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mapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resumed_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Further exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_cave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_cave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Tourist cave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_cave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hydrology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veternica_(cave)&params=45.841058_N_15.873642_E_type:landmark_region:HR">45°50′28″N 15°52′25″E / 45.841058°N 15.873642°E / 45.841058; 15.873642</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cave in Croatia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vjetrenica_Cave" title="Vjetrenica Cave">Vjetrenica Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veternica_(river)" title="Veternica (river)">Veternica (river)</a>, or Velika Veternica in the <a href="/wiki/Kamnik%E2%80%93Savinja_Alps" title="Kamnik–Savinja Alps">Kamnik–Savinja Alps</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Veternica_bibliography" title="Veternica bibliography">Veternica bibliography</a> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Veternica_(cave)#Proposed_merge_of_Veternica_bibliography_into_Veternica_(cave)" title="Talk:Veternica (cave)">Discuss</a>) Proposed since September 2024.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veternica_(cave)&params=45.841058_N_15.873642_E_type:landmark_region:HR">45°50′28″N 15°52′25″E / 45.841058°N 15.873642°E / 45.841058; 15.873642</a> Veternica is a cave located on <a href="/wiki/Medvednica" title="Medvednica">Medvednica</a> mountain in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. At 7,128 metres (23,386 ft) long,<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a> it is the longest known cave on its <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a>, and an estimated 6 km or more remain unexplored.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 6  In the 1960s, briefly became the longest cave in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a> The first 380 m (1,250 ft) is available to visitors. In 2019, it had 5787 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-Kšn2020-3">[3]</a> It is an archeological site where remains of several kinds of prehistoric animals as well as humans have been found.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The cave has been protected by law since 7 July 1979,<a href="#cite_note-Kšn2020-3">[3]</a> with registration as a Natural Monument on 11 July of that year.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 19  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Vetrenica is a <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-%D1%8Cn%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ьnъ">-en</a>-adjective formed from the reflex of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/*v%C4%9Btr%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/*větrъ">větrъ</a> "wind", to which the denominal suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ica" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ica">-ica</a> has been added. It is named for the wind that comes from the lower entrance of a cave as a result of temperature differences, except in the winter.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 7  Specifically in caves with two or more entrances and a significant difference in elevation between them.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 9  The upper entrance in this case seems to be a <a href="/wiki/Pit_cave" title="Pit cave">pit cave</a> discovered in 1973 and named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvoga%C4%8Da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvogača (page does not exist)">Dvogača</a>, which sucks in warm external air in summer but emits relatively warm internal air in winter, opposite of Vetrenica.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predvorje_%C5%A1pilje_Veternice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Predvorje_%C5%A1pilje_Veternice.jpg/220px-Predvorje_%C5%A1pilje_Veternice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Predvorje_%C5%A1pilje_Veternice.jpg/330px-Predvorje_%C5%A1pilje_Veternice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Predvorje_%C5%A1pilje_Veternice.jpg/440px-Predvorje_%C5%A1pilje_Veternice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>View from entrance.</figcaption></figure> Detailed descriptions of the cave itself can be found in Poljak 1934,<a href="#cite_note-Pljk1934-7">[7]</a> Baučić 1945,<a href="#cite_note-Bčć1945-8">[8]</a> Božičević 1960<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 15–17  Čepelak 1977,<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a> Čepelak 1979<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> and other sources. The entrance is permanently dry, but Kramberger's guide relayed an account related to him by the father of his paternal uncle, the 60 year old Zolak Nacek, that Veternica had once flooded for 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>: 8, 9  In 2004, caver <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlado_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlado Božić (page does not exist)">Vlado Božić</a> proposed that the entrance to the cave had been completely covered before this flood, which created the initial opening.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> This was dismissed by geologists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sre%C4%87ko_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%8Devi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srećko Božičević (page does not exist)">Srećko Božičević</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mladen_Gara%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mladen Garašić (page does not exist)">Mladen Garašić</a> as a "fantasy",<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> but defended by geologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrvoje_Malinar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrvoje Malinar (page does not exist)">Hrvoje Malinar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> who took Božić to evaluate the hypothesis in the cave on October 8th, finding multiple traces of an older flood in the main canal from the entrance to the stream, in addition to traces of high water level in the deeper parts of the cave where such levels had not been observed.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 22  The wet part of the cave includes 14 active streams. Among other sources, these streams come from 9 known <a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">ponors</a>, including 2 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponikve_polje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponikve polje (page does not exist)">Ponikve polje</a>. The cave branches stretch towards these sinkholes, while the main channel runs 1250 m NNW towards Ponikve.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2  In 1960, Božičević divided the cave into four sections: <ul><li>The entrance itself with entrance chamber, in which the anthropological finds were made.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a></li> <li>The tourist section, ending 380 m from the entrance at Kalvarija,<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a> beyond which the original explorer Gršetić did not reach.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a> Because this part and the first part of Majmunski prolaz formed underneath the level of the <a href="/wiki/Paleolake" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolake">paleolake</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Phreatic_zone" title="Phreatic zone">phreatic zone</a>, these passages are relatively wide and easy.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 215  Individual chambers are named, such as the Koncertna dvorana.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>The 1st branch from the entrance is the <a href="/wiki/Vadose_zone" title="Vadose zone">vadose</a> Ponor 16 metara with 68.5 m of passage, carrying the cave to its deepest known point only 75 m above the elevation of the Dubravica spring.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> It is a potential path to reaching the current phreatic zone, whose source is the Glavni siphon and exit the Dubravica spring, but high CO2 concentrations of unknown persistence may create safety issues.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2, 3 </li> <li>The 2nd branch is the Velebitaški kanal<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> with 730.5 m,<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 21  opposite the Ponor 16 metara, mostly horizontal but with a deep vadose descent in the Velebitaški siphon.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 215  It extends towards the Družanica hill on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> The Velebitaški kanal is a narrow, canyon-type channel.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2 </li> <li>The 3rd branch is the Separe appendix with 35 m.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> Within it is the chamber Trbušasta dvorana.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2 </li></ul></li> <li>Majmunski prolaz stretches from about 400 m to 900 m, exposed to geologically younger phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a> It is narrower, with a gradually lower roof, and split into two levels at three discontinuous sections, the last of which is Ramzesovo šetalište-Pakao.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> <ul><li>The 4th/5th branch is the Pakleni kanal with 563.5 m, extending towards Družanica from the junction between Ramzesovo šetalište and Pakao.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> It is even more difficult to traverse than the Velebitski kanal, because in addition to the narrow and wet passages it abounds with drops.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4 </li> <li>The 5th/4th branch is the Fosilna dvorana with the Kukušni vadose siphon, together with 88 m, entered at Pakao.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> It has a stream, and is a potential path to reaching the current phreatic zone.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 3 </li> <li>The 6th branch is the Kanal iznad Limunove dvorane with 85 m,<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a> extending towards Družanica, entered from a Pakao chamber known as Limunova dvorana.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> A mostly narrow but relatively horizontal passage, apart from the Bubrezi section.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 3 </li></ul></li> <li>The hydrologically active section beyond that.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 11  Its main passage is the largest on average.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> <ul><li>The 7th branch is the Glavni siphon, which receives most of the water from the sections deeper in.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a></li> <li>The 8th branch is the Stari kanal with 85 m.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> It is wider and easier to pass.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4 </li> <li>"New Veternica"<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> with 453 m, a complex network of exceptional beauty as with Kristalni kanal and Dvorana kipova.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> It includes the Velika dvorana, one of the largest chambers in the cave, and the Kanal slapova with 9 waterfalls, though the tallest waterfall in New Veternica at 13 m is in the Vjetrova dvorana chamber.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4 </li> <li>Alpinistički kanal with 531 m.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> Entered through the roof of the Tamna dvorana chamber, the 2nd largest chamber in the cave.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 21  It includes several chambers with abundant calcite decorations: Dvorana sa zidom, Lijepa dvorana, Kapelica.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4 </li> <li>Aneks.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> Connects the Tamna dvorana to the Alpinistički kanal.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4 </li> <li>Darijev kanal<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> Begins with the Bijela dvorana chamber. The channel abounds with rhomboid calcite crystal formations.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4 </li> <li>Kanal iznad Razrušene dvorane.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4 </li> <li>Kanal iznad Visoke dvorane.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 5 </li> <li>Željezničarski kanal.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krapina_-_Dragutin_Gorjanovic_Kramberger_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Krapina_-_Dragutin_Gorjanovic_Kramberger_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Krapina_-_Dragutin_Gorjanovic_Kramberger_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Krapina_-_Dragutin_Gorjanovic_Kramberger_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Krapina_-_Dragutin_Gorjanovic_Kramberger_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Krapina_-_Dragutin_Gorjanovic_Kramberger_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Krapina_-_Dragutin_Gorjanovic_Kramberger_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Dragutin Gorjanović -Kramberger in <a href="/wiki/Krapina" title="Krapina">Krapina</a>.</figcaption></figure> The entrance to the cave was once only 45 cm wide and 29 cm high, requiring a prostrate entry; so unlike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velika_pe%C4%87_na_Rogu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velika peć na Rogu (page does not exist)">Velika peć na Rogu</a> or the Pećina Svetog Marka, it was not mentioned in printed literature until the regional onset of speleology, beginning with the account of <a href="/wiki/Dragutin_Gorjanovi%C4%87-Kramberger" title="Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger">Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger</a> in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 7  An account of the first recorded entrance into the cave in February 1933 by Stanko Gršetić with his brother and father was published on 8 March 1934 in the newspaper Večer, which popularised the cave and in the resulting exploration frenzy, the more accessible parts of the cave were quickly stripped of <a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">speleothems</a> and the walls covered in names and dates of early explorers, as a 12 November 1934 article in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve%C4%8Der_(Croatia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Večer (Croatia) (page does not exist)">Večer</a> complained. In reaction, the Društvo za poljepšavanje Stenjevca secured the entrance and began requiring an entrance fee.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 8–10 <a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 9  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_exploration">Early exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early exploration">edit</a>]</div> The first scientific exploration and mapping of the inside of the cave was made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josip_Poljak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josip Poljak (page does not exist)">Josip Poljak</a> and others<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> in the spring of 1934, exploring the first 1488 m of passageway,<a href="#cite_note-Pljk1934-7">[7]</a> as far as the Viktorija waterfall.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 10  Entomologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Pretner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Pretner (page does not exist)">Egon Pretner</a> visited the cave in 1936, where he found the presence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anophthalmus_kaufmanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anophthalmus kaufmanni (page does not exist)">Anophthalmus kaufmanni subsp. weingaertneri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bdk2023-19">[16]</a> In the light of the <a href="/wiki/Zagreb_in_World_War_II#Allied_bombing_campaigns" title="Zagreb in World War II">Bombing of Zagreb</a>, the Ministry of War of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> had ordered late in the year to explore the possibility of repurposing the cave as a storage shelter, but nothing came of it.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 12  In 1959, Hrvoje Malinar discovered 4 hand grenades and a German novel in <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> type, rheumatism oil and motorist or pilot <a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">goggles</a>, all 1200  into the cave, evidently left by a German soldier.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 15  Although not on the maps of the time, the cave had already been explored as far as the PVC siphon by 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Bčć1945-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resumed_mapping">Resumed mapping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resumed mapping">edit</a>]</div> The cave entrance had become overgrown by 1947 when exploration resumed.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 12  The first geodetic map was drawn by a team of cavers<a href="#cite_note-20">[d]</a> in 1948, reaching as far as the PVC siphon and bringing the total length of the cave to just over 1590 m.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 10, 11  Apart from one shallow excavation by the Planinarsko društvo "Prijatelj prirode"<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 10  in 1940, the cave had remained untouched by paleontologists since 1934, but in 1949 the Planinarsko društvo "Željezničar" widened the entrance and built paths for visitors of the first section of the cave, discovering alongside <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman coins</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> artefacts the skeletal remains of five recent individuals, which archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franjo_Ivan%C4%8Dek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franjo Ivanček (page does not exist)">Franjo Ivanček</a> speculated had been victims of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bor%C4%8Dec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borčec (page does not exist)">Borčec</a>-born marauder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mijo_Brezovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mijo Brezović (page does not exist)">Mijo Brezović</a>, who was folklorically associated with the cave.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 12, 13  In 1951, following years of continued devastation by speleothem-hunters, the Commission for Veternica was formed,<a href="#cite_note-21">[e]</a> fixing a gate to the entrance and standing guard on Sunday for several years following to permit entry to visitors who paid for entry, though the 1951 gate was destroyed in 1955, and the 1969 gate was destroyed in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 12  Systematic excavations began, led by Franjo Ivanček and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Mirosavljevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Mirosavljević (page does not exist)">Vladimir Mirosavljević</a>, joined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavko_Marjanac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavko Marjanac (page does not exist)">Slavko Marjanac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirko_Malez" title="Mirko Malez">Mirko Malez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 13  Around the same time, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antun_Marki%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antun Markić (page does not exist)">Antun Markić</a> began systematically photographing the cave,<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 13  the only previous attempts being those of Josip Poljak in his survey and of journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franjo_Fuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franjo Fuis (page does not exist)">Franjo Fuis</a> published 20 April 1934 in Kulis.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 9  Concurrent with the archaeological and photographic documentation was an effort to map the entirety of the cave by Srećko Božičević and Slavko Marjanac,<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 13  which by 1955 had barely progressed beyond the stream, including one expedition involving the first bivouac in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">SR Croatia</a>; it was finally finished as far as the PVC siphon at the end of 1959.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 12  The cave was visited by French speleologist <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Casteret" title="Norbert Casteret">Norbert Casteret</a> on 12 March 1955, expressing surprise that the cave had not yet been equipped with electric lighting for tourism. After receiving approval, the cavers of Planinarsko društvo "Zagreb", who had mostly transferred to the Planinarstvo društvo "Željezničar" and had begun visiting the cave almost weekly since 1950,<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 11, 12  built the first extensive paths for tourists under the leadership of professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirko_Markulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirko Markulin (page does not exist)">Mirko Markulin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 21  In 1958, the Planinarsko Društvo "Javor" conducted a <a href="/wiki/Flow_tracer" title="Flow tracer">flow trace</a> experiment at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponor_Jezeranca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponor Jezeranca (page does not exist)">Ponor Jezeranca</a>, 900 m from the <a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">ponor</a> in Veternica <a href="/wiki/As_the_crow_flies" title="As the crow flies">as the crow flies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">fluorescein</a> soon arrived in the Bijela dvorana of Veternica, flowing from there to the Glavni siphon and later to the Dubravica spring in the valley several hundred meters south of the entrance to Veternica. When the green dye appeared in <a href="/wiki/Stenjevec" title="Stenjevec">Gornji Stenjevec</a>, it unsettled the village, so that the trace organiser Tomica Imenšek had to spend the entire day drinking green water to show it was not toxic.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 13  A further tracer experiment was conducted under Srećko Božičević in 1969 with the same results, during which the dye took 8 hours to reach Veternica, indicating complex passages.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_exploration">Further exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further exploration">edit</a>]</div> For decades, the cave remained unknown beyond the PVC <a href="/wiki/Siphon_(cave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphon (cave)">siphon</a>, but the Glavni siphon remained the most intriguing siphon. Following an 3 m dive and then on 21 June 1959 an 8 m dive by Hrvoje Malinar with a Drâger <a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a> to a sandy bottom (the first freshwater cave <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba dive</a> in SR Croatia),<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 13  continued exploration was not deemed worth the risk, but Malinar had detected a narrow opening.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 21, 22  Even with improvements in equipment, a 1988 dive by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Branko_Jal%C5%BEi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branko Jalžić (page does not exist)">Branko Jalžić</a> was unsuccessful in progressing past the point reached by Malinar.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 13  With the negative results of the dive and the remaining options for continuation growing increasingly difficult, the visits to the cave for exploration purposes by the original clubs decreased, becoming mostly a training cave for young cavers. One of their last notable contributions in this period came from Vlado Božić, who finished the map to the PVC siphon in the 1960s on the basis of the work done in the previous decade. Where the Željezničari left off, the Planinarsko društvo Sveučilišta "Velebit" began. In 1962—1967, the Velebitaši under Hrvoje Malinar discovered the Velebitaški kanal,<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2  Ponor 16 metara,<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2  Kanal iznad Limunove dvorane<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2  and the Kanal iznad Razrušene dvorane. These successes attracted some of the younger Željezničari,<a href="#cite_note-22">[f]</a> who under the leadership of Božić discovered much of the so-called "New Veternica"<a href="#cite_note-23">[g]</a> in 1964<a href="#cite_note-24">[h]</a> (Kristalni kanal, Mlinarev rov, Velika dvorana). It was during this time that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drago_Pavli%C4%8Devi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drago Pavličević (page does not exist)">Drago Pavličević</a> produced his series of photographs.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 15  From 1966 on, explorations by the Velebitaši led by Malinar and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marijan_%C4%8Cepelak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marijan Čepelak (page does not exist)">Marijan Čepelak</a> mapped the Velebitaški kanal to 562 m, Alpinistički kanal to 501 m, Darijev kanal to 128 m and a number of smaller passages until the cumulative length of the new passages reached 2674 m.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2  The new passages included: Ponor 16 metara dug to 68 m, Kukušni kanal to 18 m, Kanal iznad Limunove dvorane to 85 m, Stari kanal to 85 m, "Nova Veternica" to 455 m, Aneks to 86 m, Kanal iznad Razrušene dvorane to 81 m and Kanal iznad Visoke dvorane to 24 m.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 19  The Pakleni kanal was discovered in 1969 after its strong airflow was detected.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4  Digging to allow the passage of the shallow upstream PVC-siphon with a PVC tube<a href="#cite_note-25">[i]</a> in September 1977 led to the discovery of about 300 m of new passage to the already 5097 m long cave<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2  in the Željezničarski kanal.<a href="#cite_note-26">[17]</a>: 86  Though it was never the longest cave in the <a href="/wiki/Dinarides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinarides">Dinarides</a> thanks to the earlier exploration of <a href="/wiki/Postojna_Cave" title="Postojna Cave">Postojna Cave</a>, it did eventually become the longest cave in SR Croatia. In 1973, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jopi%C4%87eva_%C5%A1pilja_-_Bent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jopićeva špilja - Bent (page does not exist)">Jopićeva špilja - Bent</a> system surpassed Veternica as the longest cave in SR Croatia, with a length of 6247 m against Veternica's 5994 m.<a href="#cite_note-27">[18]</a>: 13  Veternica would eventually catch up but not before being surpassed in length by other caves. On 20 November 1983, shortly after an expansion of Jopićeva špilja in the summer,<a href="#cite_note-28">[19]</a>: 64  the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panjkov_ponor_-_Vari%C4%87akova_%C5%A1pilja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panjkov ponor - Varićakova špilja (page does not exist)">Panjkov ponor - Varićakova špilja</a> system surpassed it as the longest cave in SR Croatia,<a href="#cite_note-29">[20]</a> ending competition between Veternica and Panjkov ponor, only to be surpassed itself as such on 1 September 1984 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90ulin_ponor_-_Medvedica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đulin ponor - Medvedica (page does not exist)">Đulin ponor - Medvedica</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-30">[21]</a> With further exploration of the Željezničarski kanal, June 1979 saw the total length of the cave reach 5996 m.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 20  A map of the cave finished in 1979 was published by Čepelak in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1980-9">[9]</a> though by the time of its publication it was already out of date, thanks to about 70 m of newly discovered passage in the Željezničarski kanal. Continued exploration brought the total length of the cave to 6576 m. This was due to the discovery of new passages beyond "New Veternica" in the autumn of 1984. First, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Dado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Dado (page does not exist)">Robert Dado</a> scaled 9 m of muddy cliff with <a href="/wiki/Piton" title="Piton">pitons</a> on October 14th. Using those pitons, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svjetlan_Hudec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svjetlan Hudec (page does not exist)">Svjetlan Hudec</a> was able to climb a further 9 m up the same cliff on November 3rd, at the top of which was the largest chamber in the cave, named Markulinova dvorana.<a href="#cite_note-31">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 21  Removing <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">hoe</a>, the Velebitaši found a continuation of the Zadnji kanal. Then in several expeditions beyond the Prolaz motike,<a href="#cite_note-32">[22]</a> 113 m of canal were explored, so that the total length of the cave at the beginning of 1992 was 6767 m. Although no further explorations were published, several hundred meters further were explored by 1999, for a cumulative length of 7128 m.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 21  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourist_cave">Tourist cave</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tourist cave">edit</a>]</div> In 1977, the systematic preparation of the cave for tourism began, during which more than 860 <a href="/wiki/Graffito_(archaeology)" title="Graffito (archaeology)">graffitos</a> were erased and the cave was electrified as far as Kalvarija. But already in 1978 the funding dried up thanks to the economic crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRJ</a>, and so the cave was not ready to accept tourists until 1979. Malinar trained the first tour guides from among the cavers of Zagreb in 1978, and these guides began to provide tours beginning in April 1979, several months before the legal designation of the cave as a Protected Natural Monument<a href="#cite_note-33">[k]</a>. At first, guides rotated, but already in 1979 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damir_Prelovec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damir Prelovec (page does not exist)">Damir Prelovec</a> became its sole guide, replaced in 1980 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juraj_Posari%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juraj Posarić (page does not exist)">Juraj Posarić</a>, who remained in that role until the transfer of the cave to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Park_Medvednica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Park Medvednica (page does not exist)">Nature Park Medvednica</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 16–19  After control was transferred to the Javna ustanova Park prirode Medvednica, the cave was closed to tourists and restriced to training cavers for several years, reopening to tourists in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 21–22  but with effective restrictions on caver activity by Nives Farkaš-Topolnik after she was named its first rector<a href="#cite_note-34">[23]</a> due to differences of opinion on the importance of exploration.<a href="#cite_note-Bsn2023-35">[24]</a> But some work was allowed to continue until a 2020 document<a href="#cite_note-36">[25]</a> by the new rector Marina Popijač restricted the maximum caving time to 6 hours on 1 day of the month, making exploration trips impossible.<a href="#cite_note-Bsn2023-35">[24]</a>: 83  The Commission for Speleology of the Croatian Mountaineering Association<a href="#cite_note-37">[l]</a> confronted the park administration about it in a 2021 meeting, but their concerns were dismissed on the grounds of the results of an internal investigation on improper behaviour in the cave by members of an unnamed organisation,<a href="#cite_note-Bsn2023-35">[24]</a>: 84  and declined to comment on the reasons for their restrictions upon a request from the editors of the Speleolog magazine.<a href="#cite_note-Bsn2023-35">[24]</a>: 85  The only notable steps towards exploration by cavers since the takeover were the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Laser_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser telemeter">laser telemetry</a> of the main part of the cave from the entrance to the PVC siphon, providing greater vertical accuracy;<a href="#cite_note-38">[m]</a> and the discovery of a new chimney inside Markulinova dvorana in 2012, alongside a few other minor passages.<a href="#cite_note-Bln2023-1">[1]</a>: 22  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydrology">edit</a>]</div> As of 1977, water was known to run through 36% of the cave.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2  The ponors of the Jaruga <a href="/wiki/Doline" class="mw-redirect" title="Doline">doline</a> drain into the Velebitaški kanal and the Pakleni kanal, which also receives water from the southern end of the Staglišče doline. The northern end of the Staglišče doline drains into the deeper parts of Vetrenica, which also receives water from the Ponikve <a href="/wiki/Polje" title="Polje">polje</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2–4  One of the three largest streams in Veternica enters through the Alpinistički kanal.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 3  A smaller stream flows through th Kanal iznad Razrušene dvorane.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 3  In the 1970s, an experiment was conducted during which the Stream 13 was rerouted into the Fosilna dvorana.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> As of 1977, 53.2% of the cave was in dolostone,<a href="#cite_note-39">[n]</a> the rest being at the dolostone-limestone contact<a href="#cite_note-40">[o]</a> or in limestone.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 2  There is some <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a> at the end of Stari kanal, likely near contact with limestone.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a>: 4  Paleomagnetic analysis of fossil stream sediments has placed the lower boundary for the formation of the cave at the <a href="/wiki/Brunhes%E2%80%93Matuyama_reversal" title="Brunhes–Matuyama reversal">Brunhes–Matuyama reversal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a>: 32  The initial formation of the cave following the uplift of the ground above it ought to have been mostly phreatic on morphological grounds, although no dates have been produced from this period yet.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a>: 36, 37  One stalactite caked in stream sediment at 680 m from the entrance was U-Th dated to about 640 ka BP, providing evidence for a vadose phase predating the second, partially phreatic phase.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a>: 35  The oldest flowstone tested dates to 550 ka BP, before the formation of the paleolake.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a>: 34  As the uplift continued, the mouth of the cave would have risen above the water level, leading to the formation of lower springs similar to Dubravica. This mostly vadose phase would have included subterranean lakes.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a>: 36, 38  Much of the formation of Veternica formed in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lacustrine" class="extiw" title="wikt:lacustrine">lacustrine</a> conditions at least about 380 ka BP<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 218  at the unconformable contact between <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> marly <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and underlying <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolostone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolostone">dolostone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[26]</a> as a largely phreatic subterranean paleolake 475 m upstream inside the cave.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 217  It was during this period that the shelfstones in Majmunski prolaz at about 450 m from the entrance formed.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 214  Sediment buildup blocking lower springs is proposed as the reason for the water level rise that allowed for phreatic conditions to dominate.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a>: 36, 38  The water level of the paleolake declined only slightly during this period, despite leaving 9 different shelfstone levels.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 215  Between about 245 and 235 ka BP, the system experienced a geologically rapid water level drop, as evidenced by the transition from shelfstone to flowstone.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 215  It has been suggested that this water table fall was due to the ~350 m tectonic uplift along the southern flanks of Medvednica in the Quaternary, which could also explain the recession of the main stream from the siphons Ponor 16 metara and Kukušni to Glavni.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 220  On the evidence of the flowstone in the Velebitaški kanal, the subterranean water level must have fallen by at least 6 m.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a>: 35  Following this event, the Kameni slap flowstone formation at about 250 m from the entrance began forming about 212 ka BP and continued to about 205 ka BP,<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 218  as the result of paleowater flow from the Velebitaški channel.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 217  By the end of its formation, the water level had fallen by a total of about 14 m since the final phase of shelfstone formation.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2023-15">[15]</a>: 35–39  After hydrological activity ceased at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Riss_glaciation" title="Riss glaciation">Riss glaciation</a>, the oldest clastic sediments at the cave entrance were deposited.<a href="#cite_note-Lck2011-14">[14]</a>: 220  This corresponds to layer K; layer J was deposited during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Interglacial" title="Last Interglacial">Riss-Würm interglacial</a> (MIS 5e, 130-115 ka BP);<a href="#cite_note-Brj1992-42">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brj2020-43">[28]</a> layers I-D were deposited during the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 47  of which I-H from MIS 5 to MIS 3, 115-40 ka BP<a href="#cite_note-Brj2020-43">[28]</a> The fifth layer of the chamber at the entrance was formed in a single catastrophic erosion episode that covered the entire entrance, following which all mammalian habitation of the cave seems to have ceased.<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1955-45">[30]</a>: 293  This is layer G.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 46  It has been connected to the colder conditions during MIS 4, 71-57 ka BP; or one of the colder phases of MIS 3, 57-29 ka BP, which would match layers F and E which are dated to MIS 3, 40-30 ka BP.<a href="#cite_note-Brj2020-43">[28]</a> Layer D was deposited during mostly after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> during MIS 2, 29-14 ka BP.<a href="#cite_note-Brj2020-43">[28]</a> Layer C is a calcite cap that formed at the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1981-46">[31]</a> layer B and the <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> layer A formed in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 47  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Paleontology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anthropology">edit</a>]</div> Layers H, I and J<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 46  contain artefacts belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1955-45">[30]</a>: 293  At least layers I and J are beyond the limits of 14C dating.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 46  Only layers H-I yielded bone implements, including 33 knapping bones, of which 13 were fashioned from the bones of <a href="/wiki/Ursus_spelaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus spelaeus">Ursus spelaeus</a>, which is a record for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 47, 53  As of 2020, more than 500 stone artefacts have been unearthed at Veternica, of which 46% quartz and 28% <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 48, 49  In 1956, the discovery of a human skull believed at the time to be around 150,000 years old was published, prompting a number of prominent anthropologists to visit Zagreb, including <a href="/wiki/Hallam_L._Movius" title="Hallam L. Movius">Hallam L. Movius</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_Henri-Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaine Henri-Martin (page does not exist)">Germaine Henri-Martin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Schaefer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Schaefer (page does not exist)">Ulrich Schaefer</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schaefer_(Anthropologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Ulrich Schaefer (Anthropologe)">de</a>], <a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%8Dko_Brodar" title="Srečko Brodar">Srečko Brodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEo_%C5%A0kerlj" title="Božo Škerlj">Božo Škerlj</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Branko_Gavela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branko Gavela (page does not exist)">Branko Gavela</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 18  This skull, from layer H, turned out to be that of an <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">anatomically modern human</a>, the depth being explained as by burial practices.<a href="#cite_note-47">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mlz1986-48">[33]</a> 9 Mousterian<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 53  <a href="/wiki/Fire_pit" title="Fire pit">fire pits</a> were discovered from 1955 on: 2 in front of the cave and the rest in the entrance chamber.<a href="#cite_note-49">[34]</a> One of the charcoal samples is too old for 14C dating, with a minimum result of 50 ka BP.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a> In layer F, several stone implement fragments were discovered, which Malez assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> solely on stratigraphic grounds,<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1981-46">[31]</a> but thanks to these implements being mixed with the Mousterian implements, it was not possible to identify them during a verification attempt.<a href="#cite_note-50">[35]</a> The same applies to the chert and quartz implements discovered in layer D, although layer D also included one fire pit.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 54  Layer D also contained 4 skulls, of which 3 together with 1 femur and scattered U. spelaeus bones beneath a stone slab,<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1981-46">[31]</a> one of which had cut marks.<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1986-48">[33]</a> Among the more recent finds are 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman coins</a>, a bronze <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a> These and a number of ceramic artefacts from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> through <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> were found in layers B and A, of which none in layer A predate the Iron Age;<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 54  though several finds from antiquity were found beneath layer C.<a href="#cite_note-51">[36]</a> At the very end of the NW passage, there was a walled Neolithic graveyard with strewn human bones,<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1981-46">[31]</a> including whole and fragmentary skulls, all belonging to young individuals, some of whom were children. Also in the NW passage, layer B yielded a human skull, which because of association with Bronze implements was dated to the Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1986-48">[33]</a> During excavations in 2015-2016, human remains were founded that dated to the 3rd-4th centuries, together with a Roman coin and a bronze needle.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 54  The skull of a modern human was unearthed near the entrance in 2002 by a team led by Nikola Vukosavljević.<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a> The skeletal remains of five recent individuals (three males, one woman and one child) unearthed in 1949 were likewise found near the entrance.<a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 12, 13  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Paleobotany">edit</a>]</div> Fossils of <a href="/wiki/Lithothamnion" title="Lithothamnion">Lithothamnion</a> algae have been found,<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1955-45">[30]</a>: 292  responsible for the upper layer of the cave.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleozoology">Paleozoology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paleozoology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teufelsh%C3%B6hle,_H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Teufelsh%C3%B6hle%2C_H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r.jpg/220px-Teufelsh%C3%B6hle%2C_H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Teufelsh%C3%B6hle%2C_H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r.jpg/330px-Teufelsh%C3%B6hle%2C_H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Teufelsh%C3%B6hle%2C_H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r.jpg/440px-Teufelsh%C3%B6hle%2C_H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panthera_spelaea" title="Panthera spelaea">Panthera spelaea</a> specimen in cave.</figcaption></figure> In 1955, a complete Ursus spelaeus skeleton was unearthed,<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1955-45">[30]</a>: 288ff  its presence having been known since 1934,<a href="#cite_note-Pljk1934-7">[7]</a> comprising 75% of all animal bones, and even more in layers E and F, reaching 99% in F.<a href="#cite_note-52">[37]</a> This was in addition to a number of <a href="/wiki/Panthera_spelaea" title="Panthera spelaea">Panthera spelaea</a> bones,<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1955-45">[30]</a>: 290  and teeth of <a href="/wiki/Castor_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor fiber">Castor fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marmota_marmota" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmota marmota">Marmota marmota</a>.: 291  The remaining species included <a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus lupus">Canis lupus lupus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capra_ibex" class="mw-redirect" title="Capra ibex">Capra ibex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sus_scrofa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sus scrofa">Sus scrofa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mlz1955-45">[30]</a>: 292  The remaining species include: <a href="/wiki/Alces_alces" class="mw-redirect" title="Alces alces">Alces alces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brj1992-42">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bison_priscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison priscus">Bison priscus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brj1992-42">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capreolus_capreolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capreolus capreolus">Capreolus capreolus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a>: 52  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cervus_elaphus_hippelaphus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cervus elaphus hippelaphus (page does not exist)">Cervus elaphus hippelaphus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricetus">Cricetus</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Cuon_alpinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuon alpinus">Cuon alpinus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brj2010-53">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Felis_silvestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Felis silvestris">Felis silvestris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hystrix_(mammal)" title="Hystrix (mammal)">Hystrix</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Lepus_europaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepus europaeus">Lepus europaeus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brj2010-53">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martes_foina" class="mw-redirect" title="Martes foina">Martes foina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martes_martes" class="mw-redirect" title="Martes martes">Martes martes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meles_meles" class="mw-redirect" title="Meles meles">Meles meles</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustela_erminea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustela erminea">Mustela erminea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustela_putorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustela putorius">Mustela putorius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera pardus">Panthera pardus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupicapra_rupicapra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupicapra rupicapra">Rupicapra rupicapra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brj1992-42">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephanorhinus" title="Stephanorhinus">Stephanorhinus</a> sp.,<a href="#cite_note-Bnd2023-44">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursus_arctos_arctos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus arctos arctos">Ursus arctos arctos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulpes vulpes">Vulpes vulpes</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-54">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_spelaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocuta spelaea">Crocuta spelaea</a> specimen found in layer F remains unconfirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Brj2010-53">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vertebrates">edit</a>]</div> Veternica is inhabited year-round by small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_ferrumequinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophus ferrumequinum">Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</a>; for winter hybernation by colonies of <a href="/wiki/Myotis_emarginatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Myotis emarginatus">Myotis emarginatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_hipposideros" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophus hipposideros">Rhinolophus hipposideros</a>, and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; and in summer by <a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_euryale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophus euryale">Rhinolophus euryale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhinolophus_mehelyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinolophus mehelyi">Rhinolophus mehelyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Đlć1953-55">[40]</a>: 25, 26  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Invertebrates">edit</a>]</div> It is the only known locality for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudosinella_dallaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudosinella dallaii (page does not exist)">Pseudosinella dallaii</a> Gisin & Gama, described at this site.<a href="#cite_note-56">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bdk2023-19">[16]</a>: 67  It is one of only 2 locations recorded for the Medvednica endemic Anophthalmus kaufmanni|Anophthalmus kaufmanni subsp. weingaertneri Winkler.<a href="#cite_note-Prt1973-57">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bžč1960-5">[5]</a>: 18  In 1988, a <a href="/wiki/Chthonius" title="Chthonius">Chthonius</a> specimen collected by Branko Jalžić was described as Chthonius raridentatus,<a href="#cite_note-58">[43]</a> though in 2014 this was shown to be <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_raridentatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chthonius raridentatus (page does not exist)">Chthonius raridentatus</a> Hadži.<a href="#cite_note-59">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bdk2023-19">[16]</a>: 67  Other invertebrates include <a href="/wiki/Eukoenenia" title="Eukoenenia">Eukoenenia</a> sp.,<a href="#cite_note-Bdk2023-19">[16]</a>: 67  <a href="/wiki/Heteromurus_nitidus" title="Heteromurus nitidus">Heteromurus nitidus</a> Templeton, <a href="/wiki/Lithobius" title="Lithobius">Lithobius</a> sp.,<a href="#cite_note-Bdk2023-19">[16]</a>: 67  <a href="/wiki/Mesoniscus_graniger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoniscus graniger">Mesoniscus graniger</a> Frivaldsky,<a href="#cite_note-60">[45]</a>: 244  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niphargus_likanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niphargus likanus (page does not exist)">Niphargus likanus</a> Karaman,<a href="#cite_note-Prt1973-57">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plusiocampa" title="Plusiocampa">Plusiocampa</a> cf. nivea Joseph,<a href="#cite_note-Bdk2023-19">[16]</a>: 67  <a href="/wiki/Rhagidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhagidia">Rhagidia</a> sp.,<a href="#cite_note-Bdk2023-19">[16]</a>: 67  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schubartia_lohmanderi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schubartia lohmanderi (page does not exist)">Schubartia lohmanderi</a> Verhoeff,<a href="#cite_note-Prt1973-57">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scoliopteryx_libatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoliopteryx libatrix">Scoliopteryx libatrix</a> L.,<a href="#cite_note-Bdk2023-19">[16]</a>: 67  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Troglohyphantes_excavatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troglohyphantes excavatus (page does not exist)">Troglohyphantes excavatus</a> Fage,<a href="#cite_note-62">[47]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Troglophilus_cavicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troglophilus cavicola (page does not exist)">Troglophilus cavicola</a> Kollar.<a href="#cite_note-63">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microfauna">Microfauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Microfauna">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a> include the Veternica endemic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centropyxis_bipilata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centropyxis bipilata (page does not exist)">Centropyxis bipilata</a> Baković, Siemensma et al. and a number of other species: <a href="/wiki/Arcella_artocrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcella artocrea">Arcella artocrea</a> Leidy, <a href="/wiki/Arcella_rotundata" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcella rotundata">A. rotundata</a> Playfair, <a href="/wiki/Centropyxis_aculeata" class="mw-redirect" title="Centropyxis aculeata">Centropyxis aculeata</a> Ehrenberg, <a href="/wiki/Centropyxis_aerophila" class="mw-redirect" title="Centropyxis aerophila">C. aerophila</a> Deflandre, <a href="/wiki/Centropyxis_constricta" class="mw-redirect" title="Centropyxis constricta">C. constricta</a> Ehrenberg, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centropyxis_elongata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centropyxis elongata (page does not exist)">C. elongata</a> Penard, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centropyxis_laevigata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centropyxis laevigata (page does not exist)">C. laevigata</a> Penard, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centropyxis_plagiostoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centropyxis plagiostoma (page does not exist)">C. plagiostoma</a> Bonnet & Thomas, <a href="/wiki/Cochliopodium" title="Cochliopodium">Cochliopodium</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptodifflugia_oviformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptodifflugia oviformis (page does not exist)">Cryptodifflugia oviformis</a> Penard, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptodifflugia_pusilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptodifflugia pusilla (page does not exist)">C. pusilla</a> Playfair, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptodifflugia_sacculus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptodifflugia sacculus (page does not exist)">C. sacculus</a> Penard, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopyxis_eurystoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclopyxis eurystoma (page does not exist)">Cyclopyxis eurystoma</a> Deflandre, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyphoderia_ampulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyphoderia ampulla (page does not exist)">Cyphoderia ampulla</a> Ehrenberg, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Difflugia_oblonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difflugia oblonga (page does not exist)">Difflugia oblonga</a> Ehrenberg, <a href="/wiki/Difflugia" title="Difflugia">D.</a> cf. pristis Penard, <a href="/wiki/Diplochlamys_(protist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplochlamys (protist)">Diplochlamys</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplophrys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplophrys (page does not exist)">Diplophrys</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglypha_bryophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglypha bryophila (page does not exist)">Euglypha bryophila</a> Brown, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglypha_laevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglypha laevis (page does not exist)">E. laevis</a> Ehrenberg, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglypha_rotunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglypha rotunda (page does not exist)">E. rotunda</a> Wailes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglypha_tuberculata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglypha tuberculata (page does not exist)">E. tuberculata</a> Dujardin, cf. <a href="/wiki/Flamella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamella">Flamella</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frenzelina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frenzelina (page does not exist)">Frenzelina</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Heleopera" title="Heleopera">Heleopera</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Korotnevella" title="Korotnevella">Korotnevella</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Mayorella" title="Mayorella">Mayorella</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microchlamys_patella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microchlamys patella (page does not exist)">Microchlamys patella</a> Claparède & Lachmann, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcometes_paludosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microcometes paludosa (page does not exist)">Microcometes paludosa</a> Cienkowski, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiopyxis_declivis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plagiopyxis declivis (page does not exist)">Plagiopyxis declivis</a> Bonnet, <a href="/wiki/Pyxidicula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyxidicula">Pyxidicula</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Rhizamoeba" title="Rhizamoeba">Rhizamoeba</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tracheleuglypha_dentata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tracheleuglypha dentata (page does not exist)">Tracheleuglypha dentata</a> Deflandre, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinema_lineare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinema lineare (page does not exist)">Trinema lineare</a> Penard, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinema_enchelys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinema enchelys (page does not exist)">T. enchelys</a> Ehrenberg, <a href="/wiki/Vahlkampfia" title="Vahlkampfia">Vahlkampfia</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Vanella" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanella">Vanella</a> sp.<a href="#cite_note-Bkv2023-64">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heliozoa" title="Heliozoa">Heliozoa</a> include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthocystis_myriospina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acanthocystis myriospina (page does not exist)">Acanthocystis myriospina</a> Penard emend. Dürrschmidt and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphidocystis_marginata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphidocystis marginata (page does not exist)">Raphidocystis marginata</a> Zlatogursky ex Siemensma.<a href="#cite_note-Bkv2023-64">[49]</a>: 61  <a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a> include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinetochilum_margaritaceum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinetochilum margaritaceum (page does not exist)">Cinetochilum margaritaceum</a> Perty, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colpoda_steini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colpoda steini (page does not exist)">Colpoda steini</a> Maupas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclidium_glaucoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclidium glaucoma (page does not exist)">Cyclidium glaucoma</a> O.F.M., <a href="/wiki/Euplotes" title="Euplotes">Euplotes</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litonotus_lamella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litonotus lamella (page does not exist)">Litonotus lamella</a> Schewiakoff, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nassulida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nassulida (page does not exist)">Nassulida</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleuronema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleuronema (page does not exist)">Pleuronema</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyxicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyxicola (page does not exist)">Pyxicola</a> sp., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphatidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphatidium (page does not exist)">Sphatidium</a> sp., <a href="/wiki/Vorticella" title="Vorticella">Vorticella</a> sp.<a href="#cite_note-Bkv2023-64">[49]</a>: 61  The cave is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a> species <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinophrys_sol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinophrys sol (page does not exist)">Actinophrys sol</a> Ehrenberg and the Heterotrophic Flagellate species <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peranema_trichophorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peranema trichophorum (page does not exist)">Peranema trichophorum</a> Ehrenberg.<a href="#cite_note-Bkv2023-64">[49]</a>: 61  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Selected works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Veternica_bibliography" title="Veternica bibliography">Veternica bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoljak1934" class="citation magazine cs1">Poljak, Josip (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.foi.hr/dbook/cas.php?B=1&item=S00001&godina=1934&broj=00005&page=133">"Pećina "Veternica" u Zagrebačkoj gori"</a> ["Veternica" Cave in Zagrebačka gora]. Priroda. Vol. 24, no. 5. pp. 133–139. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0351-0662">0351-0662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Priroda&rft.atitle=Pe%C4%87ina+%22Veternica%22+u+Zagreba%C4%8Dkoj+gori&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=133-139&rft.date=1934&rft.issn=0351-0662&rft.aulast=Poljak&rft.aufirst=Josip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.foi.hr%2Fdbook%2Fcas.php%3FB%3D1%26item%3DS00001%26godina%3D1934%26broj%3D00005%26page%3D133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBožičević1959" class="citation journal cs1">Božičević, Srećko (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/222924">"Pećina Veternica nekada, sada i u budućnosti"</a> [Veternica Cave Once, Now and in the Future]. Speleolog. 7–8 (7–8) (published 1960-12-01): 7–24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0490-4109">0490-4109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Pe%C4%87ina+Veternica+nekada%2C+sada+i+u+budu%C4%87nosti&rft.volume=7-8&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=7-24&rft.date=1959&rft.issn=0490-4109&rft.aulast=Bo%C5%BEi%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sre%C4%87ko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F222924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBožičević1974" class="citation journal cs1">Božičević, Srećko (1974). "Podzemni krški fenomeni planine Medvednice kraj Zagreba" [Subterranean Karst Phenomena of Medvednica Mountain by Zagreb]. Acta Carsologica. 6: 97–109. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0583-6050">0583-6050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Carsologica&rft.atitle=Podzemni+kr%C5%A1ki+fenomeni+planine+Medvednice+kraj+Zagreba&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=97-109&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0583-6050&rft.aulast=Bo%C5%BEi%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sre%C4%87ko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČepelak1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Čepelak, Marijan (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/230456">"Novija i buduća speleološka istraživanja u Veternici"</a> [Recent and Coming Speleological Explorations in "Veternica"]. Speleolog. 24–25 (24–25) (published 1977-12-01): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0490-4109">0490-4109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Novija+i+budu%C4%87a+speleolo%C5%A1ka+istra%C5%BEivanja+u+Veternici&rft.volume=24-25&rft.issue=24%E2%80%9325&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0490-4109&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cepelak&rft.aufirst=Marijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F230456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČepelak1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Čepelak, Marijan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/236289">"Objašnjenja uz nacrt špilje Veternice"</a> [Explanations with a Map of Veternica Cave]. Speleolog. 26–27 (26–27) (published 1980-01-02): 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0490-4109">0490-4109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Obja%C5%A1njenja+uz+nacrt+%C5%A1pilje+Veternice&rft.volume=26-27&rft.issue=26%E2%80%9327&rft.pages=33-34&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0490-4109&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cepelak&rft.aufirst=Marijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F236289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandaKaravanić2019" class="citation journal cs1">Banda, Marko; Karavanić, Ivor (2019-12-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/229659">"Mustjerska industrija špilje Veternice"</a> [The Mousterian industry of Veternica cave]. Prilozi Instituta Za Arheologiju U Zagrebu. 36: 5–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33254%2Fpiaz.36.1">10.33254/piaz.36.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1848-6371">1848-6371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prilozi+Instituta+Za+Arheologiju+U+Zagrebu&rft.atitle=Mustjerska+industrija+%C5%A1pilje+Veternice&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=5-40&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft.eissn=1848-6371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33254%2Fpiaz.36.1&rft.aulast=Banda&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft.au=Karavani%C4%87%2C+Ivor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F229659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUredništvo2024" class="citation journal cs1">Uredništvo (2024-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/314778">"90 godina istraživanja špilje Veternice"</a> [90 Years of Exploring the Veternica Cave]. Speleolog. 71 (71): 6–7. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2623-7385">2623-7385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=90+godina+istra%C5%BEivanja+%C5%A1pilje+Veternice&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.eissn=2623-7385&rft.au=Uredni%C5%A1tvo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F314778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolonićBožićČepelakLacković2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bolonić, Zoran; Božić, Vlado; Čepelak, Marijan; Lacković, Damir; Malinar, Hrvoje; Medenica, Tila (2024-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/314779">"Povijest speleoloških istraživanja i uređivanja špilje Veternice"</a> [History of Speleological Exploration and Development of the Veternica Cave]. Speleolog. 71 (71): 8–25. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2623-7385">2623-7385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Povijest+speleolo%C5%A1kih+istra%C5%BEivanja+i+ure%C4%91ivanja+%C5%A1pilje+Veternice&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=8-25&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.eissn=2623-7385&rft.aulast=Boloni%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Zoran&rft.au=Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87%2C+Vlado&rft.au=%C4%8Cepelak%2C+Marijan&rft.au=Lackovi%C4%87%2C+Damir&rft.au=Malinar%2C+Hrvoje&rft.au=Medenica%2C+Tila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F314779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajoGlumacLackovićSasowsky2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bajo, Petra; Glumac, Bosiljka; Lacković, Damir; Sasowsky, Ira D.; Stroj, Andrej (2024-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/314780">"Kako je nastala špilja Veternica?"</a> [How did Veternica Cave form?]. Speleolog. 71 (71): 26–41. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2623-7385">2623-7385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Kako+je+nastala+%C5%A1pilja+Veternica%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=26-41&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.eissn=2623-7385&rft.aulast=Bajo&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft.au=Glumac%2C+Bosiljka&rft.au=Lackovi%C4%87%2C+Damir&rft.au=Sasowsky%2C+Ira+D.&rft.au=Stroj%2C+Andrej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F314780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanda2024" class="citation journal cs1">Banda, Marko (2024-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/314781">"Arheologija špilje Veternice"</a> [The Archaeology of Veternica Cave]. Speleolog. 71 (71): 42–57. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2623-7385">2623-7385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Arheologija+%C5%A1pilje+Veternice&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=42-57&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.eissn=2623-7385&rft.aulast=Banda&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F314781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_on_Zagreba%C4%8Dka_gora" title="List of caves on Zagrebačka gora">List of caves on Zagrebačka gora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Kanal iznad Kamenog slapa </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Nova Veternica </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavko_Hitzthaler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavko Hitzthaler (page does not exist)">Slavko Hitzthaler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragutin_Ketser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragutin Ketser (page does not exist)">Dragutin Ketser</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mladen_Mari%C4%8Di%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mladen Maričić (page does not exist)">Mladen Maričić</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gvido_Nonweiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gvido Nonweiller (page does not exist)">Gvido Nonweiller</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratimir_Slaveti%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratimir Slavetić (page does not exist)">Ratimir Slavetić</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antun_Tak%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antun Takšić (page does not exist)">Antun Takšić</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_%C5%BDidan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Židan (page does not exist)">Fred Židan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%C5%A1o_Juri%C5%A1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mišo Juriša (page does not exist)">Mišo Juriša</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%C5%A1a_Keser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saša Keser (page does not exist)">Saša Keser</a>, "Mateljan" and "Legat". </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Komisija za Veternicu. Initially consisting of Franjo Ivanček, Vladimir Mirosavljević, Mirko Malez and Slavko Marjanac. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Juraj Posarić and Branko Jalžić. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Nova Veternica </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Or 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The cavers passed a thick PVC tube through the siphon and then passed through the PVC tube themselves. This is one of the earliest uses of this technique, which allows for dry passage but comes with significant risks. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> After long-time Veternica caver <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirko_Markulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirko Markulin (page does not exist)">Mirko Markulin</a>, who died later that month. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Zaštićeni spomenik prirode </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Komisija za speleologiju Hrvatskog Planinarskog Saveza </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> This was followed by two separate measurement studies in 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Including Ponor 16 m, Velebitaški kanal, Separe, Pakleni kanal, Kukušni kanal and Kanal iznad Limunove dvorane.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Including Stari kanal, Nova Veternica, Alpinistički kanal, Aneks, Darijev kanal, Kanal iznad Razrušene dvorane and Kanal iznad Visoke dvorane.<a href="#cite_note-Čpl1977-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Veternica_(cave)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bln2023-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bln2023_1-27">ab</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolonićBožićČepelakLacković2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bolonić, Zoran; Božić, Vlado; Čepelak, Marijan; Lacković, Damir; Malinar, Hrvoje; Medenica, Tila (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/314779">"Povijest speleoloških istraživanja i uređivanja špilje Veternice"</a> [History of Speleological Exploration and Development of the Veternica Cave]. 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Speleolog. 24–25 (24–25) (published 1977-12-01): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0490-4109">0490-4109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Novija+i+budu%C4%87a+speleolo%C5%A1ka+istra%C5%BEivanja+u+Veternici&rft.volume=24-25&rft.issue=24%E2%80%9325&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0490-4109&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cepelak&rft.aufirst=Marijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F230456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kšn2020-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kšn2020_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kšn2020_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKušanMartinić2020" class="citation web cs1">Kušan, Vladimir; Martinić, Ivan; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pp-medvednica.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Studija-upravljanja-posjetiteljima-Parka-prirode-Medvednica_2020_2029.pdf">"Studija upravljanja posjetiteljima Parka prirode Medvednica"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studija+upravljanja+posjetiteljima+Parka+prirode+Medvednica&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ku%C5%A1an&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Martini%C4%87%2C+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pp-medvednica.hr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2FStudija-upravljanja-posjetiteljima-Parka-prirode-Medvednica_2020_2029.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=64425">"Veternica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Encyclopedia" title="Croatian Encyclopedia">Croatian Encyclopedia</a>. Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute. 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Hrvatski speleološki poslužitelj.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+speleolo%C5%A1ki+poslu%C5%BEitelj&rft.atitle=Tijek+istra%C5%BEivanja+%C5%A1piljskog+sustava+%C4%90ulin+ponor+-+Medvedica&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cepelak&rft.aufirst=Marijan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeleologija.eu%2FDjulaMedvedica%2Fistrazivanja.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutlović1992" class="citation journal cs1">Sutlović, Ana (1992). "Novi metri u staroj Veternici" [New Meters in Old Veternica]. Velebiten. 8: 34–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1332-6651">1332-6651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Velebiten&rft.atitle=Novi+metri+u+staroj+Veternici&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=34-36&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=1332-6651&rft.aulast=Sutlovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlada_Republike_Hrvatske2000" class="citation news cs1">Vlada Republike Hrvatske (2000-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2000_10_98_1937.html">"Rješenje o imenovanju ravnateljice Javne ustanove "Park prirode Medvednica""</a>. Narodne novine. No. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-7932">0027-7932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narodne+novine&rft.atitle=Rje%C5%A1enje+o+imenovanju+ravnateljice+Javne+ustanove+%22Park+prirode+Medvednica%22&rft.issue=98&rft.date=2000-10-03&rft.issn=0027-7932&rft.au=Vlada+Republike+Hrvatske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnarodne-novine.nn.hr%2Fclanci%2Fsluzbeni%2F2000_10_98_1937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bsn2023-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bsn2023_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bsn2023_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bsn2023_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bsn2023_35-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosnerNovak2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bosner, Nela; Novak, Ruđer (2024-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/314785">"Zašto su prekinuta speleološka istraživanja Veternice?"</a> [Why were the speleological explorations of Veternica discontinued?]. Speleolog. 71 (71): 82–85. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2623-7385">2623-7385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Za%C5%A1to+su+prekinuta+speleolo%C5%A1ka+istra%C5%BEivanja+Veternice%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=82-85&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.eissn=2623-7385&rft.aulast=Bosner&rft.aufirst=Nela&rft.au=Novak%2C+Ru%C4%91er&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F314785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopijač2010" class="citation web cs1">Popijač, Marina (2010-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pp-medvednica.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/nacin-koristenja-spilje-Veternice-uputa-korisnicima.pdf">"Način korištenja špilje Veternice"</a> (PDF). Park prirode Medvednica. <q>Posjeti u svrhu znanstvenih istraživanja mogući su svake prve subote u mjesecu u terminu od 10:00 o 16:00 sati.</q> [Visits for the purpose of scientific research are possible every first Sunday of the month from 10:00 to 16:00.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Park+prirode+Medvednica&rft.atitle=Na%C4%8Din+kori%C5%A1tenja+%C5%A1pilje+Veternice&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.aulast=Popija%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pp-medvednica.hr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2Fnacin-koristenja-spilje-Veternice-uputa-korisnicima.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalez1965" class="citation book cs1">Malez, Mirko (1965). 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Speleolog. 71 (71): 42–57. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2623-7385">2623-7385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speleolog&rft.atitle=Arheologija+%C5%A1pilje+Veternice&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=42-57&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.eissn=2623-7385&rft.aulast=Banda&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F314781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeternica+%28cave%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mlz1955-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mlz1955_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mlz1955_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mlz1955_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mlz1955_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mlz1955_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mlz1955_45-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalez1955" class="citation journal cs1">Malez, Mirko (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dizbi.hazu.hr/a/?pr=i&id=174045">"Paleontološko istraživanje pećine Veternice u 1955. godini"</a>. 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