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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 01:59, 11 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/32.216.38.220" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/32.216.38.220" data-mw-revid="1256676451"><bdi>32.216.38.220</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:32.216.38.220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:32.216.38.220 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Changing Freenet to it's new name, Hyphanet)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&diff=prev&oldid=1256676451" title="UDP hole punching">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&direction=prev&oldid=1256676451" title="UDP hole punching">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">NAT technique in computer networking</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/UDP_hole_punching" title="Special:EditPage/UDP hole punching">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22UDP+hole+punching%22">"UDP hole punching"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22UDP+hole+punching%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22UDP+hole+punching%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22UDP+hole+punching%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22UDP+hole+punching%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22UDP+hole+punching%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>UDP hole punching</b> is a commonly used technique employed in <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">network address translation</a> (NAT) applications for maintaining <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP) packet streams that traverse the NAT. <a href="/wiki/NAT_traversal" title="NAT traversal">NAT traversal</a> techniques are typically required for client-to-client networking applications on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> involving hosts connected in <a href="/wiki/Private_network" title="Private network">private networks</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Client-to-Client" title="Direct Client-to-Client">Direct Client-to-Client</a> (DCC) and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">Voice over Internet Protocol</a> (VoIP) deployments.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UDP hole punching establishes connectivity between two hosts communicating across one or more network address translators. Typically, third-party hosts on the public transit network are used to establish UDP port states that may be used for direct communications between the communicating hosts. Once port state has been successfully established and the hosts are communicating, port state may be maintained either by normal communications traffic, or in the prolonged absence thereof, by <a href="/wiki/Keep-alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Keep-alive">keep-alive</a> packets, usually consisting of empty UDP packets or packets with minimal, non-intrusive content. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UDP hole punching is a method for establishing bidirectional UDP connections between <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> hosts in private networks using network address translators. The technique is not applicable in all scenarios or with all types of NATs, as NAT operating characteristics are not standardized. </p><p>Hosts with network connectivity inside a private network connected via a NAT to the Internet typically use the <a href="/wiki/Session_Traversal_Utilities_for_NAT" class="mw-redirect" title="Session Traversal Utilities for NAT">Session Traversal Utilities for NAT</a> (STUN) method or <a href="/wiki/Interactive_Connectivity_Establishment" title="Interactive Connectivity Establishment">Interactive Connectivity Establishment</a> (ICE) to determine the public address of the NAT that its communications peers require. In this process another host on the public network is used to establish port mapping and other UDP port state that is assumed to be valid for direct communication between the application hosts. Since UDP state usually expires after short periods of time in the range of tens of seconds to a few minutes,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the UDP port is closed in the process, UDP hole punching employs the transmission of periodic <i>keep-alive</i> packets, each renewing the life-time counters in the UDP state machine of the NAT. </p><p>UDP hole punching will not work with <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation#Methods_of_translation" title="Network address translation">symmetric NAT</a> devices (also known as bi-directional NAT) which tend to be found in large corporate networks. In symmetric NAT, the NAT's mapping associated with the connection to the known STUN server is restricted to receiving data from the known server, and therefore the NAT mapping the known server sees is not useful information to the endpoint. </p><p>In a somewhat more elaborate approach both hosts will start sending to each other, using multiple attempts. On a <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation#Methods_of_translation" title="Network address translation">Restricted Cone NAT</a>, the first packet from the other host will be blocked. After that the NAT device has a record of having sent a packet to the other machine, and will let any packets coming from this IP address and port number through. This technique is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> software and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">Voice over Internet Protocol</a> telephony. It can also be used to assist the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private networks</a> operating over UDP. The same technique is sometimes extended to <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) connections, though with less success because TCP connection streams are controlled by the host OS, not the application, and sequence numbers are selected randomly; thus any NAT device that performs sequence-number checking will not consider the packets to be associated with an existing connection and drop them. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UDP_hole_punching.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="UDP Hole Punching message sequence chart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UDP_hole_punching.png/300px-UDP_hole_punching.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UDP_hole_punching.png/450px-UDP_hole_punching.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/UDP_hole_punching.png/600px-UDP_hole_punching.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Message sequence chart with peers A and B, using server S to help establish communication</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flow">Flow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Let A and B be the two hosts with internal IP addresses iAddr<sub>A</sub> and iAddr<sub>B</sub> respectively, each in its own private network; N<sub>A</sub> and N<sub>B</sub> are the two NAT devices with external IP addresses eAddr<sub>A</sub> and eAddr<sub>B</sub> respectively; S is a public server with a known IP address. </p> <ol><li>A and B each begin a UDP conversation with S; the NAT devices N<sub>A</sub> and N<sub>B</sub> create UDP translation states and assign temporary external port numbers ePort<sub>A</sub> and ePort<sub>B</sub>.</li> <li>S examines the UDP packets to get the source port used by N<sub>A</sub> and N<sub>B</sub> (the external NAT ports ePort<sub>A</sub> and ePort<sub>B</sub>).</li> <li>S informs B about the values of eAddr<sub>A</sub>:ePort<sub>A</sub> and informs A about the values of eAddr<sub>B</sub>:ePort<sub>B</sub>.</li> <li>A sends a packet to eAddr<sub>B</sub>:ePort<sub>B</sub> and B sends a packet to eAddr<sub>A</sub>:ePort<sub>A</sub> (not necessarily at the same time nor in any particular order). <ul><li>When those packets leave their private network, each NAT device adds an entry to its translation table: <ul><li>N<sub>A</sub> examines A's packet and finds an entry already exists (iAddr<sub>A</sub>, iPort<sub>A</sub>, eAddr<sub>A</sub>, ePort<sub>A</sub>) but the destination is different (S) . N<sub>A</sub> will create a new entry with the same translation for traffic sourced from A ( iAddr<sub>A</sub>) to B (eAddr<sub>B</sub>).</li> <li>N<sub>B</sub> examines B's packet and finds an entry already exists (iAddr<sub>B</sub>, iPort<sub>B</sub>, eAddr<sub>B</sub>, ePort<sub>B</sub>) but the destination is different (S). N<sub>B</sub> will create a new entry with the same translation for traffic sourced from B (iAddr<sub>B</sub>) to A (eAddr<sub>A</sub>).</li></ul></li> <li>Depending on the state of each NAT's translation table upon arrival of the remote's packet: <ul><li>If the new entry was already added to N<sub>A</sub>'s translation table before the arrival of B's packet, then N<sub>A</sub> passes B's packet, but otherwise drops it.</li> <li>If the new entry was already added to N<sub>B</sub>'s translation table before the arrival of A's packet, then N<sub>B</sub> passes A's packet, but otherwise drops it.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Once both NAT's have those tuples added, then "holes" have been "punched" in the NATs, allowing both hosts to directly communicate.</li></ol> <ul><li>If both hosts have <a href="/wiki/Restricted_cone_NAT" class="mw-redirect" title="Restricted cone NAT">Restricted cone NATs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_NAT" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetric NAT">Symmetric NATs</a>, the external NAT ports will differ from those used with S. On some routers, the external ports are picked sequentially, making it possible to establish a conversation through guessing nearby ports.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamachi_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamachi (software)">Hamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICMP_hole_punching" title="ICMP hole punching">ICMP hole punching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCP_hole_punching" title="TCP hole punching">TCP hole punching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punching_(networking)" title="Hole punching (networking)">Hole punching (networking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Control_Protocol" title="Port Control Protocol">Port Control Protocol</a> (PCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teredo_tunneling" title="Teredo tunneling">Teredo tunneling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFordKegelSrisuresh2008" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Bryan; Kegel, Dan; Srisuresh, Pyda (2008-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5128#section-3.3">"UDP Hole Punching, State of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Communication across Network Address Translators (NATs)"</a>. ietf.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UDP+Hole+Punching%2C+State+of+Peer-to-Peer+%28P2P%29+Communication+across+Network+Address+Translators+%28NATs%29&rft.pub=ietf.org&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.au=Kegel%2C+Dan&rft.au=Srisuresh%2C+Pyda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc5128%23section-3.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUDP+hole+punching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6092.txt">"Simple Security in IPv6 Gateway CPE"</a>. ietf.org. 2011-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simple+Security+in+IPv6+Gateway+CPE&rft.pub=ietf.org&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Frfc%2Frfc6092.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUDP+hole+punching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynosaurus.com/pub/net/p2pnat/">Peer-to-Peer Communication Across Network Address Translators</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynosaurus.com/pub/net/p2pnat.pdf">PDF</a> –  contains a detailed explanation of the hole punching process</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nutss.gforge.cis.cornell.edu/stunt.php">STUNT</a> –  Simple Traversal of UDP Through NATs and TCP too</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/~baford/nat/draft-ford-natp2p-00.txt">Network Address Translation and Peer-to-Peer Applications (NATP2P)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&oldid=1256676451">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UDP_hole_punching&oldid=1256676451</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_network_security" title="Category:Computer network security">Computer network security</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2016">Articles needing additional references from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 01:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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