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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="خط الماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خط الماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ватэрлінія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ватэрлінія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ватэрлінія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ватэрлінія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Водолиния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водолиния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnia_de_flotaci%C3%B3" title="Línia de flotació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Línia de flotació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1ra_ponoru" title="Čára ponoru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čára ponoru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandlinje" title="Vandlinje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vandlinje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserlinie" title="Wasserlinie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserlinie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeliin" title="Veeliin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ίσαλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίσαλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnea_de_flotaci%C3%B3n" title="Línea de flotación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Línea de flotación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="خط آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne_de_flottaison" title="Ligne de flottaison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ligne de flottaison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetterline" title="Wetterline – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wetterline" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%98%EC%88%98%EC%84%A0" title="흘수선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흘수선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AE" title="Ջրագիծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրագիծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambung_timbul" title="Lambung timbul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lambung timbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_di_galleggiamento" title="Linea di galleggiamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linea di galleggiamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="קו טעינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קו טעינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravas_marka" title="Kravas marka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kravas marka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterlinija" title="Vaterlinija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaterlinija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96" title="പ്ലിംസോൾ രേഖ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലിംസോൾ രേഖ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garisan_air" title="Garisan air – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Garisan air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlijn" title="Waterlijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterlijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlinie" title="Waterlinie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Waterlinie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodnica_(okr%C4%99townictwo)" title="Wodnica (okrętownictwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodnica (okrętownictwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linha_de_%C3%A1gua" title="Linha de água – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linha de água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linie_de_plutire" title="Linie de plutire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linie de plutire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ватерлиния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ватерлиния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesilinja" title="Vesilinja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesilinja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="நீர்மட்டம் (கப்பல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்மட்டம் (கப்பல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_hatt%C4%B1" title="Su hattı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Su hattı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Line where the hull of a ship meets the surface of the water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Waterline_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Waterline (disambiguation)">Waterline (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dias_ferry_waterline_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dias_ferry_waterline_2.jpg/220px-Dias_ferry_waterline_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dias_ferry_waterline_2.jpg/330px-Dias_ferry_waterline_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dias_ferry_waterline_2.jpg/440px-Dias_ferry_waterline_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Waterline of a ship. The mark above the waterline indicates the <a href="/wiki/Plimsoll_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Plimsoll line">Plimsoll line</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>waterline</b> is the line where the <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull of a ship</a> meets the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. </p><p>A waterline can also refer to any line on a ship's hull that is parallel to the water's surface when the ship is afloat in a level trimmed position. Hence, waterlines are a class of "ships lines" used to denote the shape of a hull in naval architecture lines plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerchove1961901Waterlines_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerchove1961901Waterlines-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Load_line_(watercraft)" title="Load line (watercraft)">load line</a> (also known as Plimsoll line) is the waterline which indicates the legal limit to which a ship may be loaded for specific water types and temperatures in order to safely maintain <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerchove1961464–465Load_Waterline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerchove1961464–465Load_Waterline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For vessels with <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">displacement hulls</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hull_speed" title="Hull speed">hull speed</a> is defined by, among other things, the <a href="/wiki/Waterline_length" title="Waterline length">waterline length</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> boat, the waterline length can change significantly as the boat <a href="/wiki/Sailing#Heeling" title="Sailing">heels</a>, and can dynamically affect the speed of the boat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lofting_coordinates#Waterline" title="Lofting coordinates">Lofting coordinates § Waterline</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lofting_wl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lofting_wl.png/440px-Lofting_wl.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lofting_wl.png/660px-Lofting_wl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lofting_wl.png/880px-Lofting_wl.png 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Water lines (WL) on a scheme of a fuselage. Baseline is at the ground line, all WL values are nonnegative</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aircraft design the term <i>waterline</i> designates a horizontal reference line used in alignment checks. The base line of the aircraft is designated as waterline 0 (zero). The location of this base line varies on different types of aircraft. However, the planes of all waterlines above and below the zero waterline are parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Air_Force196014-20_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Air_Force196014-20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waterline number (WL or W.L.) in the US is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a>, values increase upwards. Two typical alignments for the base line are the tip of the nose (negative WL are possible) or the "nominal ground plane" (measurements will be nonnegative).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakahashi201777_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakahashi201777-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterline_length" title="Waterline length">Waterline length</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerchove1961901Waterlines-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerchove1961901Waterlines_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerchove1961">Kerchove 1961</a>, p. 901, Waterlines.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerchove1961464–465Load_Waterline-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerchove1961464–465Load_Waterline_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerchove1961">Kerchove 1961</a>, pp. 464–465, Load Waterline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Air_Force196014-20-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States._Air_Force196014-20_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States._Air_Force1960">United States. Air Force 1960</a>, p. 14-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakahashi201777-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakahashi201777_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakahashi2017">Takahashi 2017</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi2017" class="citation book cs1">Takahashi, T. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbipCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77"><i>Aircraft Performance and Sizing, Volume I: Fundamentals of Aircraft Performance</i></a>. Momentum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60650-684-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60650-684-4"><bdi>978-1-60650-684-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Performance+and+Sizing%2C+Volume+I%3A+Fundamentals+of+Aircraft+Performance&rft.pub=Momentum+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-60650-684-4&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIbipCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerchove1961" class="citation book cs1">Kerchove, René de baron (1961). <i>International Maritime Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Useful Maritime Terms and Phrases, Together with Equivalents in French and German</i> (2 ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-02062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-02062-0"><bdi>978-0-442-02062-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039382382">1039382382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Maritime+Dictionary%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Useful+Maritime+Terms+and+Phrases%2C+Together+with+Equivalents+in+French+and+German&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1039382382&rft.isbn=978-0-442-02062-0&rft.aulast=Kerchove&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+de+baron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Air_Force1960" class="citation book cs1">United States. Air Force (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2zzfwQkmBcC&pg=SA14-PA20"><i>Air Force AFM</i></a>. Department of the Air Force<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Force+AFM.&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Air+Force&rft.date=1960&rft.au=United+States.+Air+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2zzfwQkmBcC%26pg%3DSA14-PA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterline" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anchor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Anchor.svg/25px-Anchor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Anchor.svg/38px-Anchor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Anchor.svg/50px-Anchor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This article related to shipbuilding is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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