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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_handshake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_handshake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Initial handshake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_handshake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_requests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_requests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>File requests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_requests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_handshake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_handshake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Final handshake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_handshake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-g-protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#g-protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>g-protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-g-protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mail_routing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mail_routing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mail routing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mail_routing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mail routing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mail_routing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bang_path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bang_path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bang path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bang_path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UUCPNET_and_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UUCPNET_and_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>UUCPNET and mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UUCPNET_and_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connections_with_the_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections_with_the_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Connections with the Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connections_with_the_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Remote commands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_uses_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_uses_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Current uses and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_uses_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">UUCP</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_to_Unix_Copy" title="Unix to Unix Copy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unix to Unix Copy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiador_de_Unix_a_Unix" title="Copiador de Unix a Unix – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Copiador de Unix a Unix" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_to_Unix_Copy" title="Unix to Unix Copy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unix to Unix Copy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_to_Unix_Copy" title="Unix to Unix Copy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Unix to Unix Copy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_to_Unix_Copy_Protocol" title="Unix to Unix Copy Protocol – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Unix to Unix Copy Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uucp" title="Uucp – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Uucp" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_to_Unix_Copy" title="Unix to Unix Copy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Unix to Unix Copy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="UUCP" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="UUCP" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Suite of computer programs and protocols</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">UUCP</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lesk" title="Mike Lesk">Mike Lesk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Laboratories">AT&T Bell Laboratories</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1979<span class="noprint">; 45 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1979</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">Command</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><span class="anchor" id="Internet_History_Timeline"></span><span class="anchor" id="Internet_history_timeline"></span><b>Internet history timeline</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fff;"> <p><i><b>Early research and development:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1960–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1960–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1962–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1962–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1965<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1965</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1969<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1969</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1970<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1970</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1971<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1971</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1974<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1974</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1975<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1975</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1976<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1976</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1978<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1978</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1979<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1979</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a class="mw-selflink selflink">UUCP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Merging the networks and creating the Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1984<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1985<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1985</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">ARPANET decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2014<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Examples of Internet services:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>UUCP</b> (<b>Unix-to-Unix Copy</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a suite of <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a> allowing remote execution of commands and transfer of <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Netnews">netnews</a> between <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>. </p><p>A command named <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uucp</code> is one of the programs in the suite; it provides a user interface for requesting file copy operations. The UUCP suite also includes <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uux</code> (user interface for remote command execution), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uucico</code> (the communication program that performs the file transfers), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uustat</code> (reports statistics on recent activity), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uuxqt</code> (execute commands sent from remote machines), and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uuname</code> (reports the UUCP name of the local system). Some versions of the suite include <a href="/wiki/Uuencoding" title="Uuencoding"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uuencode</code></a>/<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uudecode</code> (convert 8-bit binary files to 7-bit text format and vice versa). </p><p>Although UUCP was originally developed on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> in the 1970s and 1980s, and is most closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, UUCP implementations exist for several non-Unix-like operating systems, including <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> (for VAX hardware only), <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UUCP was originally written at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Laboratories">AT&T Bell Laboratories</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lesk" title="Mike Lesk">Mike Lesk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reader_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1978 it was in use on 82 UNIX machines inside the Bell system, primarily for software distribution. It was released in 1979 as part of <a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7 Unix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first UUCP emails from the U.S. arrived in the United Kingdom in 1979 and email between the UK, the Netherlands and Denmark started in 1980, becoming a regular service via <a href="/wiki/EUnet" title="EUnet">EUnet</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original UUCP was <a href="/wiki/Rewrite_(programming)" title="Rewrite (programming)">rewritten</a> by AT&T researchers Peter Honeyman, David A. Nowitz, and Brian E. Redman around 1983. The rewrite is referred to as <i>HDB</i> or <i>HoneyDanBer</i> uucp, which was later enhanced, bug fixed, and repackaged as <i>BNU UUCP</i> ("Basic Network Utilities").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of these versions was distributed as proprietary software, which inspired <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Lance_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Lance Taylor (page does not exist)">Ian Lance Taylor</a> to write a new <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> version from scratch in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Taylor UUCP</i> was released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. Taylor UUCP addressed security holes which allowed some of the original <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">network worms</a> to remotely execute unexpected shell commands. Taylor UUCP also incorporated features of all previous versions of UUCP, allowing it to communicate with any other version and even use similar config file formats from other versions. </p><p>UUCP was also implemented for non-<a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> operating systems, most-notably <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> systems. Packages such as UUSLAVE/GNUUCP (<a href="/wiki/John_Gilmore_(activist)" title="John Gilmore (activist)">John Gilmore</a>, Garry Paxinos, Tim Pozar), UUPC/extended (Drew Derbyshire of Kendra Electronic Wonderworks) and FSUUCP (Christopher Ambler of IODesign), brought early <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> connectivity to personal computers, expanding the network beyond the interconnected university systems. FSUUCP formed the basis for many <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a> (BBS) packages such as Galacticomm's <a href="/wiki/Major_BBS" class="mw-redirect" title="Major BBS">Major BBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mustang_Software" title="Mustang Software">Mustang Software</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wildcat!_BBS" title="Wildcat! BBS">Wildcat! BBS</a> to connect to the UUCP network and exchange email and <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> traffic. As an example, UFGATE (John Galvin, Garry Paxinos, Tim Pozar) was a package that provided a gateway between networks running <a href="/wiki/Fidonet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidonet">Fidonet</a> and UUCP protocols. </p><p>FSUUCP was the only other implementation of Taylor's enhanced 'i' protocol, a significant improvement over the standard 'g' protocol used by most UUCP implementations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the widespread availability of <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a>, computers were only connected by smaller <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> within a company or organization. They were also often equipped with <a href="/wiki/Modems" class="mw-redirect" title="Modems">modems</a> so they could be used remotely from <a href="/wiki/Character_terminal#Dumb_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Character terminal">character-mode terminals</a> via <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">telephone lines</a>. UUCP used the computers' modems to dial out to other computers, establishing temporary, point-to-point links between them. Each system in a UUCP network has a list of neighbor systems, with phone numbers, login names and passwords, etc. When <i>work</i> (file transfer or command execution requests) is queued for a neighbor system, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uucico</code> program typically calls that system to process the work. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uucico</code> program can also poll its neighbors periodically to check for work queued on their side; this permits neighbors without dial-out capability to participate. </p><p>Over time, dial-up links were replaced by Internet connections, and UUCP added a number of new <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</a> protocols. These newer connections also reduced the need for UUCP at all, as newer application protocols developed to take advantage of the new networks. Today, UUCP is rarely used over dial-up links, but is occasionally used over <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UUCPssh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUCPssh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of systems involved, as of early 2006, ran between 1500 and 2000 sites across 60 enterprises. UUCP's longevity can be attributed to its low cost, extensive logging, native <a href="/wiki/Failover" title="Failover">failover</a> to dialup, and persistent queue management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sessions">Sessions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UUCP is normally started by having a user log into the target system and then running the UUCP program. In most cases, this is automated by logging into a known user account used for transfers, whose account's shell has been set to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uucico</code>. Thus, for automated transfers, another machine simply has to open a modem connection to the called machine and log into the known account. </p><p>When uucico runs, it will expect to receive commands from another UUCP program on the caller's machine and begin a session. The session has three distinct stages: </p> <ol><li>Initial handshake</li> <li>File request(s)</li> <li>Final handshake</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_handshake">Initial handshake</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial handshake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On starting, uucico will respond by sending an identification string, <code>\20Shere=<i>hostname</i>\0</code>, where \20 is the control-P character, and \0 is a trailing null. The caller's UUCP responds with <code>\20S<i>callername</i> <i>options</i>\0</code>, where <i>options</i> is a string containing zero or more Unix-like option switches. These can include packet and window sizes, the maximum supported file size, debugging options, and others. </p><p>Depending on the setup of the two systems, the call may end here. For instance, when the caller responds with their system name, the called system may optionally hang up if it does not recognize the caller, sending the <code>RYou are unknown to me\0</code> response string and then disconnecting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="File_requests">File requests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: File requests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the two systems successfully handshake, the caller will now begin to send a series of file requests. There are four types: </p> <dl><dd><b>S</b> causes a file to be Sent from the caller to the called system (upload). The from and to names are provided, allowing the filename to be changed on the receiver. When the S command is received on the called system, it responds with SY if it succeeded and it is ready to accept the file, or SNx if it failed, where x is a failure reason. If an SY is received by the caller, it begins uploading the file using the protocol selected during the initial handshake (see below). When the transfer is complete, the called system responds with CY if it successfully received the file, or CN5 if it failed.</dd> <dd><b>R</b> is a Request for the called system to send a file to the caller (download). It is otherwise similar to S, using RY and RN to indicate the command was accepted and it will begin to send data or had a problem, and expecting a CY and CN5 from the caller at the end of the transfer.</dd> <dd><b>X</b> uploads commands to be eXecuted on the called system. This can be used to make that system call another and deliver files to it. The called system responds with XY if it succeeded, or XN if it failed.</dd> <dd><b>H</b>, for Hangup, indicates the caller is done. The called system responds with HY if it succeeded, or HN if it failed.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_handshake">Final handshake</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Final handshake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After sending an H command, the calling system sends a final packet <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\20OOOOOO\0</code> (control-P, six ohs, null-terminator) and the called system responds with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">\20OOOOOO\0</code> (control-P, seven ohs, null-terminator). Some systems will simply hang up on the successful reception of the H command and not bother with the final handshake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="g-protocol">g-protocol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: g-protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the suite of protocols in UUCP, the underlying g-protocol is responsible for transferring information in an error-free form. The protocol originated as a general-purpose system for packet delivery, and thus offers a number of features that are not used by the UUCP package as a whole. These include a secondary channel that can send command data interspersed with a file transfer, and the ability to renegotiate the packet and window sizes during transmission. These extra features may not be available in some implementations of the UUCP stack.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The packet format consisted of a 6-byte header and then between zero and 4096 bytes in the payload. The packet starts with a single \020 (control-P). This is followed by a single byte, known as "K", containing a value of 1 to 8 indicating a packet size from 32 to 4096 bytes, or a 9 indicating a control packet. Many systems only supported K=2, meaning 64 bytes. The next two bytes were a 16-bit checksum of the payload, not including the header. The next byte is the data type and finally, the last byte is the XOR of the header, allowing it to be checked separately from the payload.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The control byte consists of three bit-fields in the format TTXXXYYY. TT is the packet type, 0 for control packets (which also requires K=9 to be valid), 1 for alternate data (not used in UUCP), 2 for data, and 3 indicates a short packet that re-defines the meaning of K. In a data packet, XXX is the packet number for this packet from 0 to 7, and YYY is the last that was received correctly. This provides up to 8 packets in a window. In a control packet, XXX indicates the command and YYY is used for various parameters. For instance, transfers are started by sending a short control packet with TT=0 (control), XXX=7 and YYY the number of packets in a window, then sending another packet with XXX=6 and YYY as the packet length (encoded as it would be in K) and then a third packet that is identical to the first but XXX=5.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>g-protocol uses a simple <a href="/wiki/Sliding_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliding window">sliding window</a> system to deal with potentially long latencies between endpoints. The protocol allows packets to size from 64 to 4096 8-bit bytes, and windows that include 1 to 7 packets. In theory, a system using 4k packets and 7 packet windows (4096x7) would offer performance matching or beating the best file-transfer protocols like <a href="/wiki/ZMODEM" title="ZMODEM">ZMODEM</a>. In practice, many implementations only supported a single setting of 64x3. As a result, the g-protocol has an undeserved reputation for poor performance. Confusion over the packet and window sizes led to the G-protocol, differing only in that it always used 4096x3. Taylor UUCP did not support G, but did support any valid requested window or packet size, so remote systems starting G would work fine with Taylor's g, while two Taylor systems could negotiate even faster connections.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telebit" title="Telebit">Telebit</a> modems used <a href="/wiki/Protocol_spoofing" title="Protocol spoofing">protocol spoofing</a> to improve the performance of g-protocol transfers by noticing end-of-packet markers being sent to the remote system and immediately sending an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ACK</code> back to the local host, pretending that the remote system had already received the packet and decoded it correctly. This triggered the software stack to send the next packet, so rapidly that the transfer became almost continuous. The data between the two modems was error-corrected using a proprietary protocol based on <a href="/wiki/Microcom_Networking_Protocol" title="Microcom Networking Protocol">MNP</a> that ran over Telebit's half-duplex connections much better than g-protocol would normally,<sup id="cite_ref-faq_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because in the common 64x3 case the remote system would be sending a constant stream of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ACK</code>s that would overflow the low-speed return channel. Combined with the modem's naturally higher data rates, they greatly improved overall throughput and generally performed about seven times the speed of a 2400 bit/s modem.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were widely used on UUCP hosts as they could quickly pay for themselves in reduced long-distance charges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_protocols">Other protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UUCP implementations also include other transfer protocols for use over certain links. </p><p><b>f-protocol</b> is designed to run over 7-bit error-corrected links. This was originally intended for use on <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> links, which were popular for a time in the 1980s. It does not packetize data, instead, the entire file is sent as a single long string followed by a whole-file checksum. The similar <b>x-protocol</b> appears to have seen little or no use. <b>d-protocol</b> was similar to x, but intended for use on <a href="/wiki/Datakit" title="Datakit">Datakit</a> networks that connected many of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> offices.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>t-protocol</b> originated in the BSD versions of UUCP and like some similar ones, is designed to run over 8-bit error-free <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> links. It has no error correction at all, and the protocol consists simply of breaking up command and file data into 512 or 1024-byte packets to easily fit within typical TCP frames. </p><p><b>e-protocol</b> ("e" for Ethernet) was developed by Clem Cole at <a href="/wiki/MASSCOMP" title="MASSCOMP">MASSCOMP</a> and was widely released by Brian Redman in the later HoneyDanBer versions. It was developed and released before the t-protocol, but the t-protocol was more commonly used because the BSD version of UUCP was the dominant implementation. The e-protocol differs from the t-protocol only in that commands are not packetized and are instead sent as normal strings, while files are padded to the nearest 20 bytes.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-masscomp-uucpmgmt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masscomp-uucpmgmt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mail_routing">Mail routing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mail routing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UUCP_Email_Address_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/UUCP_Email_Address_.jpg/220px-UUCP_Email_Address_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/UUCP_Email_Address_.jpg/330px-UUCP_Email_Address_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/UUCP_Email_Address_.jpg/440px-UUCP_Email_Address_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> Business card with UUCP email address</figcaption></figure> <p>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uucp</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uuxqt</code> capabilities could be used to send <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> between machines, with suitable mail user interfaces and delivery agent programs. A simple UUCP mail address was formed from the adjacent machine name, an <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a> (often pronounced <i>bang</i>), followed by the user name on the adjacent machine. For example, the address <i>barbox!user</i> would refer to user <i>user</i> on adjacent machine <i>barbox</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mail could furthermore be routed through the network, traversing any number of intermediate nodes before arriving at its destination. Initially, this had to be done by specifying the complete path, with a list of intermediate host names separated by bangs. For example, if machine <i>barbox</i> is not connected to the local machine, but it is known that <i>barbox</i> is connected to machine <i>foovax</i> which does communicate with the local machine, the appropriate address to send mail to would be <i>foovax!barbox!user</i>. </p><p>User <i>barbox!user</i> would generally publish their UUCP email address in a form such as <i>…!bigsite!foovax!barbox!user</i>. This directs people to route their mail to machine <i>bigsite</i> (presumably a well-known and well-connected machine accessible to everybody) and from there through the machine <i>foovax</i> to the account of user <i>user</i> on <i>barbox</i>. Publishing a full path would be pointless, because it would be different, depending on where the sender was. (e.g. Ann at one site may have to send via path <i>gway!tcol!canty!uoh!bigsite!foovax!barbox!user</i>, whereas from somewhere else, Bill has to send via the path <i>pdp10!router22!bigsite!foovax!barbox!user</i>). Many users would suggest multiple routes from various large well-known sites, providing even better and perhaps faster connection service from the mail sender. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bang_path">Bang path</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bang path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An email address of this form was known as a <b>bang path</b>. Bang paths of eight to ten machines (or <i>hops</i>) were not uncommon in 1981, and late-night dial-up UUCP links could cause week-long transmission times. Bang paths were often selected by both transmission time and reliability, as messages would often get lost. Some hosts went so far as to try to "<a href="/wiki/Rewriting" title="Rewriting">rewrite</a>" the path, sending mail via "faster" routes—this practice tended to be frowned upon. </p><p>The "pseudo-domain" ending <b><a href="/wiki/.uucp" class="mw-redirect" title=".uucp">.uucp</a></b> was sometimes used to designate a hostname as being reachable by UUCP networking, although this was never formally registered in the <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain name system">domain name system</a> (DNS) as a <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a>. The uucp community administered itself and did not mesh well with the administration methods and regulations governing the DNS; .uucp works where it needs to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2017)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>; some hosts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2017)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> punt mail out of SMTP queue into uucp queues on gateway machines if a .uucp address is recognized on an incoming SMTP connection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> traffic was originally transmitted over the UUCP protocol using bang paths. These are still in use within Usenet message format <i>Path</i> header lines. They now have only an informational purpose, and are not used for routing, although they can be used to ensure that loops do not occur. </p><p>In general, like other <a href="/wiki/Non-Internet_email_address" title="Non-Internet email address">older e-mail address formats</a>, bang paths have now been superseded by the "<a href="/wiki/Email_address#Syntax" title="Email address">@ notation</a>", even by sites still using UUCP. A UUCP-only site can register a DNS domain name, and have the DNS server that handles that domain provide <a href="/wiki/MX_record" title="MX record">MX records</a> that cause Internet mail to that site to be delivered to a UUCP host on the Internet that can then deliver the mail to the UUCP site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UUCPNET_and_mapping">UUCPNET and mapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: UUCPNET and mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>UUCPNET</b> was the name for the totality of the network of computers connected through UUCP. This network was very informal, maintained in a spirit of mutual cooperation between systems owned by thousands of private companies, universities, and so on. Often, particularly in the private sector, UUCP links were established without official approval from the companies' upper management. The UUCP network was constantly changing as new systems and dial-up links were added, others were removed, etc. </p><p>The <i>UUCP Mapping Project</i> was a volunteer, largely successful effort to build a map of the connections between machines that were <a href="/wiki/Open_mail_relay" title="Open mail relay">open mail relays</a> and establish a managed namespace. Each system administrator would submit, by e-mail, a list of the systems to which theirs would connect, along with a ranking for each such connection. These submitted map entries were processed by an automatic program that combined them into a single set of files describing all connections in the network. These files were then published monthly in a <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroup</a> dedicated to this purpose. The UUCP map files could then be used by software such as "pathalias" to compute the best route path from one machine to another for mail, and to supply this route automatically. The UUCP maps also listed contact information for the sites, and so gave sites seeking to join UUCPNET an easy way to find prospective neighbors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connections_with_the_Internet">Connections with the Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Connections with the Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many UUCP hosts, particularly those at universities, were also connected to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in its early years, and e-mail gateways between Internet <a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a>-based mail and UUCP mail were developed. A user at a system with UUCP connections could thereby exchange mail with Internet users, and the Internet links could be used to bypass large portions of the slow UUCP network. A "UUCP zone" was defined within the Internet domain namespace to facilitate these interfaces. </p><p>With this infrastructure in place, UUCP's strength was that it permitted a site to gain Internet e-mail and Usenet connectivity with only a dial-up modem link to another cooperating computer. This was at a time when true Internet access required a <a href="/wiki/Leased_line" title="Leased line">leased data line</a> providing a connection to an Internet <i><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of Presence">Point of Presence</a></i>, both of which were expensive and difficult to arrange. By contrast, a link to the UUCP network could usually be established with a few phone calls to the administrators of prospective neighbor systems. Neighbor systems were often close enough to avoid all but the most basic charges for telephone calls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remote_commands">Remote commands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Remote commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>uux</i> is remote command execution over UUCP. The uux command is used to execute a <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Remote_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote system">remote system</a>, or to execute a command on the local system using files from remote systems. The command is run by the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">uucico</code> daemon, which handles remote execution requests as simply another kind of file to batch-send to the remote system whenever a next-hop node is available. The remote system will then execute the requested command and return the result, when the original system is available. Both of these transfers may be indirect, via multi-hop paths, with arbitrary windows of availability. Even when executing a command on an always-available neighbor, uux is not instant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UUCP usage began to die out with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> offering inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_IP" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Line IP">SLIP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a> services. The UUCP Mapping Project was formally shut down in late 2000. </p><p>The UUCP protocol has now mostly been replaced by the Internet TCP/IP based protocols <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a> for mail and <a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a> for Usenet news. </p><p>In July 2012, Dutch Internet provider <a href="/wiki/XS4ALL" title="XS4ALL">XS4ALL</a> closed down its UUCP service, claiming it was "probably one of the last providers in the world that still offered it"; it had only 13 users at that time (prior to its shut-down it had refused requests from new users for several years).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_uses_and_legacy">Current uses and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Current uses and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One surviving feature of UUCP is the chat file format, largely inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Expect" title="Expect">Expect</a> software package. </p><p>UUCP was in use over special-purpose high cost links (e.g. marine satellite links) long after its disappearance elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still remains in legacy use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition to legacy use, in 2021 new and innovative UUCP uses are growing, especially for telecommunications in the <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> band, for example, for communities in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> for email exchange and other uses. A patch to Ian's UUCP was contributed to UUCP Debian Linux package<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to adapt for the HERMES (High-Frequency Emergency and Rural Multimedia Exchange System) project, which provides UUCP HF connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid 2000s, UUCP over TCP/IP (often encrypted, using the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a> protocol<sup id="cite_ref-UUCPssh_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUCPssh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was proposed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2015)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> for use when a computer does not have any fixed <a href="/wiki/IP_addresses" class="mw-redirect" title="IP addresses">IP addresses</a> but is still willing to run a standard <a href="/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">mail transfer agent</a> (MTA) like <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Postfix_(software)" title="Postfix (software)">Postfix</a>. </p><p>Bang-like paths are still in use within the <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> network, though not for routing; they are used to record, in the header of a message, the nodes through which that message has passed, rather than to direct where it will go next.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bang path" is also used as an expression for any explicitly specified <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> path between network hosts. That usage is not necessarily limited to UUCP, IP routing, email messaging, or Usenet. </p><p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Delay-tolerant_networking" title="Delay-tolerant networking">delay-tolerant networking</a> protocols was revisited in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar techniques as those used by UUCP can apply to other networks that experience delay or significant disruption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitename" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitename">Sitename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_networking" title="Mesh networking">Mesh networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berknet" title="Berknet">Berknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_email" title="History of email">History of email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cuzuco.com/~cuzuco/v7/v7vol1.pdf"><i>UNIX(TM) TIME-SHARING SYSTEM: UNIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL, Seventh Edition, Volume 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UUCP+Internals+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=1996-03-08&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ian+Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.utah.edu%2Fdocs%2Finfo%2Fuucp_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirksey1991" class="citation web cs1">Kirksey, Kenneth (25 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~archive/mac/misc/documentation/telecomminfo.txt">"What You Need To Know About Modems"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024183419/http://www.umich.edu/~archive/mac/misc/documentation/telecomminfo.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The actual throughput is around 14400 bps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+You+Need+To+Know+About+Modems&rft.date=1991-12-25&rft.aulast=Kirksey&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umich.edu%2F~archive%2Fmac%2Fmisc%2Fdocumentation%2Ftelecomminfo.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-masscomp-uucpmgmt-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-masscomp-uucpmgmt_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1988" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Stephen (February 1988). <i>UUCP Management Guide, Rev C</i>. User Manuals. Massachusetts Computer Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UUCP+Management+Guide%2C+Rev+C&rft.series=User+Manuals&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Computer+Corporation&rft.date=1988-02&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerf2022" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Cerf, Vint</a> (20 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/irtf-discuss/DWOvH0uMV29sBxZ6rcrZgrQC-ow/">"[Internet Policy] Why the World Must Resist Calls to Undermine the Internet"</a>. <i>IETF-Discussion</i> (Mailing list)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BInternet+Policy%5D+Why+the+World+Must+Resist+Calls+to+Undermine+the+Internet&rft.date=2022-03-20&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=Vint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmailarchive.ietf.org%2Farch%2Fmsg%2Firtf-discuss%2FDWOvH0uMV29sBxZ6rcrZgrQC-ow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuijbregts2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huijbregts, Niels (30 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.xs4all.nl/2012/07/30/afscheid-van-uucp">"XS4ALL Weblog: Afscheid van UUCP (Goodbye to UUCP)"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/XS4ALL" title="XS4ALL">XS4ALL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731202722/https://blog.xs4all.nl/2012/07/30/afscheid-van-uucp/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XS4ALL+Weblog%3A+Afscheid+van+UUCP+%28Goodbye+to+UUCP%29&rft.pub=XS4ALL&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Huijbregts&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.xs4all.nl%2F2012%2F07%2F30%2Fafscheid-van-uucp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandolph_Bentson1995" class="citation web cs1">Randolph Bentson (August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1111">"Linux Goes To Sea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226063830/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1111">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Goes+To+Sea&rft.date=1995-08&rft.au=Randolph+Bentson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F1111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafael_Diniz2021" class="citation web cs1">Rafael Diniz (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metadata.ftp-master.debian.org/changelogs//main/u/uucp/uucp_1.07-27_changelog">"UUCP 1.07.27-changelog"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812102840/http://metadata.ftp-master.debian.org/changelogs/main/u/uucp/uucp_1.07-27_changelog">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UUCP+1.07.27-changelog&rft.date=2021-01&rft.au=Rafael+Diniz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetadata.ftp-master.debian.org%2Fchangelogs%2F%2Fmain%2Fu%2Fuucp%2Fuucp_1.07-27_changelog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafael_Diniz2021" class="citation web cs1">Rafael Diniz (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhizomatica.org/hermes/">"High-frequency Emergency and Rural Multimedia Exchange System"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-frequency+Emergency+and+Rural+Multimedia+Exchange+System&rft.date=2021-01&rft.au=Rafael+Diniz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhizomatica.org%2Fhermes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._MurchisonC._LindseyD._Kohn2009" class="citation cs1">K. Murchison; C. Lindsey; D. Kohn (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5536#section-3.1.5">"Path"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5536"><i>Netnews Article Format</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. p. 14-16. sec. 3.1.5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5536">10.17487/RFC5536</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5536">5536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Path&rft.btitle=Netnews+Article+Format&rft.pages=p.-14-16.-sec.-3.1.5&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5536&rft.au=K.+Murchison&rft.au=C.+Lindsey&rft.au=D.+Kohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5536%26%23035%3Bsection-3.1.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Fall2003" class="citation conference cs1">Kevin Fall (August 2003). "A Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture for Challenged Internets". <i>Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications - SIGCOMM '03</i>. 2003 Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications. ACM <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM" title="SIGCOMM">SIGCOMM</a>. pp. 27–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F863955.863960">10.1145/863955.863960</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58113-735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58113-735-4"><bdi>978-1-58113-735-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+Delay-Tolerant+Network+Architecture+for+Challenged+Internets&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2003+conference+on+Applications%2C+technologies%2C+architectures%2C+and+protocols+for+computer+communications+-+SIGCOMM+%2703&rft.pages=27-34&rft.pub=ACM+SIGCOMM&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F863955.863960&rft.isbn=978-1-58113-735-4&rft.au=Kevin+Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUUCP" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UUCP&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Using & Managing UUCP</i>. Ed Ravin, Tim O'Reilly, Dale Doughtery, and Grace Todino. 1996, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-153-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-153-4">1-56592-153-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Horton" title="Mary Ann Horton">Mark Horton</a> (1986). <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc976">976</a>: UUCP Mail Interchange Format Standard</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> Requests for Comment.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airs.com/ian/uucp-doc/uucp.html">Taylor UUCP Documentation</a> – useful information about UUCP in general and various uucp protocols.</li> <li>The UUCP Project: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106180112/http://www.uucp.org/history/">History</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 6, 2014)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Email_clients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Email clients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Email_clients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">Email clients</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_(email_client)" title="Alpine (email client)">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(email_client)" title="Balsa (email client)">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel/UX" title="Citadel/UX">Citadel/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claws_Mail" title="Claws Mail">Claws Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleancode_eMail" title="Cleancode eMail">Cleancode eMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Evolution" title="GNOME Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetchmail" title="Fetchmail">fetchmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fdm_(software)" title="Fdm (software)">fdm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_(e-mail_client)" title="Geary (e-mail client)">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getmail" title="Getmail">getmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUMail" title="GNUMail">GNUMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnus" title="Gnus">Gnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Messaging_Program" title="Internet Messaging Program">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-9_Mail" title="K-9 Mail">K-9 Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontact" title="Kontact">KMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(email_client)" title="Mahogany (email client)">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailpile" title="Mailpile">Mailpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailx" title="Mailx">Mailx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Project" title="Heirloom Project">Mailx (Heirloom Project)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_(email_client)" title="Modest (email client)">Modest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Mozilla Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_(email_client)" title="Mulberry (email client)">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutt_(email_client)" title="Mutt (email client)">Mutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MH_Message_Handling_System" title="MH Message Handling System">nmh / MH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OfflineIMAP" title="OfflineIMAP">OfflineIMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundcube" title="Roundcube">Roundcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquirrelMail" title="SquirrelMail">SquirrelMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylpheed" title="Sylpheed">Sylpheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojit%C3%A1" title="Trojitá">Trojitá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAM_(Yet_Another_Mailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="YAM (Yet Another Mailer)">YAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbra" title="Zimbra">Zimbra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex Communicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlitzMail" title="BlitzMail">BlitzMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_MM" title="Columbia MM">Columbia MM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(email_client)" title="Elm (email client)">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon_(web_browser)#FossaMail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pale Moon (web browser)">FossaMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_(software)" title="Hula (software)">Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailody" title="Mailody">Mailody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Mail_%26_Newsgroups" title="Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups">Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylas_N1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nylas N1">Nylas N1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freeware/Freemium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EM_Client" title="EM Client">eM Client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmailTray" title="EmailTray">EmailTray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxmail" title="Foxmail">Foxmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribe_Mail" title="Scribe Mail">i.Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbird" title="Mailbird">Mailbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(application)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (application)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(application)" title="Spike (application)">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchMail" title="TouchMail">TouchMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi Mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_(email_client)" title="Hiri (email client)">Hiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomba" title="Bloomba">Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton (app)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Domino" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Domino">HCL Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribe_Mail" title="Scribe Mail">InScribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(Windows)" title="Mail (Windows)">Mail (Windows)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_for_Windows" title="Outlook for Windows">Outlook for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupWise" title="GroupWise">Novell GroupWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airmail_(email_client)" title="Airmail (email client)">Airmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postbox_(email_client)" title="Postbox (email client)">Postbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shareware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becky!" title="Becky!">Becky!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%A9_Agent" title="Forté Agent">Forté Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GyazMail" title="GyazMail">GyazMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bat!" title="The Bat!">The Bat!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Email" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Email">Samsung Email</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Donationware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Mail" title="Pegasus Mail">Pegasus Mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cc:Mail" title="Cc:Mail">cc:Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris_Emailer" title="Claris Emailer">Claris Emailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courier_(email_client)" title="Courier (email client)">Courier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdog" title="Cyberdog">Cyberdog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberjack" title="Cyberjack">Cyberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embrowser" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrowser">Embrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_(email_client)" title="Eudora (email client)">Eudora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_(application)" title="Mailbox (application)">Mailbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Entourage" title="Microsoft Entourage">Microsoft Entourage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Internet_Mail_and_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Internet Mail and News">Microsoft Internet Mail and News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mail" title="Microsoft Mail">Microsoft Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Internet_Users_Essential_Tool" title="Minnesota Internet Users Essential Tool">MINUET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Mail_%26_Newsgroups" title="Netscape Mail & Newsgroups">Netscape Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Messenger_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Messenger 9">Netscape Messenger 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTMail" class="mw-redirect" title="NeXTMail">NeXTMail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mail" title="Opera Mail">Opera Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_(email_client)" title="Pine (email client)">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocomail" title="Pocomail">Pocomail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POPmail" class="mw-redirect" title="POPmail">POPmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_(email_client)" title="Sparrow (email client)">Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnpike_(software)" title="Turnpike (software)">Turnpike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSpyder" class="mw-redirect" title="WebSpyder">WebSpyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Mail" title="Windows Live Mail">Windows Live Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Windows Messaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol" title="JSON Meta Application Protocol">JMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Local Mail Transfer Protocol">LMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-IMAP" title="Push-IMAP">Push-IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Access_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Access Protocol">SMAP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UUCP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Unicode and email</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Email_clients" title="Category:Email clients">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_email_clients" title="Comparison of email clients">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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