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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_black_hole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_black_hole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Central black hole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_black_hole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbiting_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbiting_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orbiting stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbiting_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_G2_gas_cloud_on_an_accretion_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_G2_gas_cloud_on_an_accretion_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Discovery of G2 gas cloud on an accretion course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_G2_gas_cloud_on_an_accretion_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sagittarius A*</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_A*" title="الرامي A* – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرامي A*" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%8F*" title="ধনু এ* – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধনু এ*" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%90*" title="Стрелец А* – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стрелец А*" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitari_A*" title="Sagitari A* – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sagitari A*" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_A_%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ساجيطاريوس A نجمة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ساجيطاريوس A نجمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_A*" title="Τοξότης A* – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοξότης A*" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitario_A*" title="Sagitario A* – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sagitario A*" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C*" title="کمان ای* – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمان ای*" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%81%EC%88%98%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC_A*" title="궁수자리 A* – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="궁수자리 A*" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%8F*" title="धनु ए* – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धनु ए*" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittario_A*" title="Sagittario A* – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sagittario A*" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%AA_A*" title="קשת A* – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשת A*" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_A*" title="მშვილდოსანი A* – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მშვილდოსანი A*" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aulys_A*" title="Šaulys A* – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šaulys A*" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%90*" title="Стрелец А* – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стрелец А*" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E5%BA%A7A*" title="いて座A* – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="いて座A*" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajittarius_A*" title="Sajittarius A* – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sajittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86_A*" title="Стрелец A* – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стрелец A*" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strelec_A*" title="Strelec A* – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strelec A*" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strelac_A*" title="Strelac A* – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Strelac A*" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A* – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sagittarius A*" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8F*" title="தனுசு ஏ* – Tamil" 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data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?ra=17.761122472222&de=-29.007810555556&zoom=7&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all">17<sup>h</sup> 45<sup>m</sup> 40.0409<sup>s</sup>, −29° 0′ 28.118″</a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the black hole. For the surrounding region, see <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A" title="Sagittarius A">Sagittarius A</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em"> <caption style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold">Sagittarius A* </caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-250px-EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-375px-EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-500px-EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4076" data-file-height="4076" /></a></span><br />Sagittarius A* imaged by the <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a> in 2017, released in 2022</div></td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: #FFFFC0;" colspan="2">Observation data<br /><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a>      <a href="/wiki/Equinox_(celestial_coordinates)" title="Equinox (celestial coordinates)">Equinox</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">Right ascension</a></span> </th> <td><span class="nowrap">17<sup>h</sup> 45<sup>m</sup> 40.0409<sup>s</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Declination</a> </th> <td>−29° 0′ 28.118″<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></b></td><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7036853999999999999♠"></span>8.54<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>36</sup> kg</span> <br /><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006429700000000000♠"></span>4.297<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-GRAVITY_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAVITY-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></b></td><td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004269960000000000♠"></span>26<span style="margin-left:.25em;">996</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>33</span><sup id="cite_ref-GRAVITY_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAVITY-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a> <br />(<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003827700000000000♠"></span>8277<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>9</span><sup id="cite_ref-GRAVITY_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAVITY-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Database references</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a></b></td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NAME+Sgr+A*">data</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Sagittarius A*</b>, abbreviated as <b>Sgr A*</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SADGE</span>-<span style="font-size:90%">AY</span>-star</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), is the <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plait_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plait-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>. Viewed from Earth, it is located near the border of the constellations <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a>, about 5.6° south of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> visually close to the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Cluster" title="Butterfly Cluster">Butterfly Cluster</a> (M6) and <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Scorpii" title="Lambda Scorpii">Lambda Scorpii</a>. </p><p>The object is a bright and very compact <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_radio_source" title="Astronomical radio source">astronomical radio source</a>. The name Sagittarius A* distinguishes the compact source from the larger (and much brighter) <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A" title="Sagittarius A">Sagittarius A</a> (Sgr A) region in which it is embedded. Sgr A* was discovered in 1974 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Balick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Balick (page does not exist)">Bruce Balick</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Balick" class="extiw" title="de:Bruce Balick">de</a>]</span> and Robert L. Brown,<sup id="cite_ref-Intense_sub-arcsecond_structure_in_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intense_sub-arcsecond_structure_in-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melia_2007,_p._7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melia_2007,_p._7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><b>*</b></span> was assigned in 1982 by Brown,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who understood that the strongest radio emission from the center of the galaxy appeared to be due to a compact non-thermal radio object. </p><p>The observations of several stars orbiting Sagittarius A*, particularly <a href="/wiki/S2_(star)" title="S2 (star)">star S2</a>, have been used to determine the mass and upper limits on the radius of the object. Based on mass and increasingly precise radius limits, astronomers have concluded that Sagittarius A* must be the central supermassive black hole of the Milky Way galaxy.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current best estimate of its mass is 4.297<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.012 million <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAVITY_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAVITY-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> were awarded the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for their discovery that Sagittarius A* is a supermassive compact object, for which a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> was the only plausible explanation at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, astronomers released the first image of the <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a> around the horizon of Sagittarius A*, confirming it to be a black hole, using the <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a>, a world-wide network of radio observatories.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ-202205_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ-202205-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the second confirmed image of a black hole, after <a href="/wiki/Messier_87#Supermassive_black_hole_M87*" title="Messier 87">Messier 87's supermassive black hole</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-ESO2208_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESO2208-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20220512_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220512-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black hole itself is not seen; as light is incapable of escaping the immense gravitational force of a black hole, only nearby objects whose behavior is influenced by the black hole can be observed. The observed radio and infrared energy emanates from gas and dust heated to millions of degrees while falling into the black hole.<sup id="cite_ref-DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation_and_description">Observation and description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Observation and description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagittarius_Astar_in_the_constellation_of_Sagittarius.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sagittarius_Astar_in_the_constellation_of_Sagittarius.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Sagittarius_Astar_in_the_constellation_of_Sagittarius.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sagittarius_Astar_in_the_constellation_of_Sagittarius.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Sagittarius_Astar_in_the_constellation_of_Sagittarius.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Sagittarius_Astar_in_the_constellation_of_Sagittarius.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Sagittarius_Astar_in_the_constellation_of_Sagittarius.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Sagittarius A* in the constellation of Sagittarius. The black hole is marked with a red circle within the constellation of Sagittarius (The Archer). This map shows most of the stars visible to the unaided eye under good conditions.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eso2208-eht-mwe.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eso2208-eht-mwe.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Eso2208-eht-mwe.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eso2208-eht-mwe.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Eso2208-eht-mwe.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eso2208-eht-mwe.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Eso2208-eht-mwe.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3701" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison between Sagittarius A* and <a href="/wiki/Messier_87#Supermassive_black_hole_M87*" title="Messier 87">M87*</a>. The diameter of Sagittarius A* is smaller than the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 12, 2022, the first image of Sagittarius A* was released by the <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration">Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration</a>. The image, which is based on radio interferometer data taken in 2017, confirms that the object contains a black hole. This is the second image of a black hole.<sup id="cite_ref-ESO2208_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESO2208-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shadow_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadow-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This image took five years of calculations to process.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data was collected by eight radio observatories at six geographical sites. Radio images are produced from data by <a href="/wiki/Aperture_synthesis" title="Aperture synthesis">aperture synthesis</a>, usually from night-long observations of stable sources. The radio emission from Sgr A* varies on the order of minutes, complicating the analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their result gives an overall <a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">angular size</a> for the source of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001518000000000000♠"></span>51.8<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>2.3 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cas" class="mw-redirect" title="Μas">μas</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shadow_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadow-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a distance of 26,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> (8,000 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a>), this yields a diameter of 51.8 million kilometres (32.2 million miles).<sup id="cite_ref-dc1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dc1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, Earth is 150 million <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometres</a> (1.0 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a>; 93 million <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> is 46 million km (0.31 AU; 29 million mi) from the Sun at <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> of Sgr A* is approximately −2.70 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">mas</a> per year for the <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> and −5.6 mas per year for the <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telescope's measurement of these black holes tested Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a> more rigorously than has previously been done, and the results match perfectly.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20220512_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220512-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, measurements made with the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera-Plus (HAWC+) mounted in the <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy" title="Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy">SOFIA</a> aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed that magnetic fields cause the surrounding ring of gas and dust, temperatures of which range from −280 to 17,500 °F (99.8 to 9,977.6 K; −173.3 to 9,704.4 °C),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to flow into an orbit around Sagittarius A*, keeping black hole emissions low.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronomers have been unable to observe Sgr A* in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">optical spectrum</a> because of the effect of 25 <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitudes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">extinction</a> (absorption and scattering) by dust and gas between the source and Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Osterbrock_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osterbrock-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1933, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Guthe_Jansky" title="Karl Guthe Jansky">Karl Jansky</a>, considered one of the fathers of radio astronomy, discovered that a radio signal was coming from a location in the direction of the constellation of Sagittarius, towards the center of the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radio source later became known as <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A" title="Sagittarius A">Sagittarius A</a>. His observations did not extend quite as far south as we now know to be the Galactic Center.<sup id="cite_ref-goss_history_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goss_history-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Piddington" title="Jack Piddington">Jack Piddington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Clive_Minnett" title="Harry Clive Minnett">Harry Minnett</a> using the <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> radio telescope at <a href="/wiki/Potts_Hill_Reservoirs_1_and_2" title="Potts Hill Reservoirs 1 and 2">Potts Hill Reservoir</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> discovered a discrete and bright "Sagittarius-Scorpius" radio source,<sup id="cite_ref-piddington_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piddington-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which after further observation with the 80-foot (24-metre) CSIRO radio telescope at <a href="/wiki/Dover_Heights" title="Dover Heights">Dover Heights</a> was identified in a letter to <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> as the probable Galactic Center.<sup id="cite_ref-galactic_centre_mcgee_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galactic_centre_mcgee-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later observations showed that Sagittarius A actually consists of several overlapping sub-components; a bright and very compact component, Sgr A*, was discovered on February 13 and 15, 1974, by Balick and Robert L. Brown using the baseline interferometer of the <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Intense_sub-arcsecond_structure_in_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intense_sub-arcsecond_structure_in-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melia_2007,_p._7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melia_2007,_p._7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Sgr A* was coined by Brown in a 1982 paper because the radio source was "exciting", and <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited states</a> of atoms are denoted with asterisks.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, it has been evident that the central component of Sgr A* is likely a black hole. In 1994, infrared and sub-millimetre spectroscopy studies by a <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a> team involving <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> and future Nobel Prize Winner <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> showed that the mass of Sgr A* was tightly concentrated and on the order of 3 million Suns.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 16, 2002, an international team led by <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Extraterrestrial_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics">Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics</a> reported the observation of the motion of the star <a href="/wiki/S2_(star)" title="S2 (star)">S2</a> near Sagittarius A* throughout a period of ten years. According to the team's analysis, the data ruled out the possibility that Sgr A* contains a cluster of dark stellar objects or a mass of <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate fermions</a>, strengthening the evidence for a massive black hole. The observations of S2 used <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> (NIR) <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_interferometer" title="Astronomical interferometer">interferometry</a> (in the Ks-band, i.e. 2.1 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a>) because of reduced <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">interstellar extinction</a> in this band. SiO <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_maser" title="Astrophysical maser">masers</a> were used to align NIR images with radio observations, as they can be observed in both NIR and radio bands. The rapid motion of S2 (and other nearby stars) easily stood out against slower-moving stars along the line-of-sight so these could be subtracted from the images.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg/260px-Dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg/390px-Dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg/520px-Dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Dusty cloud G2 passes the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composition of images taken at different times to show motion; colored blue when approaching the viewer, red when receding; time is left to right. Red cross marks the black hole.</figcaption></figure> <p>The VLBI radio observations of Sagittarius A* could also be aligned centrally with the NIR images, so the focus of S2's elliptical orbit was found to coincide with the position of Sagittarius A*. From examining the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_orbit" title="Kepler orbit">Keplerian orbit</a> of S2, they determined the mass of Sagittarius A* to be <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006409999999999999♠"></span>4.1<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.6 million</span> <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>, confined in a volume with a radius no more than 17 light-hours (120 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> [18 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 11 billion <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>]).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later observations of the star S14 showed the mass of the object to be about 4.1 million solar masses within a volume with radius no larger than 6.25 light-hours (45 AU [6.7 billion km; 4.2 billion mi]).<sup id="cite_ref-Ghez08_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghez08-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S175 passed within a similar distance.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a> is 0.08 AU (12 million km; 7.4 million mi). They also determined the distance from Earth to the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a> (the rotational center of the Milky Way), which is important in calibrating astronomical distance scales, as 8,000 ± 600 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a> (30,000 ± 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>). In November 2004, a team of astronomers reported the discovery of a potential <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole" title="Intermediate-mass black hole">intermediate-mass black hole</a>, referred to as <a href="/wiki/GCIRS_13E" title="GCIRS 13E">GCIRS 13E</a>, orbiting 3 light-years from Sagittarius A*. This black hole of 1,300 solar masses is within a cluster of seven stars. This observation may add support to the idea that supermassive black holes grow by absorbing nearby smaller black holes and stars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After monitoring stellar orbits around Sagittarius A* for 16 years, Gillessen <i>et al.</i> estimated the object's mass at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006431000000000000♠"></span>4.31<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.38 million</span> solar masses. The result was announced in 2008 and published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillessen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillessen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a>, team leader of the research, said the study has delivered "what is now considered to be the best empirical evidence that supermassive black holes do really exist. The stellar orbits in the Galactic Center show that the central mass concentration of four million solar masses must be a black hole, beyond any reasonable doubt."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sgr A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> lines within gas flowing into Sgr A*, according to astronomers.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150105_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150105-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 May 2019, astronomers using the <a href="/wiki/Keck_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Keck Observatory">Keck Observatory</a> witnessed a sudden brightening of Sgr A*, which became 75 times brighter than usual, suggesting that the supermassive black hole may have encountered another object.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, unexplained filaments of <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio</a> energy were found associated with Sagittarius A*.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20230608_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230608-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloudlets_swarm_around_our_local_supermassive_black_hole.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="ALMA observations of molecular-hydrogen-rich gas clouds, with the area around Sagittarius A* circled[45]"><img alt="ALMA observations of molecular-hydrogen-rich gas clouds, with the area around Sagittarius A* circled[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cloudlets_swarm_around_our_local_supermassive_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-244px-Cloudlets_swarm_around_our_local_supermassive_black_hole.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cloudlets_swarm_around_our_local_supermassive_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-366px-Cloudlets_swarm_around_our_local_supermassive_black_hole.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cloudlets_swarm_around_our_local_supermassive_black_hole.tif/lossy-page1-488px-Cloudlets_swarm_around_our_local_supermassive_black_hole.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a> observations of molecular-hydrogen-rich gas clouds, with the area around Sagittarius A* circled<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An unusually bright X-ray flare from Sgr A* was detected in 2013.[42]"><img alt="An unusually bright X-ray flare from Sgr A* was detected in 2013.[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg/270px-X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg/405px-X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg/540px-X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An unusually bright <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> flare from Sgr A* was detected in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150105_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150105-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supernova remnant ejecta producing planet-forming material seen in radio and X-ray"><img alt="Supernova remnant ejecta producing planet-forming material seen in radio and X-ray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/270px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/405px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/540px-15-044a-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> ejecta producing planet-forming material seen in radio and X-ray</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supernova remnant ejecta producing planet-forming material seen in infrared and X-ray"><img alt="Supernova remnant ejecta producing planet-forming material seen in infrared and X-ray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/270px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/405px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg/540px-15-044b-SuperNovaRemnant-PlanetFormation-SOFIA-20150319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="2919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supernova remnant ejecta producing planet-forming material seen in infrared and X-ray</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_black_hole">Central black hole</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Central black hole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg/260px-Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg/390px-Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg/520px-Pointing_X-ray_Eyes_at_our_Resident_Supermassive_Black_Hole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> has captured these first, focused views of the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way in high-energy X-rays.</figcaption></figure><p>In a paper published on October 31, 2018, the discovery of conclusive evidence that Sagittarius A* is a black hole was announced. Using the <a href="/wiki/List_of_instruments_at_the_Very_Large_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="List of instruments at the Very Large Telescope">GRAVITY</a> <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometer</a> and the four telescopes of the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a> (VLT) to create a virtual telescope 130 metres (430 feet) in diameter, astronomers detected clumps of gas moving at about 30% of the speed of light. Emission from highly energetic electrons very close to the black hole was visible as three prominent bright flares. These exactly match theoretical predictions for hot spots orbiting close to a black hole of four million solar masses. The flares are thought to originate from magnetic interactions in the very hot gas orbiting very close to Sagittarius A*.<sup id="cite_ref-DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESO_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESO-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/S2_(star)" title="S2 (star)">S2</a> orbiting Sgr A* had been recorded at 7,650 km/s (17.1 million mph), or 2.55% the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Apsis#Terminology" title="Apsis">pericenter</a> approach, in May 2018, at about 120 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (18 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 11 billion <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) (approximately 1,400 <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radii</a>) from Sgr A*. At that close distance to the black hole, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> predicts that S2 would show a discernible <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">gravitational redshift</a> in addition to the usual velocity redshift. The gravitational redshift was detected, in agreement with the general relativity prediction within the 10 percent measurement precision.<sup id="cite_ref-aa33718-18_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa33718-18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017-07-26_TG_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017-07-26_TG-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sagittarius A* radio emissions are not centered on the black hole, but arise from a bright spot in the region around the black hole, close to the event horizon, possibly in the <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disc</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistic jet">relativistic jet</a> of material ejected from the disc.<sup id="cite_ref-EHS_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHS-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the apparent position of Sagittarius A* were exactly centered on the black hole, it would be possible to see it magnified beyond its size, because of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">gravitational lensing</a> of the black hole. According to <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, this would result in a ring-like structure, which has a diameter about 5.2 times the black hole's <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a> (10 μas). For a black hole of around 4 million solar masses, this corresponds to a size of approximately 52 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cas" class="mw-redirect" title="Μas">μas</a>, which is consistent with the observed overall size of about 50 μas,<sup id="cite_ref-EHS_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHS-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the size (apparent diameter) of the black hole Sgr A* itself being 20 μas. </p><p>Lower resolution observations revealed that the radio source of Sagittarius A* is symmetrical.<sup id="cite_ref-Issaoun_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issaoun-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simulations of alternative theories of gravity depict results that may be difficult to distinguish from GR.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 paper predicted an image of Sagittarius A* that is in agreement with observations. In particular, it explains the small angular size and the symmetrical morphology of the source.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass of Sagittarius A* has been estimated in two different ways: </p> <ol><li>Two groups—in Germany and the U.S.—monitored the orbits of individual stars very near to the black hole and used <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler's laws">Kepler's laws</a> to infer the enclosed mass. The German group found a mass of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006431000000000000♠"></span>4.31<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.38 million</span> solar masses,<sup id="cite_ref-Gillessen_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillessen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the American group found <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006409999999999999♠"></span>4.1<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.6 million</span> solar masses.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghez08_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghez08-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that this mass is confined inside a 44-million-kilometre-diameter sphere, this yields a density ten times higher than previous estimates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>More recently, measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motions</a> of a sample of several thousand stars within approximately one parsec from the black hole, combined with a <a href="/wiki/Leonard%E2%80%93Merritt_mass_estimator" title="Leonard–Merritt mass estimator">statistical technique</a>, has yielded both an estimate of the black hole's mass at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006360000000000000♠"></span>3.6<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.2<br />−0.4</span></span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup></span> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>, plus a distributed mass in the central parsec amounting to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006100000000000000♠"></span>(1<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.5)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup></span> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is thought to be composed of stars and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_remnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar remnant">stellar remnants</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetar-SGR1745-2900-20150515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Magnetar-SGR1745-2900-20150515.jpg/220px-Magnetar-SGR1745-2900-20150515.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Magnetar-SGR1745-2900-20150515.jpg/330px-Magnetar-SGR1745-2900-20150515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Magnetar-SGR1745-2900-20150515.jpg/440px-Magnetar-SGR1745-2900-20150515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a> found very close to the <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a>, Sagittarius A*, at the center of the Milky Way galaxy</figcaption></figure> <p>The comparatively small mass of this <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a>, along with the low luminosity of the radio and infrared emission lines, imply that the Milky Way is not a <a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxy" title="Seyfert galaxy">Seyfert galaxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osterbrock_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osterbrock-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, what is seen is not the black hole itself, but observations that are consistent only if there is a black hole present near Sgr A*. In the case of such a black hole, the observed radio and infrared energy emanates from gas and dust heated to millions of degrees while falling into the black hole.<sup id="cite_ref-DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DetectionOfBlackHoleSrgA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black hole itself is thought to emit only <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a> at a negligible temperature, on the order of 10<sup>−14</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray">gamma-ray</a> observatory <a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> observed gamma rays interacting with the nearby <a href="/wiki/Giant_molecular_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant molecular cloud">giant molecular cloud</a> <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_B2" title="Sagittarius B2">Sagittarius B2</a>, causing X-ray emission from the cloud. The total luminosity from this outburst (<span class="texhtml"><i>L</i></span>≈1,5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001390000000000000♠"></span>39</span></sup> erg/s) is estimated to be a million times stronger than the current output from Sgr A* and is comparable with a typical <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">active galactic nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hubble050127_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubble050127-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-revnivtsev2004_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revnivtsev2004-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 this conclusion was supported by Japanese astronomers observing the Milky Way's center with the <i><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku</a></i> satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-nobukawa2011_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobukawa2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, astronomers reported finding a star, <a href="/wiki/S5-HVS1" title="S5-HVS1">S5-HVS1</a>, traveling 1,755 km/s (3.93 million mph) or 0.006 <i>c</i>. The star is in the <a href="/wiki/Grus_(constellation)" title="Grus (constellation)">Grus</a> (or Crane) <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> in the southern sky, and about 29,000 light-years from Earth, and may have been propelled out of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a> after interacting with Sagittarius A*.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20191114_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20191114-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MNRAS-20191109_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNRAS-20191109-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several values<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been given for its spin parameter <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{*}={\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>J</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{*}={\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb6b50a7a6320b77aa1016a31fed667855c0b718" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.598ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{*}={\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}}"></span>; some examples are Fragione & Loeb (2020) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{*}<0.1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{*}<0.1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5caea805df13ecdb0f468a13cfde9e3905da8cfa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.293ex; margin-bottom: -0.379ex; width:8.354ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{*}<0.1}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>,</i> Belanger et al. (2006) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{*}\sim 0.22}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>0.22</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{*}\sim 0.22}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a71eca52c51efd1d812a9e0dd80d8d0e0fcf3fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.293ex; margin-bottom: -0.379ex; width:9.517ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{*}\sim 0.22}"></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meyer et al. (2006) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{*}>0.4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{*}>0.4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/970a4fff5d1decb07b2da845307f62c8bee1d1b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.293ex; margin-bottom: -0.379ex; width:8.354ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{*}>0.4}"></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genzel et al. (2003) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{*}\sim 0.52}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>0.52</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{*}\sim 0.52}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d0d7e4e45719dc21a120dbe45ab34674383ecf22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.293ex; margin-bottom: -0.379ex; width:9.517ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{*}\sim 0.52}"></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daly (2019) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{*}=0.93\pm 0.15}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.93</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{*}=0.93\pm 0.15}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f6e61ddba8f03442b71e56298129d5dcd7c9398" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.293ex; margin-bottom: -0.379ex; width:16.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{*}=0.93\pm 0.15}"></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Daly et al. (2023) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{*}=0.90\pm 0.06}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.90</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.06</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{*}=0.90\pm 0.06}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ac7981d75faf23ee39294d909158d66a263acbe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.293ex; margin-bottom: -0.379ex; width:16.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{*}=0.90\pm 0.06}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daly et al. (2023) also found that the ratio of the black hole rotational mass component to the irreducible mass component of Sgr A* is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{rot}/M_{irr}=0.62\pm 0.10}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.62</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.10</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{rot}/M_{irr}=0.62\pm 0.10}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebd5eb15903976409fa2d2f6f063bbda02ff1382" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.525ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{rot}/M_{irr}=0.62\pm 0.10}"></span>, which indicates that the black hole is rotating with an angular velocity that is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0.62\pm 0.10}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0.62</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.10</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0.62\pm 0.10}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5eadf14e64dec9c59ba8238d0bc162bd55324385" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.109ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0.62\pm 0.10}"></span> of the maximum possible value, set by the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:03_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbiting_stars">Orbiting stars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Orbiting stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*_cluster" title="Sagittarius A* cluster">Sagittarius A* cluster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galactic_centre_orbits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/220px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/330px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/440px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Inferred orbits of six stars around supermassive black hole candidate Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenhauer_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenhauer-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SgrA2018.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SgrA2018.gif/220px-SgrA2018.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SgrA2018.gif/330px-SgrA2018.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SgrA2018.gif/440px-SgrA2018.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Stars moving around Sagittarius A*, 20-year timelapse, ending in 2018<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SgrA2021.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SgrA2021.gif/220px-SgrA2021.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SgrA2021.gif/330px-SgrA2021.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SgrA2021.gif/440px-SgrA2021.gif 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Stars moving around Sagittarius A* as seen in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of stars in close orbit around Sagittarius A*, which are collectively known as "S stars".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stars are observed primarily in <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K band</a> infrared wavelengths, as interstellar dust drastically limits visibility in visible wavelengths. This is a rapidly changing field—in 2011, the orbits of the most prominent stars then known were plotted in the diagram at left, showing a comparison between their orbits and various orbits in the solar system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, <a href="/wiki/S62_(star)" title="S62 (star)">S62</a> has been found to approach even more closely than those stars.<sup id="cite_ref-apj_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high velocities and close approaches to the supermassive black hole makes these stars useful to establish limits on the physical dimensions of Sagittarius A*, as well as to observe general-relativity associated effects like periapse shift of their orbits. An active watch is maintained for the possibility of stars approaching the event horizon close enough to be disrupted, but none of these stars are expected to suffer that fate. </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, S4714 is the current record holder of closest approach to Sagittarius A*, at about 12.6 AU (1.88 billion km), almost as close as Saturn gets to the Sun, traveling at about 8% of the speed of light. These figures given are approximate, the formal uncertainties being <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012188493317082000♠"></span>12.6<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>9.3 AU</span> and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007239280000000000♠"></span>23,928<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>8,840 km/s</span>. Its orbital period is 12 years, but an extreme eccentricity of 0.985 gives it the close approach and high velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An excerpt from a table of this cluster (see <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*_cluster" title="Sagittarius A* cluster">Sagittarius A* cluster</a>), featuring the most prominent members. In the below table, <b>id1</b> is the star's name in the Gillessen catalog and <b>id2</b> in the catalog of the University of California, Los Angeles. <b>a</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>Ω</b> and <b>ω</b> are standard <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital elements</a>, with <b>a</b> measured in <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a>. <b>Tp</b> is the epoch of pericenter passage, <b>P</b> is the orbital period in years and <b>Kmag</b> is the infrared <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K-band</a> <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of the star. <b>q</b> and <b>v</b> are the pericenter distance in <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> and pericenter speed in percent of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naess_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naess-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>id1 </th> <th>id2 </th> <th>a </th> <th>e </th> <th>i (°) </th> <th>Ω (°) </th> <th>ω (°) </th> <th>Tp (yr) </th> <th>P (yr) </th> <th>Kmag </th> <th>q (AU) </th> <th>v (%c) </th></tr> <tr> <td>S1 </td> <td>S0-1 </td> <td>0.5950 </td> <td>0.5560 </td> <td>119.14 </td> <td>342.04 </td> <td>122.30 </td> <td>2001.800 </td> <td>166.0 </td> <td>14.70 </td> <td>2160.7 </td> <td>0.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S2_(star)" title="S2 (star)">S2</a> </td> <td>S0-2 </td> <td>0.1251 </td> <td>0.8843 </td> <td>133.91 </td> <td>228.07 </td> <td>66.25 </td> <td>2018.379 </td> <td>16.1 </td> <td>13.95 </td> <td>118.4 </td> <td>2.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>S8 </td> <td>S0-4 </td> <td>0.4047 </td> <td>0.8031 </td> <td>74.37 </td> <td>315.43 </td> <td>346.70 </td> <td>1983.640 </td> <td>92.9 </td> <td>14.50 </td> <td>651.7 </td> <td>1.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>S12 </td> <td>S0-19 </td> <td>0.2987 </td> <td>0.8883 </td> <td>33.56 </td> <td>230.10 </td> <td>317.90 </td> <td>1995.590 </td> <td>58.9 </td> <td>15.50 </td> <td>272.9 </td> <td>1.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>S13 </td> <td>S0-20 </td> <td>0.2641 </td> <td>0.4250 </td> <td>24.70 </td> <td>74.50 </td> <td>245.20 </td> <td>2004.860 </td> <td>49.0 </td> <td>15.80 </td> <td>1242.0 </td> <td>0.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>S14 </td> <td>S0-16 </td> <td>0.2863 </td> <td>0.9761 </td> <td>100.59 </td> <td>226.38 </td> <td>334.59 </td> <td>2000.120 </td> <td>55.3 </td> <td>15.70 </td> <td>56.0 </td> <td>3.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S62_(star)" title="S62 (star)">S62</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.0905 </td> <td>0.9760 </td> <td>72.76 </td> <td>122.61 </td> <td>42.62 </td> <td>2003.330 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>16.10 </td> <td>16.4 </td> <td>7.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>S4714 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.102 </td> <td>0.985 </td> <td>127.7 </td> <td>129.28 </td> <td>357.25 </td> <td>2017.29 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>17.7 </td> <td>12.6 </td> <td>8.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_of_G2_gas_cloud_on_an_accretion_course">Discovery of G2 gas cloud on an accretion course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discovery of G2 gas cloud on an accretion course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First noticed as something unusual in images of the center of the Milky Way in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-Matson_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matson-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the gas cloud G2, which has a mass about three times that of Earth, was confirmed to be likely on a course taking it into the accretion zone of Sgr A* in a paper published in <i>Nature</i> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillessen_2012_51–54_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillessen_2012_51–54-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predictions of its orbit suggested it would make its closest approach to the black hole (a <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perinigricon</a>) in early 2014, when the cloud was at a distance of just over 3,000 times the radius of the event horizon (or ≈260 AU, 36 light-hours) from the black hole. G2 has been observed to be disrupting since 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-Gillessen_2012_51–54_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillessen_2012_51–54-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was predicted by some to be completely destroyed by the encounter, which could have led to a significant brightening of X-ray and other emission from the black hole. Other astronomers suggested the gas cloud could be hiding a dim star, or a binary star merger product, which would hold it together against the tidal forces of Sgr A*, allowing the ensemble to pass by without any effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel2014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the tidal effects on the cloud itself, it was proposed in May 2013<sup id="cite_ref-Bartos_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartos-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that, prior to its perinigricon, G2 might experience multiple close encounters with members of the black-hole and neutron-star populations thought to orbit near the Galactic Center, offering some insight to the region surrounding the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-Geometry_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geometry-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average rate of accretion onto Sgr A* is unusually small for a black hole of its mass<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is only detectable because it is so close to Earth. It was thought that the passage of G2 in 2013 might offer astronomers the chance to learn much more about how material accretes onto supermassive black holes. Several astronomical facilities observed this closest approach, with observations confirmed with <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">VLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a> and requested at <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">VLT</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simulations of the passage were made before it happened by groups at <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> (LLNL).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the cloud approached the black hole, <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Haggard" title="Daryl Haggard">Daryl Haggard</a> said, "It's exciting to have something that feels more like an experiment", and hoped that the interaction would produce effects that would provide new information and insights.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nothing was observed during and after the closest approach of the cloud to the black hole, which was described as a lack of "fireworks" and a "flop".<sup id="cite_ref-nature140721_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature140721-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers from the UCLA Galactic Center Group published observations obtained on March 19 and 20, 2014, concluding that G2 was still intact (in contrast to predictions for a simple gas cloud hypothesis) and that the cloud was likely to have a central star.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel2014_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An analysis published on July 21, 2014, based on observations by the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a> in Chile, concluded alternatively that the cloud, rather than being isolated, might be a dense clump within a continuous but thinner stream of matter, and would act as a constant breeze on the disk of matter orbiting the black hole, rather than sudden gusts that would have caused high brightness as they hit, as originally expected. Supporting this hypothesis, G1, a cloud that passed near the black hole 13 years ago, had an orbit almost identical to G2, consistent with both clouds, and a gas tail thought to be trailing G2, all being denser clumps within a large single gas stream.<sup id="cite_ref-nature140721_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature140721-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> et al. suggested in 2014 that G2 is not a gas cloud but rather a pair of binary stars that had been orbiting the black hole in tandem and merged into an extremely large star.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel2014_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_simulation_of_how_a_gas_cloud_that_has_been_observed_approaching_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/A_simulation_of_how_a_gas_cloud_that_has_been_observed_approaching_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_galaxy.jpg/200px-A_simulation_of_how_a_gas_cloud_that_has_been_observed_approaching_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/A_simulation_of_how_a_gas_cloud_that_has_been_observed_approaching_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_galaxy.jpg/300px-A_simulation_of_how_a_gas_cloud_that_has_been_observed_approaching_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/A_simulation_of_how_a_gas_cloud_that_has_been_observed_approaching_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_galaxy.jpg/400px-A_simulation_of_how_a_gas_cloud_that_has_been_observed_approaching_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Artist impression of the accretion of gas cloud G2 onto Sgr A*. Credit: ESO<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv/200px--Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv/Simulation_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This simulation shows a gas cloud, discovered in 2011, as it passes close to the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm/200px--The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm/The_dusty_cloud_G2_passes_the_supermassive_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This video sequence shows the motion of the dusty cloud G2 as it closes in on, and then passes, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center_GeV_excess" title="Galactic Center GeV excess">Galactic Center GeV excess</a> – Unexplained gamma rays from the Galactic Center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_known_black_holes" title="List of nearest known black holes">List of nearest known black holes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dc1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dc1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This roughly equates to around 37 times the diameter of the Sun at ~1,400,000 kilometers (~865,000 miles).</span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reid">Reid and Brunthaler 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAVITY-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRAVITY_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAVITY_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAVITY_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAVITY_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_GRAVITY_collaboration2023" class="citation journal cs1">The GRAVITY collaboration (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2023/09/aa47416-23/aa47416-23.html">"Polarimetry and astrometry of NIR flares as event horizon scale, dynamical probes for the mass of Sgr A*"</a>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>677</b>: L10. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11821">2307.11821</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...677L..10G">2023A&A...677L..10G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202347416">10.1051/0004-6361/202347416</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Polarimetry+and+astrometry+of+NIR+flares+as+event+horizon+scale%2C+dynamical+probes+for+the+mass+of+Sgr+A%2A&rft.volume=677&rft.pages=L10&rft.date=2023-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2307.11821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202347416&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023A%26A...677L..10G&rft.au=The+GRAVITY+collaboration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Ffull_html%2F2023%2F09%2Faa47416-23%2Faa47416-23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy">"Astronomers reveal first image of the black hole at the heart of our galaxy"</a>. <i>Event Horizon Telescope</i>. May 12, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512132514/https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Event+Horizon+Telescope&rft.atitle=Astronomers+reveal+first+image+of+the+black+hole+at+the+heart+of+our+galaxy&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feventhorizontelescope.org%2Fblog%2Fastronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2018" class="citation news cs1">Parsons, Jeff (October 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/31/scientists-find-proof-a-supermassive-black-hole-is-lurking-at-the-centre-of-the-milky-way-8092994/">"Scientists find proof a supermassive black hole is lurking at the centre of the Milky Way"</a>. <i>Metro</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031214911/https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/31/scientists-find-proof-a-supermassive-black-hole-is-lurking-at-the-centre-of-the-milky-way-8092994/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Scientists+find+proof+a+supermassive+black+hole+is+lurking+at+the+centre+of+the+Milky+Way&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2018%2F10%2F31%2Fscientists-find-proof-a-supermassive-black-hole-is-lurking-at-the-centre-of-the-milky-way-8092994%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosher2018" class="citation news cs1">Mosher, Dave (October 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031144008/https://www.middletownpress.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Supermassive-black-holes-gorge-themselves-on-a-7971243.php">"A 'mind-boggling' telescope observation has revealed the point of no return for our galaxy's monster black hole"</a>. <i>The Middletown Press</i>. Business Insider. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middletownpress.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Supermassive-black-holes-gorge-themselves-on-a-7971243.php">the original</a> on October 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Middletown+Press&rft.atitle=A+%27mind-boggling%27+telescope+observation+has+revealed+the+point+of+no+return+for+our+galaxy%27s+monster+black+hole&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middletownpress.com%2Ftechnology%2Fbusinessinsider%2Farticle%2FSupermassive-black-holes-gorge-themselves-on-a-7971243.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plait-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plait_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlait2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phil_Plait" title="Phil Plait">Plait, Phil</a> (November 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/astronomers-see-material-orbiting-a-black-hole-right-at-the-edge-of-forever">"Astronomers See Material Orbiting a Black Hole *Right* at the Edge of Forever"</a>. <i>Bad Astronomy</i>. Syfy Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110143143/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/astronomers-see-material-orbiting-a-black-hole-right-at-the-edge-of-forever">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bad+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Astronomers+See+Material+Orbiting+a+Black+Hole+%2ARight%2A+at+the+Edge+of+Forever&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft.aulast=Plait&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syfy.com%2Fsyfywire%2Fastronomers-see-material-orbiting-a-black-hole-right-at-the-edge-of-forever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated using <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frostydrew.org/utilities.dc/convert/tool-eq_coordinates/pss-fdo/">Equatorial and Ecliptic Coordinates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721134008/https://frostydrew.org/utilities.dc/convert/tool-eq_coordinates/pss-fdo/">Archived</a> July 21, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> calculator</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intense_sub-arcsecond_structure_in-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intense_sub-arcsecond_structure_in_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intense_sub-arcsecond_structure_in_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalickBrown1974" class="citation journal cs1">Balick, B.; Brown, R. 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"The Galactic Center Cloud G2 and its Gas Streamer". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>798</b> (2): 111. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.4354">1407.4354</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...798..111P">2015ApJ...798..111P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637x%2F798%2F2%2F111">10.1088/0004-637x/798/2/111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118440030">118440030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Galactic+Center+Cloud+G2+and+its+Gas+Streamer&rft.volume=798&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118440030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApJ...798..111P&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1407.4354&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637x%2F798%2F2%2F111&rft.aulast=Pfuhl&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Gillessen%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Eisenhauer%2C+Frank&rft.au=Genzel%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=Plewa%2C+Philipp+M.&rft.au=Thomas+Ott&rft.au=Ballone%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Schartmann%2C+Marc&rft.au=Burkert%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthsky.org/space/how-g2-survived-the-black-hole-at-our-milky-ways-heart">"How G2 survived the black hole at our Milky Way's heart - EarthSky.org"</a>. November 4, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205014740/http://earthsky.org/space/how-g2-survived-the-black-hole-at-our-milky-ways-heart">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+G2+survived+the+black+hole+at+our+Milky+Way%27s+heart+-+EarthSky.org&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fspace%2Fhow-g2-survived-the-black-hole-at-our-milky-ways-heart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1151a/">"Simulation of gas cloud after close approach to the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way"</a>. ESO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307130323/http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1151a/">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simulation+of+gas+cloud+after+close+approach+to+the+black+hole+at+the+centre+of+the+Milky+Way&rft.pub=ESO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feso1151a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Backer" class="citation journal cs1">Backer, D. C. & Sramek, R. A. (October 20, 1999). "Proper Motion of the Compact, Nonthermal Radio Source in the Galactic Center, Sagittarius A*". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>524</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">805–</span>815. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9906048">astro-ph/9906048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...524..805B">1999ApJ...524..805B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F307857">10.1086/307857</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18858138">18858138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Proper+Motion+of+the+Compact%2C+Nonthermal+Radio+Source+in+the+Galactic+Center%2C+Sagittarius+A%2A&rft.volume=524&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E805-%3C%2Fspan%3E815&rft.date=1999-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18858138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ApJ...524..805B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9906048&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F307857&rft.aulast=Backer&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Sramek%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gillessen" class="citation journal cs1">Gillessen, Stefan; et al. (February 23, 2009). "Monitoring stellar orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>692</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1075–</span>1109. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.4674">0810.4674</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...692.1075G">2009ApJ...692.1075G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F692%2F2%2F1075">10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1431308">1431308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Monitoring+stellar+orbits+around+the+Massive+Black+Hole+in+the+Galactic+Center&rft.volume=692&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1075-%3C%2Fspan%3E1109&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0810.4674&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1431308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F692%2F2%2F1075&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ApJ...692.1075G&rft.aulast=Gillessen&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Melia" class="citation book cs1">Melia, Fulvio (2007). <i>The galactic supermassive black hole</i>. 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(2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astrophysicsofga0000oste"><i>Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891389-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891389-34-4"><bdi>978-1-891389-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrophysics+of+gaseous+nebulae+and+active+galactic+nuclei&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+California&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-891389-34-4&rft.aulast=Osterbrock&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=Ferland%2C+Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastrophysicsofga0000oste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reid" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, M. J.; Brunthaler, A. (December 2004). 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"Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a subpopulation of the low-mass G objects close to Sgr A*". <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics">Astronomy & Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>686</b>: A235. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.09916">2406.09916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...686A.235P">2024A&A...686A.235P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202449729">10.1051/0004-6361/202449729</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Candidate+young+stellar+objects+in+the+S-cluster%3A+Kinematic+analysis+of+a+subpopulation+of+the+low-mass+G+objects+close+to+Sgr+A%2A&rft.volume=686&rft.pages=A235&rft.date=2024-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2406.09916&rft.issn=0004-6361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202449729&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024A%26A...686A.235P&rft.aulast=Pei%C3%9Fker&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Zaja%C4%8Dek%2C+M.&rft.au=Melamed%2C+M.&rft.au=Ali%2C+B.&rft.au=Singhal%2C+M.&rft.au=Dassel%2C+T.&rft.au=Eckart%2C+A.&rft.au=Karas%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayne2024" class="citation web cs1">Rayne, Elizabeth (July 4, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/07/swarm-of-dusty-young-stars-found-around-our-galaxys-central-black-hole/">"Swarm of dusty young stars found around our galaxy's central black hole"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Swarm+of+dusty+young+stars+found+around+our+galaxy%27s+central+black+hole&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft.aulast=Rayne&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2024%2F07%2Fswarm-of-dusty-young-stars-found-around-our-galaxys-central-black-hole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagittarius+A%2A" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0808.2624">Is there a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way?</a> (<a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> preprint)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306130">2004 paper deducing mass of central black hole from orbits of 7 stars</a> (<a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> preprint)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/archives/videos/old_video/eso0226a.mpg">ESO video clip of orbiting star</a> (533 KB MPEG Video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0408107">The Proper Motion of Sgr A* and the Mass of Sgr A*</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/pr/1998/bhole/">NRAO article</a> regarding VLBI radio imaging of Sgr A*</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/100000003725182/peering-into-a-black-hole.html">Peering into a Black Hole</a>, 2015 <i>New York Times</i> video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/news/9741/imagelist">Image of supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (2022)</a>, Harvard Center for Astrophysics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ws0iPDSqI4"><span class="plainlinks">Video (65:30) – EHT conference presenting first image of Sgr A*</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a>; 12 May 2022)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Black_holes" title="Template:Black holes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_holes" title="Template talk:Black holes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_holes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black holes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_holes386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black holes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_black_hole" title="Rotating black hole">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charged_black_hole" title="Charged black hole">Charged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)" title="Kugelblitz (astrophysics)">Kugelblitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_collapse_black_hole" title="Direct collapse black hole">Direct collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_black_hole" title="Rogue black hole">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malament%E2%80%93Hogarth_spacetime" title="Malament–Hogarth spacetime">Malament–Hogarth spacetime</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/80px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/120px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/160px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremal_black_hole" title="Extremal black hole">Extremal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_electron" title="Black hole electron">Electron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">Microquasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole" title="Intermediate-mass black hole">Intermediate-mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">LQG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVV_quasar" title="OVV quasar">OVV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neutron_star" title="Template:Neutron star">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_dwarf" title="Template:White dwarf">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole" title="Binary black hole">Binary black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermassive star">Supermassive star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Supermassive dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">Astrophysical jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Gravitational singularity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_singularity" title="Ring singularity">Ring singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Hawking_singularity_theorems" title="Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems">Theorems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon_sphere" title="Photon sphere">Photon sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innermost_stable_circular_orbit" title="Innermost stable circular orbit">Innermost stable circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergosphere" title="Ergosphere">Ergosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_process" title="Penrose process">Penrose process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek_process" title="Blandford–Znajek process">Blandford–Znajek process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondi_accretion" title="Bondi accretion">Bondi accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E2%80%93sigma_relation" title="M–sigma relation">M–sigma relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillation">Quasi-periodic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekenstein_bound" title="Bekenstein bound">Bekenstein bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousso%27s_holographic_bound" title="Bousso's holographic bound">Bousso's holographic bound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immirzi_parameter" title="Immirzi parameter">Immirzi parameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghettification" title="Spaghettification">Spaghettification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_complementarity" title="Black hole complementarity">Black hole complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" title="Black hole information paradox">Information paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER_%3D_EPR" title="ER = EPR">ER = EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole#Final_parsec_problem" title="Binary black hole">Final parsec problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(physics)" title="Firewall (physics)">Firewall (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-hair_theorem" title="No-hair theorem">No-hair theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Derivation_of_the_Schwarzschild_solution" title="Derivation of the Schwarzschild solution">Derivation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayward_metric" title="Hayward metric">Hayward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsingular_black_hole_models" title="Nonsingular black hole models">Nonsingular black hole models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(Newtonian_mechanics)" title="Dark star (Newtonian mechanics)">Dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_eternally_collapsing_object" title="Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object">Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzball_(string_theory)" title="Fuzzball (string theory)">Fuzzball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geon_(physics)" title="Geon (physics)">Geon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Analogs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_black_hole" title="Optical black hole">Optical black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_black_hole" title="Sonic black hole">Sonic black hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_black_holes" title="Lists of black holes">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_holes" title="List of black holes">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_black_holes" title="List of most massive black holes">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_known_black_holes" title="List of nearest known black holes">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasars" title="List of quasars">Quasars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microquasars" title="List of microquasars">Microquasars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline of black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_starship" title="Black hole starship">Black hole starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst_progenitors" title="Gamma-ray burst progenitors">Gamma-ray burst progenitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">Gravity well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_paradigm" title="Membrane paradigm">Membrane paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_singularity" title="Naked singularity">Naked singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermassive star">Supermassive star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Supermassive dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminal_motion" title="Superluminal motion">Superluminal motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_black_hole_physics" title="Timeline of black hole physics">Timeline of black hole physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTE_J1650-500" class="mw-redirect" title="XTE J1650-500">XTE J1650-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTE_J1118%2B480" title="XTE J1118+480">XTE J1118+480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A0620-00" title="A0620-00">A0620-00</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sagittarius A*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_A" title="Centaurus A">Centaurus A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Cluster" title="Phoenix Cluster">Phoenix Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKS_1302-102" class="mw-redirect" title="PKS 1302-102">PKS 1302-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OJ_287" title="OJ 287">OJ 287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDSS_J0849%2B1114" title="SDSS J0849+1114">SDSS J0849+1114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TON_618" title="TON 618">TON 618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_0735.6%2B7421" title="MS 0735.6+7421">MS 0735.6+7421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeVe_1" title="NeVe 1">NeVe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_A" title="Hercules A">Hercules A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C_273" title="3C 273">3C 273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q0906%2B6930" title="Q0906+6930">Q0906+6930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markarian_501" title="Markarian 501">Markarian 501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULAS_J1342%2B0928" title="ULAS J1342+0928">ULAS J1342+0928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSO_J030947.49%2B271757.31" title="PSO J030947.49+271757.31">PSO J030947.49+271757.31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2018hyz" title="AT2018hyz">AT2018hyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_J1644%2B57" title="Swift J1644+57">Swift J1644+57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1ES_1927%2B654" title="1ES 1927+654">1ES 1927+654</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Black_holes" title="Category:Black holes">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_holes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black 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.tfd-dedup{display:none}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milky_Way319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milky_Way" title="Template:Milky Way"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milky_Way" title="Template talk:Milky Way"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milky_Way" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milky Way"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milky_Way319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks tfd tfd-dated tfd-default tfd-dedup">‹ The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> below (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth%27s_location_in_the_Universe" title="Template:Earth's location in the Universe">Earth's location in the Universe</a></i>) is being considered for merging with LocationOfEarth-ImageMap. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2025_February_12#Template:Earth's_location_in_the_Universe" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 February 12">templates for discussion</a> to help reach a consensus. ›</div> <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Each arrow (<span style="font-size:120%">→</span>) may be read as "within" or "part of".</span></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Milky Way Galaxy"><img alt="The Milky Way Galaxy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg/85px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg/128px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg/170px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="5600" /></a><figcaption>The Milky Way Galaxy</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A" title="Sagittarius A">Sagittarius A</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sagittarius A*</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi bubble">Fermi bubbles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center_filament" title="Galactic Center filament">Galactic Center filaments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galactic_disc#Structure_of_the_Milky_Way_Disc" title="Galactic disc">Disk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carina%E2%80%93Sagittarius_Arm" title="Carina–Sagittarius Arm">Carina–Sagittarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Arm" title="Norma Arm">Norma–Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion–Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Arm" title="Perseus Arm">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutum%E2%80%93Centaurus_Arm" title="Scutum–Centaurus Arm">Scutum–Centaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_3_kpc_Arm" title="Near 3 kpc Arm">Near 3 kpc Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_3_kpc_Arm" title="Far 3 kpc Arm">Far 3 kpc Arm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">Halo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Stream" title="Aquarius Stream">Aquarius Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulthul_stream" title="Fimbulthul stream">Fimbulthul stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_Sausage" title="Gaia Sausage">Gaia Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmi_stream" title="Helmi stream">Helmi stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_Stream" title="Magellanic Stream">Magellanic Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoceros_Ring" title="Monoceros Ring">Monoceros Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomar_5" title="Palomar 5">Palomar 5</a> stream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-Eridanus_stellar_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream">Pisces-Eridanus stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Stream" title="Sagittarius Stream">Sagittarius Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_Stellar_Stream" title="Virgo Stellar Stream">Virgo Stream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Satellite<br />galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_Clouds" title="Magellanic Clouds">Magellanic Clouds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud" title="Large Magellanic Cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Magellanic_Cloud" title="Small Magellanic Cloud">Small Magellanic Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_Bridge" title="Magellanic Bridge">Magellanic Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antlia_II" title="Antlia II">Antlia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_I" title="Boötes I">Boötes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_II" title="Boötes II">Boötes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_III" title="Boötes III">Boötes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canes_Venatici_I" title="Canes Venatici I">Canes Venatici I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canes_Venatici_II" title="Canes Venatici II">Canes Venatici II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_Major_Overdensity" title="Canis Major Overdensity">Canis Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carina_Dwarf_Spheroidal_Galaxy" title="Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy">Carina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_Berenices_(dwarf_galaxy)" title="Coma Berenices (dwarf galaxy)">Coma Berenices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_2_Dwarf" title="Crater 2 Dwarf">Crater 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draco_Dwarf" title="Draco Dwarf">Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridanus_II" title="Eridanus II">Eridanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornax_Dwarf" title="Fornax Dwarf">Fornax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(dwarf_galaxy)" title="Hercules (dwarf galaxy)">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(dwarf_galaxy)" title="Leo I (dwarf galaxy)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(dwarf_galaxy)" title="Leo II (dwarf galaxy)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_(dwarf_galaxy)" title="Leo IV (dwarf galaxy)">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_(dwarf_galaxy)" title="Leo V (dwarf galaxy)">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_T" title="Leo T">Leo T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Dwarf" title="Phoenix Dwarf">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_Overdensity" title="Pisces Overdensity">Pisces Overdensity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_II" title="Pisces II">Pisces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulum_II" title="Reticulum II">Reticulum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Dwarf_Spheroidal_Galaxy" title="Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy">Sagittarius Spheroidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segue_1" title="Segue 1">Segue 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segue_2" title="Segue 2">Segue 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculptor_Dwarf_Galaxy" title="Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy">Sculptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextans_Dwarf_Spheroidal" title="Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal">Sextans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulum_II" title="Triangulum II">Triangulum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major_I_Dwarf" title="Ursa Major I Dwarf">Ursa Major I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major_II_Dwarf" title="Ursa Major II Dwarf">Ursa Major II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major_III" title="Ursa Major III">Ursa Major III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor_Dwarf" title="Ursa Minor Dwarf">Ursa Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_I" title="Virgo I">Virgo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willman_1" title="Willman 1">Willman 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_Milky_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="List of names for the Milky Way">Alternate names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision" title="Andromeda–Milky Way collision">Andromeda–Milky Way collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baade%27s_Window" title="Baade's Window">Baade's Window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milky_Way_(mythology)" title="Milky Way (mythology)">In mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_of_Avoidance" title="Zone of Avoidance">Zone of Avoidance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Milky_Way" title="Category:Milky Way">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constellation_of_Sagittarius438" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Template:Sagittarius (constellation)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Template talk:Sagittarius (constellation)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sagittarius (constellation)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constellation_of_Sagittarius438" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Constellation of Sagittarius</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_in_Sagittarius" title="List of stars in Sagittarius">List of stars in Sagittarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Molecular_Zone" title="Central Molecular Zone">Central Molecular Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Sagittarius_Star_Cloud" title="Large Sagittarius Star Cloud">Large Sagittarius Star Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_in_Chinese_astronomy" title="Sagittarius in Chinese astronomy">Sagittarius in Chinese astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sagittarii" title="Alpha Sagittarii">α (Rukbat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta1_Sagittarii" title="Beta1 Sagittarii">β<sup>1</sup> (Arkab Prior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta2_Sagittarii" title="Beta2 Sagittarii">β<sup>2</sup> (Arkab Posterior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_Sagittarii" title="W Sagittarii">γ<sup>1</sup> (W)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma2_Sagittarii" title="Gamma2 Sagittarii">γ<sup>2</sup> (Alnasl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sagittarii" title="Delta Sagittarii">δ (Kaus Media)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Sagittarii" title="Epsilon Sagittarii">ε (Kaus Australis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Sagittarii" title="Zeta Sagittarii">ζ (Ascella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Sagittarii" title="Eta Sagittarii">η</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta1_Sagittarii" title="Theta1 Sagittarii">θ<sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta2_Sagittarii" title="Theta2 Sagittarii">θ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Sagittarii" title="Iota Sagittarii">ι</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa1_Sagittarii" title="Kappa1 Sagittarii">κ<sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa2_Sagittarii" title="Kappa2 Sagittarii">κ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Sagittarii" title="Lambda Sagittarii">λ (Kaus Borealis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Sagittarii" title="Mu Sagittarii">μ (Polis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu1_Sagittarii" title="Nu1 Sagittarii">ν<sup>1</sup> (Ainalrami)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu2_Sagittarii" title="Nu2 Sagittarii">ν<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi1_Sagittarii" title="Xi1 Sagittarii">ξ<sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi2_Sagittarii" title="Xi2 Sagittarii">ξ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Sagittarii" title="Omicron Sagittarii">ο</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Sagittarii" title="Pi Sagittarii">π (Albaldah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho1_Sagittarii" title="Rho1 Sagittarii">ρ<sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho2_Sagittarii" title="Rho2 Sagittarii">ρ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Sagittarii" title="Sigma Sagittarii">σ (Nunki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Sagittarii" title="Tau Sagittarii">τ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Sagittarii" title="Upsilon Sagittarii">υ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sagittarii" title="Phi Sagittarii">φ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi1_Sagittarii" title="Chi1 Sagittarii">χ<sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Sagittarii" title="Chi Sagittarii">χ<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi3_Sagittarii" title="Chi3 Sagittarii">χ<sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Sagittarii" title="Psi Sagittarii">ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Sagittarii" title="Omega Sagittarii">ω (Terebellum)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Flamsteed_designation" title="Flamsteed designation">Flamsteed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HR_6801" title="HR 6801">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Sagittarii" title="4 Sagittarii">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Sagittarii">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_Sagittarii" title="6 Sagittarii">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_Sagittarii" title="7 Sagittarii">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Sagittarii" title="9 Sagittarii">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Sagittarii">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_Sagittarii" title="14 Sagittarii">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_Sagittarii" title="15 Sagittarii">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_Sagittarii" title="16 Sagittarii">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_Sagittarii" title="17 Sagittarii">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_Sagittarii" title="18 Sagittarii">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_Sagittarii" title="21 Sagittarii">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="23 Sagittarii">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Sagittarii">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Sagittarii">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="26 Sagittarii">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Sagittarii">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="29 Sagittarii">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="30 Sagittarii">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="31 Sagittarii">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="33 Sagittarii">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43_Sagittarii" title="43 Sagittarii">43 (d)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="50 Sagittarii">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="51 Sagittarii">51 (h<sup>1</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52_Sagittarii" title="52 Sagittarii">52 (h<sup>2</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="53 Sagittarii">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="54 Sagittarii">54 (e<sup>1</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="55 Sagittarii">55 (e<sup>2</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/56_Sagittarii" title="56 Sagittarii">56 (f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="57 Sagittarii">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59_Sagittarii" title="59 Sagittarii">59 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60_Sagittarii" title="60 Sagittarii">60 (A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="61 Sagittarii">61 (g)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62_Sagittarii" title="62 Sagittarii">62 (c)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="63 Sagittarii">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65_Sagittarii" class="mw-redirect" title="65 Sagittarii">65</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/63_Ophiuchi" title="63 Ophiuchi">63 Oph</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable star designation">Variable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U_Sagittarii" title="U Sagittarii">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Sagittarii" title="X Sagittarii">X (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Sagittarii" title="Y Sagittarii">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS_Sagittarii" title="RS Sagittarii">RS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RY_Sagittarii" title="RY Sagittarii">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_Sagittarii" title="VX Sagittarii">VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KW_Sagittarii" title="KW Sagittarii">KW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V348_Sagittarii" title="V348 Sagittarii">V348</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V356_Sagittarii" title="V356 Sagittarii">V356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V630_Sagittarii" title="V630 Sagittarii">V630</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V725_Sagittarii" title="V725 Sagittarii">V725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V1017_Sagittarii" title="V1017 Sagittarii">V1017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V1059_Sagittarii" title="V1059 Sagittarii">V1059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V3903_Sagittarii" title="V3903 Sagittarii">V3903 (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_187474" title="HD 187474">V3961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4024_Sagittarii" title="V4024 Sagittarii">V4024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_168607" title="HD 168607">V4029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_168625" title="HD 168625">V4030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4046_Sagittarii" title="V4046 Sagittarii">V4046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4199_Sagittarii" title="V4199 Sagittarii">V4199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_7578" title="HR 7578">V4200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4332_Sagittarii" title="V4332 Sagittarii">V4332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurai%27s_Object" title="Sakurai's Object">V4334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDE_316285" class="mw-redirect" title="HDE 316285">V4375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4381_Sagittarii" title="V4381 Sagittarii">V4381</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAX_J1808.4%E2%88%923658" title="SAX J1808.4−3658">V4580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4641_Sagittarii" title="V4641 Sagittarii">V4641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_Star" title="Pistol Star">V4647 (Pistol Star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4650_Sagittarii" title="V4650 Sagittarii">V4650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4743_Sagittarii" title="V4743 Sagittarii">V4743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V4998_Sagittarii" title="V4998 Sagittarii">V4998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-TR-10" title="OGLE-TR-10">V5125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-TR-56" title="OGLE-TR-56">V5157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_179949" title="HD 179949">V5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V5668_Sagittarii" title="V5668 Sagittarii">V5668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V5856_Sagittarii" title="V5856 Sagittarii">V5856</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue" title="Bright Star Catalogue">HR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_165185" title="HD 165185">6748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_165516" title="HD 165516">6762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_165634" title="HD 165634">6766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_167665" title="HD 167665">6836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_167818" title="HD 167818">6842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_169830" title="HD 169830">6907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_172051" title="HD 172051">6998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_172910" title="HD 172910">7029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_182681" title="HD 182681">7380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_189245" title="HD 189245">7631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_189831" title="HD 189831">7652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_190056" title="HD 190056">7659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_7703" title="HR 7703">7703</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Catalogue" title="Henry Draper Catalogue">HD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_163296" title="HD 163296">163296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164604" title="HD 164604">164604 (Pincoya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_166191" title="HD 166191">166191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_169142" title="HD 169142">169142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_170657" title="HD 170657">170657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_171238" title="HD 171238">171238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_177765" title="HD 177765">177765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_180902" title="HD 180902">180902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_181342" title="HD 181342">181342</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_181720" title="HD 181720">181720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_187085" title="HD 187085">187085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_190647" title="HD 190647">190647</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDE_316285" class="mw-redirect" title="HDE 316285">316285</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_19281982-2640123" title="2MASS 19281982-2640123">2MASS 19281982-2640123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J18352154%E2%80%933123385" title="2MASS J18352154–3123385">2MASS J18352154–3123385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4U_1820-30" class="mw-redirect" title="4U 1820-30">4U 1820-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursting_Pulsar" title="Bursting Pulsar">Bursting Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWISEP_J1935-1546" title="CWISEP J1935-1546">CWISEP J1935-1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCIRS_13E" title="GCIRS 13E">GCIRS 13E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HATS-36" class="mw-redirect" title="HATS-36">HATS-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_17423-1755" title="IRAS 17423-1755">IRAS 17423-1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_18162%E2%88%922048" title="IRAS 18162−2048">IRAS 18162−2048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCIRS_7" title="GCIRS 7">GCIRS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCIRS_8*" title="GCIRS 8*">GCIRS 8*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCIRS_16SW" title="GCIRS 16SW">GCIRS 16SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomez%27s_Hamburger" title="Gomez's Hamburger">Gomez's Hamburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G0.238-0.071" class="mw-redirect" title="G0.238-0.071">G0.238-0.071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-2016-BLG-0005L" class="mw-redirect" title="K2-2016-BLG-0005L">K2-2016-BLG-0005L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBV_1806-20" class="mw-redirect" title="LBV 1806-20">LBV 1806-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACHO_176.18833.411" title="MACHO 176.18833.411">MACHO 176.18833.411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACHO-1997-BLG-41" title="MACHO-1997-BLG-41">MACHO-1997-BLG-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACHO-98-BLG-35" title="MACHO-98-BLG-35">MACHO-98-BLG-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6822-WR_12" title="NGC 6822-WR 12">NGC 6822-WR 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J1747%E2%88%922958" title="PSR J1747−2958">PSR J1747−2958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J1748%E2%88%922446ad" title="PSR J1748−2446ad">PSR J1748−2446ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_154" title="Ross 154">Ross 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S2_(star)" title="S2 (star)">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S55_(star)" title="S55 (star)">S55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S62_(star)" title="S62 (star)">S62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4716" title="S4716">S4716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAX_J1808.4%E2%88%923658" title="SAX J1808.4−3658">SAX J1808.4−3658</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWEEPS_J175853.92%E2%88%92291120.6" title="SWEEPS J175853.92−291120.6">SWEEPS J175853.92−291120.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_J1745-26" title="Swift J1745-26">Swift J1745-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIFT_J1756.9%E2%88%922508" title="SWIFT J1756.9−2508">SWIFT J1756.9−2508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W33A" title="W33A">W33A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-67" title="WASP-67">WASP-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WD_0032%E2%88%92317" title="WD 0032−317">WD 0032−317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WR_102" title="WR 102">WR 102</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WR_102c" title="WR 102c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WR_102ea" title="WR 102ea">ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WR_102ka" title="WR 102ka">ka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WR_101-2" title="WR 101-2">WR 101-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WR_104" title="WR 104">WR 104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WR_111" title="WR 111">WR 111</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Exoplanets14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:151px;background: #ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HATS-36b" title="HATS-36b">HATS-36b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164604_b" title="HD 164604 b">HD 164604 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_181720_b" title="HD 181720 b">HD 181720 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb" title="K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb">K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMT-2022-BLG-0440L_b" title="KMT-2022-BLG-0440L b">KMT-2022-BLG-0440L b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb" title="MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb">MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-400Lb" title="MOA-2007-BLG-400Lb">MOA-2007-BLG-400Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2009-BLG-387Lb" title="MOA-2009-BLG-387Lb">MOA-2009-BLG-387Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2010-BLG-477Lb" class="mw-redirect" title="MOA-2010-BLG-477Lb">MOA-2010-BLG-477Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2003-BLG-235Lb" title="OGLE-2003-BLG-235Lb">OGLE-2003-BLG-235Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb" title="OGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb">OGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2018-BLG-1119Lb" class="mw-redirect" title="OGLE-2018-BLG-1119Lb">OGLE-2018-BLG-1119Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-TR-10b" title="OGLE-TR-10b">OGLE-TR-10b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-TR-56b" title="OGLE-TR-56b">OGLE-TR-56b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIFT_J1756.9-2508_b" class="mw-redirect" title="SWIFT J1756.9-2508 b">SWIFT J1756.9-2508 b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Star<br />clusters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">NGC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6440" title="NGC 6440">NGC 6440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6520" title="NGC 6520">NGC 6520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6522" title="NGC 6522">NGC 6522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6528" title="NGC 6528">NGC 6528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6530" title="NGC 6530">NGC 6530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6540" title="NGC 6540">NGC 6540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6544" title="NGC 6544">NGC 6544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6553" title="NGC 6553">NGC 6553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6558" title="NGC 6558">NGC 6558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6569" title="NGC 6569">NGC 6569</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6603" title="NGC 6603">NGC 6603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6624" title="NGC 6624">NGC 6624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6638" title="NGC 6638">NGC 6638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6642" title="NGC 6642">NGC 6642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6717" title="NGC 6717">NGC 6717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6723" title="NGC 6723">NGC 6723</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1806%E2%88%9220_cluster" title="1806−20 cluster">1806−20 cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS-GC02" title="2MASS-GC02">2MASS-GC02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arches_Cluster" title="Arches Cluster">Arches Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CO-0.40-0.22" title="CO-0.40-0.22">CO-0.40-0.22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_18" title="Messier 18">Messier 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_21" title="Messier 21">Messier 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_22" title="Messier 22">Messier 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_23" title="Messier 23">Messier 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_25" title="Messier 25">Messier 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_28" title="Messier 28">Messier 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_54" title="Messier 54">Messier 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_55" title="Messier 55">Messier 55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_69" title="Messier 69">Messier 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_70" title="Messier 70">Messier 70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_75" title="Messier 75">Messier 75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintuplet_cluster" title="Quintuplet cluster">Quintuplet cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Sagittarius_Star_Cloud" title="Small Sagittarius Star Cloud">Small Sagittarius Star Cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebulae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">NGC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_Nebula_(NGC_6822)" title="Bubble Nebula (NGC 6822)">NGC 6822 (Bubble Nebula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6445" title="NGC 6445">NGC 6445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6559" title="NGC 6559">NGC 6559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6563" title="NGC 6563">NGC 6563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6565" title="NGC 6565">NGC 6565</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6578" title="NGC 6578">NGC 6578</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6589" title="NGC 6589">NGC 6589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6590" title="NGC 6590">NGC 6590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6818" title="NGC 6818">NGC 6818</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_92" title="Barnard 92">Barnard 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1.9%2B0.3" title="G1.9+0.3">G1.9+0.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN-0.009-0.044" title="HCN-0.009-0.044">HCN-0.009-0.044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon_Nebula" title="Lagoon Nebula">Lagoon Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Molecule_Heimat" title="Large Molecule Heimat">Large Molecule Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_1-42" title="M 1-42">M 1-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2-42" title="M2-42">M2-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Nebula" title="Omega Nebula">Omega Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_Nebula" title="Pistol Nebula">Pistol Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Spider_Nebula" title="Red Spider Nebula">Red Spider Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_Nebula_(NGC_6822)" title="Ring Nebula (NGC 6822)">Ring Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifid_Nebula" title="Trifid Nebula">Trifid Nebula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">NGC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6822" title="NGC 6822">NGC 6822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_6902" title="NGC 6902">NGC 6902</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MRC_2011-298" title="MRC 2011-298">MRC 2011-298</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKS_1830-211" title="PKS 1830-211">PKS 1830-211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKS_2000-330" title="PKS 2000-330">PKS 2000-330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKS_2004-447" title="PKS 2004-447">PKS 2004-447</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Dwarf_Irregular_Galaxy" title="Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy">Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Dwarf_Spheroidal_Galaxy" title="Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy">Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galaxy_clusters19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:151px;background: #ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">Galaxy clusters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESO_593-8" title="ESO 593-8">ESO 593-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Astronomical_events52" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:151px;background: #ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Transient_astronomical_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient astronomical event">Astronomical events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GLEAM-X_J162759.5%E2%88%92523504.3" title="GLEAM-X J162759.5−523504.3">GLEAM-X J162759.5−523504.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-192L" class="mw-redirect" title="MOA-2007-BLG-192L">MOA-2007-BLG-192L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-400L" title="MOA-2007-BLG-400L">MOA-2007-BLG-400L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2009-BLG-387L" title="MOA-2009-BLG-387L">MOA-2009-BLG-387L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2010-BLG-477L" title="MOA-2010-BLG-477L">MOA-2010-BLG-477L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOA-2011-BLG-262L" title="MOA-2011-BLG-262L">MOA-2011-BLG-262L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2003-BLG-235L" title="OGLE-2003-BLG-235L">OGLE-2003-BLG-235L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2005-BLG-169L" title="OGLE-2005-BLG-169L">OGLE-2005-BLG-169L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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