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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine emperor from 868 to 879</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Constantine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Emperor of the Romans</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A golden coin showing Constantine with Emperor Basil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-3051-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._867%E2%80%94886_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="502" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Constantine (right) with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil</a> (left)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine co-emperor</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(with <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> January 868</span> – 3 September 879</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Basil I (alone)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Basil I and <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Between 855 and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 865</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 879</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Betrothed</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ermengard_of_Italy" title="Ermengard of Italy">Ermengard of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Basil I, possibly <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_(wife_of_Basil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria (wife of Basil) (page does not exist)">Maria</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Constantine</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kōnstantīnos</i></span>; born between 855 and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 865</span>, died 3 September 879) was a junior <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine emperor</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> as the senior emperor, from January 868 to 3 September 879. His parentage is a matter of debate, but historians generally assume him to be the son of Emperor Basil I (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 867–886</span>) and his first wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_(wife_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria (wife of Basil I) (page does not exist)">Maria</a> or second wife <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a>; other theories include him being the son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 842–867</span>) and Eudokia. Constantine was made co-emperor by Basil in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> January 868</span>. He was engaged to <a href="/wiki/Ermengard_of_Italy" title="Ermengard of Italy">Ermengard of Italy</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a>, in 870/871, but it is not known if he married her; some sources suggest he did, and others argue that there is no concrete evidence. </p><p>Constantine was the intended heir of Basil and as such received much attention from him and accompanied him on military campaigns, including one in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, for which he shared a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph#Imperial_era" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>. In comparison, his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Wise">Leo VI</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 886–912</span>), was made co-emperor merely to secure the imperial lineage and bolster legitimacy. However, Constantine died of fever on 3 September 879, before his father. After his death, Leo became the primary heir, and another brother, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 912–913</span>), was raised to co-emperor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parentage">Parentage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parentage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_(reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The reverse of a golden coin showing Constantine with Emperor Basil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg/220px-Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg/330px-Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Solidus-Basil_I_with_Constantine_and_Eudoxia-sb1703_%28reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>The reverse of a coin bearing the image of Constantine and Eudokia</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Adontz" title="Nicholas Adontz">Nicholas Adontz</a>, Constantine was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 855, although the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaun_Tougher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaun Tougher (page does not exist)">Shaun Tougher</a> posits a birthdate of 864 or after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine's parentage is heavily disputed, but <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 867–886</span>) was nominally his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422_&_25_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422_&_25-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basil had been born into a well-off peasant family,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997455_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997455-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before gaining the notice of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 842–867</span>), and subsequently became his confidant and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Parakoimomenos" title="Parakoimomenos">Parakoimomenos</a></i></span> (chief minister).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2010242_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2010242-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources state that Basil had been married to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_(wife_of_Basil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria (wife of Basil) (page does not exist)">Maria</a> before he became emperor, and produced at least one child, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastasia_(daughter_of_Basil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastasia (daughter of Basil) (page does not exist)">Anastasia</a>, and possibly Constantine himself, before being ordered by Michael III to divorce her and marry <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 866–882</span>), which he did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199421_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199421-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eudokia is reported by some sources to have been the mistress of Michael III, and to have remained so even after marrying Basil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact date of the wedding is unknown, but the marriage of Basil to Eudokia has been traditionally dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 865</span>, based upon the timeline of the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Symeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Symeon">Pseudo-Symeon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199421_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199421-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although historians such as <a href="/wiki/Romilly_Jenkins" title="Romilly Jenkins">Romilly Jenkins</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Karlin-Hayter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Karlin-Hayter (page does not exist)">Patricia Karlin-Hayter</a> have questioned the validity of this timeline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199421–22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199421–22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins also points to the "chronological incongruities" of <a href="/wiki/Symeon_Logothete" title="Symeon Logothete">Symeon Logothete</a>'s narrative of Michael's reign, casting further doubt on the marriage date of Basil and Eudokia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Cyril Mango</a> contends that Constantine was the child of Basil and Maria, along with Anastasia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view shared by <a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">George Ostrogorsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Byzantinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantinist">byzantinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Judith Herrin</a> posits a different date for the marriage of Basil and Eudokia, which would make Eudokia the mother of Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Grammaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Grammaticus">Leo Grammaticus</a>, a 10th-century historian, suggests that Constantine was the son of Michael and Eudokia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historians <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Lynda Garland</a> and Shaun Tougher do not take a position in their 2007 work but admit that any of the three are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources hostile to the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a>, which was founded by Basil, have suggested that other sons of Basil were not his own. These sources claim that Eudokia was Michael's mistress, and that the marriage between Basil and Eudokia was intended to be in name only. Accordingly, the parentage of both <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 886–912</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Constantinople" title="Stephen I of Constantinople">Stephen I of Constantinople</a>, has been questioned, leaving <a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 912–913</span>) as Basil's only legitimate son. Most modern scholars doubt the accuracy of such claims, considering Leo as the legitimate son of Basil and Eudokia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199420–21_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199420–21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1994 Ph.D. thesis, Tougher supports the theory that Constantine was the son of Eudokia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his later 1997 work, he debates much of the reasoning behind considering Constantine to be Maria's son, and states that "there is no reason to believe that he was not a son of Eudokia", but does not definitively identify a mother for Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–44_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199743–44-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1994 work, he points out that many Byzantine chroniclers consider Constantine to be the son of Basil, and that many historians use an argument that Constantine was Maria's son as a way to explain why Leo, but not Constantine, was said to be hated by Basil, as Basil would therefore consider Constantine his true son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also posits that Alexander, who could not possibly be Michael's son, by virtue of being born after his death, was not elevated in place of Constantine and Leo, suggesting that either Basil believed them both to be his own sons, or else was not bothered by them not being such,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199426–27_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199426–27-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Michael does not seem to have viewed Leo in any paternal way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199424_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199424-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tougher questions the arguments that preclude Constantine from being the son of Eudokia, by arguing that if he was born after the marriage of Eudokia and Basil, he would have been too young to campaign with his father in 878; he states that, given the issues related to the chronology of the marriage of Basil and Eudokia, it is possible that Constantine would be of fighting age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> puts forth the argument that parents may have different feelings for sons, and the difference of personality is as likely as different mothers to explain why Basil preferred Constantine to Leo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199423_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199423-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1997 work, Tougher points out that Mango's reconstruction is ingenious, but convoluted, arguing that Michael could simply have adopted Constantine, rather than enacting a conspiracy to have his child, whom he could not have known would be male, <a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_purple" title="Born in the purple">born in the purple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199745_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199745-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reinforced by the fact that Alexander was only made emperor in 879, after Constantine's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199427_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199427-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tougher also points out that Leo VI advocated bringing the son of noblemen, called "noble whelps", on campaigns in his <i><a href="/wiki/Tactica_of_Emperor_Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise">Tactica</a></i>, the same term that the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Basil">Life of Basil</a></i> uses for Constantine in its narrative of the 878 campaign; Constantine may have been 13/14 at the time, and therefore it is possible he was the son of Eudokia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adontz's contention that Constantine must have been born around 855, and therefore the son of Maria, is based on Contantine's engagement to <a href="/wiki/Ermengard_of_Italy" title="Ermengard of Italy">Ermengard of Italy</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 844–875</span>); Tougher considers that this was more of a child's engagement than a true marriage and that, given that many Byzantine men were married at age 15, this may point to him being younger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pro-Macedonian sources such as Leo VI and his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Genesius" title="Joseph Genesius">Joseph Genesius</a>, exclude information regarding Basil's first marriage to Maria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744–45_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744–45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine VII states that all of his aunts and uncles were the legitimate children of Basil and Eudokia, and Leo goes further, stating that Basil and Eudokia produced children before being married to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine VII gives an idealized version of Basil's reign, stating that when Basil was <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">crowned</a> at the Hagia Sophia, he was followed by a chariot containing Eudokia, Constantine, and Leo, and that both Constantine and Leo were crowned at the same time as Basil, in 867, with which no other source agrees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199424_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199424-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Macedonian sources, such as Symeon Logothete, usually assume that Constantine was the son of Eudokia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744–45_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744–45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provide information regarding the alleged infidelity of Eudokia, and the arrangement between Michael and Basil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Parentages of the children of <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a>, by source </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center;">Medieval sources </td> <td colspan="7" style="text-align: center;">Modern sources </td></tr> <tr> <th>Source and child </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Symeon_Logothete" title="Symeon Logothete">Symeon Logothete</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/George_Hamartolos" title="George Hamartolos">George Hamartolos</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Leo_Grammaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Grammaticus">Leo Grammaticus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Adontz" title="Nicholas Adontz">Nicholas Adontz</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">George Ostrogorsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Cyril Mango</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango197322_&_27_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango197322_&_27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Judith Herrin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Shaun Tougher (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422_&_25_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422_&_25-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Shaun Tougher (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–44_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199743–44-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Lynda Garland</a> and<br />Shaun Tougher (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Uncertain </td> <td style="text-align: center;">- </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Basil and Eudokia </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;">Basil and Maria </td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;">Michael/Basil and Eudokia </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Basil/Michael and Eudokia </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Basil/Michael and leans toward Eudokia </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Basil and Maria/Eudokia; or Michael and Eudokia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Michael and Eudokia </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Basil and Eudokia </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Michael and Eudokia </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;">Basil/Michael and Eudokia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Constantinople" title="Stephen I of Constantinople">Stephen</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Basil and Eudokia </td> <td style="text-align: center;">- </td> <td style="text-align: center;">- </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;">Basil and Eudokia </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basil rose to co-emperor by convincing Michael that his uncle <a href="/wiki/Bardas" title="Bardas">Bardas</a> was plotting against him and, after slaying Bardas with Michael's blessing, was crowned on 26 May 866. Tensions between Basil and Michael built up, and Basil feared that he would be replaced, as Michael had threatened to make the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Basiliskianos" title="Basiliskianos">Basiliskianos</a> emperor instead. Therefore, on the night of 23/24 September 867, Basil and his conspirators murdered Michael in his bed, making Basil the sole emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine, along with the rest of his brothers, was educated by <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>; Photios may also have been Constantine's <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a> although some sources, such as Tougher, believe Photios was the godfather of Leo, rather than Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199427–28_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199427–28-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine is thought by historians to have received more direct education and attention from Basil, whereas his other brothers may have been accompanied by court <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994170_&_187_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994170_&_187-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine was made co-emperor by Basil in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> January 868</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200597-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was his intended heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199752-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199430-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians date the coronation to 6 January 868, the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Epiphany" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Epiphany">Feast of Epiphany</a>, but there is no certainty of this; the ceremony could also have taken place on 25 December 867.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199746_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199746-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Leo was raised to co-emperor on 6 January 870,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911210_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911210-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tougher views it likely that although Leo technically shared in imperial status, he was intended to live a life of obscurity, existing only to secure the imperial succession, much as Alexander would later under Leo himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199752-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_&_198_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199430_&_198-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine was engaged to Ermengard of Italy, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Louis II,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994118_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994118-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 870/871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historians <a href="/wiki/Charles_Previt%C3%A9-Orton" title="Charles Previté-Orton">Charles Previté-Orton</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Ohnsorge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Ohnsorge (page does not exist)">Werner Ohnsorge</a> take the position that they married, but Tougher (1994) argues that there is no evidence of this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199423_&_118_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199423_&_118-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine served in military campaigns alongside his father,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200597-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199430-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to prepare him to be a military leader,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199430-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a campaign in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, for which he shared a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> in Constantinople with his father in 878.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199752-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199430-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 879, Constantine and his father campaigned in the region of <a href="/wiki/Germanicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanicia">Germanicia</a>, to great success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpatharakis197699_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpatharakis197699-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That summer, they returned and plundered Germanicia and <a href="/wiki/Hadath" title="Hadath">Adata</a>, and raided northern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997458_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997458-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine is mentioned as Emperor in The Acts of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth Ecumenical Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200597-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also appears, bearing the title <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i></span>, on several coins, alongside Basil and other members of his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200597-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death">Death</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constantine died unexpectedly of fever on 3 September 879, leaving Leo as the primary heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200597-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752–3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199752–3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basil was severely affected by Constantine's death, and declared a period of mourning, possibly lasting up to six months, until 3 March 880. Much of the coinage made after Constantine's death focuses upon him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199753_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199753-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenkins says that after Constantine's death "Basil went out of mind, and continued during the next seven years to be subject to fits of derangement", and relates that Basil became violent and contemptuous toward Leo, whom he "had never cared for", despising his "bookish youth"; Tougher considers this "at best, an overstatement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199753_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199753-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins1966195–197_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1966195–197-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tougher does concede that pro-Macedonian sources have an obvious bias in declaring that Basil recovered "manfully, inspired by the example of <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>", but believes Basil's shock was due more to the loss of an heir whom Basil had trained well, and expected to succeed him, rather than true favoritism. Basil also had Constantine declared a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> by Photios I, the Patriarch of Constantinople, confirmed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Synaxarion_of_Constantinople" title="Synaxarion of Constantinople">Synaxarion of Constantinople</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752–3_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199752–3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_of_Ignatios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life of Ignatios (page does not exist)">Life of Ignatios</a></i> states that Basil had numerous churches and monasteries built in honor of Constantine, including one at a location where Bishop <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Santabarenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Santabarenos">Theodore Santabarenos</a> was supposedly able to summon the ghost of Constantine for Basil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199753_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199753-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Constantine's death, Basil focused on securing his dynasty by marrying Leo to <a href="/wiki/Theophano_Martinakia" title="Theophano Martinakia">Theophano Martinakia</a>, so they could produce heirs, and Tougher (1994) remarks that Basil may have become overprotective, shielding his remaining children from warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994136_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994136-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander is believed to have been crowned emperor following Constantine's death, in 879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199427_&_186_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199427_&_186-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basil imprisoned Leo and stripped him of imperial rank in 883, allegedly for his plans to usurp him, whereafter Alexander appears to have become the heir, until July 886, when Leo was released and restored as emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994191_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994191-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just a month later, on 29 August 886, Basil died of wounds from a hunting trip, and Leo succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994191–192_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994191–192-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956241_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956241-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamartolos" title="George Hamartolos">George Hamartolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Genesius" title="Joseph Genesius">Joseph Genesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Grammaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Grammaticus">Leo Grammaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niketas_David_Paphlagon" title="Niketas David Paphlagon">Niketas David Paphlagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Symeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Symeon">Pseudo-Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_Logothete" title="Symeon Logothete">Symeon Logothete</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Theophanes Continuatus</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarlandTougher2007_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarlandTougher2007">Garland & Tougher 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956233_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422_&_25-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422_&_25_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422_&_25_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 22 & 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997455-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997455_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2010242-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2010242_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2010">Gregory 2010</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199421-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199421_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199421_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199421–22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199421–22_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin2001225_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrin2001">Herrin 2001</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199420–21-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199420–21_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199743–44-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–44_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–44_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199743–4_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 43–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199426–27-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199426–27_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199424-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199424_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199424_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199423-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199423_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199745-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199745_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199427-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199427_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199744–45-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744–45_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199744–45_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199422–23_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango197322_&_27-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango197322_&_27_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango1973">Mango 1973</a>, pp. 22 & 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199427–28-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199427–28_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994170_&_187-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994170_&_187_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 170 & 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss200597-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss200597_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoss2005">Foss 2005</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199752-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199430-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199746-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199746_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911210-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911210_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 1210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199430_&_198-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199430_&_198_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 30 & 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994118-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994118_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdontz195620_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdontz1956">Adontz 1956</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199423_&_118-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199423_&_118_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 23 & 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpatharakis197699-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpatharakis197699_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpatharakis1976">Spatharakis 1976</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997458-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997458_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199752–3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752–3_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199752–3_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 52–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199753-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199753_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199753_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199753_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1966195–197-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins1966195–197_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins1966">Jenkins 1966</a>, pp. 195–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994136-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994136_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199427_&_186-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199427_&_186_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, pp. 27 & 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994191-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994191_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1994191–192-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1994191–192_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1994">Tougher 1994</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956241-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956241_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdontz1956" class="citation journal cs1">Adontz, Nicholas (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Adontz1956Basil/page/n17/mode/2up">"Basil I, the Armenian (Emperor of Byzantium 867–886)"</a>. <i>Armenian Review</i>. <b>9</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Review&rft.atitle=Basil+I%2C+the+Armenian+%28Emperor+of+Byzantium+867%E2%80%93886%29&rft.volume=9&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Adontz&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAdontz1956Basil%2Fpage%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss2005" class="citation journal cs1">Foss, Clive (2005). "Emperors named Constantine". <i>Revue numismatique</i>. <b>161</b> (6): 93–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.2005.2594">10.3406/numi.2005.2594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+numismatique&rft.atitle=Emperors+named+Constantine&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=93-102&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fnumi.2005.2594&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlandTougher2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a>; Tougher, Shaun (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826121101/https://www.roman-emperors.org/EudInger.htm">"Roman Emperors – DIR Eudocia Ingerina"</a>. <i>www.roman-emperors.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roman-emperors.org/EudInger.htm">the original</a> on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.roman-emperors.org&rft.atitle=Roman+Emperors+%E2%80%93+DIR+Eudocia+Ingerina&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft.au=Tougher%2C+Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2FEudInger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2010" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXCl9P0vKS4C"><i>A History of Byzantium</i></a>. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8471-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-8471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Chicester&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXCl9P0vKS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Herrin, Judith</a> (2001). <i>Women in Purple: Rulers of Medieval Byzantium</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11780-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11780-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11780-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Purple%3A+Rulers+of+Medieval+Byzantium&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11780-5&rft.aulast=Herrin&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romilly_Jenkins" title="Romilly Jenkins">Jenkins, Romilly J. H.</a> (1966). <i>Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071</i>. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6667-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-6667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Imperial+Centuries%2C+AD+610-1071&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6667-1&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Romilly+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Mango, Cyril</a> (1973). 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New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-51198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-51198-6"><bdi>978-0-813-51198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-813-51198-6&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti00ostr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpatharakis1976" class="citation book cs1">Spatharakis, Iohannis (1976). <i>The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904409632">904409632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portrait+in+Byzantine+Illuminated+Manuscripts&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904409632&rft.aulast=Spatharakis&rft.aufirst=Iohannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Tougher, Shaun (1994). <i>The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Personal relationships and political ideologies</i> (PhD thesis). St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F14582">10023/14582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Reign+of+Leo+VI+%28886%E2%80%93912%29%3A+Personal+relationships+and+political+ideologies&rft.inst=University+of+St.+Andrews&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F14582&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher1997" class="citation book cs1">Tougher, Shaun (1997). <i>The reign of Leo VI (886–912): politics and people</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10811-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reign+of+Leo+VI+%28886%E2%80%93912%29%3A+politics+and+people&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10811-0&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+%28son+of+Basil+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&oldid=1260068113">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)&oldid=1260068113</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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