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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adolf Erman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адольф Эрман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адольф Эрман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86_%CE%88%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Άντολφ Έρμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άντολφ Έρμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Peter_Adolf_Erman" title="Johann Peter Adolf Erman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Johann Peter Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="אדולף ארמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדולף ארמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ადოლფ ერმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადოლფ ერმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أدولف إيرمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="أدولف إيرمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="アドルフ・エルマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アドルフ・エルマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adolf Erman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Эрман, Адольф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эрман, Адольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Adolf Erman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Erman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Adolf_Erman.jpg/220px-Adolf_Erman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Adolf_Erman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1854-10-31</span>)</span>October 31, 1854<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin, Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 26, 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-06-26)</span> (aged 82)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Berlin, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Adolf_Erman" title="Georg Adolf Erman">Georg Adolf Erman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Erman" title="Paul Erman">Paul Erman</a> (grandfather)<br /><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Bessel</a> (grandfather)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Egyptology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Grapow" title="Hermann Grapow">Hermann Grapow</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Fechheimer" title="Hedwig Fechheimer">Hedwig Fechheimer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Adolf_Erman" title="Special:EditPage/Adolf Erman">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Adolf+Erman%22">"Adolf Erman"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Adolf+Erman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Adolf+Erman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Adolf+Erman%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Adolf+Erman%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Adolf+Erman%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Johann Peter Adolf Erman</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛɐ̯ˈmãː]</a></span>; 31 October 1854 – 26 June 1937) was a German <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographer">lexicographer</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Erman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, he was the son of the physicist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Adolf_Erman" title="Georg Adolf Erman">Georg Adolf Erman</a> and grandson of the physicist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erman" title="Paul Erman">Paul Erman</a> and the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a>. </p><p>Educated at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and Berlin, he became associate professor of <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> in 1883 and full professor in 1892. In 1885 he was appointed director of the Egyptian department at the royal museum.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934 he was excluded from the faculty of the university because he was, according to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ideology">Nazi ideology</a>, one quarter <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>. As his family had converted to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in 1902, he and his family were not persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, but they all lost their positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Erman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erman and his school at Berlin had the difficult task of recovering the grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> and spent thirty years of special study on it. The greater part of Egyptian texts after the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> having been written in what was even then practically a dead language, as dead as <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> was to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> monks in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> who wrote and spoke it, Erman selected for special investigation those texts which really represented the growth of the language at different periods, and, as he passed from one epoch to another, compared and consolidated his results. </p><p>The <i>Neuägyptische Grammatik</i> (1880) dealt with texts written in the vulgar dialect of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (Dyns. XVIII to XX). Next followed, in the <i>Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde</i>, studies on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> inscription of <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a>, and the Middle Kingdom contracts of <a href="/wiki/Assiut" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiut">Assiut</a>, as well as on an <a href="/wiki/Old_Coptic" title="Old Coptic">Old Coptic</a> text of the 3rd century CE. At this point a <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> of stories written in the popular language of the Middle Kingdom provided Erman with a stepping-stone from Old Egyptian to the Late Egyptian of the <i>Neuägyptische Grammatik</i>, and gave the connections that would bind solidly together the whole structure of Egyptian grammar (see <i>Sprache des <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Westcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus Westcar">Papyrus Westcar</a></i>, 1889). The very archaic <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid texts">pyramid texts</a> enabled him to sketch the grammar of the earliest known form of Egyptian (<i>Zeitschrift d. Deutsch. Morgenl. Gesellschaft</i>, 1892), and in 1894 he was able to write a little manual of Egyptian for beginners (<i>Ägyptische Grammatik</i>, 4th ed., 1928), centering on the language of the standard inscriptions of the Middle and <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdoms</a>, but accompanying the main sketch with references to earlier and later forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pupils">Pupils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Erman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pupils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erman's pupils include <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a>, America's first Professor of Egyptology with his numerous works including his <i>History of Egypt from the Earliest Times Down to the Persian Conquest</i> (1905) and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Steindorff" title="Georg Steindorff">Georg Steindorff</a>'s little <i>Koptische Grammatik</i> (1894, ed. 1904), improving greatly on <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Stern">Stern</a>'s standard work in regard to <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and the relationship of Coptic forms to Egyptian, and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Heinrich_Sethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Heinrich Sethe">Sethe</a>'s <i>Das Ägyptische Verbum</i> (1899). The latter is an extensive monograph on the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> in Egyptian and Coptic by a brilliant and laborious philologist. Owing to the very imperfect notation of sound in the writing, the highly important subject of the verbal roots and verbal forms was perhaps the obscurest branch of Egyptian grammar when Sethe first attacked it in 1895. The subject has been reviewed by Erman, <i>Die Flexion des Aegyptischen Verbums</i> in the <i>Sitzungsberichte</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Berlin Academy</a>, 1900. The Berlin school, having settled the main lines of the grammar, next turned its attention to <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a>. It devised a scheme, founded on that for the <i>Latin Thesaurus</i> of the Berlin Academy, which almost mechanically sorts the whole number of occurrences of every word in any text examined. In 1897, Erman, working together with Sethe, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Grapow" title="Hermann Grapow">Hermann Grapow</a> and other coworkers from all over the world, started to catalogue all the words from all the known Egyptian texts available; the result was an ensemble of about 1,500,000 datasheets that form the basis for the masterpiece of the ancient Egyptian lexicography, the famous <i><a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rterbuch_der_%C3%A4gyptischen_Sprache" title="Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache">Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache</a></i>, whose first five volumes were published between 1926 and 1931. The complete edition of this gigantic dictionary comprises a total of twelve volumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Erman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erman said that the so-called pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>(also known as old perfective or stative) had been, in meaning and in form, a rough analogue of the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>, though the original employment of the pseudo-participle was almost obsolete in the time of the earliest known texts. </p><p>Erman died in Berlin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Erman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Life in Ancient Egypt</i>, translated by H. M. Tirard (London, 1894; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeinancientegy00ermauoft">online version</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>) (the original <i>Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum</i>, 2 vols., was published in 1885/1887 at Tübingen)</li> <li><i>Neuägyptische Grammatik</i>. 1880</li> <li><i>Sprache des Papyrus Westcar</i>. 1889</li> <li><i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>. 1892</li> <li><i>Egyptian grammar : with table of signs, bibliography, exercises for reading and glossar</i>, 1894 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammarw00ermauoft">online version</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><i>Ägyptische Grammatik, 2nd ed.</i>. 1902</li> <li><i>Die Flexion des ägyptischen Verbums</i> in the <i>Sitzungsberichte</i></li> <li><i>Die aegyptische Religion</i>. Berlin 1905; Translated by A. S. Griffith: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23378127M/A_handbook_of_Egyptian_religion">A Handbook of Egyptian Religion</a> with 130 illustrations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published in the original German edition as a handbook, by the General Verwaltung of the Berlin Imperial Museums</i>.</li> <li><i>Das Verhältnis der ägyptischen zu den semitischen Sprachen</i> (<i>Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>, 1892); Zimmern, Vergi. Gram., 1898;</li> <li><i>Flexion des Aegyptischen Verbums</i> (<i>Sitzungsberichte d. Ben. Akad.</i>, 1900).</li> <li><i>Die Literatur der Aegypter</i>, 1923. English translation by <a href="/wiki/Aylward_M._Blackman" title="Aylward M. Blackman">Aylward M. Blackman</a> published as <i>The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians</i>, London, <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen & Co.</a>, 1927; reprinted as <i>The Ancient Egyptians: A Sourcebook of their Writings</i>, introduction to the Torchbook edition by <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">William Kelly Simpson</a>, New York, <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>, 1966.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Erman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Johann_Peter_Adolf_Erman" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Johann Peter Adolf Erman">Adolf Erman</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">List of Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Michael Ventris</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Erman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Erman,_Paul" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Erman, Paul">Erman, Paul s.v. Johann Peter Adolf Erman</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 749.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erman%2C+Paul+s.v.+Johann+Peter+Adolf+Erman&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=749&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Erman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__I_PcOFSw8C&pg=PA117">"Review of <i>A Handbook of the Egyptian Religion</i> by Adolf Erman"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (4162): 117–118. August 3, 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+A+Handbook+of+the+Egyptian+Religion+by+Adolf+Erman&rft.issue=4162&rft.pages=117-118&rft.date=1907-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__I_PcOFSw8C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+Erman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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