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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SLSTR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SLSTR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>SLSTR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SLSTR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OLCI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OLCI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>OLCI</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>LRR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LRR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNSS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNSS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>GNSS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNSS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_operation_and_data_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_operation_and_data_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Satellite operation and data flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_operation_and_data_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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title="Sentinel-3 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sentinel-3" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sentinel-3" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sentinel-3" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84-%DB%B3" title="سنتینل-۳ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنتینل-۳" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sentinel-3" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sentinel-3" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C_3" title="סנטינל 3 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earth observation satellite series</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Sentinel-3</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sentinel-3_spacecraft_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sentinel-3_spacecraft_model.svg/275px-Sentinel-3_spacecraft_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sentinel-3_spacecraft_model.svg/413px-Sentinel-3_spacecraft_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sentinel-3_spacecraft_model.svg/550px-Sentinel-3_spacecraft_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a><sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Applications</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft type</th><td class="infobox-data">Satellite</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">Bus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Prima</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,250 kg (2,756 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_FAQ_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel_FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">3.710 × 2.202 × 2.207 m (12.2 × 7.2 × 7.2 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_FAQ_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel_FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">2,100 W<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_FAQ_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel_FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design life</th><td class="infobox-data">7 years<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel_FAQ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel_FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Production</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">On order</th><td class="infobox-data">2<sup id="cite_ref-viasat20160210_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viasat20160210-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maiden launch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">16 February 2016</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last launch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">Sentinel-3B</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">25 April 2018</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;">← <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> </td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a> → </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sentinel-3</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation heavy satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite series">series</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus Programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel-3_ESA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-3_ESA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donlon2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donlon2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CopSen3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopSen3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, it consists of 2 satellites: <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">Sentinel-3B</a>. After initial commissioning, each satellite was handed over to <a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a> for the routine operations phase of the mission. Two recurrent satellites, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel-3C (page does not exist)">Sentinel-3C</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel-3D (page does not exist)">Sentinel-3D</a>, will follow in approximately 2025 and 2028 respectively to ensure continuity of the Sentinel-3 mission.<sup id="cite_ref-eumetsat-planned_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eumetsat-planned-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each Sentinel-3 satellite is designed to operate for seven years in a <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">sun-synchronous</a> low-Earth orbit. The satellites use multiple sensors to measure topography, temperature, marine ecosystems, water quality, pollution, and other features for ocean forecasting and environmental monitoring. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sentinel-3 satellites travel in a <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-synchronous">sun-synchronous</a> orbit at an altitude of approximately 814 km (506 mi), with an inclination of 98.6° and orbit cycle of approximately 100 minutes. The local time of <a href="/wiki/Descending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Descending node">descending node</a> is 10:00 a.m. and nominal duration is 7.5 years. </p><p>A pair of Sentinel-3 satellites enables a short revisit time, allowing the earth to be imaged at least once every two days by the <a href="#OLCI">OLCI</a> instrument, and at least once per day by the <a href="#SLSTR">SLSTR</a> instrument at the equator. This is achieved using both Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B satellites in conjunction.<sup id="cite_ref-esa-eo-sent3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-eo-sent3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite orbit provides a 27-day repeat for the topography package, with a 4-day sub-cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-CopSen3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopSen3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-launch">Pre-launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 April 2008, the European Space Agency and <a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a> signed a <span class="nowrap">€305 million</span> contract to build the first GMES Sentinel-3 in its <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Mandelieu_Space_Center" title="Cannes Mandelieu Space Center">Cannes Mandelieu Space Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruno Berruti led the team that was responsible for delivering the Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellites from the drawing board into orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite platform was delivered to France for final integration in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communications systems were completed by Thales Alenia Space España in early 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a> was subsequently launched on 16 February 2016 on a <a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a> vehicle from the <a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a>, located near Arkhangelsk, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-esa-eo-sent3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-eo-sent3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-about-launch_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-launch-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first launch was followed by the launch of <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">Sentinel-3B</a> on 25 April 2018, also aboard a Rokot.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20180425_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn20180425-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each satellite is designed to operate for 7 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sentinel-3 mission's main objectives are to measure <a href="/wiki/Sea-surface_topography" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-surface topography">sea-surface topography</a>, land- and <a href="/wiki/Sea-surface_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-surface temperature">sea-surface temperature</a>, land- and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean colour">ocean-surface colour</a> with accuracy in support of ocean forecasting systems, and for environmental and climate monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel-3_ESA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-3_ESA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CopSen3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopSen3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donlon2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donlon2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sentinel-3 builds directly on the heritage pioneered by <a href="/wiki/ERS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ERS-2">ERS-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> satellites. Near-real time data will be provided for ocean forecasting, sea-ice charting, and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_safety" title="Maritime safety">maritime safety</a> services on the state of the ocean surface, including surface temperature, <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>, water quality, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">pollution monitoring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CopSen3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopSen3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further objectives of the mission include:<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel-3_ESA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-3_ESA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CopSen3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopSen3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Measure sea-surface topography, sea-surface height, and significant wave height</li> <li>Measure <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> and land-surface temperature</li> <li>Measure ocean and land-surface colour</li> <li>Monitor sea and land ice <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a></li> <li>Sea-water quality and <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">pollution</a> monitoring</li> <li>Inland water monitoring, including rivers and lakes</li> <li>Aiding <a href="/wiki/Marine_weather_forecasting" title="Marine weather forecasting">marine weather forecasting</a> with acquired data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a> monitoring and <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">Land-use change</a> monitoring</li> <li>Forest cover mapping</li> <li>Fire detection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li>Measuring Earth's thermal radiation for atmospheric applications</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sentinel-3 makes use of multiple sensing instruments:<sup id="cite_ref-Sentinel-3_ESA_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentinel-3_ESA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CopSen3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopSen3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SLSTR">SLSTR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: SLSTR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Record-setting_heatwave_in_Europe,_February_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Sentinel-3 image shows true colour (left) and land temperature (right) during the 2021 Eurasia winter heat wave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Record-setting_heatwave_in_Europe%2C_February_2021.jpg/220px-Record-setting_heatwave_in_Europe%2C_February_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Record-setting_heatwave_in_Europe%2C_February_2021.jpg/330px-Record-setting_heatwave_in_Europe%2C_February_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Record-setting_heatwave_in_Europe%2C_February_2021.jpg/440px-Record-setting_heatwave_in_Europe%2C_February_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5548" data-file-height="2913" /></a><figcaption>A Sentinel-3 image shows true colour (left) and land temperature (right) during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Eurasia_winter_heat_wave" title="2021 Eurasia winter heat wave">2021 Eurasia winter heat wave</a></figcaption></figure> <p>SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer) determines global sea-surface temperatures to an accuracy of better than 0.3 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (0.3 °C; 0.5 °F). It measures in nine spectral channels and two additional bands optimised for fire monitoring. The first six spectral bands cover the <a href="/wiki/Visible_and_near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible and near-infrared">visible and near-infrared</a> (VNIR) spectrum as well as the <a href="/wiki/Short-wave_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-wave infrared">short-wave infrared</a> (SWIR) spectrum; VNIR for bands 1 to 3, and SWIR for bands 4 to 6.<sup id="cite_ref-rad-res_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rad-res-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 6 bands have a spatial resolution of 500 m (1,600 ft), while bands 7 to 9 as well as the two additional bands have a spatial resolution of 1 km (0.6 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-rad-res_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rad-res-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the SLSTR instrument on Sentinel-3, calibration on-board is one of the most important features for the thermal and infrared channels. This instrument has two <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> targets used for calibration, one at similar temperature to the optics (about 260 K or −13 °C), and one at a higher temperature (302 K or 29 °C), such that the temperature range corresponds to ocean surface temperatures measured by the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OLCI">OLCI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: OLCI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_from_the_Copernicus_Sentinel-3_mission_01.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ireland viewed by the OLCI instrument during January, 2024" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ireland_from_the_Copernicus_Sentinel-3_mission_01.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ireland_from_the_Copernicus_Sentinel-3_mission_01.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ireland_from_the_Copernicus_Sentinel-3_mission_01.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Ireland_from_the_Copernicus_Sentinel-3_mission_01.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ireland_from_the_Copernicus_Sentinel-3_mission_01.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Ireland_from_the_Copernicus_Sentinel-3_mission_01.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> viewed by Sentinel-3 during January, 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument) is a medium-resolution imaging <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> that uses five cameras to provide a wide field of view. The OLCI is an along-track or <a href="/wiki/Push_broom_scanner" title="Push broom scanner">"push broom" scanner</a>, meaning that the <a href="/wiki/Sensor_array" title="Sensor array">sensor array</a> is arranged perpendicular to the path of flight.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method essentially eliminates the scale distortion near the edge of an image that is common with across-track or <a href="/wiki/Whisk_broom_scanner" title="Whisk broom scanner">"whisk broom" scanners</a>. OLCI has 21 spectral bands with wavelengths ranging from the optical to the near-infrared.<sup id="cite_ref-user_handbook_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-user_handbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands vary in width from 400 nm to 1020 nm, and serve a variety of different purposes, including measuring <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a> absorption, <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> levels, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-user_handbook_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-user_handbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SLSTR and OLCI are optical instruments with an overlap of their swath path, allowing for new combined applications. </p><p>Due to climate changing factors, inland coastal regions have become an increased area of concern, and from 2002 to 2012 the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (<a href="/wiki/MERIS" title="MERIS">MERIS</a>) provided quality observations for analysis. The OLCI improves upon the MERIS in that it was built with six additional spectral bands, higher-end <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> (SNR), reduced solar glar, a maximum of 300 m spatial resolution, and increased ground coverage allowing it to sense <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> levels within inland coastal ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OLCI is currently the only sensor in space able to detect cyanobacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-eoportal_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoportal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SRAL">SRAL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: SRAL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea-level_variations_from_Sentinel-3A_ESA359994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of sea-level anomaly measurements from March and April 2016, acquired by the SRAL instrument on the Sentinel-3A satellite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sea-level_variations_from_Sentinel-3A_ESA359994.jpg/220px-Sea-level_variations_from_Sentinel-3A_ESA359994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sea-level_variations_from_Sentinel-3A_ESA359994.jpg/330px-Sea-level_variations_from_Sentinel-3A_ESA359994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sea-level_variations_from_Sentinel-3A_ESA359994.jpg/440px-Sea-level_variations_from_Sentinel-3A_ESA359994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>A map of sea-level anomaly measurements from March and April 2016, acquired by the SRAL instrument on the <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a> satellite</figcaption></figure> <p>SRAL (<a href="/wiki/Synthetic_Aperture_Radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic Aperture Radar">Synthetic Aperture</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar_Altimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar Altimeter">Radar Altimeter</a>) is the main topographic instrument to provide accurate topography measurements over sea ice, ice sheets, rivers, and lakes. It uses dual-frequency <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a> and is supported by a <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radiometer" title="Microwave radiometer">microwave radiometer</a> (MWR) for atmospheric correction and a DORIS receiver for orbit positioning. This allows the instrument, which is based on legacy missions such as <a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jason_satellite_series" title="Jason satellite series">Jason</a> missions,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide a 300-meter resolution and a total range error of 3 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-sentinel.esa.int_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sentinel.esa.int-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument operates its pulse repetition frequency at 1.9 kHz (low-resolution mode - LRM, <a href="/wiki/Real_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Real aperture radar">real aperture radar</a>) and 17.8 kHz (synthetic aperture radar - SAR).<sup id="cite_ref-sentinel.esa.int_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sentinel.esa.int-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DORIS">DORIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: DORIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(geodesy)" class="mw-redirect" title="DORIS (geodesy)">DORIS</a> (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) is a receiver for orbit positioning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MWR">MWR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: MWR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MWR (MicroWave Radiometer) measures water vapour, cloud water content, and the thermal radiation emitted by the Earth. The MWR sensor has a radiometric accuracy of 3.0 K (3.0 °C; 5.4 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LRR">LRR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: LRR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LRR (<a href="/wiki/Laser_retroreflector" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser retroreflector">Laser retroreflector</a>) accurately locates the satellite in orbit using a laser ranging system. When used in combination with SRAL, DORIS, MWR, they will acquire detailed topographic measurements of the ocean and in-land water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNSS">GNSS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: GNSS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GNSS (<a href="/wiki/Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Navigation Satellite System">Global Navigation Satellite System</a>) provides precise orbit determination and can track multiple satellites simultaneously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_operation_and_data_flow">Satellite operation and data flow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Satellite operation and data flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sentinel-3 is operated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> (ESA) during the Commissioning Phase (E1) and <a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a> from the routine operations phase onwards. The in-orbit operations for Sentinel-3 are managed by EUMETSAT in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt, Germany</a>. This includes monitoring the health of the satellite and the instruments, and coordinates housekeeping <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> and commands at the main flight control center in Darmstadt, Germany. EUMETSAT maintains a Back-Up Control Centre in Torrejon, Spain. In addition, the ESA operates an x-band core station in <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, Norway. This station is responsible for receiving the data collected by Sentinel-3.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data is then analysed by the Sentinel Collaborative Ground Segment and compiled into the Copernicus Space Component (CSC). The CSC is an earth observation program run by the ESA with the objective of providing high quality continuous monitoring of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-CopSen3_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopSen3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EUMETSAT generates and disseminates the marine and near-real-time atmospheric data from its own facilities in Darmstadt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extreme_temperatures_in_Eureka_ESA22181121.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Land temperature of Eureka, Nunavut and its surroundings measured by the SLSTR instrument on August 11, 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Extreme_temperatures_in_Eureka_ESA22181121.jpeg/220px-Extreme_temperatures_in_Eureka_ESA22181121.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Extreme_temperatures_in_Eureka_ESA22181121.jpeg/330px-Extreme_temperatures_in_Eureka_ESA22181121.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Extreme_temperatures_in_Eureka_ESA22181121.jpeg/440px-Extreme_temperatures_in_Eureka_ESA22181121.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Land temperature of <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_Nunavut" title="Eureka, Nunavut">Eureka, Nunavut</a> and its surroundings measured by the SLSTR instrument on August 11, 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>The applications of Sentinel-3 are diverse. Using the collection of sensors on-board Sentinel-3 is able to detect ocean and land temperature and colour change. The Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) has a 300 m (980 ft) resolution with 21 distinct bands allowing global coverage in less than four days. This sensor can then be used to by researches to do water quality and land-monitoring research.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20140424_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20140424-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellite also has the ability to monitor the temperature of the sea, land and ice through the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR). Sentinel-3 also has the ability to detect changes in sea-surface height and <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea-ice</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radiometer" title="Microwave radiometer">microwave radiometer</a>, two of the most complex sensors on the satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20140424_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20140424-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observations acquired by the mission will be used to in conjunction with other ocean-observing missions to contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Observing_System" title="Global Ocean Observing System">Global Ocean Observing System</a> (GOOS) which aims to create a permanent system of ocean observation.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20140424_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20140424-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ocean colour and land reflectance data</li> <li>Sea, land, and ice surface temperature</li> <li>Active fire and burnt area monitoring</li> <li>Sea surface topography data</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bering_Sea_ESA376705.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bering Sea"><img alt="Bering Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bering_Sea_ESA376705.jpg/118px-Bering_Sea_ESA376705.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bering_Sea_ESA376705.jpg/178px-Bering_Sea_ESA376705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bering_Sea_ESA376705.jpg/237px-Bering_Sea_ESA376705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="3955" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bering Sea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclone_Debbie_ESA375411.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cyclone Debbie"><img alt="Cyclone Debbie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cyclone_Debbie_ESA375411.jpg/120px-Cyclone_Debbie_ESA375411.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cyclone_Debbie_ESA375411.jpg/180px-Cyclone_Debbie_ESA375411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Cyclone_Debbie_ESA375411.jpg/240px-Cyclone_Debbie_ESA375411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4681" data-file-height="4502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Debbie" title="Cyclone Debbie">Cyclone Debbie</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamchatka,_Russia_ESA374357.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kamchatka, Russia"><img alt="Kamchatka, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kamchatka%2C_Russia_ESA374357.jpg/120px-Kamchatka%2C_Russia_ESA374357.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kamchatka%2C_Russia_ESA374357.jpg/180px-Kamchatka%2C_Russia_ESA374357.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kamchatka%2C_Russia_ESA374357.jpg/240px-Kamchatka%2C_Russia_ESA374357.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kamchatka, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_ESA361630.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/United_Kingdom_ESA361630.tiff/lossy-page1-120px-United_Kingdom_ESA361630.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/United_Kingdom_ESA361630.tiff/lossy-page1-180px-United_Kingdom_ESA361630.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/United_Kingdom_ESA361630.tiff/lossy-page1-240px-United_Kingdom_ESA361630.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinnamnor_2022-09-01_0159Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typhoon Hinnamnor off the coast of Taiwan"><img alt="Typhoon Hinnamnor off the coast of Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hinnamnor_2022-09-01_0159Z.jpg/120px-Hinnamnor_2022-09-01_0159Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hinnamnor_2022-09-01_0159Z.jpg/180px-Hinnamnor_2022-09-01_0159Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hinnamnor_2022-09-01_0159Z.jpg/240px-Hinnamnor_2022-09-01_0159Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4598" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Hinnamnor" title="Typhoon Hinnamnor">Typhoon Hinnamnor</a> off the coast of Taiwan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madagascar_Sentinel-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel"><img alt="A view of Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Madagascar_Sentinel-3.jpg/99px-Madagascar_Sentinel-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Madagascar_Sentinel-3.jpg/148px-Madagascar_Sentinel-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Madagascar_Sentinel-3.jpg/197px-Madagascar_Sentinel-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4670" data-file-height="5681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain%E2%80%99s_chilly_blanket_ESA22415247.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snowfall from Storm Filomena visible on the Iberian Peninsula in January, 2021"><img alt="Snowfall from Storm Filomena visible on the Iberian Peninsula in January, 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Spain%E2%80%99s_chilly_blanket_ESA22415247.jpeg/115px-Spain%E2%80%99s_chilly_blanket_ESA22415247.jpeg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Spain%E2%80%99s_chilly_blanket_ESA22415247.jpeg/172px-Spain%E2%80%99s_chilly_blanket_ESA22415247.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Spain%E2%80%99s_chilly_blanket_ESA22415247.jpeg/230px-Spain%E2%80%99s_chilly_blanket_ESA22415247.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="3929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Snowfall from <a href="/wiki/Storm_Filomena" title="Storm Filomena">Storm Filomena</a> visible on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in January, 2021</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-3&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eoportal-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eoportal_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoportal_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copernicus_programme" title="Template:Copernicus programme"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copernicus_programme" title="Template talk:Copernicus programme"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copernicus_programme" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copernicus programme"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copernicus_Programme96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus Programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel (satellite)">Sentinel<br />satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sentinel-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-5">Sentinel-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-6">Sentinel-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel-7 (page does not exist)">Sentinel-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">Sentinel-1A</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apr 2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">Sentinel-2A</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb 2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">Sentinel-1B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apr 2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">Sentinel-2B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mar 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oct 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">Sentinel-3B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apr 2018)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-6_Michael_Freilich" title="Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich">Sentinel-6A</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nov 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel-1C (page does not exist)">Sentinel-1C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sentinel_1-IMG_5874-white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sentinel_1-IMG_5874-white.jpg/150px-Sentinel_1-IMG_5874-white.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sentinel_1-IMG_5874-white.jpg/225px-Sentinel_1-IMG_5874-white.jpg 1.5x, 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title="COSMO-SkyMed">COSMO-SkyMed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radarsat-2" title="Radarsat-2">Radarsat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanDEM-X" title="TanDEM-X">TanDEM-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paz_(satellite)" title="Paz (satellite)">Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ERS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ERS-2">ERS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos-2" title="Deimos-2">Deimos-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_Monitoring_Constellation" title="Disaster Monitoring Constellation">Disaster Monitoring Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnMAP" title="EnMAP">EnMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiROS" title="HiROS">HiROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pléiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisma_(satellite_project)" title="Prisma (satellite project)">Prisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proba-V" class="mw-redirect" title="Proba-V">Proba-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidEye" title="RapidEye">RapidEye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEOSat-Ingenio" title="SEOSat-Ingenio">Ingenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPOT_(satellite)" title="SPOT (satellite)">SPOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VEN%C2%B5S" class="mw-redirect" title="VENµS">VENµS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Altimetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Surface_Topography_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Surface Topography Mission">Ocean Surface Topography Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CALIPSO" title="CALIPSO">CALIPSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merlin_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merlin (satellite) (page does not exist)">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Second_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Second Generation">Meteosat Second Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel-1C (page does not exist)">1C</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li>ɸ-Sat (<a href="/wiki/Phi-Sat-1" title="Phi-Sat-1">1</a> (2020) <a href="/wiki/Phi-Sat-2" title="Phi-Sat-2">2</a> (2024))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a> (2024–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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