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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British urban planning policy to maintain countryside around cities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Green_belt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Green belt (disambiguation)">Green belt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg/220px-The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg/330px-The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg/440px-The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Designated areas of green belt in England; the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a> outlined in red</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">town planning</a>, the <b>green belt</b> is a policy for controlling <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban growth</a>. The term, coined by <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill">Octavia Hill</a> in 1875,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to a ring of countryside where <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a> will be resisted for the foreseeable future, maintaining an area where local food growing, forestry and outdoor leisure can be expected to prevail. The fundamental aim of <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a> policy is to prevent <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> by keeping land permanently green, and consequently the most important attribute of green belts is their <a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">openness</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a> around London was first proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935. The <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Act_1947" title="Town and Country Planning Act 1947">Town and Country Planning Act 1947</a> then allowed local authorities to include green belt proposals in their development plans. In 1955, Minister of Housing <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a> encouraged local authorities around the country to consider protecting land around their towns and cities by the formal designation of clearly defined green belts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Green belt policy has been criticised for reducing the amount of land available for building and therefore pushing up house prices,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as 70% of the cost of building new houses is the purchase of the land (up from 25% in the late 1950s).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government formerly set out its policies and principles towards green belts in England and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in <a href="/wiki/PPG_2" class="mw-redirect" title="PPG 2">Planning Policy Guidance Note 2: Green Belts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this planning guidance was superseded by the National Planning Policy Framework<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NPPF) in March 2012. Planning authorities are strongly urged to follow the NPPF's detailed advice when considering whether to permit additional development in the green belt. In the green belt there is a general presumption against inappropriate development, unless very special circumstances can be demonstrated to show that the benefits of the development will outweigh the harm caused to the green belt. The NPPF sets out what would constitute appropriate development in the green belt. </p><p>According to the NPPF, there are five stated purposes of including land within the green belt: </p> <ul><li>To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas</li> <li>To prevent neighbouring towns from merging into one another</li> <li>To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment</li> <li>To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns</li> <li>To assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land.</li></ul> <p>Once an area of land has been defined as green belt, the stated opportunities and benefits include: </p> <ul><li>Providing opportunities for access to the open countryside for the urban population</li> <li>Providing opportunities for outdoor recreation near urban areas</li> <li>The retention of attractive landscapes and the enhancement of landscapes, near to where people live</li> <li>Improvement of damaged and derelict land around towns</li> <li>The securing of nature conservation interests</li> <li>The retention of land for local food growing, forestry and related uses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although 16 city and town urban cores are identified by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government">Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government</a> (MHCLG) who are the present central government department maintaining responsibility for green belts,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a countryside interest group, Campaign to Protect Rural England (<a href="/wiki/CPRE" title="CPRE">CPRE</a>) continue to group these into 14 green belt areas, the North West green belt encompassing three urban cores.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area designated as green belt land in England as at 12 October 2023 was estimated at 1,638,420 hectares, about 13 per cent of the land area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Green belt (DLUHC)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Green belt (CPRE)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Urban core </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bath and Bristol </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avon_Green_Belt" title="Avon Green Belt">Avon Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Birmingham </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Green_Belt" title="West Midlands Green Belt">West Midlands Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blackpool </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_West_Green_Belt" title="North West Green Belt">North West Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burton upon Trent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent_and_Swadlincote_Green_Belt" title="Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote Green Belt">Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent" title="Burton upon Trent">Burton upon Trent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swadlincote" title="Swadlincote">Swadlincote</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambridge </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Green_Belt" title="Cambridge Green Belt">Cambridge Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carnforth, Lancaster and Morecambe </td> <td>North West Green Belt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnforth" title="Carnforth">Carnforth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Derby and Nottingham </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_and_Derby_Green_Belt" title="Nottingham and Derby Green Belt">Nottingham and Derby Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gloucester </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_and_Cheltenham_Green_Belt" title="Gloucester and Cheltenham Green Belt">Gloucester and Cheltenham Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>London area </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Merseyside and Greater Manchester </td> <td>North West Green Belt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxford </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Green_Belt" title="Oxford Green Belt">Oxford Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South and West Yorkshire </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_and_West_Yorkshire_Green_Belt" title="South and West Yorkshire Green Belt">South and West Yorkshire Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South West Hampshire </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_West_Hampshire/South_East_Dorset_Green_Belt" title="South West Hampshire/South East Dorset Green Belt">South West Hampshire/South East Dorset Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stoke-on-Trent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_Green_Belt" title="Stoke-on-Trent Green Belt">Stoke-on-Trent Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tyne and Wear </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_Green_Belt" title="North East Green Belt">North East Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexham" title="Hexham">Hexham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>York </td> <td><a href="/wiki/York_Green_Belt" title="York Green Belt">York Green Belt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The distribution of green belt designated land by region of England as in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2013<sup id="cite_ref-UK_ONS_Statistics_2013_&_2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_ONS_Statistics_2013_&_2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2023<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>2003 area (hectares) </th> <th>2013 area (hectares) </th> <th>2023 area (hectares)* </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a> </td> <td>627,160 </td> <td>580,570 </td> <td>574,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> </td> <td>79,520 </td> <td>78,950 </td> <td>77,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a> </td> <td>66,330 </td> <td>73,060 </td> <td>98,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a> </td> <td>260,610 </td> <td>262,440 </td> <td>254,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a> </td> <td>106,180 </td> <td>110,620 </td> <td>107,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> </td> <td>269,140 </td> <td>269,360 </td> <td>264,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> </td> <td>262,640 </td> <td>264,290 </td> <td>261,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th>England total </th> <th>1,671,580 </th> <th>1,639,290 </th> <th>1,638,420 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Counts are rounded<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total area of green belt land in England since 2003 was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-UK_ONS_Statistics_2013_&_2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_ONS_Statistics_2013_&_2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008/09</th> <th>2009/10</th> <th>2010/11</th> <th>2011/12</th> <th>2012/13</th> <th>2013/14</th> <th>2017/18 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Area (hectares) </th> <td>1,671,580</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,678,190</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,631,830</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,635,670</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,639,650</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,639,530</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,639,530</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,639,480</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,639,160</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,638,610</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,629,510 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As well as any underlying re-designations, changes in green belt area are explained in part by alterations in land designation by local authorities, and may also be influenced by improvements with measurement associated with digital mapping. Note that from 2006, estimates exclude the area of Green Belt land in New Forest DC and Test Valley BC (47,300 hectares) which were designated as New Forest National Park in 2005. </p><p>In July 2024 the Labour government announced plans to prioritise building on "poor quality and ugly areas" within England's green belt, including <a href="/wiki/Brownfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield">brownfield</a> sites, which it termed the "grey belt".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wales has one green belt, between the cities of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Northern Ireland has 30 green belt areas,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accounting for approximately 226,600 hectares, about 16 percent of its total area.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland">Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green belt policy in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> is set out in Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) 21, published by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> in February 2010. On 29 November, the Government published "Green Belt Policy in Scotland 10/85" </p><p>As of 2010 Scotland had 10 green belt areas: <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire" title="Clackmannanshire">Clackmannanshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkirk" title="Falkirk">Falkirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grangemouth" title="Grangemouth">Grangemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Glasgow" title="Greater Glasgow">Greater Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>. There are also plans for green belts around <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>. </p><p>The Scottish Government is clear that the purpose of green belt designation in the development plan as part of the settlement strategy for an area is to: </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>direct planned growth to the most appropriate locations and support regeneration,</li> <li>protect and enhance the quality, character, landscape setting and identity of towns and cities, and</li> <li>protect and give access to open space within and around towns and cities<sup id="cite_ref-scotland_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotland-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </blockquote> <p>However, the Scottish Government recognises that certain types of development might actually promote and support appropriate rural diversification: </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Development associated with agriculture, including the re-use of historic agricultural buildings,</li> <li>Woodland and forestry, including community woodlands,</li> <li>Horticulture, including market gardening and directly connected retailing,</li> <li>Recreational uses that are compatible with an agricultural or natural setting, and</li> <li>Essential infrastructure such as electronic communications infrastructure and electricity grid connections<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </blockquote> <p>The Government requires that locally established green belt plans: maintain the identity of a city by the clearly establishing physical boundaries and preventing coalescence; provide countryside for recreation of denizens; and maintain the landscape setting of the city in question. In its Planning Policy (129), the Scottish Government states that: </p> <blockquote> <p>“All public bodies, including planning authorities, have a duty to further the conservation of biodiversity under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004, and this should be reflected in development plans and development management decisions. Biodiversity is important because it provides natural services and products that we rely on, is an important element of sustainable development and makes an essential contribution to Scotland's economy and cultural heritage.”<sup id="cite_ref-scotland_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotland-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)" title="Special:EditPage/Green belt (United Kingdom)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Green+belt%22+United+Kingdom">"Green belt" United Kingdom</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Green+belt%22+United+Kingdom+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Green+belt%22+United+Kingdom&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Green+belt%22+United+Kingdom+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Green+belt%22+United+Kingdom">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Green+belt%22+United+Kingdom&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term emerged from continental Europe where broad boulevards were increasingly used to separate new development from the centre of historic towns; most notably the <a href="/wiki/Ringstra%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringstraße">Ringstraße</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Various proposals were put forward from 1890 onwards but the first to garner widespread support was put forward by the <a href="/wiki/London_Society_(organisation)" title="London Society (organisation)">London Society</a> in its "Development Plan of Greater London" 1919. Alongside the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Protect_Rural_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign to Protect Rural England">CPRE</a> they lobbied for a continuous belt (of up to two miles wide) to prevent urban sprawl, beyond which new development could occur. </p><p>Implementation of the notion dated from <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a>'s 1934 leadership of the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a>. It was first formally proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935, "to provide a reserve supply of public open spaces and of recreational areas and to establish a green belt or girdle of open space". It was again included in an advisory Greater London Plan prepared by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie" title="Patrick Abercrombie">Patrick Abercrombie</a> in 1944 (which sought a belt of up to six miles wide). However, it was some 14 years before the elected local authorities responsible for the area around London had all defined the area on scaled maps with some precision (encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a> to designate a belt of some 7–10 miles wide). </p><p>The motives for a green belt around London were not just environmental, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pick" title="Frank Pick">Frank Pick</a> the CEO of the <a href="/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board" title="London Passenger Transport Board">London Passenger Transport Board</a> made an economic case; he believed that London Underground had a finite potential capacity which would be breached by the growth of the city's population and overall physical size. Pick presented this case to the <a href="/wiki/New_towns_movement#The_Barlow_Royal_Commission" title="New towns movement">Barlow Commission (Royal Commission on the Geographical Distribution of the Industrial Population)</a>, arguing that if London's radius grew beyond 12–15 miles, the capital's commuter infrastructure could not cope in financial or capacity terms, to the detriment of city's overall economy. He instead made the case for a number of economically self-sufficient new towns beyond a new green belt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New provisions for compensation in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 allowed local authorities around the country to incorporate green belt proposals in their first <a href="/wiki/Development_plan" title="Development plan">development plans</a>. The codification of Green Belt policy and its extension to areas other than London came with the historic Circular 42/55 inviting local planning authorities to consider the establishment of green belts. This decision was made in tandem with the 1946 New Towns Act, which sought to depopulate urban centres in the South East of England and accommodate people in new settlements elsewhere. Green belt could therefore be designated by local authorities without worry that it would come into conflict with pressure from population growth. </p><p>As the outward growth of London was seen to be firmly repressed, residents owning properties further from the built-up area also campaigned for this policy of urban restraint, partly to safeguard their own investments but often invoking an idealised scenic/rustic argument which laid the blame for most social ills upon urban influences. In mid-1971, for example, the government decided to extend the Metropolitan Green Belt northwards to include almost all of <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a> now covers parts of 68 different Districts or Boroughs. </p><p>Since 1955 London's green belt has extended significantly, stretching some 35 miles out in places. London's green belt now covers an area of 516,000 hectares, an area broadly three times larger than that of London itself. The <a href="/wiki/London_Society_(organisation)" title="London Society (organisation)">London Society</a> began debate about the city's green belt in 2014 with publication of a report entitled "Green Sprawl".<sup id="cite_ref-myth_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other organisations, including the Planning Officers Society,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have since responded with specific calls for a review and proposals to balance land release with environmental protection.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the London Society and the All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for London's Planning and Built Environment published plans for a 'green web' to replace the green belt in some locations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambition is to create a "multifunctional green infrastructure landscape" in which new-build and publicly accessible natural space sat side by side.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that by 1979, the area covered by green belt in England comprised 721,500 hectares, and by 1993, this had been extended to 1,652,310 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several academics, policy groups and town planning organisations in recent years have criticised the idea and implementation of green belts in the UK. Green belt policy has been attacked as too rigid in the face of new urban and environmental challenges, principally the <a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">lack of housing available</a> in many cities in the UK. The policy has been criticised for reducing the amount of land available for building and therefore pushing up house prices, as 70% of the cost of building new houses is the purchase of the land (up from 25% in the late 1950s).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been claimed that areas of green belt can be of unremarkable environmental quality, and may not be well managed or provide the recreational opportunities originally envisaged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Association" title="Town and Country Planning Association">Town and Country Planning Association</a>, an organisation heavily involved in initiating the concept several decades previously, published a policy statement in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which proposed a more flexible policy which would allow the introduction of green wedge and strategic gap policies rather than green belts, and so permit the expansion of some urban areas. In October 2007, Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Doughty" title="Martin Doughty">Martin Doughty</a>, then Chair of <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a>, argued for a review of green belts, saying: "The time has come for a greener green belt. We need a 21st century solution to England's housing needs which puts in place a network of green wedges, gaps and corridors, linking the natural environment and people.".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/London_Society_(organisation)" title="London Society (organisation)">London Society</a> published a comprehensive history of the green belt (as it emerged in the first part of the twentieth century) in 2014. Authored by the influential English <a href="/wiki/Urbanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanist">urbanist</a> Jonathan Manns, this called for a "move away from the simplistic and naïve idea that countryside is a sacrosanct patchwork of medieval hedgerows and towards an empirically informed position which once more recognises housing as a need to be met in locations with appropriate environmental capacity".<sup id="cite_ref-myth_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_house_prices">Effect on house prices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effect on house prices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Value_of_land_and_buildings_in_the_UK.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Value_of_land_and_buildings_in_the_UK.png/220px-Value_of_land_and_buildings_in_the_UK.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Value_of_land_and_buildings_in_the_UK.png/330px-Value_of_land_and_buildings_in_the_UK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Value_of_land_and_buildings_in_the_UK.png/440px-Value_of_land_and_buildings_in_the_UK.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Value of land and buildings in the UK from 1995 to 2016 (trillions).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> has criticised green belt policy, saying that unless more houses are built through reforming planning laws and releasing green belt land, then housing space will need to be rationed out. In March 2014, it was noted that if general inflation had risen as fast as housing prices had since 1971, a chicken would cost £51; and that Britain is "building less homes today than at any point since the 1920s".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a>, there is "overwhelming empirical evidence that that planning restrictions have a substantial impact on housing costs" and are the main reason why housing is two and a half times more expensive in 2011 than it was in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free market <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a> is a particular critic of the green belt,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has claimed that removing the green belt from land within ten minutes walk of a railway station would release enough land to build 1 million homes. </p><p>In response to the claims made by the Adams Smith Institute, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Town_Planning_Institute" title="Royal Town Planning Institute">Royal Town Planning Institute</a> commissioned the Building In The Green Belt?<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report to look into the commuting patterns in London's metropolitan green belt. The study found only 7.4% of commuters, who lived near a railway station actually travelled to London by train on a regular basis with the vast majority (72%) travelling by private vehicle to jobs in their hometown and to other places not within London. Thus the proposal put forward in the Adam Smith report could result in 3.96 to 7.45 million additional car journeys per week on already congested roads around London. <a href="/wiki/CPRE" title="CPRE">CPRE</a> say it is a myth to connect green belts to rising house prices, since there is no clear difference in house prices between cities with green belts and cities without them, and both land and house prices are inflated by other factors such as investment. </p><p>Lewis Abbott has identified green belt barriers to urban expansion as one of several major protectionist political-economic barriers to house building with negative effects on the supply, cost/prices, and quality of new homes. (The others include new housing development taxes and quasi-taxes; political discrimination against particular classes of new housing supplier, household consumer, and housing product; and controls on housing technical-product development – in particular, the blocking of innovative low-cost house building using new materials and production technologies). Abbott argues that the greenbelts actually defeat their own stated objective of saving the countryside and open spaces. By preventing existing towns and cities from extending normally and organically, they result in more land-extensive housing developments further out – i.e., the establishment beyond the greenbelts of new communities with lower building densities, their own built infrastructure and other facilities, and greater dependence on cars and commuting, etc. Meanwhile, valuable <a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">urban green space</a> and brownfield sites best suited to industry and commerce are lost in existing conurbations as more and more new housing is crammed into them.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commentators such as Alan Evans<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tom Papworth<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have called for outright abolition of green belts, principally on the grounds that by inhibiting the free use of land they restrict home ownership. </p><p>However, in England, where 65% of people are property-owners who benefit from scarcity of building land, the concept of "green belt" has become entrenched as a fundamental part of government policy, and the possibility of reviewing boundaries is often viewed with considerable hostility by environmental charities, neighbouring communities and their elected representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordgreenbelt_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordgreenbelt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foe_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foe-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general concept of "green belt" has evolved in recent years to encompass "Greenspace" and "Greenstructure", taking into account urban greenspace, an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> in the 21st century. However, while in general these concepts are quite distinct in the UK from the green belt as a statutory development plan designation, an exception occurs in London where land may be designated as "<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Open_Land" title="Metropolitan Open Land">Metropolitan Open Land</a>" (MOL). Areas of MOL are subject to the same planning restrictions as the green belt while lying within the urban area. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060329125020/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11-book/index.htm">COST Action C11</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_in_Science_and_Technology" title="European Cooperation in Science and Technology">COST</a> European Cooperation in Science and Technology) undertook in-depth city case studies into cities across 15 European countries. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> was one such case study city for the UK. Conclusions were published in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060329125428/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11-book/pdfs/b-Cases.pdf">"Case studies in Greenstructure Planning"</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Environmental racism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Green belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_commuter_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="London commuter belt">London commuter belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+the+%27grey+belt%27+and+how+many+homes+could+Labour+build%3F&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft.aulast=Edgington&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc6p2gj55vgxo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newport.gov.uk/documents/Planning-Documents/LDP-2011-2026/LDP-Adopted-Plan-January-2015.pdf">"Newport Local Development Plan 2011–2026"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+England%27s+green+belt&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F6947435.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821174210/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/land/ldgrrenbelt.htm">"e-Digest Statistics about: Land Use and Land Cover"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a>. 1 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/land/ldgrrenbelt.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=e-Digest+Statistics+about%3A+Land+Use+and+Land+Cover&rft.pub=Department+for+Environment%2C+Food+and+Rural+Affairs&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defra.gov.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fstatistics%2Fland%2Fldgrrenbelt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotland-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scotland_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotland_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/02/03132605/8">"Scottish Planning Policy"</a>. scotland.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Planning+Policy&rft.pub=scotland.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FPublications%2F2010%2F02%2F03132605%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/briefings-10/SB10-85.pdf">Scottish Parliament Green Belt Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225081401/http://scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/briefings-10/SB10-85.pdf">Archived</a> 25 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green sprawl Our current affection for a preservation myth?, Johnathon Manns, The London Society, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myth-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myth_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-myth_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manns, J., "Green Sprawl: Our Current Affection for a Preservation Myth?" <a href="/wiki/London_Society_(organisation)" title="London Society (organisation)">London Society</a>, London, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/green-belt-land-isnt-sacrosanct-we-need-to-build-homes-on-it-9912463.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'London's green belt isn't sacrosanct … we need to build homes on it'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>London Evening Standard</i>. 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=%27London%27s+green+belt+isn%27t+sacrosanct+%E2%80%A6+we+need+to+build+homes+on+it%27&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flondon%2Fgreen-belt-land-isnt-sacrosanct-we-need-to-build-homes-on-it-9912463.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204456/https://www.onofficemagazine.com/architecture/item/3625-peter-murray-is-london-s-green-belt-overprotected">"Peter Murray: Is London's Green Belt overprotected?"</a>. <i>onofficemagazine.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onofficemagazine.com/architecture/item/3625-peter-murray-is-london-s-green-belt-overprotected">the original</a> on 22 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onofficemagazine.com&rft.atitle=Peter+Murray%3A+Is+London%27s+Green+Belt+overprotected%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onofficemagazine.com%2Farchitecture%2Fitem%2F3625-peter-murray-is-london-s-green-belt-overprotected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Planning Officers Society, <i>Planning For a Better Future: Our Manifesto for the Next Government</i>, Aylesbury, March 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.planningofficers.org.uk/downloads/pdf/POS%20Manifesto%20-%20Green%20Belt%20Policy_Mar15.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033030/http://www.planningofficers.org.uk/downloads/pdf/POS%20Manifesto%20-%20Green%20Belt%20Policy_Mar15.pdf">Archived</a> 17 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Green Belt: A Place for Londoners?", London First, London, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Delivering Change: Building Homes Where we Need Them", Centre for Cities, London, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AECOM, Big Bold Global Connected London 2065, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aecom.com/deployedfiles/Internet/Geographies/Europe/Document%20Library/AECOM%20Manifesto%20for%20the%20London%20City%20Region_low%20res.pdf">http://www.aecom.com/deployedfiles/Internet/Geographies/Europe/Document%20Library/AECOM%20Manifesto%20for%20the%20London%20City%20Region_low%20res.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manns, J., & Falk, N., "Re/Shaping London: Unlocking Sustainable Growth in West London and Beyond", The London Society, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunton, J., "Report backs 'green web' plan for London", Planning Resource, 21 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLSE2016" class="citation web cs1">LSE (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/geography-and-environment/assets/Documents/Green-Belt-Report.pdf">"A 21st Century Metropolitan Green Belt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+21st+Century+Metropolitan+Green+Belt&rft.date=2016&rft.au=LSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fgeography-and-environment%2Fassets%2FDocuments%2FGreen-Belt-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1998-02-11/debates/7ce769c2-0ff0-404c-ab49-c6cf649949b1/GreenBelt">"Green Belt - Hansard"</a>. <i>hansard.parliament.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hansard.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Green+Belt+-+Hansard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FCommons%2F1998-02-11%2Fdebates%2F7ce769c2-0ff0-404c-ab49-c6cf649949b1%2FGreenBelt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Wiles2013" class="citation cs2">Colin Wiles (8 January 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035254/http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/its-land-stupid/6527988.blog"><i>It's Land, Stupid</i></a>, Inside Housing, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/its-land-stupid/6527988.blog">the original</a> on 24 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+Land%2C+Stupid&rft.pub=Inside+Housing&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.au=Colin+Wiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehousing.co.uk%2Fits-land-stupid%2F6527988.blog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722233749/https://www.tcpa.org.uk/data/files/greenbelts.pdf">"Green Belts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcpa.org.uk/data/files/greenbelts.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Belts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcpa.org.uk%2Fdata%2Ffiles%2Fgreenbelts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/press/news2007/101007.htm">Time for a greener green belt, says Natural England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102025100/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/press/news2007/101007.htm">Archived</a> 2 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/bulletins/nationalbalancesheet/2017estimates">"The UK national balance sheet: 2017 estimates"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+UK+national+balance+sheet%3A+2017+estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Feconomy%2Fnationalaccounts%2Fuksectoraccounts%2Fbulletins%2Fnationalbalancesheet%2F2017estimates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2014/03/house-prices-and-pension-pots">"Build on the green belt or introduce space rationing: your choice"</a>, <i>The Economist</i>, 24 March 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Build+on+the+green+belt+or+introduce+space+rationing%3A+your+choice&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fblighty%2F2014%2F03%2Fhouse-prices-and-pension-pots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristian_Niemietz2012" class="citation cs2">Kristian Niemietz (April 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034056/http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/Abundance%20of%20Land%20Shortage%20of%20Housing.pdf"><i>Abundance of land, shortage of housing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Institute of Economic Affairs, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/Abundance%20of%20Land%20Shortage%20of%20Housing.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abundance+of+land%2C+shortage+of+housing&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=2012-04&rft.au=Kristian+Niemietz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2FAbundance%2520of%2520Land%2520Shortage%2520of%2520Housing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adamsmith.org/blog/uncategorized/green-belt-is-the-reason-for-rabbit-hutch-uk/">"Green belt is the reason for rabbit hutch UK"</a>, <i>adamsmith.org</i>, 18 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=adamsmith.org&rft.atitle=Green+belt+is+the+reason+for+rabbit+hutch+UK&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adamsmith.org%2Fblog%2Funcategorized%2Fgreen-belt-is-the-reason-for-rabbit-hutch-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adamsmith.org/research/reports/the-green-noose/">"The Green Noose"</a>, <i>adamsmith.org</i>, 14 January 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=adamsmith.org&rft.atitle=The+Green+Noose&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adamsmith.org%2Fresearch%2Freports%2Fthe-green-noose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adamsmith.org/blog/economics/re-examining-londons-misnamed-green-belt/">"Re-examining London's misnamed green belt"</a>, <i>adamsmith.org</i>, 16 March 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=adamsmith.org&rft.atitle=Re-examining+London%27s+misnamed+green+belt&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adamsmith.org%2Fblog%2Feconomics%2Fre-examining-londons-misnamed-green-belt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1223/buildinggreenbelt-commutingpatterns2015.pdf"><i>Building in the green belt: A report into commuting patterns in the Metropolitan green belt</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 15 August 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+in+the+green+belt%3A+A+report+into+commuting+patterns+in+the+Metropolitan+green+belt&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtpi.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F1223%2Fbuildinggreenbelt-commutingpatterns2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Political Barriers To Housebuilding In Britain: A Critical Case Study Of Protectionism & Its Industrial-Commercial Effects, Industrial Systems Research/ Google Books, revised electronic edition 2013. Chapter two: “Greenbelt Barriers To Urban Expansion.” Ebook <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906321645" title="Special:BookSources/9780906321645">9780906321645</a> [2]<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t86-4nFHEmkC">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Housebuilding and Land (2): Political and Legal Influences" in <i>Housebuilding and the New Homes Market: A Survey</i>, ISR/Google Books, Revised electronic edition 2013. Ebook <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906321560" title="Special:BookSources/9780906321560">9780906321560</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ia1DyJsFpEC&q=9780906321560+++Title:%09Housebuilding+%26+the+New+Homes+Market:+A+Survey">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/jan/24/communities.greenpolitics">"Call for green belt rules to be scrapped"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 24 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Call+for+green+belt+rules+to+be+scrapped&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2007%2Fjan%2F24%2Fcommunities.greenpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papworth, T., "The Green Noose", Adam Smith Institute, London, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordgreenbelt-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordgreenbelt_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218025941/http://oxfordgreenbelt.net/">"Oxford Green Belt Network Website"</a>. oxfordgreenbelt.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordgreenbelt.net/">the original</a> on 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Green+Belt+Network+Website&rft.pub=oxfordgreenbelt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordgreenbelt.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foe-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foe_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207174812/http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/19980418000111.html">"Documents | Friends of the Earth"</a>. foe.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/19980418000111.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+%26%23124%3B+Friends+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=foe.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foe.co.uk%2Fresource%2Fpress_releases%2F19980418000111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+belt+%28United+Kingdom%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/greenpolitics/planning/9708387/Interactive-map-Englands-green-belt.html">Interactive Map of England's green belts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109170052/http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1143928">Planning Policy Guidance Note 2 for England & Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/112688/0027363.pdf">SPP21 for Scotland</a></li> <li>For topical summaries of discussions about the possible release of green belt land for various developments or <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030806040055/http://www.politics-greenbelt.org.uk/index.html">[4]</a></li> <li>For an academic bibliography: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sbe/planbiblios/bibs/grbelt/index.html">[5]</a></li> <li>For views critical of green belt policy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210603/http://www.greeningthegreenbelt.org.uk/index.htm">[6]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpre.org.uk">Campaign to Protect Rural England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201151217/http://www.oxfordgreenbelt.net/">Oxford Green Belt Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217165743/http://londonsociety.org/">London Society</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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