1.97N06cz467zAUZ259F5fYbiYVUMD_reV8jffztLgqbMMaihKoKpHqg1qLAPsHJyCY74Xp5Ut_KWxiAe8quOjIb7Qyxipne307g0YzQyNzjgRGpxUrTjJ7F3cou4jOp_7c1MfmgzGnhwexyXlocLImJ4KQW8C6_97H7_TH.F5CAqRdQBtUGQdV5mIXmivtykBx.E3j9gCWIZij5yjEQnI4AdCz7HJklneAYxufLzJaOCPN5chGVpNtZaYW3uVrORRAC0z7UmKPKmOq7XSZkakpLp7dNpddMiRqvr2pPs6nNiPEiMPovC8mg3RaRfuTXjkzaHW5J7IrFehhRQOlxR3jBFM9DgefG7lCL0msZvlJezvR8nQz.CRw04m8KMW9MdXHDfL8DZhEiyBO_q5Jx_cbs1dC191WlhUPHVMxjmp07sF8klVS3woqRpu_BDROx9kndn91M.Z3d7ByGTRdnj2zqFryt0QJJx1fx8vw5jc9LVEDeC26TJoZeD.cN5eoE0Cq836P3epGcyQJHMgbjVoagvv7Emz1oWP0rg5_0XcY0I_ZvRva1qFmwfYbI0YLs_LBPq8rT9yAWH6YiPaOyYGAPdt87Bq7h8EKdXfeYThDvwiqG1BMfXhMZHazXsRZMrMKKRY3.Xk5RcnUx7G3ANtCd98M8UHqDMY6A6V_LHNN0oAjzbrkSKLiBUWeJgIswyJFpjz5hHvhsBgVsIAlW69fbXmYPk5gAvjANt7X9N7JBcs6hYMrme3shLNgJ52C7.Od_DgOKe14dPDRDSjDBcMzY5bpIsZhN5ukc5JXdX6TDkjem_8_5A7oCipz8VKD1Ru9wBtWlw7XTRGvdW8Gfd9nDLp7.viAvGGV.NiB1udUdYXSe7iLdENdHx64PY6NUrSlWVH_Fz2CtD66xWm7KFoL9jnHcrmqfGbmzLrIZXhX8.ch5ISy74KuWLMDYl_SPFDAa8tLwXdNtt_wkzlaz5cc6QVThOSb0dmzkyeUTJOdafYuS3UknUYTHx8vvjQuM_IAzv5tpyOhwlFsA7laayOssknygcKBsnVcn1Q.th2KEXpapAzrzSVbHrwOjZveQkt8GTlLFD1AKSTyCVqnlhUl1l_fnKu9sQHgj3yA2MDm8BzMh6wYV4vyMrrylwz95n.ABND50midhPdSUj3kyR_gNTnX94gkmUOp1y12OmlJNha.XTxvgKYhW7BpQ14x6NaRTYWC6EO7BzktblztdKu78Ds5ZzZO5nc8GWJyEmWVhumZfqqq8OQgS0Gs3rtdm1uWRQnSAjNYc3346e2jJ3Ij3nlEYHIYGwsPfasIBVyYL4p1GsQdobezbI6cyzDO6FEhx4EDvg0EkJPHaXADgmjKXl45TCQOV71Wn7qU6BrWAlh0Oq3fZ5J6xvK4oVQR2Gp3zcGQFxSfN9j_I8Abb4LE4XEDU0XB0_HGKRQt1h1Tsu7_w76qkoyIuQ1XjIMw5LFighy0k5nCPvjz.wfF5ygREAbD1qdifavHmYi0xsyZVcQsp3lLGT25sq6k._Fvvpsl6fDXcsTvzHhiLX7iHkq4t2VjuYAmhkJwhl1eFOGvA1UdSKo1ZKYT5wCNKFZcsI4ggj..JlMWaAvW1T_AXcIs4VAbU0cOKDW66sE0eqnp07hB5H_0Zyc1fiz121BmeoDkZ27Uij3ZUtCfWOdPWmTWfp_JWfTwMxLMa1LgiQWA7dn814A"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c7253a5c73494f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=information%20rate&__cf_chl_rt_tk=a_xVlukqyGVj0yvStC73pFrZ0rVL.i.elNxzMKxeLIk-1741319602-1.0.1.1-djfhfAqlB0UxfV.HQIs8UYSdLRzkLIh0IE6u6tF3xDo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>