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href="#Pre-Islamic_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pre-Islamic background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-Islamic_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pre-Islamic background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ancient Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Assyria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece_and_Byzantium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece_and_Byzantium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Greece and Byzantium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece_and_Byzantium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Median_and_Achaemenid_Empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Median_and_Achaemenid_Empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 The Median and Achaemenid Empires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Median_and_Achaemenid_Empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sasanian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sasanian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Sasanian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sasanian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islamic_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islamic_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In Islamic cultures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Islamic_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Islamic cultures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Islamic_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Umayyad_and_Abbasid_Caliphates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umayyad_and_Abbasid_Caliphates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umayyad_and_Abbasid_Caliphates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Al-Andalus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Alawi_dynasty_of_Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Alawi_dynasty_of_Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 'Alawi dynasty of Morocco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Alawi_dynasty_of_Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Brunei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_Khanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_Khanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Crimean Khanate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_Khanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatimid_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Fatimid Caliphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatimid_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_Sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_Sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Mamluk Sultanate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Mughal Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Ali_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Ali_dynasty_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Ali_dynasty_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Safavid Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_East_Asian_Sultanates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_East_Asian_Sultanates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 South East Asian Sultanates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_East_Asian_Sultanates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timurid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timurid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Timurid Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timurid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qajar_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qajar_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 Qajar Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qajar_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16 Uzbekistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16.1 Khiva </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bukhara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bukhara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16.2 Bukhara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bukhara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zanzibar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zanzibar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17 Zanzibar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zanzibar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.18 Modern Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eunuchs_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eunuchs_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Eunuchs and slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eunuchs_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Islamic_equivalents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Islamic_equivalents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Non-Islamic equivalents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Islamic_equivalents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-Islamic equivalents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Islamic_equivalents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_royal_polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_royal_polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 African royal polygamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_royal_polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aztec_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aztec_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Aztec Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aztec_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Imperial China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscovite_Terem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscovite_Terem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Muscovite Terem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscovite_Terem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Western representations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Western representations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Western_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Image gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_day_harems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_day_harems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Modern day harems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_day_harems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 People </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Harem</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" > 67 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83" title="حرملك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرملك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="হাৰেম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হাৰেম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99r%C9%99m" title="Hərəm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərəm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="حرمسرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حرمسرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="হেরেম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেরেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Һәрәм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һәрәм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Гарэм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Гарэм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гарэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Харем – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Харем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%A9m" title="Harém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarem" title="Haarem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haarem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Χαρέμι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρέμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%A9n" title="Harén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haremo" title="Haremo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haremo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="حرم‌سرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حرم‌سرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%A9n" title="Harén – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Harén" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A0%98" title="하렘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하렘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Կանանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="हरम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haremo" title="Haremo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Haremo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הרמון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרמון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰარამხანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰარამხანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гарем – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гарем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C4%93ms" title="Harēms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Harēms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haremas" title="Haremas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haremas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1rem" title="Hárem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hárem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Харем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Харем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അന്തഃപുരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തഃപുരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0" title="ハレム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハレム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гарем – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гарем" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%A9m" title="Harém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гарем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haremi" title="Haremi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Haremi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="حەریم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەریم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Харем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Харем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaremi" title="Haaremi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haaremi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1" title="ฮาเร็ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาเร็ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гарем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="زنان خانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زنان خانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem" title="Harem – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Harem" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Women's quarters in the traditional house of a Muslim family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Harem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Harem (disambiguation)">Harem (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a> or <a href="/wiki/Herem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Herem (disambiguation)">Herem</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used. <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>. (October 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_lady_in_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Afghan_lady_in_Kabul.jpg/260px-Afghan_lady_in_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Afghan_lady_in_Kabul.jpg/390px-Afghan_lady_in_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Afghan_lady_in_Kabul.jpg/520px-Afghan_lady_in_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Ladies of <a href="/wiki/Caubul" class="mw-redirect" title="Caubul">Kabul</a> (1848 lithograph, by James Rattray) showing unveiling in <a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">zenana</a> areas.</figcaption></figure> Harem (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حَرِيمٌ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ḥarīm, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'a sacred inviolable place; female members of the family')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrCowan1976171–172-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> refers to domestic spaces that are reserved for the women of the house in a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> A harem may house a man's wife or wives, their pre-pubescent male children, unmarried daughters, female domestic <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">servants</a>, and other unmarried female relatives. In the past, during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">era of slavery in the Muslim world</a>, harems also housed enslaved <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">concubines</a>. In former times, some harems were guarded by <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuchs">eunuchs</a> who were allowed inside. The structure of the harem and the extent of <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> have varied depending on the family's personalities, socio-economic status, and local customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"-3">[3]</a> Similar institutions have been common in other <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> and Middle Eastern civilizations, especially among royal and upper-class families,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"-4">[4]</a> and the term is sometimes used in other contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslauer2005"Harem"-6">[6]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">traditional Persian residential architecture</a>, the women's quarters were known as <a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">andaruni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: اندرونی; meaning inside), and in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> as <a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">zenana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">زنانہ). Although the institution has experienced a sharp decline in the modern era due to a rise in education and economic opportunities for women, as well as the influence of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, the seclusion of women is still practiced in some parts of the world, such as rural <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and conservative states of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a> In the West, the harem, often depicted as a hidden world of sexual subjugation where numerous women lounged in suggestive poses, has influenced many paintings, stage productions, films and literary works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"-4">[4]</a> Some earlier <a href="/wiki/European_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="European Renaissance">European Renaissance</a> paintings dating to the 16th century portray the women of the Ottoman harem as individuals of status and political significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadar2011-8">[8]</a> In many periods of Islamic history, individual women in the harem exercised various degrees of political influence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica2002-9">[9]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The word has been recorded in the English language since the early 17th century. It comes from the Arabic: ḥarīm, which can mean "a sacred inviolable place", "harem" or "female members of the family". In English the term harem can mean also "the wives (or concubines) of a polygamous man." The <a href="/wiki/Triliteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral">triliteral</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4-R-M" title="Ḥ-R-M">Ḥ-R-M</a> appears in other terms related to the notion of interdiction such as <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> (forbidden), <a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">mahram</a> (unmarriageable relative), <a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">ihram</a> (a pilgrim's state of ritual consecration during the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>) and al-Ḥaram al-Šarīf ("the noble sanctuary", which can refer to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> or the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrCowan1976171–172-1">[1]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish language</a>, the harem, i.e., the part of the house reserved for women was called <a href="/wiki/Haremlik" title="Haremlik">haremlik</a>, while the space open for men was known as <a href="/wiki/Selamlik" title="Selamlik">selamlık</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert2005152-10">[10]</a> The practice of female seclusion is not exclusive to Islam, but the English word harem usually denotes the domestic space reserved for women in Muslim households.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Some scholars have used the term to refer to polygynous royal households throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetzig1994-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_ideal_of_seclusion">The ideal of seclusion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The ideal of seclusion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_New_entrant_to_a_princes_harem._Jaipur,_late_18_century,_National_Museum_New_Delhi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/4_New_entrant_to_a_princes_harem._Jaipur%2C_late_18_century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/220px-4_New_entrant_to_a_princes_harem._Jaipur%2C_late_18_century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/4_New_entrant_to_a_princes_harem._Jaipur%2C_late_18_century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/330px-4_New_entrant_to_a_princes_harem._Jaipur%2C_late_18_century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/4_New_entrant_to_a_princes_harem._Jaipur%2C_late_18_century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/440px-4_New_entrant_to_a_princes_harem._Jaipur%2C_late_18_century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>New entrant to a prince's harem. Jaipur, late 18 century, National Museum, New Delhi</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Leila_Ahmed" title="Leila Ahmed">Leila Ahmed</a> describes the ideal of seclusion as "a man's right to keep his women concealed—invisible to other men." Ahmed identifies the practice of seclusion as a social ideal and one of the major factors that shaped the lives of women in the Mediterranean Middle East. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed1992103-14">[14]</a> For example, contemporaneous sources from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> describe the social norms that governed women's lives. Women were not supposed to be seen in public. They were guarded by eunuchs and could only leave the home "veiled and suitably chaperoned." Some of these customs were borrowed from the Persians, but Greek society also influenced the development of patriarchal tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199226–28-15">[15]</a> The ideal of seclusion was not fully realized as social reality. This was in part because working-class women often held jobs that required interaction with men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"-11">[11]</a> In the Byzantine Empire, the very ideal of gender segregation created economic opportunities for women as midwives, doctors, bath attendants and artisans since it was considered inappropriate for men to attend to women's needs. At times women lent and invested money, and engaged in other commercial activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199227-16">[16]</a> Historical records shows that the women of 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> Cairo freely visited public events alongside men, despite objections of religious scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"-11">[11]</a> Female seclusion has historically signaled social and economic prestige.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"-11">[11]</a> Eventually, the norms of female seclusion spread beyond the elites, but the practice remained characteristic of upper and middle classes, for whom the financial ability to allow one's wife to remain at home was a mark of high status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"-11">[11]</a> In some regions, such as the Arabian peninsula, seclusion of women was practiced by poorer families at the cost of great hardship, but it was generally economically unrealistic for the lower classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a> Where historical evidence is available, it indicates that the harem was much more likely to be monogamous. For example, in late Ottoman Istanbul, only 2.29 percent of married men were polygynous, with the average number of wives being 2.08. In some regions, like Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, prevalence of women in agricultural work leads to wider practice of polygamy but makes seclusion impractical. In contrast, in Eurasian and North African rural communities that rely on male-dominated plough farming, seclusion is economically possible but polygyny is undesirable. This indicates that the fundamental characteristic of the harem is seclusion of women rather than polygyny.<a href="#cite_note-schick-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Islamic_background">Pre-Islamic background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic background">edit</a>]</div> The idea of the harem or seclusion of women did not originate with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica2002-9">[9]</a> The practice of secluding women was common to many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> communities, especially where polygamy was permitted.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In pre-Islamic Assyria and Persia, most royal courts had a harem, where the ruler's wives and concubines lived with female attendants, and eunuchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica2002-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a> uses the term harem to describe the practices of the ancient Near East.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt">edit</a>]</div> There has been a modern trend to refer to the women's quarters of the Pharaoh's palace in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> as a harem.<a href="#cite_note-Silke_Roth-20">[20]</a> The popular assumption that Pharaonic Egypt had a harem is however an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a>; while the women and children of the pharaoh, including his mother, wives, and children, had their own living quarters with its own administration in the Palace of the Pharaoh, the royal women did not live isolated from contact with men or in seclusion from the rest of the court in the way associated with the term "harem".<a href="#cite_note-Silke_Roth-20">[20]</a> The custom of referring to the women's quarters of the pharaoh's palace as a "harem" is therefore apocryphal, and has been used because of incorrect assumptions that Ancient Egypt was similar to later Islamic harem culture.<a href="#cite_note-Silke_Roth-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyria">Assyria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assyria">edit</a>]</div> The kings of Ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> are known to have had a harem regulated by royal edicts, in which the women lived in seclusion guarded by slave eunuchs.<a href="#cite_note-K._Grayson_1975-21">[21]</a> A number of regulations were designed to prevent disputes among the women from developing into political intrigues.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> The women were guarded by the eunuchs who also prevented their disputes from developing into political plots; they were banned from giving gifts to their servants (as such gifts could be used as bribes) and were not allowed any visitors who had not been examined and approved by officials.<a href="#cite_note-K._Grayson_1975-21">[21]</a> When the king traveled, his harem traveled with him, strictly supervised so as not to break regulations even under transport.<a href="#cite_note-K._Grayson_1975-21">[21]</a> In the 7th century BC, Assyria was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a>, which appears to have adopted the harem custom. Reportedly, the Median nobility each had five wives, and employed eunuchs (though these eunuchs may have been non-castrated officials).<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece_and_Byzantium">Greece and Byzantium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greece and Byzantium">edit</a>]</div> Female seclusion and a special part of the house reserved for women were common among the elites of ancient Greece, where it was known as the <a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">gynaeceum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay201238–39-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, while gender segregation was the official ideal in Classical Athens, it is debated how much of this ideal was actually enforced, and it is known that even upper-class women appeared in public and were able to come in contact with men, at least on religious occasions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> These traditional Greek ideals were revived as an ideal for <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire#Gender_segregation" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">women in the Byzantine Empire</a> (in which Greek culture eventually became dominant), though the rigid idealistic norms of seclusion expressed in Byzantine literature did not necessarily reflect actual practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay201238–39-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199226–28-15">[15]</a> The Byzantine Emperors were Greek Orthodox and did not have several wives, or official concubines, secluded in a harem. When Greek culture started to replace the Roman in the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century, it came to be seen as modest, especially for upper-class women, to keep to a special women's quarters (gynaikonitis), and until the 12th century, men and women are known to have participated in gender-segregated banquets at the Imperial Court; however Imperial women still appeared in public and did not live in seclusion, and the idealized gender segregation was never fully enforced.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xosrov_v%C9%99_%C5%9Eirin_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1n_s%C3%B6yl%C9%99diyi_%C9%99fsan%C9%99l%C9%99ri_dinl%C9%99m%C9%99si.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Xosrov_v%C9%99_%C5%9Eirin_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1n_s%C3%B6yl%C9%99diyi_%C9%99fsan%C9%99l%C9%99ri_dinl%C9%99m%C9%99si.JPG/220px-Xosrov_v%C9%99_%C5%9Eirin_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1n_s%C3%B6yl%C9%99diyi_%C9%99fsan%C9%99l%C9%99ri_dinl%C9%99m%C9%99si.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Xosrov_v%C9%99_%C5%9Eirin_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1n_s%C3%B6yl%C9%99diyi_%C9%99fsan%C9%99l%C9%99ri_dinl%C9%99m%C9%99si.JPG/330px-Xosrov_v%C9%99_%C5%9Eirin_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1n_s%C3%B6yl%C9%99diyi_%C9%99fsan%C9%99l%C9%99ri_dinl%C9%99m%C9%99si.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Xosrov_v%C9%99_%C5%9Eirin_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1n_s%C3%B6yl%C9%99diyi_%C9%99fsan%C9%99l%C9%99ri_dinl%C9%99m%C9%99si.JPG/440px-Xosrov_v%C9%99_%C5%9Eirin_q%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1n_s%C3%B6yl%C9%99diyi_%C9%99fsan%C9%99l%C9%99ri_dinl%C9%99m%C9%99si.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="3977" /></a><figcaption>Khosrow and Shirin (Bukhara, 1648)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Median_and_Achaemenid_Empires">The Median and Achaemenid Empires</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Median and Achaemenid Empires">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the Achaemenid Empire">Women in the Achaemenid Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Parthian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the Parthian Empire">Women in the Parthian Empire</a></div> There is no evidence among early Iranians of harem practices, that is, taking large numbers of wives or concubines and keeping them in seclusion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, Iranian dynasties are said to have adopted harem practices after their conquests in the Middle East, where such practices were used in some cultures such as Assyria (the <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a> conquered Assyria in the 7th-century BC, and Media transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>).<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> According to Greek sources, the nobility of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> kept no less than five wives, who were watched over by eunuchs.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> Greek historians have reported of harems of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Herodotus reported that each Persian royal or aristocratic man had several wives and concubines who came to the husband on a well-regulated, turn by turn basis.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and had sole control over their children until they were five years old.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> word for the harem is not attested, but it can be reconstructed as xšapā.stāna (lit. night station or place where one spends the night). The royal household was controlled by the chief wife and queen, who as a rule was the daughter of a Persian prince and mother of the heir to the throne,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and who was subject only to the king. She had her own living quarters, revenue, estates and staff,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> which included eunuchs and concubines.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The second rank under the queen consisted of the legal secondary wives, with the title bānūka ("Lady"). The third rank consisted of unmarried princesses as well as married princesses who lived with their own family, with the title duxçī (daughter).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius199670–82-30">[30]</a> The fourth group of women in the harem were the royal slave concubines<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> who were bought in slave markets,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> received as a gifts<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> as tribute,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> or taken as prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The concubines were trained to entertain the king and his guests as musicians, dancers and singers. The harem of <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> reportedly consisted of his mother, his queen-wife, her children, over 300 concubines and nearly 500 household servants.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> However, it is a matter of debate if the Achaemenid court had a full harem culture, as women do not appear to have been fully secluded in the harem. The fact that women lived in separate quarters at the Royal Palace does not necessarily mean that they were secluded from contact with men, and despite the (possibly biased) Greek reports, there is no archeological evidence supporting the existence of a harem, or the seclusion of women from contact with men, at the Achaemenid court.<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Brosius-36">[36]</a> Royal and aristocratic Achaemenid women were given an education in subjects that did not appear compatible with seclusion, such as horsemanship and archery.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> It does not appear that royal and aristocratic women lived in seclusion from men since it is known that they appeared in public and traveled with their husbands,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius199683–93-38">[38]</a> participated in hunting<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and in feasts;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius199694–97-40">[40]</a> at least the chief wife of a royal or aristocratic man did not live in seclusion, as it is clearly stated that wives customarily accompanied their husbands to dinner banquets, although they left the banquet when the "women entertainers" of the harem came in and the men began "merrymaking".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Little is known about the alleged harems of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>. Parthian royal men reportedly had several wives and kept them fairly secluded from all men except for relatives and eunuchs.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> According to Roman sources, Parthian kings had harems full of female slaves and <a href="/wiki/Hetaira" title="Hetaira">hetairas</a> secluded from contact with men, and royal women were not allowed to participate in the royal banquets.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Also aristocratic Parthian men appear to have had harems, as Roman sources report of rich men travelling with hundreds of guarded concubines.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> However, the Roman reports about Parthian harems seem to mirror the traditional Greek reports about the Achaemenid harems, and they similarly are biased, and cannot be verified by archeological evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Brosius-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasanian_Empire">Sasanian Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sasanian Empire">edit</a>]</div> The information about the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the Sassanid Empire">Sasanian harem</a> reveals a picture that closely mirrors the alleged Achaemenid customs. In the Sassanian Empire, Roman reports say that it was common for men to have multiple wives. The hierarchy of the Sassanian harem is not clear. The Sassanian kings had one chief consort, who was the mother of the heir to the throne, as well as having several wives of lower rank, and concubines, all of whom accompanied him on travels, and even on campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Five titles are attested to for royal women: “royal princess” (duxšy, duxt); “Lady” (bānūg); “Queen” (bānbišn); “Queen of the Empire” ([Ērān]šahr bānbišn) and "Queen of Queens" (bānbišnān bānbišn).<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> The rank of these titles has been a matter of debate and it appears that their status varied depending on circumstances and that the highest female rank was not necessarily borne by the chief wife, but could be held by a daughter or a sister.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> The Sasanian harem was supervised by eunuchs, and also had female singers and musicians.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> However, while the Sasanian kings had harems, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the Sassanid Empire">women in the Sassanid Empire</a> in general did not live in seclusion; elaborate harems were detested and appear to have been exceptions to the rule, which is illustrated by the fact that big harems – when they occurred – were abhorred by the public.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> legend, of all the Persian kings, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> was the most extravagant in his hedonism. He searched his realm to find the most beautiful girls, and it was rumored that about 3,000 of them were kept in his harem.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> This practice was widely condemned by the public, who abhorred the fact that he kept the women in seclusion, denying them the benefit of marriage and progeny; this was counted as the fourth of the eight crimes for which he was later tried and executed.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> Khosrow himself claimed that he sent his favorite wife <a href="/wiki/Shirin" title="Shirin">Shirin</a> every year with an offer of the possibility of leaving his harem with a dowry for marriage, but that their luxurious lifestyle always prompted the women and girls to refuse his offer.<a href="#cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South Asia">edit</a>]</div> South Asian traditions of female seclusion, called <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>, may have been influenced by Islamic customs.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> in India, kept a harem of around 500 women, all of whom were under strict rules of seclusion and etiquette.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islamic_cultures">In Islamic cultures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Islamic cultures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umayyad_and_Abbasid_Caliphates">Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></div> In contrast to the earlier era of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, women in <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> society were absent from all arenas of the community's central affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed1992112–115-48">[48]</a> It was very common for early Muslim women to play an active role in community life and even to lead men into battle and start rebellions, as demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> literature. But by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, women were ideally kept in seclusion. The practice of gender segregation in Islam was influenced by an interplay of religion, customs and politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"-11">[11]</a>The harem system first became fully institutionalized in the Islamic world under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a> Seclusion of women was established in various communities of the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, and Persia before the advent of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a> and some scholars believe that Muslims adopted the custom from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and Persia, retrospectively interpreting the Quran to justify it.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Although the term harem does not denote women's quarters in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, a number of Quranic verses discussing modesty and seclusion were held up by Quranic commentators as religious rationale for the separation of women from men, including the so-called hijab verse (33:53).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In modern usage hijab colloquially refers to the religious attire worn by Muslim women, but in this verse, it meant "veil" or "curtain" that physically separates female from male space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Although classical commentators agreed that the verse spoke about a curtain separating the living quarters of Muhammad's wives from visitors to his house, they usually viewed this practice as providing a model for all Muslim women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-schick-17">[17]</a> The growing seclusion of women was illustrated by the power struggle between the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">Al-Hadi</a> and his mother <a href="/wiki/Al-Khayzuran" title="Al-Khayzuran">Al-Khayzuran</a>, who refused to live in seclusion but instead challenged the power of the Caliph by giving her own audiences to male supplicants and officials and thus mixing with men.<a href="#cite_note-Mernissi-52">[52]</a> Her son considered this improper, and he publicly addressed the issue of his mother's public life by assembling his generals and asked them: <dl><dd>'Who is the better among us, you or me?' asked Caliph al-Hadi of his audience.</dd> <dd>'Obviously you are the better, Commander of the Faithful,' the assembly replied.</dd> <dd>'And whose mother is the better, mine or yours?' continued the caliph.</dd> <dd>'Your mother is the better, Commander of the Faithful.'</dd> <dd>'Who among you', continued al-Hadi, 'would like to have men spreading news about your mother?'</dd> <dd>'No one likes to have his mother talked about,' responded those present.</dd> <dd>'Then why do men go to my mother to speak to her?'<a href="#cite_note-Mernissi-52">[52]</a></dd></dl> Conquests had brought enormous wealth and large numbers of slaves to the Muslim elite. The majority of the slaves were women and children,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-53">[53]</a> many of whom had been dependents or harem-members of the defeated <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> upper classes.<a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_Nabia_1946-54">[54]</a> In the wake of the conquests an elite man could potentially own a thousand slaves, and ordinary soldiers could have ten people serving them.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabia_Abbott" title="Nabia Abbott">Nabia Abbott</a>, preeminent historian of elite women of the Abbasid Caliphate, describes the lives of harem women as follows. <blockquote>The choicest women were imprisoned behind heavy curtains and locked doors, the strings and keys of which were entrusted into the hands of that pitiable creature – the <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>. As the size of the harem grew, men indulged to satiety. Satiety within the individual harem meant boredom for the one man and neglect for the many women. Under these conditions ... satisfaction by perverse and unnatural means crept into society, particularly in its upper classes.<a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_Nabia_1946-54">[54]</a></blockquote> The marketing of human beings, particularly women, as objects for sexual use meant that elite men owned the vast majority of women they interacted with, and related to them as would masters to slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199285-55">[55]</a> Being a slave meant relative lack of autonomy, and belonging to a harem caused a wife and her children to have little insurance of stability and continued support due to the volatile politics of harem life. Elite men expressed in literature the horror they felt for the humiliation and degradation of their daughters and female relatives. For example, the verses addressed to Hasan ibn al-Firat on the death of his daughter read: <dl><dd><dl><dd>To Abu Hassan I offer condolences.</dd> <dd>At times of disaster and catastrophe</dd> <dd>God multiplies rewards for the patient.</dd> <dd>To be patient in misery</dd> <dd>Is equivalent to giving thanks for a gift.</dd> <dd>Among the blessings of God undoubtedly</dd> <dd>Is the preservation of sons</dd> <dd>And the death of daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199287-56">[56]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> Courtesans and princesses produced prestigious and important poetry. Enough survives to give us access to women's historical experiences, and reveals some vivacious and powerful figures such as: the Sufi mystic <a href="/wiki/Rabia_Basri" title="Rabia Basri">Raabi'a al-Adwiyya</a> (714–801 CE), the princess and poet <a href="/wiki/%27Ulayya_bint_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi">'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi</a> (777–825 CE), the <a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">singing-girls</a> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%81riyah" title="Shāriyah">Shāriyah</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 815–70 CE), <a href="/wiki/Fadl_Ashsha%27ira" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadl Ashsha'ira">Fadl Ashsha'ira</a> (d. 871 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Arib_al-Ma%27muniyya" title="Arib al-Ma'muniyya">Arib al-Ma'muniyya</a> (797–890 CE).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Al-Andalus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Al-Andalus">Slavery in Al-Andalus</a></div> The harem system that developed in the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates was reproduced by the Islamic realms developing from them, such as in the Emirates and Caliphates in Muslim Spain, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, which attracted a lot of attention in Europe during the Middle Ages until the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> was conquered in 1492. The most famous of the Andalusian harems was perhaps the harem of the <a href="/wiki/Caliph_of_Cordoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph of Cordoba">Caliph of Cordoba</a>. Except for the female relatives of the Caliph, the harem women consisted of his slave concubines. The slaves of the Caliph were often European <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">saqaliba</a> slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. While male saqaliba could be given work in a number offices such as: in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), but female saqaliba were placed in the harem.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The harem could contain thousands of slave concubines; the harem of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a> consisted of 6,300 women.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">saqaliba</a> concubines were appreciated for their light skin.<a href="#cite_note-Reference0-61">[61]</a> The concubines (<a href="/wiki/Jawaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaris">jawaris</a>) were educated in accomplishments to make them attractive and useful for their master, and many became known and respected for their knowledge in a variety of subjects from music to medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Reference0-61">[61]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jawaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaris">jawaris</a> concubine who gave birth to a child attained the status of an <a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a>, and a favorite concubine was given great luxury and honorary titles such as in the case of Marjan, who gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">al-Hakam II</a>, the heir of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a>; he called her al-sayyida al-kubra (great lady).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Several concubines were known to have had great influence through their masters or their sons, notably <a href="/wiki/Subh_of_Cordoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Subh of Cordoba">Subh</a> during the Caliphate of Cordoba, and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Isabel de Solís">Isabel de Solís</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>. However, concubines were always slaves subjected the will of their master. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III is known to have executed two concubines for reciting what he saw as inappropriate verses, and tortured another concubine with a burning candle in her face while she was held by two eunuchs after she refused sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-1GMzy-63">[63]</a> The concubines of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Marwan_al-Tubni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Marwan al-Tubni (page does not exist)">Abu Marwan al-Tubni</a> (d. 1065) were reportedly so badly treated that they conspired to murder him; women of the harem were also known to have been subjected to rape when rivaling factions conquered different palaces.<a href="#cite_note-1GMzy-63">[63]</a> The rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> (1232–1492) customarily married their cousins, but also kept <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">slave concubines</a> in accordance with <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">Islamic custom</a>. The identity of these concubines is unknown, but they were originally Christian women (rūmiyyas) bought or captured in expeditions in the Christian states of Northern Spain, and given a new name when they entered the royal harem.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Alawi_dynasty_of_Morocco">'Alawi dynasty of Morocco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 'Alawi dynasty of Morocco">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Slavery in Morocco</a></div> The Royal harem of the <a href="/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouite dynasty</a> of Morocco has historically not been the subject of much research. Known from the 17th-century onward, the royal harem is known to have followed the common model of a royal Muslim harem, including wives, enslaved concubines, female slave-servants and enslaved eunuchs as guards and officials. The rulers of the Alaouite dynasty often conducted political marriages, cementing strategic alliances with internal tribal and aristocratic men by marrying female members of their family. Aside from their legal wives, they also, similar to other Muslim rulers, followed the custom of having concubines. The enslaved concubines of the Alaouite dynasty famously often came from the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a>, as well as from the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a>. It was not unheard of for a ruler to marry one of his concubines. Many slaves were also provided to the harem from Africa via the Trans-Saharan slave trade. This was particularly true about the enslaved maidservants, as well as the eunuchs. The Alaouite harem is most known during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Moulay Ismail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouite sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> from 1672 to 1727. Moulay Ismail had over 500 enslaved concubines.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He is said to have fathered a total of 525 sons and 342 daughters by 1703 and achieved a 700th son in 1721.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Many of his concubines are only fragmentarily documented. As concubines, they were slave captives, sometimes acquired via the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a> from Europe. One of them, an Irishwoman by the name Mrs. Shaw, was brought to his harem after having been enslaved. She was forced to convert to Islam when the Sultan wished to have intercourse with her, but was manumitted and married off to a Spanish convert when the Sultan grew tired of her. The Spanish convert being very poor, witnesses described her as being reduced to beggary.<a href="#cite_note-whi-wom-cap-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Other slave concubines would become favorites and thus allowed some influence, such as an Englishwoman called <a href="/wiki/Lalla_Balqis" title="Lalla Balqis">Lalla Balqis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whi-wom-cap-67">[67]</a> Another favorite was a Spanish captive renamed Al-Darah, mother to Moulay Ismail's once favorite sons Moulay Mohammed al-Alim; and Moulay Sharif, whom he, himself educated. Around 1702, Al-Darah was strangled by Moulay Ismail; <a href="/wiki/Lalla_Aisha_Mubarka" title="Lalla Aisha Mubarka">Lalla Aisha</a> Mubaraka, a later favorite, convinced him that Al-Darah had betrayed him; she wanted to secure the succession of her own son.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to the writings of the French diplomat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Busnot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Busnot (page does not exist)">Dominique Busnot</a>, Moulay Ismail had at least 500 concubines and even more children. A total of 868 children (525 sons and 343 daughters) is recorded in 1703, with his seven-hundredth son being born shortly after his death in 1727, by which time he had well over a thousand children.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The final total is uncertain; the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of Records</a> claims 1042,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> while Elisabeth Oberzaucher and Karl Grammer of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> put the total at 1171.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This is widely considered to be the largest number of children of any human in history. The slave trade to the Royal Harem decreased after the end of the Barbary slave trade in the early 19th-century. White concubines were however still provided via the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a> during the 19th-century. In the early 20th-century, African slaves also decreased due to the end of the Trans-Saharan slave trade, which was forced closed by the Spanish and French colonial authorities in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> However, descendents of slaves continued to work as servants and concubines of the Royal Harem in the 20th-century. The traditional Royal Harem still existed during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II of Morocco</a> (r. 1961–1999): the Royal Harem included forty personal concubines (who by Islamic law were by definition slaves) as well as an additional forty concubines who the king had inherited by his father; additional concubines who worked as domestic servants in the Royal Harem, as well as male slaves performing other positions such as chauffeurs in the Royal Household.<a href="#cite_note-Awake5-6-75">[75]</a> The slaves of the Royal Household were descended from enslaved ancestors inherited within the household.<a href="#cite_note-Awake5-6-75">[75]</a> The Royal Harem was dissolved by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI of Morocco</a> when he ascended to the throne in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Awake5-6-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Slavery in Afghanistan</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a> rulers of Afghanistan (1823–1973) customarily had a harem of four official wives as well as a large number of unofficial wives for the sake of tribal marriage diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In addition, they also had <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Islam">enslaved harem women</a> known as kaniz (“slave girl”<a href="#cite_note-archive1-78">[78]</a>) and surati or surriyat ("mistress"<a href="#cite_note-archive1-78">[78]</a>), guarded by the ghulam bacha (<a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a> (r. 1901–1919) famously had at least 44 wives and hundreds of slave women (mostly <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a>) in his harem in the Harem Sara Palace. The women of the royal harem dressed in Western fashion as far back as the reign Habibullah Khan, but did not show themselves other than completely covered outside of the enclosed area of the royal palace. The royal harem was first abolished by king <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a>, who in 1923 freed all slaves of the royal harem as well as encouraging his wife, queen <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a>, and the other women of the royal family to unveil and live public lives.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-80">[80]</a> While the royal women returned to the purdah of the royal complex after the deposition of Amanullah in 1929, it was dissolved with the final unveiling of the royal women in 1959. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Brunei">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Slavery in Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Some_Girls:_My_Life_in_a_Harem" title="Some Girls: My Life in a Harem">Some Girls: My Life in a Harem</a></div> Historically, the Royal harem of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">sultan of Brunei</a> included both wives as well as female enslaved concubines and servants.<a href="#cite_note-LcRwE-81">[81]</a> Slaves in Brunei were often non-Muslim Javanese, brought to Brunei by merchants.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The royal harem were described by a British resident in the 1850s as an institution where the women were isolated from the outside world to such a degree that the sultan preferred to attend to the repairs of the building himself, assisted by female slaves: <dl><dd>"The harem of the Brunei sultan is no splendind abode It reminds one rather of a barn than of Haroun Alrashid's palace. In a building some seventy feet by forty, fourscore women live - wives, concubines, and slaves. I do not know that any white person has beheld the insde of it, for his majesty carries jealous care to the verge of hypochondria. [...] Putting aside the prosaic question of securing a good meal every day, inmakes of a royal harem who recieve [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] but one setof clothes a year - and those of cotton or cheapest silk - will always be plotting to get finery and cash. The house is old, constantly needing repari, and the sultan will not allow even a carpenter to go inside it.[...] The old monarch handled tools himself, assisted by the female slaves".<a href="#cite_note-LcRwE-81">[81]</a></dd></dl> Slavery was abolished in Brunei in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimean_Khanate">Crimean Khanate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Crimean Khanate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></div> In the Muslim dynasties of Central Asia, the harem culture did not initially exist, since the customary nomadic culture made it impractical. The wives of the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> did not live secluded in a harem but were allowed to show themselves and meet men who were not their relatives.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-84">[84]</a> The system of harem gender segregation was not fully implemented in the Islamic dynasties of Central Asia until they stopped living a nomadic lifestyle, such as in the Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-84">[84]</a> The household organization of the khans of the <a href="/wiki/Giray_dynasty" title="Giray dynasty">Giray dynasty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> was described first during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sahib_I_Giray" title="Sahib I Giray">Sahib I Giray</a>; most court offices were initiated by Sahib I Giray.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> It is clear that there were separate women's quarters in the court of Sahib I Giray, however complete gender segregation in the form of a harem does not appear to have been introduced until the 1560s.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> The Giray court appears to have been organized in the slave-household manner that was normal in other Muslim dynasties. Many of the officials and courtiers (such as the viziers and equerries) as well as the servants were enslaved, while some were free Muslim noble clients and <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> family members.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> However, the servants of the royal harem were definitely slaves, including the eunuchs of Black African origin, taken from Africa via the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman slave trade">Ottoman slave trade</a> and the Middle East, who guarded the harem and who were often trained in the Ottoman Imperial harem.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-84">[84]</a> Inside the harem, the highest positions were that of ana biyim and ulug biyim (ulug hani), which were given to the khan's mother and to the khan's first wife or the eldest Giray princess, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> The royal women had their own property and administered it from the harem through their legal agents, known as vekils, who also acted as their intermediaries with supplicants and petitioners.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> The princes and the khans normally married free Muslim daughters of the Circassian vassal begs and trusted high officials; the khans also customarily practiced <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">levirate marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> Similar to what was normal in the royal harem of other Islamic dynasties, the khans had four official wives (all with their own separate quarters within the harem), and an unknown number of enslaved concubines.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-86">[86]</a> In 1669, the khan reportedly received fifteen Circassian slave virgins as an annual tribute from his subjects in the Caucasus; in the 1720s khan Saadet Giray reportedly owned twenty-seven slave concubines, and in the 1760s khan Qirim Giray owned about forty.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-86">[86]</a> But not all slave concubines were Circassians. Some royal children are recorded to have been born by slave mothers from Central and Eastern Europe; the occurrence of European women in the royal harem diminished in the 18th century when the Crimean slave raids to Eastern Europe (and thus the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a>) were suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-86">[86]</a> Some of these women, though all formally concubines, would not have been the khan's concubines in practice, instead acting as the servants of his wives. This was the case in the Royal Ottoman harem as well, which served as the role model of the Giray harem.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-86">[86]</a> The Giray princesses were normally married off to poor noblemen and vassals who would be provided with great dowries, putting the princesses in an advantageous position over their husbands, thus causing the husbands to be loyal to the Girays.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> Initially, the royal women did not live in seclusion in the harem. Notably, they gave their own audiences to men, such as during the ceremonial visit of the Russian ambassador, who would present them with diplomatic gifts. But in 1564, the Russian ambassador was given the message that such audiences were no longer allowed.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> The Giray women did continue to play a role in diplomacy, however, since they were allowed to exchange formal diplomatic correspondence with female rulers and consorts.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%9Eaz%C4%B1_II_Giray" title="Ğazı II Giray">Ğazı II Giray</a> assigned his wife Han Tokai to act as a mediator and write to Tsaritsa <a href="/wiki/Irina_Godunova" title="Irina Godunova">Irina Godunova</a>, while he himself wrote to Tsar <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor I">Feodor I</a>, negotiating the return of their son Murad Giray from Moscow in 1593.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> There are a few examples of politically active and influential women of the Giray harem: <a href="/wiki/Nur_Sultan_(wife_of_Mengli_I_Giray)" title="Nur Sultan (wife of Mengli I Giray)">Nur Sultan</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Mengli_I_Giray" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengli I Giray">Mengli I Giray</a>, Ayse Sultan, wife of <a href="/wiki/Devlet_I_Giray" title="Devlet I Giray">Devlet I Giray</a> (r. 1551–1577) and Emine Sultan Biyim, wife of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV_Giray" title="Mehmed IV Giray">Mehmed IV Giray</a> (1642–44 and 1654–66), have been historically acknowledged as politically influential.<a href="#cite_note-Królikowska-Jedlińska,_Natalia_1774-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatimid_Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fatimid Caliphate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate">Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> (909–1171) built upon the established model of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a>. The highest ranked woman in the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_harem" title="Fatimid harem">Fatimid harem</a> were normally the mother of the Caliph, or alternatively the mother of the heir or a female relative, who was given the title sayyida or al-sayyida al-malika ("queen").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200675-87">[87]</a> The consorts of the Caliph were originally slave-girls whom the Caliph either married or used as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">concubines (sex slaves)</a>; in either case, a consort of the Caliph were referred to as jiha or al-jiha al-aliya ("Her Highness").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200675-87">[87]</a> The concubines of the Fatimid Caliphs were in most cases of Christian origin, described as beautiful singers, dancers and musicians; they were often the subject of love poems, but also frequently accused of manipulating the Caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200676-88">[88]</a> The third rank harem women were slave-girls trained in singing, dancing and playing music to perform as entertainers; this category were sometimes given as diplomatic gifts between male power holders. The lowest rank of harem women were the slave-girls selected to become servants and performed a number of different tasks in the harem and royal household; these women were called shadadat and had some contact with the outside world, as they trafficked goods from the outside world to the harem via the underground tunnels known as saradib.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200682-89">[89]</a> In 1122, there were six lady treasurers (khuzzan), and during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a> a woman, Sitt Ghazal, were appointed supervisor of the caliphal inkwell (dawa), an office otherwise always held by men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200681-90">[90]</a> Ibn Muyassar described a hall of relaxation used by vizier al-Afdal with a line of mechanic mannequins (siwar) facing each other at the entrance: four depicting white slave girls made of camphor, and four depicting black slave girls made of amber, who bowed down when the vizier enterred the room, and raized their heads when he sat down. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200681-90">[90]</a> The enslaved <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> managed the women of the harem, guarded them, informed them and reported on them to the Caliph, and acted as their link to the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200680-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mamluk Sultanate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mamluk_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate">Slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate</a></div> The harem of the Mamluk sultans was housed in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a> al-Hawsh in the capital of Cairo (1250–1517). The Mamluk sultanate built upon the established model of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a>, as did its predecessor the Fatimid harem. The mother of the sultan was the highest ranked woman of the harem. The consorts of the Sultans of the <a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a> (1250–1382) were originally slave girls. The female slaves were supplied to the harem by the slave trade as children; they could be trained to perform as singers and dancers in the harem, and some were selected to serve as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">concubines (sex slaves)</a> of the Sultan, who in some cases chose to marry them.<a href="#cite_note-Fu6kl-92">[92]</a> Other slave girls served the consorts of the Sultan in a number of domestic tasks as harem servants, known as qahramana or qahramaniyya.<a href="#cite_note-Fu6kl-92">[92]</a> The harem was guarded by enslaved eunuchs, until the 15th-century supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> and then from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>, served as the officials of the harem. The harem of the <a href="/wiki/Bahri_Mamluks" title="Bahri Mamluks">Bahri Mamluk</a> sultans were initially small and moderate, but Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a> (r. 1293–1341) expanded the harem to a major institution, which came to consummate as much luxury and slaves as the infamously luxurious harem of the preceding Fatimid dynasty. The harem of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad expanded ot a larger size than any preceding Mamluk sultan, and he left a harem of 1,200 female slaves at his death, 505 of which were singing girls.<a href="#cite_note-Fu6kl-92">[92]</a> He married the slave Tughay (d. 1348), who left 1,000 slave girls and 80 eunuchs at her own death.<a href="#cite_note-Fu6kl-92">[92]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Burji dynasty</a> (1382–1517) the Mamluk Sultanate were no longer an inherited monarchy, and the <a href="/wiki/Burji_Mamluks" title="Burji Mamluks">Burji mamluk</a> sultans were succeeded by their emirs. However, a certain dynastic continuity existed, in which the Sultans married the widow, concubine or female relative of his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-dyntran.hypotheses.org-93">[93]</a> The Burji Mamluk often married free Muslim women of the Mamluk nobility. However, the Burji harem, as its predecessor, maintained the custom of slave concubinage, with Circassian slave girls being popular as concubines, some of which became favorites and even wives of the Sultan. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Qaitbay</a> (r. 1468–1496) had a favorite Circassian slave concubine, <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3alb%C4%81y" title="Aṣalbāy">Aṣalbāy</a>, who became the mother of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a> (r. 1496–1498) and later married Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Janbalat" title="Al-Ashraf Janbalat">Al-Ashraf Janbalat</a> (r. 1500–1501).<a href="#cite_note-dyntran.hypotheses.org-93">[93]</a> Her daughter-in-law, Miṣirbāy (d. 1522), a former Circassian slave concubine, married in succession Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a> (r. 1496–1498), sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Qansuh" title="Abu Sa'id Qansuh">Abu Sa'id Qansuh</a> (r. 1498–1500), and in 1517 the Ottoman Governor <a href="/wiki/Hay%C4%B1r_Bey" title="Hayır Bey">Khā’ir Bek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dyntran.hypotheses.org-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg/220px-Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg/330px-Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg/440px-Jahangir_and_Prince_Khurram_Entertained_by_Nur_Jahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Jahangi seer and Prince Khurram with Nur Jahan, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1624. This scene is probably set in the <a href="/wiki/Aram_Bagh,_Agra" title="Aram Bagh, Agra">Aram Bagh garden</a>, which the empress Nur Jahan, a great patron of gardens, had re-modeled in 1621.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Harem" title="Mughal Harem">Mughal Harem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padshah_Begum" title="Padshah Begum">Padshah Begum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a></div> The king's wives, concubines, dancing girls and slaves were not the only women of the Mughal harem. Many others, including the king's mother, lived in the harem. Aunts, grandmothers, sisters, daughters and other female relatives of the king all lived in the harem; male children also lived in the harem until they grew up.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Within the precincts of the harem were markets, bazaars, laundries, kitchens, playgrounds, schools and baths. The harem had a hierarchy, its chief authorities being the wives and female relatives of the emperor and below them, the concubines.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urdubegis" title="Urdubegis">Urdubegis</a> were the class of women assigned to protect the emperor and inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">zenana</a>. Because the women of the Mughal court lived sequestered under <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>, the administration of their living quarters was run entirely by women.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The division of the administrative tasks was dictated largely by the vision of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, who organized his zenana of over 5,000 noble women and servants.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The women tasked with the protection of the zenana were commonly of <a href="/wiki/Habshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habshi">Habshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatar</a>, Turk and <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a> origin. Kashmiri women were selected because they did not observe purdah. Many of the women were purchased as slaves and trained for their positions.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Individual women of the Mughal harem are known to have attained political influence. <a href="/wiki/Nur_Jahan" title="Nur Jahan">Nur Jahan</a>, chief consort of <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, was the most powerful and influential woman at court during a period when the Mughal Empire was at the peak of its power and glory. More decisive and proactive than her husband, she is considered by historians to have been the real <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a> for more than fifteen years. Nur Jahan was granted certain honours and privileges that were never enjoyed by any Mughal empress before or after. Nur Jahan was the only Mughal empress to have coinage struck in her name.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> She was often present when the Emperor held court, and even held court independently when the Emperor was unwell. She was given charge of his imperial seal, implying that her perusal and consent were necessary before any document or order received legal validity. The Emperor sought her views on most matters before issuing orders. The only other Mughal empress to command such devotion from her husband was Nur Jahan's niece <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a>, for whom <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> as a mausoleum. However, Mumtaz took no interest in affairs of state and Nur Jahan is therefore unique in the annals of the Mughal Empire for the political influence she wielded. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_Ali_dynasty_of_Egypt">Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Slavery in Egypt</a></div> The royal <a href="/wiki/Harem_of_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty">harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a> (1805–1914) was modelled after Ottoman example, the khedives being the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> of the Ottoman sultans. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> was appointed vice roy of Egypt in 1805, and by Imperial Ottoman example assembled a harem of slave concubines in the Palace Citadel of Cairo which, according to a traditional account, made his legal wife <a href="/wiki/Amina_Hanim" title="Amina Hanim">Amina Hanim</a> declare herself to henceforth be his wife in name only, when she joined him in Egypt in 1808 and discovered his sex slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201531-32-99">[99]</a> Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial harem</a>, the harem of the khedive was modelled on a system of <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> based on slave concubinage, in which each wife or concubine was limited to having one son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201531-101">[101]</a> The women harem slaves mostly came from <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a> and were referred to as "white".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201525-102">[102]</a> The khedive's harem was composed of between several hundreds to over a thousand enslaved women, supervised by his mother, the walida pasha,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a> and his four official wives (hanim) and recognized concubines (qadin).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a> However, the majority of the slave women served as domestics to his mother and wives, and could have servant offices such as the bash qalfa, chief servant slave woman of the walida pasha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201542-103">[103]</a> The enslaved female servants of the khedivate harem were manumitted and married off with a trosseau in strategic marriages to the male freedmen or slaves (kul or mamluk) who were trained to become officers and civil servants as freedmen, in order to ensure the fidelity of their husband's to the khedive when they began their military or state official career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201526-27-104">[104]</a> A minority of the slave women were selected to become the personal servants (concubines) of the khedive, often selected by his mother:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201534-105">[105]</a> they could become his wives, and would become free as an <a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a> (or mustawlada) if they had children with their enslaver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201524-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> reportedly had at least 25 consorts (wives and concubines),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201532-107">[107]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khedive_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Khedive Ismail">Khedive Ismail</a> fourteen consorts of slave origin, four of whom where his wives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201532-107">[107]</a> The Egyptian elite of bureaucrat families, who emulated the khedive, had similar harem customs, and it was noted that it was common for Egyptian upper-class families to have slave women in their harem, which they manumitted to marry off to male protegees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201526-27-104">[104]</a> This system gradually started to change after 1873, when <a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik Pasha</a> married <a href="/wiki/Emina_Ilhamy" title="Emina Ilhamy">Emina Ilhamy</a> as his sole consort, making monogamy the fashionable ideal among the elite, after the throne succession had been changed to primogeniture, which favored monogamy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201519-20-108">[108]</a> The wedding of Tewfik Pasha and Emina Ilhamy was the first wedding of a prince that were celebrated, since the princes had previously merely taken slave concubines, who they sometimes married afterward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201530-109">[109]</a> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a> and the elimination of slave concubinage after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a> also contributed to the end of the practice of polygyny in the Egyptian and Ottoman upper classes from the 1870s onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201530-109">[109]</a> In the mid 19th-century, the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms abolished the custom of training male slaves to become military men and civil servants, and replaced them with free students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201528-110">[110]</a> All of this gradually diminished the royal harem, though it, as well as the harem of the elite families, still maintained a smaller number of male eunuchs and slave women until at least <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Khedive <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II of Egypt</a> bought six "white female slaves" for his harem in 1894, and his mother still maintained sixty slaves as late as 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201542-103">[103]</a> The royal harem was finally dissolved when the royal women escaped seclusion and took on a public role in the 1930s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg/220px-Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg/330px-Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg/440px-Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_(daughter_of_Suleiman_I)" title="Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Suleiman I)">Mihrimah Sultan</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Harem" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haseki_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haseki Sultan">Haseki Sultan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Women in the Ottoman Empire">Women in the Ottoman Empire</a></div> The Imperial Harem of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman sultan">Ottoman sultan</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">seraglio</a> in the West, was part of <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>. It also housed the <a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">valide sultan</a>, as well as the sultan's daughters and other female relatives. <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">Eunuchs</a> and enslaved servant girls were also part of the harem. During the later periods, the sons of the sultan lived in the Harem until they were 12 years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsary2009228-111">[111]</a> It is becoming more commonly acknowledged today that the purpose of harems during the Ottoman Empire was for the upbringing of the future wives of upper-class and royal men. These women would be educated so that they would able to appear in public as wives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1997127-112">[112]</a> In general, however, the separation of men's and women's quarters was never practiced among the urban poor in large cities such as Constantinople, and by the 1920s and 1930s, it had become a thing of the past in middle and upper-class homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubenBehar2002223-113">[113]</a> The Ottoman sultans normally did not marry in the period circa 1500–1850, but instead procreated with enslaved concubines provided via the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a>. Some women of an Ottoman harem, especially wives, mothers and sisters of sultans, played very important political roles in Ottoman history, and during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a>, it was common for foreign visitors and ambassadors to claim that the Empire was, de facto ruled by the women in the Imperial Harem.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hürrem Sultan">Hürrem Sultan</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>), was one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history and wielded vast political power. The title of <a href="/wiki/Haseki_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haseki Sultan">Haseki Sultan</a>, was created for her and was used by her successors. <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6sem_Sultan" title="Kösem Sultan">Kösem Sultan</a> was also one of the most powerful women in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman history">Ottoman history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Kösem Sultan achieved power and influenced the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> when she became <a href="/wiki/Haseki_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haseki Sultan">Haseki Sultan</a> as the favourite consort and later legal wife of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a> (r. 1603–1617) and <a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">valide sultan</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> as mother of <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> (r. 1623–1640) and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a> (r. 1640–1648), and grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> (r. 1648–1687). Kösem's son, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_the_Mad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim the Mad">Ibrahim the Mad</a>, Ottoman ruler from 1640 to 1648, is said to have drowned 280 concubines of his harem in the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> At least one of his concubines, <a href="/wiki/Turhan_Sultan" title="Turhan Sultan">Turhan Sultan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Russian</a> girl (from the area around modern Ukraine) who came into the Ottoman Empire as a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">slave</a> sold by <a href="/wiki/Crimean-Nogai_raids_into_East_Slavic_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands">Nogai slavers</a>, survived his reign. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavid_Empire">Safavid Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Safavid Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></div> The royal harem played an important role in the history of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Persia</a>. The Safavid harem consisted of: mothers, wives, slave concubines, female relatives; it was staffed with female slaves, and eunuchs who acted as their guards and channels to the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-119">[119]</a> Shah Sultan Hossain's (r. 1694–1722) court has been estimated include five thousand slaves: male and female, black and white, of which one hundred were black eunuchs.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The monarchs of the Safavid dynasty preferred to procreate through slave concubines, which would neutralize potential ambitions from relatives and other inlaws and protect patrimony.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-119">[119]</a> The slave concubines (and later mothers) of the Shah mainly consisted of enslaved Circassian, Georgian and Armenian women, captured as war booty, bought at the slave market or received as gifts from local potentates.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-119">[119]</a> The slave concubines were sometimes forced to convert to shia Islam upon entering the harem, and referred to as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaniz_(slave)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaniz (slave) (page does not exist)">kaniz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In contrast to the common custom in Islamic courts allowing only non-Muslim women to become harem concubines, the Safavid harem also contained Muslim concubines, as some free Persian Muslim daughters were given by their families or taken by the royal household to the harem as concubines.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The enslaved harem women could achieve great influence, but there are also examples of the opposite. Shah <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia" title="Abbas II of Persia">Abbas II</a> (r. 1642–1666) burned three of his slave-wives alive because they refused to drink with him,<a href="#cite_note-Sherley,_Anthony_1983-124">[124]</a> and another wife for lying about her menstruation period.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Shah Safi (r. 1629–1642) stabbed his wife to death for disobedience.<a href="#cite_note-Sherley,_Anthony_1983-124">[124]</a> Slave eunuchs performed various tasks in many levels of the harem as well as in the general court, where they had offices such as in the royal treasury, as the tutors and adoptive fathers of non-castrated slaves selected to be slave soldiers (<a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">ghilman</a>). Inside the harem they served as a channel between the secluded harem women and the outside court and world, which gave them a potentially powerful role at court.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-119">[119]</a> In the early Safavid period, young princes were placed in the care of a <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">lala</a> (high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> chief who acted as a guardian) and were eventually given charge of important governorates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1977424-126">[126]</a> Although this system had the danger of encouraging regional rebellions against the shah, it gave the princes education and training, which prepared them for dynastic succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1977424-126">[126]</a> This policy was changed by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas I">Shah Abbas I</a> (1571–1629), who largely banished the princes to the harem, where their social interactions were limited to the ladies of the harem and eunuchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986277–278-127">[127]</a> This deprived them of administrative and military training as well as experience in dealing with the aristocracy of the realm. This, together with the princes' indulgent upbringing, made them unprepared to carry out royal responsibilities, and often they were uninterested in doing so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986277–278-127">[127]</a> The confinement of royal princes to the harem was an important factor contributing to the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1977424-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986330-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg/330px-Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg/495px-Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Shah_soleiman_safavi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Suleiman I and his courtiers (1670)</figcaption></figure> The administration of the royal harem constituted an independent branch of the court, staffed mainly by eunuchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1986355-129">[129]</a> These were initially black eunuchs, but white eunuchs from Georgia also began to be employed from the time of Abbas I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1986355-129">[129]</a> The mothers of rival princes in league with eunuchs, engaged in palace intrigues in an attempt to place their candidate on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1977424-126">[126]</a> From the middle of the sixteenth century, rivalries between Georgian and Circassian women in the royal harem gave rise to dynastic struggles of an ethnic nature previously unknown at the court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavory1986363-130">[130]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abbas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas II">Shah Abbas II</a> died in 1666, palace eunuchs engineered the succession of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I_of_Persia" title="Suleiman I of Persia">Suleiman I</a> and effectively seized control of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986307-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-4-1092-132">[132]</a> Suleiman set up a privy council, which included the most important eunuchs in the harem, thereby depriving traditional state institutions of their functions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer1986307-131">[131]</a> The eunuchs' influence over military and civil affairs was checked only by their internal rivalries and by the religious movement led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_Majlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Baqir Majlisi">Muhammad Baqir Majlisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-4-1092-132">[132]</a> The royal harem reached such proportions under <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Husayn">Sultan Husayn</a> (1668–1726) that it consumed a large part of state revenues.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-4-1092-132">[132]</a> After the fall of the Safavid dynasty, which occurred soon afterwards, eunuchs were never again able to achieve significant political influence as a class in Persia.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-4-1092-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_East_Asian_Sultanates">South East Asian Sultanates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: South East Asian Sultanates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Slavery in Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Slavery in Indonesia</a></div> The Royal harems in South East Asia include the harems of the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a> on Sumatra, the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> on Java, the <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a> on Sumatra, and the <a href="/wiki/Gowa_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowa Sultanate">Gowa Sultanate</a> of Sulawesi. The conversion of Islam to East Asia made the Islamic law around sexual slavery and other forms of slavery relevant; however, South East Asia did not practice Sharia fully but combined it with customary law, which resulted in harems and slavery being partially different there from how they appeared in the rest of the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-133">[133]</a> The Royal harems in South East Asia where generally relatively small with the exception of the one in Aceh, which reached a considerable size in the 16th- and 17th-centuries.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-133">[133]</a> Eunuchs (sida-sida) where not as common in South East Asia as in the rest if the Muslim world, with the exception of the Persian influenced Aceh Sultanate, where there where about 500 eunuchs in 1619–1622, before the use of eunuchs ended around 1700.<a href="#cite_note-Eunuchs_and_Concubines_in_the_Histo-134">[134]</a> The court of Aceh also used enslaved dancing boys (Nias) of the age 8–12, who were also used for sexual slavery, as late as in the 1870s. In contrast to the rest of the Muslim world, the concubines (gundik) in the harems of South East Asia where not always slaves, but could also be free Muslim women, which was illegal in Islamic Law. Particularly in Java, the Javanese aristocracy and royalty frequently used free women as concubines.<a href="#cite_note-Eunuchs_and_Concubines_in_the_Histo-134">[134]</a> Enslaved concubines where however used alongside free concubines. Girls where kidnapped from their villages or by sea by pirates and slave traders. The Banten Sultanate followed Islamic law more strictly and therefore banned free Muslim concubines and only used enslaved non-Muslim concubines in accordance with Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-Eunuchs_and_Concubines_in_the_Histo-134">[134]</a> Banten acquired their concubines by enslaving girls from 'those villages which during the period of Islamisation had refused to embrace the new religion, and had thereupon been declared to be slaves'.<a href="#cite_note-Eunuchs_and_Concubines_in_the_Histo-134">[134]</a> Chinese slave girls (<a href="/wiki/Mui_tsai" title="Mui tsai">mui tsai</a> or anak beli), where sold for use as slave concubines in the harems of Aceh, which still occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>, when the sales where called adoptions to avoid attention from the colonial Dutch authorities, who banned the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-133">[133]</a> In contrast to normal Islamic law, the child of a concubine where not given equal status to the child of a wife, and could even be deprived of inheritance rights; to be the slave of a concubine was seen as shameful, and many concubines in Aceh used contraception and practiced infanticide for this reason.<a href="#cite_note-Eunuchs_and_Concubines_in_the_Histo-134">[134]</a> Another custom breaking Islamic law was that Muslim slave women could be sold to non-Muslim men, such as Chinese men, which became a big trade in the 18th-century.<a href="#cite_note-Eunuchs_and_Concubines_in_the_Histo-134">[134]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, the Arab king <a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_Hussein,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz">Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz</a> had in his palace 20 young pretty <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese girls</a> from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A Chinese non-Muslim man had a female Indonesian who was of Muslim Arab Hadhrami Sayyid origin in <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Solo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, in 1913 which was scandalous in the eyes of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Surkati" title="Ahmad Surkati">Ahmad Surkati</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Al-Irshad_Al-Islamiya" title="Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya">Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mobini-Kesheh1999-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The local royal rulers in Southeast Asia continued their custom of slave concubinage also after they had become vassals of Western powers; in <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a>, slave concubines were still kept as late as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-133">[133]</a> It is not known when the custom of slave concubines ended in South East Asia, but the custom of harems, <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> and concubinage was met with criticism from the 1870s among the local indigenous elite after it had been identified by the colonial powers as a reason for the decay of the local indigenous rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Eunuchs_and_Concubines_in_the_Histo-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timurid_Empire">Timurid Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Timurid Empire">edit</a>]</div> The harem of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> (1370–1507) was divided in to the ranks of wives (khavatin), free concubines (qumayan) and slave concubines (sarariy).<a href="#cite_note-Courtesans_2017-138">[138]</a> The monarchs of the Timurid dynasty broke Islamic law by having free Muslim women as concubines.<a href="#cite_note-Courtesans_2017-138">[138]</a> In Islamic law, only non-Muslim slaves could become concubines, but the Timurid rulers secured loyalty among high rank local Muslim families by making their daughters concubines in their harem, since the number of wives was limited to four.<a href="#cite_note-Courtesans_2017-138">[138]</a> This break against Islamic law did cause criticism, and was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>; but it was still accepted, since the prominent Muslim families concerned acquired advantages through it as it increased the chances of their daughters to become the consort of the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-Courtesans_2017-138">[138]</a> The Timurid harem is only fragmentary documented, and few women played any influential role, with the exception of Khadija Begi Agha, mother of <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Husayn_Mirza" title="Muzaffar Husayn Mirza">Muzaffar Husayn Mirza</a>, and Zuhra Begi Agha, mother of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Muhammad Shaybani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Courtesans_2017-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qajar_Empire">Qajar Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Qajar Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg/220px-King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg/330px-King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg/440px-King-wives-and-eunuchs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3972" data-file-height="3270" /></a><figcaption>King-wives and eunuchs</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_court_musician_playing_the_kemanche,_painting_in_style_of_Abul_Qasim,_Qajar_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_court_musician_playing_the_kemanche%2C_painting_in_style_of_Abul_Qasim%2C_Qajar_Iran.jpg/150px-A_court_musician_playing_the_kemanche%2C_painting_in_style_of_Abul_Qasim%2C_Qajar_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_court_musician_playing_the_kemanche%2C_painting_in_style_of_Abul_Qasim%2C_Qajar_Iran.jpg/225px-A_court_musician_playing_the_kemanche%2C_painting_in_style_of_Abul_Qasim%2C_Qajar_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_court_musician_playing_the_kemanche%2C_painting_in_style_of_Abul_Qasim%2C_Qajar_Iran.jpg/300px-A_court_musician_playing_the_kemanche%2C_painting_in_style_of_Abul_Qasim%2C_Qajar_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>Woman in the harem playing a <a href="/wiki/Kamancheh" title="Kamancheh">kamancheh</a>, from a Qajar era painting.</figcaption></figure> The harem of the monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> (1785–1925) consisted of several thousand people. The harem had a precise internal administration, based on the women's rank. As was customary in Muslim harems, the highest rank of the harem hierarchy was that of the monarchs' mother, who in Qajar Iran had the title Mahd-e ʿOlyā (Sublime Cradle). She had many duties and prerogatives, such as safeguarding the harem valuables, particularly the jewels, which she administered with the help of female secretaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʿĀżod-al-Dawla199730-139">[139]</a> In contrast to what was common in the Ottoman Empire, where the sultans normally only had slave consorts, the Qajar shahs also had a custom of diplomatic marriages with free Muslim women, daughters of Qajar dignitaries and princes.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Another phenomenon of the Qajar harem was that the Shah entered into two different kinds of marriages with his harem women: <a href="/wiki/Sighe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sighe">ṣīḡa</a> (temporary wife), which was often done with concubines, and ʿaqdī (permanent wives); this was a promotion.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The wives and slave concubines of <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a> came from the harems of the vanquished houses of Zand and Afšār; from the Georgian and Armenian campaigns, as well as from slave markets, and were presented as gifts to the shah from the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʿĀżod-al-Dawla1997336-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Every consort had white and black slave servants (women or eunuchs), whose number varied according to her status. Some wives had their own residence and stables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʿĀżod-al-Dawla199724-144">[144]</a> There were different types of female officials within the harem: some managed the royal coffeehouse inside the harem, a body of female sentinels commanded by women officials "protected the king's nightly rest",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʿĀżod-al-Dawla199743–44-145">[145]</a> and women called ostāds (masters) supervised the group of female dancers and musicians who entertained the harem; they were housed with their servants in a separate compound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʿĀżod-al-Dawla199743–49-146">[146]</a> Young slave boys below puberty (ḡolām-bačča) were used as servants and playmates in the harem.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-147">[147]</a> Eunuchs were mainly African slaves.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-147">[147]</a> The women of the harem were responsible for everything inside the harem quarters, but the harem was guarded from the other parts of the palace (biruni) by the eunuchs, who together with visits from relatives, physicians and tailors served as links to the outside world for the women; the women were not allowed to leave the harem themselves. The harem women had daily entertainments such as music, dance, theatrical performances and games. They studied the arts, calligraphy and poetry, and entertained themselves and the shah with music, dance and singing, and by reciting verses and telling stories, which the shah enjoyed at bedtime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʿĀżod-al-Dawla199744-148">[148]</a> The harem had its own theatre where passion plays (taʿzia) were performed, and one of the shah's wives was the custodian of all the paraphernalia and props.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʿĀżod-al-Dawla199746-149">[149]</a> Toward the end of the Qajar dynasty, foreign tutors were allowed into the harem. Inside the harem, women performed religious functions such as rawża-ḵᵛāni (the commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Ḥosayn at Karbalā); they preached from the pulpit on the day of ʿĀšurā (q.v., the 10th of Moḥarram) and directed the ritual of sina-zadan (beating of the chest).&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʿĀżod-al-Dawla1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-150">[150]</a> The Qajar harem also had the political influence and intrigues common in royal harems. Until a regulated succession to the throne was established by <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3er-al-Din_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāṣer-al-Din Shah">Nāṣer-al-Din Shah</a> (r. 1848–1896), the harem was a place of intense struggle by mothers of potential heirs to have their own sons elected to the throne, as well as having material benefits for themselves, higher ranks for members of their own families, or precedence for their own children. Nāṣer-al-Din Shah's mother, <a href="/wiki/Malek_Jahan_Khanom" title="Malek Jahan Khanom">Jahān Ḵānom Mahd-e ʿOlyā</a>, wielded a major influence that secured his own succession and the dismissal and subsequent assassination in of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Mirzā Taqi Khan Amir Kabir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Nāṣer-al-Din Shah's favorite wife <a href="/wiki/Anis-al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Anis-al-Dawla">Anis-al-Dawla</a> brought about the dismissal of the Premier <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hosein_Khan_Moshir_od-Dowleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh">Mirza Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh</a> in 1873. Both Persian policymakers as well as foreign diplomats, therefore, sought support within the royal harem.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan">edit</a>]</div> In the Islamic Khanates of Central Asia, harems existed until the introduction of Communism by the Soviets after the Russian Revolution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khiva">Khiva</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Khiva">edit</a>]</div> The royal harem of the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> (1511–1920) in Central Asia (<a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>) was composed of both legal wives and slave concubines. The khan had four legal wives, who were obliged to be free Muslim women. Aside from his legal wives, enslaved women were acquired from slave markets and were obliged to be non-Muslims since free Muslim women could not be slaves. The enslaved girls were initially given as servants to the khan's mother. She provided them with an education to make them suitable for concubinage, after which some of them were selected to be the concubines to the khan. Only the khan's legal wives were allowed to give birth to his children, and the slave concubines who conceived were given forced abortions.<a href="#cite_note-Uzbekistan-153">[153]</a> The women could be sold off if they did not please the khan, or given in marriage to his favored subjects. The son of the khan was not allowed to inherit his father's concubine, so when a khan died, his concubines were sold at the slave market.<a href="#cite_note-Uzbekistan-153">[153]</a> Men were normally not allowed to visit the harem, but Jewish tradeswomen were allowed in to sell their wares, such as clothes, to the harem inhabitants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bukhara">Bukhara</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bukhara">edit</a>]</div> The royal harem of the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> (1785–1920) in Central Asia (<a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>) was similar to that of the Khanate of Khiva. The last Emir of Bukhara was reported to have a harem with 100 women (provided via the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a>), but also a separate "harem" of ‘nectarine-complexioned <a href="/wiki/Dancing_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing boys">dancing boys</a>’.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-Urf_1936-154">[154]</a> The harem was abolished when the Soviets conquered the area and the khan <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Mir_Muhammad_Alim_Khan" title="Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan">Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan</a> was forced to flee; he reportedly left the harem women behind, but did take some of his dancing boys with him.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-Urf_1936-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Zanzibar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Slavery in Zanzibar</a></div> The model of the royal harem of Zanzibar were similar to most royal harems at the time. Enslaved <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> were employed to guard and manage the affairs of the harem, while female slave maids were employed to see to the needs of the slave concubines, the wives and the female relatives. The memoirs of Princess <a href="/wiki/Emily_Ruete" title="Emily Ruete">Emily Ruete</a> provides valuable insight and description of the royal harem. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Seyyid_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyid Said">Seyyid Said</a> had three legal wives, but despite all his marriages being childless, he nevertheless had 36 children, who must thus have been born to slave concubines.<a href="#cite_note-sexpowerslavery-155">[155]</a> The concubines were referred to as sarari or suria, and could be of several different ethncities, often Ethiopian or Circassian.<a href="#cite_note-sexpowerslavery-155">[155]</a> Ethiopian, Indian or Circassian (white) women were much more expensive than the majority of African women sold in the slave market in Zanzibar, and white women in particular were so expensive that they were in practice almost reserved for the royal harem.<a href="#cite_note-sexpowerslavery-155">[155]</a> White slave women were called jariyeh bayza and imported to Oman and Zanzibar via Persia (Iran) and had the reputation of "soon renders the house of a moderately rich man unendurable".<a href="#cite_note-sexpowerslavery-155">[155]</a> The white slave women were generally referred to as "Circassian", but this was a general term and did not specifically refer to Circassian ethnicity as such but could refer to any white women, such as Georgian or Bulgarian.<a href="#cite_note-sexpowerslavery-155">[155]</a> Emily Ruete referred to all white women in the royal harem as "Circassian" as a general term, one of whom was her own mother Jilfidan, who had arrived via the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a> to become a concubine at the royal harem as a child.<a href="#cite_note-sexpowerslavery-155">[155]</a> When the sultan <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan" title="Said bin Sultan">Said bin Sultan</a> died in 1856, he had 75 enslaved sararai-concubines in his harem.<a href="#cite_note-sexpowerslavery-155">[155]</a> Emily Ruete described the multi ethnic Royal harem in her memoirs: <dl><dd>Arabic was the only lauguage really sanctioned in my father's presence. But as soon as he turned his back, a truly Babylonian confusion of tongues commenced, and Arabian, Persian, Turkish, Circassian, Swahely, Nubian, and Abyssinian were spoken and mixed up together, not to mention the various dialects of these tongues. [...] Both at Bet il Mtoni and at Bet il Sahel the meals were cooked in the Arab as well as in the Persian and Turkish manner. People of all races lived in these two houses — the races of various beauty. The slaves were dressed in Swaihily style, but we were permitted to appear in Arab fashion alone. Any newly-arrived Circassian or Abyssinian woman had to exchange her ample robes and fantastic attire within three days for -the Arab costume provided for her. [...] On the seventh day after the birth of a child my father used to' pay a visit to the infant and its mother to present some article of jewellery to the baby. In the same way a new Surie received at onco the necessary jewels, and had her servants assigned to her by the chief eunuch."<a href="#cite_note-sexpowerslavery-155">[155]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Era">Modern Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Modern Era">edit</a>]</div> The practice of female seclusion witnessed a sharp decline in the early 20th century as a result of education and increased economic opportunity for women, as well as Western influences, but it is still practiced in some parts of the world, such as rural <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and conservative states of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a> The big Royal harems in the Muslim world begun to dissolve in the late 19th- and early 20th-century, often due to either abolition or modernization of the Muslim monarchies, where the royal women where given a public role and no longer lived in seclusion. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial harem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harem_of_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty">harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> of Egypt, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a> of Persia where all dissolved in the early 20th-century. In other cases, the custom lasted longer. Chattel slavery, and thus the existence of secluded harem concubines, lasted longer in some Islamic states. The report to <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> (ACE) about <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> in Yemen in the 1930s described the existence of Chinese girls (<a href="/wiki/Mui_tsai" title="Mui tsai">Mui tsai</a>) trafficked from Singapore for enslavement as concubines,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> and the King and Imam of Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmad bin Yahya</a> (r. 1948–1962), were reported to have had a harem of 100 slave women.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur" title="Said bin Taimur">Said bin Taimur</a> of Oman (r. 1932–1970) reportedly owned around 500 slaves, an estimated 150 of whom were women, who were kept at his palace at Salalah.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In the 20th-century, women and girls for the harem market in the Arabian Peninsula were kidnapped not only from Africa and Baluchistan, but also from the Trucial States, the Nusayriyah Mountains in Syria, and the Aden Protectorate,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> and 1943, it was reported that Baluchi girls were shipped via Oman to Mecca, where they were popular as concubines since Caucasian girls were no longer available, and were sold for $350–450.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Harem concubines existed in Saudi Arabia until the very end of the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">slavery in Saudi Arabia</a> in 1962. In August 1962, the king's son Prince Talal stated that he had decided to free his 32 slaves and fifty slave concubines.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> After the abolition of slavery in Saudi Arabia in 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee</a> expressed their appreciation over the emancipation edict of 1962, but did ask if any countries would be helped to find their own nationals in Saudi harems who might want to return home; this was a very sensitive issue, since there was an awareness that women were enslaved as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">concubines (sex slaves)</a> in the seclusion of the harems, and that there were no information as to whether the abolition of slavery had affected them.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Since the early 1980s, a rise in conservative Islamic currents has led to a greater emphasis on traditional notions of modesty and gender segregation, with some radical preachers in Saudi Arabia calling for a return to the seclusion of women and an end of female employment. Many working women in conservative societies have adopted hijab as a way of coping with a social environment where men are uncomfortable interacting with women in the public space. Some religious women have tried to emulate seclusion practices abandoned by their grandmothers' generation in an effort to affirm traditional religious values in the face of pervasive Westernization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eunuchs_and_slavery">Eunuchs and slavery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Eunuchs and slavery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C4%B1zlara%C4%9Fas%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/K%C4%B1zlara%C4%9Fas%C4%B1.jpg/170px-K%C4%B1zlara%C4%9Fas%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/K%C4%B1zlara%C4%9Fas%C4%B1.jpg/255px-K%C4%B1zlara%C4%9Fas%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/K%C4%B1zlara%C4%9Fas%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>19th-century depiction of the Chief Black Eunuch (left), a court dwarf (middle) and the Chief White Eunuch (right)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuchs">Eunuchs</a> were probably introduced into Islamic civilizations (despite castration being Islamically forbidden) through the influence of Persian and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> imperial courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarzolph2004-163">[163]</a> The custom of using eunuchs as servants for women inside the Islamic harems had a preceding example in the life of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> himself, who used the eunuch Mabur as a servant in the house of his own slave concubine <a href="/wiki/Maria_al-Qibtiyya" title="Maria al-Qibtiyya">Maria al-Qibtiyya</a>; both of them slaves from Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Taef_El-Azhari_2019-164">[164]</a> Eunuchs was for a long time used in relatively small numbers, exclusively inside harems, but the use of eunuchs expanded significantly when eunuchs started being used also for other offices within service and administration outside of the harem, a use which expanded gradually during <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">the Umayyad Caliphate</a> and had its breakthrough during <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">the Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taef_El-Azhari_2019-164">[164]</a> During the Abbasid period, eunuchs became a permanent institution inside the Islamic harems after the model of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_harem" title="Fatimid harem">Fatimid harem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_harem" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid harem">Safavid harem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> employed eunuchs as guardians of the harem. Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> housed several hundred eunuchs in the late-sixteenth century. The head eunuch who guarded the entrance of the harem was known as <a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">kızlar ağası</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez1997-165">[165]</a> Eunuchs were either <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic</a> slaves captured in the Nile vicinity and transported through ports in Upper Egypt, the Sudan and Abyssinia,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> or European slaves such as Slavs and Franks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarzolph2004-163">[163]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>, castration was prohibited in Islamic law "by a sort of tacit consensus" and eunuchs were acquired from Christian and Jewish traders.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-khasi-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a> identifies a town in Spain where the operation was performed by Jews and the survivors were then sent overseas.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-khasi-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Judaica">Encyclopedia Judaica</a> states that Talmudic law counts castration among mutilations that entitle a slave to immediate release; thus the ability of Jewish slave traders to supply eunuchs to harems depended on whether they could acquire castrated males.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The dark eunuch was held as the embodiment of the sensual tyranny that held sway in the fantasized Ottoman palace, for he had been "clipped" or "completely sheared" to make of him the "ultimate slave" for the supreme ruler.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In the Ottoman court, white eunuchs, who were mostly brought from castration centers in Christian Europe and <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a>, were responsible for much of the palace administration, while black eunuchs, who had undergone a double-castration, were the only male slaves employed in the royal harem.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The chief black eunuch, or the <a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a>, came to acquire a great deal of power within the Ottoman Empire. He not only managed every aspect of the harem women's lives but was also responsible for the education and social etiquette of the young women and young princes in the harem. He arranged all the ceremonial events within the harem, including weddings and circumcision parties, and even notified women of death sentences when "accused of crimes or implicated in intrigues of jealousy and corruption."<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Nineteenth-century travelers' accounts tell of being served by black eunuch slaves.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The trade was suppressed in the Ottoman Empire beginning in the mid-19th century, and slavery was legally abolished in 1887 or 1888.<a href="#cite_note-Kark-173">[173]</a> Late 19th-century slaves in Palestine included enslaved Africans and the sold daughters of poor Palestinian peasants.<a href="#cite_note-Kark-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a> from North of the Black Sea may also have been involved in the Ottoman slave trade.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaroqhi2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Islamic_equivalents">Non-Islamic equivalents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Non-Islamic equivalents">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_royal_polygamy">African royal polygamy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: African royal polygamy">edit</a>]</div> In Africa south of the Sahara, many non-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">chieftains</a> have traditionally had harems. The <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Zulu_Nation" title="King of the Zulu Nation">Zulu King</a> <a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Zwelithini" title="Goodwill Zwelithini">Goodwill Zwelithini</a> had six wives, for example, and members of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_chieftaincy_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian chieftaincy system">Nigerian chieftaincy system</a> have historically had as many as three hundred of them.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Usually, African royal polygamy does not expect wives to be secluded from men or to be prevented from moving outside the harem. Where this is not the case, and the royal wives do live in the harems in isolation, they tend to have a ritual significance in their kingdoms' traditions. The wives of the <a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Benin" title="Oba of Benin">Oba of Benin City</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian kingdoms">Nigerian kingdom</a>, lived alone in the women's quarters of the Royal Palace. They were allowed to receive only female visitors in the harem, and they themselves normally did not leave it and thus were rarely seen in public.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Their seclusion was tied to the religion of Benin City, which held them to be sacred as wives of the Oba. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aztec_Empire">Aztec Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Aztec Empire">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Montezuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Montezuma II">Montezuma II</a>, who met <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>, kept 4,000 concubines; every member of the <a href="/wiki/Pipiltin" title="Pipiltin">Aztec nobility</a> was supposed to have had as many consorts as he could afford.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> There is no support for a harem in Buddhist writings. Nevertheless, harems have been common for Buddhist royal rulers. Normally, the royal Buddhist harems of South East Asia were not as strict as Muslim harems, allowing women some limited freedom outside the harem, but the royal harem of Cambodia was particularly severe, and secluded women for fear they would be unfaithful.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Cambodia">king of Cambodia</a> had a royal harem consisting of hundreds of women. In a custom common for royal rulers in South East Asia, girls were sent to the king's harem by powerful local families all over the country, as tributes and living acknowledgements of their submission, and the king's right to rule.<a href="#cite_note-denial152-6-180">[180]</a> Those sent became court ladies and were given a number of different tasks. After every coronation, the new king and his main wife-queen would assign different ranks and tasks to the palace women: after the queen came the four wives called preah moneang or preah snang rank, then the preah neang-wives, the neak moneang-wives, and the neak neang-wives.<a href="#cite_note-Camb92-94-181">[181]</a> Other palace women became servants, singers or dancers.<a href="#cite_note-Camb92-94-181">[181]</a> The harem women could only be seen in public on a few ceremonial occasions; otherwise they were not allowed contact with the outside world and communicated with it through go-betweens in the form of old female palace women servants called ak yeay chastum.<a href="#cite_note-Camb92-94-181">[181]</a> When Cambodia became a French colony, the French colonial officials viewed the abolition of the royal harem and an emancipation of harem women as a part of modernization, as well as a way of cutting the costs of the royal court.<a href="#cite_note-denial152-6-180">[180]</a> After the death of king Norodom in April 1904, the French officials took control of the royal finances, reviewed the allowances of each person in the royal palace, and reduced the number of women that the king could support, in effect, dissolving the harem.<a href="#cite_note-denial152-6-180">[180]</a> King Sisowath (r. 1904–1927) did keep some of the No kang chao (concubines) he had prior to his accession, but no more were added, and the custom of giving daughters as tribute to the royal harem had waned by 1913; after this, the palace women, at least officially, were servants; they also staffed the royal ballet corps.<a href="#cite_note-denial152-6-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> The harem likely existed in Hindu India before the Islamic conquest; it is mentioned in the ancient stories of the Buddha. However, it appears to have become more common and strict after the Islamic conquests. After the Islamic conquest of India and the loss of Hindu rulership, gender segregation and seclusion of women practiced by the Muslim conquerors was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> in India, where it became known as <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stu709-182">[182]</a> The whole society became more gender segregated after the Muslim conquests. In Bengal, for example, where men and women had previously worked together reaping, men started to do the reaping alone and women were relegated to the more domestic task of husking.<a href="#cite_note-Stu709-182">[182]</a> Male Hindu rulers commonly had harems as well as Muslim rulers in India from the Middle Ages until the 20th-century. One of the reasons why upper-class Hindu men started to seclude women in harems after the Muslim conquest was due to the practice of the Muslim conquerors putting the wives of defeated Hindus into their harems. Disruption of the Hindu social system followed from the mixing of Hindus and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Stu709-182">[182]</a> The seclusion of Hindu women was thus a way to preserve the caste system.<a href="#cite_note-Stu709-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_China">Imperial China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Imperial China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system" title="Imperial Chinese harem system">Imperial Chinese harem system</a></div> Harem is also the usual English translation of the Chinese language term hougong (hou-kung; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 後宮; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the palace(s) behind'), in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Harem_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Chinese Harem system">Imperial Chinese Harem</a>. Hougong refers to the large <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a> for the Chinese emperor's consorts, concubines, female attendants and eunuchs. The women who lived in an emperor's hougong sometimes numbered in the thousands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscovite_Terem">Muscovite Terem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Muscovite Terem">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovite</a> Russia the area of aristocratic houses where women were secluded was known as <a href="/wiki/Terem_(Russia)" title="Terem (Russia)">terem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay201238–39-22">[22]</a> However, aristocratic Muscovite women were not entirely secluded from mixing with men; it was a common custom for the lady of the house to greet a male guest with a welcoming drink ritual when he arrived. She was also waited upon by male as well as female staff upon retiring to her chamber.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_representations">Western representations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Western representations">edit</a>]</div> A distinct, imaginary vision of the harem emerged in the West starting from the 17th century when Europeans became aware of Muslim harems housing numerous women. In contrast to the medieval European views that conceived Muslim women as victimized but powerful through their charms and deceit, during the era of <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a>, the "imaginary harem" came to represent what Orientalist scholars saw as an abased and subjugated status of women in the Islamic civilization. These notions served to cast the West as culturally superior and justify colonial enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"-4">[4]</a> Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a>, the harem was often conceived as a personal brothel, where numerous women lounged in suggestive poses, directing their strong but oppressed sexuality toward a single man in a form of "competitive lust".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"-4">[4]</a> A centuries-old theme in Western culture is the depiction of European women being forcibly taken into Oriental harems. Some examples are the <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> opera <a href="/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail" title="Die Entführung aus dem Serail">Die Entführung aus dem Serail</a> (The Abduction from the Seraglio) where the hero Belmonte attempts to rescue his beloved Konstanze from the harem of the <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> Selim. In <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a>, an old woman relates her experiences of being sold into harems across the Ottoman Empire. Much of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Il_corsaro" title="Il corsaro">Il corsaro</a> takes place in the harem of the Pasha Seid, where Gulnara, the Pasha's favorite, chafes in captivity, longing for freedom and true love. She eventually falls in love with the dashing corsair Corrado and kills the Pasha to escape with him—only to discover that he loves another woman. <a href="/wiki/The_Lustful_Turk" title="The Lustful Turk">The Lustful Turk</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian novel</a>, published in 1828, about a Western woman who is forced into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> in the harem of the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a>. Similar themes were expressed in <a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_a_Moorish_Harem" title="A Night in a Moorish Harem">A Night in a Moorish Harem</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Erotic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic novel">erotic novel</a> of 1896, where a <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecking" title="Shipwrecking">shipwrecked</a> Western sailor is invited into a harem and engages in "illicit sex" with nine concubines.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The 1919 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Sheik_(novel)" title="The Sheik (novel)">The Sheik</a>, by <a href="/wiki/E._M._Hull" title="E. M. Hull">E. M. Hull</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/The_Sheik_(film)" title="The Sheik (film)">1921 film of the same name</a> are probably the most famous novels from the "desert romance" genre that flourished after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, involving relationships between Western women and Arab sheiks. They have received strong criticisms for the central plot element, the notion that rape leads to love by <a href="/wiki/Forced_seduction" title="Forced seduction">forced seduction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmmw-186">[186]</a> or that for women, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_submission" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual submission">sexual submission</a> is a necessary and natural condition and that rape is excused by marriage. Historians have also criticized the <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a> portrayal of the Arabs in the novel and the film.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmmw-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelique_and_the_Sultan" title="Angelique and the Sultan">Angelique and the Sultan</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(novel_series)" title="Angélique (novel series)">Angélique historical novel series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Golon" title="Anne Golon">Anne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serge_Golon" title="Serge Golon">Serge Golon</a>, later made into a film, has the theme of a 17th-century French noblewoman captured by pirates and taken into the harem of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King of Morocco</a>, where she stabs the King with his own dagger when he tries to have sex with her and stages a daring escape. The Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Solovyov_(writer)" title="Leonid Solovyov (writer)">Leonid Solovyov</a> an adapted the Middle Eastern and Central Asian folktales of <a href="/wiki/Nasreddin" title="Nasreddin">Nasreddin</a> into his book Возмутитель спокойствия (translated as "The Beggar in the Harem: Impudent Adventures in Old Bukhara", or6as) and "The Tale of Hodja Nasreddin: Disturber of the Peace", 2009<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> about hero Nasreddin's beloved being taken into the harem of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emir of Bukhara</a> and his efforts to extract her from there (a theme completely absent from the original folktales). <a href="/wiki/A_Study_in_Scarlet" title="A Study in Scarlet">A Study in Scarlet</a>, the first of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> mysteries, applies many of the above conventions to the Western phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Polygamous_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamous marriage">polygamous marriage</a>. In the wild days of the early Mormon settlement of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, the protagonist's beloved is kidnapped and placed against her will in the harem of a Mormon elder, where she dies. Having failed to rescue her, the protagonist vows deadly revenge on the kidnappers – the background of the mystery solved by Holmes. In <a href="/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_War_in_the_Air" title="The War in the Air">The War in the Air</a>, civilization breaks down due to global war. With the world reverting to barbarism, a strongman takes over a town and starts forcing young women into a harem that he is building up. The protagonist must fight and kill him to save his girlfriend from being included. Science Fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> in the tales of his Galactic Secret Agent <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Flandry" title="Dominic Flandry">Dominic Flandry</a>, includes an episode where one of his <a href="/wiki/Love_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Love interest">love interests</a> is forced into the harem of corrupt planetary governor, Harald. The futuristic harem follows the well-established literary depictions, except that traditional <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">extraterrestrials</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Image gallery">edit</a>]</div> Many Western artists have depicted their imaginary conceptions of the harem. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Depictions of Harems</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_Boucher_-_The_Pasha_in_His_Harem,_c._1735-1739_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pasha in His Harem by Francois Boucher c. 1735–1739"><img alt="The Pasha in His Harem by Francois Boucher c. 1735–1739" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Francois_Boucher_-_The_Pasha_in_His_Harem%2C_c._1735-1739_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/198px-Francois_Boucher_-_The_Pasha_in_His_Harem%2C_c._1735-1739_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Francois_Boucher_-_The_Pasha_in_His_Harem%2C_c._1735-1739_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/297px-Francois_Boucher_-_The_Pasha_in_His_Harem%2C_c._1735-1739_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Francois_Boucher_-_The_Pasha_in_His_Harem%2C_c._1735-1739_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/395px-Francois_Boucher_-_The_Pasha_in_His_Harem%2C_c._1735-1739_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="3561" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Pasha in His Harem by Francois Boucher c. 1735–1739</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene from the Harem, Jean-Baptiste van Mour"><img alt="Scene from the Harem, Jean-Baptiste van Mour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_010.jpg/217px-Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_010.jpg/326px-Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="460" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scene from the Harem, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_van_Mour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste van Mour">Jean-Baptiste van Mour</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene in a Harem, by Francesco Guardi"><img alt="Scene in a Harem, by Francesco Guardi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi_005.jpg/357px-Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi_005.jpg/537px-Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi_005.jpg/715px-Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1445" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scene in a Harem, by Francesco <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi" title="Giovanni Antonio Guardi">Guardi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Duplessi-Berteaux_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dormitory of the Concubines, by Ignace Melling, 1811."><img alt="The Dormitory of the Concubines, by Ignace Melling, 1811." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Duplessi-Berteaux_001.jpg/400px-Duplessi-Berteaux_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Duplessi-Berteaux_001.jpg/601px-Duplessi-Berteaux_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Duplessi-Berteaux_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="440" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dormitory of the Concubines, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Ignace_Melling" title="Antoine Ignace Melling">Ignace Melling</a>, 1811.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Paul_Flandrin_-_Odalisque_with_Slave_-_Walters_37887.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harem scene, Odalisque with Slave, by Dominique Ingres"><img alt="Harem scene, Odalisque with Slave, by Dominique Ingres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jean-Paul_Flandrin_-_Odalisque_with_Slave_-_Walters_37887.jpg/348px-Jean-Paul_Flandrin_-_Odalisque_with_Slave_-_Walters_37887.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jean-Paul_Flandrin_-_Odalisque_with_Slave_-_Walters_37887.jpg/523px-Jean-Paul_Flandrin_-_Odalisque_with_Slave_-_Walters_37887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jean-Paul_Flandrin_-_Odalisque_with_Slave_-_Walters_37887.jpg/696px-Jean-Paul_Flandrin_-_Odalisque_with_Slave_-_Walters_37887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1318" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harem scene, Odalisque with Slave, by <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Ingres" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique Ingres">Dominique Ingres</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Frederick_Lewis_-_A_Lady_Receiving_Visitors_(The_Reception)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Reception, John Frederick Lewis, 1805–1875"><img alt="The Reception, John Frederick Lewis, 1805–1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Frederick_Lewis_-_A_Lady_Receiving_Visitors_%28The_Reception%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/305px-John_Frederick_Lewis_-_A_Lady_Receiving_Visitors_%28The_Reception%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Frederick_Lewis_-_A_Lady_Receiving_Visitors_%28The_Reception%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/459px-John_Frederick_Lewis_-_A_Lady_Receiving_Visitors_%28The_Reception%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Frederick_Lewis_-_A_Lady_Receiving_Visitors_%28The_Reception%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/611px-John_Frederick_Lewis_-_A_Lady_Receiving_Visitors_%28The_Reception%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5378" data-file-height="4492" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Reception, <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Lewis" title="John Frederick Lewis">John Frederick Lewis</a>, 1805–1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cormon_Fernand_Le_harem_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene from the Harem by Fernand Cormon, c. 1877"><img alt="Scene from the Harem by Fernand Cormon, c. 1877" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cormon_Fernand_Le_harem_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg/308px-Cormon_Fernand_Le_harem_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cormon_Fernand_Le_harem_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg/462px-Cormon_Fernand_Le_harem_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cormon_Fernand_Le_harem_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg/616px-Cormon_Fernand_Le_harem_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2486" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scene from the Harem by <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Cormon" title="Fernand Cormon">Fernand Cormon</a>, c. 1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Quintana_Blas_Olleras-Harem_Scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harem Scene, Quintana Olleras, 1851–1919"><img alt="Harem Scene, Quintana Olleras, 1851–1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Quintana_Blas_Olleras-Harem_Scene.jpg/325px-Quintana_Blas_Olleras-Harem_Scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Quintana_Blas_Olleras-Harem_Scene.jpg/487px-Quintana_Blas_Olleras-Harem_Scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Quintana_Blas_Olleras-Harem_Scene.jpg/649px-Quintana_Blas_Olleras-Harem_Scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="786" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harem Scene, <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Olleras" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintana Olleras">Quintana Olleras</a>, 1851–1919</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Belle_of_Nelson_Whiskey_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belle of Nelson, whiskey poster (1878), based on a harem scene by Jean-Léon Gérôme."><img alt="Belle of Nelson, whiskey poster (1878), based on a harem scene by Jean-Léon Gérôme." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Belle_of_Nelson_Whiskey_poster.jpg/191px-Belle_of_Nelson_Whiskey_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Belle_of_Nelson_Whiskey_poster.jpg/287px-Belle_of_Nelson_Whiskey_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Belle_of_Nelson_Whiskey_poster.jpg/382px-Belle_of_Nelson_Whiskey_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7141" data-file-height="9523" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Belle of Nelson, whiskey poster (1878), based on a harem scene by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lehnert_%26_Landrock_-_218_-_Au_harem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the harem, Lehnert & Landrock postcard, 1900s-1910s"><img alt="In the harem, Lehnert & Landrock postcard, 1900s-1910s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lehnert_%26_Landrock_-_218_-_Au_harem.jpg/362px-Lehnert_%26_Landrock_-_218_-_Au_harem.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lehnert_%26_Landrock_-_218_-_Au_harem.jpg/544px-Lehnert_%26_Landrock_-_218_-_Au_harem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lehnert_%26_Landrock_-_218_-_Au_harem.jpg/725px-Lehnert_%26_Landrock_-_218_-_Au_harem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1267" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the harem, Lehnert & Landrock postcard, 1900s-1910s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Virgin_of_Stamboul_(1920)_-_Ad_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Virgin of Stamboul, 1920 film poster"><img alt="The Virgin of Stamboul, 1920 film poster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Virgin_of_Stamboul_%281920%29_-_Ad_6.jpg/189px-The_Virgin_of_Stamboul_%281920%29_-_Ad_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Virgin_of_Stamboul_%281920%29_-_Ad_6.jpg/284px-The_Virgin_of_Stamboul_%281920%29_-_Ad_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Virgin_of_Stamboul_%281920%29_-_Ad_6.jpg/378px-The_Virgin_of_Stamboul_%281920%29_-_Ad_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2684" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Virgin of Stamboul, 1920 film poster</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_day_harems">Modern day harems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Modern day harems">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">Mswati III</a>, current king of <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, has his choice of new brides at the yearly Reed Dance (<a href="/wiki/Umhlanga_(ceremony)" title="Umhlanga (ceremony)">Umhlanga (ceremony)</a>. Once the brides become pregnant, they are considered his wives.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> He currently has 15 wives.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jefri_Bolkiah" title="Prince Jefri Bolkiah">Prince Jefri Bolkiah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> is alleged to have kept a harem of up to 25 women for several years, which included the writer <a href="/wiki/Jillian_Lauren" title="Jillian Lauren">Jillian Lauren</a>, who published <a href="/wiki/Some_Girls:_My_Life_in_a_Harem" title="Some Girls: My Life in a Harem">Some Girls: My Life in a Harem</a> about her experiences.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Saudi <a href="/wiki/Arms_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms dealer">arms dealer</a> <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Khashoggi" title="Adnan Khashoggi">Adnan Khashoggi</a> maintained a harem with at least twelve women who were described as his "pleasure wives".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> One of them was Jill Dodd, a former model and fashion designer, whom he met in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Dodd wrote a memoir named The Currency of Love about their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places">Places</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Places">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(utopia)" title="Arcadia (utopia)">Arcadia (utopia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">Turkish bath</a> (hammam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Coku" title="Ōoku">Ōoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system" title="Imperial Chinese harem system">Imperial Chinese harem system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Islamic views on concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippumjo" title="Kippumjo">Kippumjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Harem" title="Mughal Harem">Mughal Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">History of concubinage in the Muslim world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrCowan1976171–172-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrCowan1976171–172_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrCowan1976171–172_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrCowan1976">Wehr & Cowan 1976</a>, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordreference.com/definition/harem">Harem</a> at WordReference.com </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartwright-Jones2013"Harem"_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartwright-Jones2013">Cartwright-Jones 2013</a>, "Harem". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnwar2004"Harem"_4-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnwar2004">Anwar 2004</a>, "Harem". </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/harem">Harem</a> in Merriam-Webster Dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslauer2005"Harem"-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaslauer2005"Harem"_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaslauer2005">Haslauer 2005</a>, "Harem". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoumato2009"Seclusion"_7-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoumato2009">Doumato 2009</a>, "Seclusion". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadar2011-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadar2011_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadar2011">Madar 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica2002-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica2002_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica2002_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica2002_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBritannica2002">Britannica 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert2005152-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuataert2005152_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuataert2005">Quataert 2005</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatel2013"Seclusion"_11-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatel2013">Patel 2013</a>, "Seclusion". </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/harem">"harem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2017-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=harem&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fharem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetzig1994-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetzig1994_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBetzig1994">Betzig 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed1992103-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed1992103_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed1992">Ahmed 1992</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199226–28-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed199226–28_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed199226–28_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed1992">Ahmed 1992</a>, pp. 26–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199227-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed199227_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed1992">Ahmed 1992</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-schick-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schick_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schick_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchi̇ck,_İrvi̇n_Cemi̇l2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schi̇ck, İrvi̇n Cemi̇l (2009). "Space: Harem: Overview". In Suad Joseph (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1872-5309_ewic_EWICCOM_0283">10.1163/1872-5309_ewic_EWICCOM_0283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space%3A+Harem%3A+Overview&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+%26+Islamic+Cultures&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1872-5309_ewic_EWICCOM_0283&rft.au=Schi%CC%87ck%2C+%C4%B0rvi%CC%87n+Cemi%CC%87l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Harem">"Harem" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 950–952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harem&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=950-952&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-ancient-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-ancient_19-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi" class="citation web cs1">Shahbazi, A. 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Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Locust Valley, New York, 1975. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay201238–39-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay201238–39_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay201238–39_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFay201238–39_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFay2012">Fay 2012</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_BurkeNejde_Yaghoubian2006" class="citation book cs1">Edmund Burke; Nejde Yaghoubian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwjEHoCBO0cC&pg=PA48">Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East</a>. University of California Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520246614" title="Special:BookSources/9780520246614"><bdi>9780520246614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+and+Survival+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780520246614&rft.au=Edmund+Burke&rft.au=Nejde+Yaghoubian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwjEHoCBO0cC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_B._Pomeroy" title="Sarah B. Pomeroy">Pomeroy, Sarah B.</a>, Goddesses, whores, wives, and slaves: women in classical antiquity, Schocken Books, New York, 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Lynda Garland</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ro6DwAAQBAJ&dq=byzantine+women&pg=PT15">Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> (Herodotus 3.69) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> (Herodotus 1.136) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> (Herodotus 3.134) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> (Diodorus Siclulus 17.38, 1) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius199670–82-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius199670–82_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrosius1996">Brosius 1996</a>, pp. 70–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> (Plutarch, Artoxerxes, 27; Diodorus, 17.77.6; Esther 2.3) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> (Herodotus 8.105; Plutarch, Themistocles, 26.4) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> (Xenophon, Cyropaedia, 4.6, 11; 5.1, 1; 5, 2, 9, 39) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> (Herodotus 3.97) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> (Herodotus 4.19, 32) </li> <li id="cite_note-Maria_Brosius-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Brosius_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Brosius_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosius2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brosius, Maria (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i">"WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=WOMEN+i.+In+Pre-Islamic+Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fwomen-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> (Ctesias, frg. 16 (56) in Jacoby, Fragmente III/C, p. 471) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius199683–93-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius199683–93_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrosius1996">Brosius 1996</a>, pp. 83–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> (Heracleides of Cyme apud Athenaeus, 514b) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius199694–97-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius199694–97_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrosius1996">Brosius 1996</a>, pp. 94–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> (Plutarch, Moralia, 140B) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Justin (41.3) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Lerouge, Ch. 2007. L’image des Parthes dans le monde gréco-romain. Stuttgart. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> (Plutarch, Crassus 21.6) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> (Christensen, L’Iran, p. 233) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumkum_Chatterjee" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kumkum Chatterjee. "Purdah". In Colin Blakemore; Sheila Jennett (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Body. p. 570. <q>Purdah [...] refers to the various modes of shielding women from the sight primarily of men (other than their husbands or men of their natal family) in the South Asian subcontinent. [...] The purdah, as veiling, was possibly influenced by Islamic custom, [...] But, in the sense of seclusion and the segregation of men and women, purdah predates the Islamic invasions of India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purdah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Body&rft.pages=570&rft.au=Kumkum+Chatterjee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century. Pearson Education. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+century&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed1992112–115-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed1992112–115_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed1992">Ahmed 1992</a>, pp. 112–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddie1990" class="citation journal cs1">Keddie, Nikki (Spring 1990). 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Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Veil&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-the-quran%2Fveil-EQSIM_00441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D33%3Averse%3D53">33:53</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Mernissi-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mernissi_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mernissi_52-1">b</a> Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579868-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579868-5">978-0-19-579868-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_53-1">b</a> Morony, Michael G. Iraq after the Muslim conquest. Gorgias Press LLC, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_Nabia_1946-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_Nabia_1946_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_Nabia_1946_54-1">b</a> Abbott, Nabia. Two queens of Baghdad: mother and wife of Hārūn al Rashīd. University of Chicago Press, 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199285-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed199285_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed1992">Ahmed 1992</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199287-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed199287_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed1992">Ahmed 1992</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutbuddin2006" class="citation book cs1">Qutbuddin, Tahera (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207005116/http://nelc.uchicago.edu/sites/nelc.uchicago.edu/files/2006%20Women%20Poets%20%28Med.%20Islamic.%20Civ.%20Enc.%29.pdf">"Women Poets"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Josef_W._Meri" title="Josef W. Meri">Josef W. Meri</a> (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. II. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 865–867. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96690-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nelc.uchicago.edu/sites/nelc.uchicago.edu/files/2006%20Women%20Poets%20(Med.%20Islamic.%20Civ.%20Enc.).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+Poets&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=865-867&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96690-0&rft.aulast=Qutbuddin&rft.aufirst=Tahera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnelc.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Fnelc.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2F2006%2520Women%2520Poets%2520%28Med.%2520Islamic.%2520Civ.%2520Enc.%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ali, Samer M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5023780">"Medieval Court Poetry"</a>. In Natana J. Delong-Bas (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 651–654 [652].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+Court+Poetry&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Women&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=651-654+652&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Samer+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5023780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScales1993" class="citation book cs1">Scales, Peter C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-Wvg__iHPAC&pg=PA66">The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict</a>. Brill. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004098688" title="Special:BookSources/9789004098688"><bdi>9789004098688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Caliphate+of+C%C3%B3rdoba%3A+Berbers+and+Andalusis+in+Conflict&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789004098688&rft.aulast=Scales&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-Wvg__iHPAC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan1999" class="citation book cs1">Man, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC&pg=PA72">Atlas of the Year 1000</a>. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004384323" title="Special:BookSources/9789004384323"><bdi>9789004384323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Division+of+Power+in+the+Crimean+Khanate+%281532%E2%80%931774%29%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Reign+of+Murad+Giray+%281678%E2%80%931683%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004384323&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B3likowska-Jedli%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedJ7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceG-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_86-3">d</a> Maryna Kravets: From Nomads Tent to Garden Palace: Evolution of a Chinggisid House in the Crimea </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200675-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200675_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200675_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006">Cortese & Calderini 2006</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200676-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200676_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006">Cortese & Calderini 2006</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200682-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200682_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006">Cortese & Calderini 2006</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200681-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200681_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200681_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006">Cortese & Calderini 2006</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200680-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini200680_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006">Cortese & Calderini 2006</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fu6kl-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fu6kl_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fu6kl_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fu6kl_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fu6kl_92-3">d</a> Levanoni, A. (2021). A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāsir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-dyntran.hypotheses.org-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dyntran.hypotheses.org_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyntran.hypotheses.org_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyntran.hypotheses.org_93-2">c</a> Albrecht Fuess, “How to marry right: Searching for a royal spouse at the Mamluk court of Cairo in the fifteenth century”, DYNTRAN Working Papers, n° 21, online edition, February 2017, available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dyntran.hypotheses.org/1761">http://dyntran.hypotheses.org/1761</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2013" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Anjali (28 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194915/http://newindianexpress.com/education/student/Inside-the-harem-of-the-mughals/2013/11/28/article1915795.ece">"Inside the harem of the mughals"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Inside-the-harem-of-the-mughals/2013/11/28/article1915795.ece">the original</a> on December 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Inside+the+harem+of+the+mughals&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Feducation%2Fstudent%2FInside-the-harem-of-the-mughals%2F2013%2F11%2F28%2Farticle1915795.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1988" class="citation book cs1">Lal, K.S. (1988). The Mughal Harem. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. pp. 14, 52–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8185179034" title="Special:BookSources/8185179034"><bdi>8185179034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Harem&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=14%2C+52-55&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=8185179034&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_'l-Fazl_Allami1977" class="citation book cs1">Abu 'l-Fazl Allami (1977). Phillot, Lieut. Colonel D.C. (ed.). The Ain-i Akbari. Trans. H. Blochman. Delhi: Munishram Manoharlal. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186142240" title="Special:BookSources/9788186142240"><bdi>9788186142240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ain-i+Akbari&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Munishram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9788186142240&rft.au=Abu+%27l-Fazl+Allami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambly1998" class="citation book cs1">Hambly, Gavin (1998). "Armed Women Retainers in the Zenanas of Indo-Muslim Rulers: The case of Bibi Fatima". Women in the medieval Islamic world : Power, patronage, and piety. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 431–433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312210574" title="Special:BookSources/0312210574"><bdi>0312210574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armed+Women+Retainers+in+the+Zenanas+of+Indo-Muslim+Rulers%3A+The+case+of+Bibi+Fatima&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+medieval+Islamic+world+%3A+Power%2C+patronage%2C+and+piety&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=431-433&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0312210574&rft.aulast=Hambly&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNath1990">Nath 1990</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201531-32-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201531-32_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 31-32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201520-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201520_100-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201531-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201531_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201525-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201525_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201542-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201542_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201542_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201526-27-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201526-27_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201526-27_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 26-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201534-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201534_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201524-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201524_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201532-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201532_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201532_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201519-20-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201519-20_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 19-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201530-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201530_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201530_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuno201528-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuno201528_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuno2015">Cuno 2015</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsary2009228-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsary2009228_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnsary2009">Ansary 2009</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1997127-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1997127_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin1997">Goodwin 1997</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubenBehar2002223-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubenBehar2002223_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubenBehar2002">Duben & Behar 2002</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1988" class="citation journal cs1">Peirce, Leslie (1988). "Shifting Boundaries: Images of Ottoman Royal Women in the 16th and 17th Centuries". Critical Matrix: Princeton Working Papers in Women's Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Matrix%3A+Princeton+Working+Papers+in+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Shifting+Boundaries%3A+Images+of+Ottoman+Royal+Women+in+the+16th+and+17th+Centuries&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1993" class="citation book cs1">Peirce, Leslie (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir">The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508677-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508677-5"><bdi>0-19-508677-5</bdi></a>. <q>While Hurrem was the woman of the Ottoman dynasty best known in Europe, it is Kösem who is remembered by the Turks as the most powerful.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Harem%3A+Women+and+Sovereignty+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-508677-5&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialharemwom00peir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Douglas Arthur Howard, The official History of Turkey, Greenwood Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30708-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30708-3">0-313-30708-3</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlhan_Niaz2014" class="citation book cs1">Ilhan Niaz (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkgsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT296">Old World Empires: Cultures of Power and Governance in Eurasia</a>. Routledge. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317913788" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317913788"><bdi>978-1317913788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+World+Empires%3A+Cultures+of+Power+and+Governance+in+Eurasia&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317913788&rft.au=Ilhan+Niaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkgsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDash2012" class="citation web cs1">Dash, Mike (22 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-ottoman-empires-life-or-death-race-164064882/">"The Ottoman Empire's Life-or-Death Race"</a>. 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University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292739390" title="Special:BookSources/9780292739390"><bdi>9780292739390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Passions%3A+Orientalism+and+Romance+Novels&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780292739390&rft.au=Hsu-Ming+Teo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F18215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2009" class="citation book cs1">Solovyov, Leonid (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115405/https://translit.ca/books.html#disturber">The Tale of Hodja Nasreddin: Disturber of the Peace</a>. Toronto, Canada: Translit Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9812695-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9812695-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9812695-0-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translit.ca/books.html#disturber">the original</a> on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tale+of+Hodja+Nasreddin%3A+Disturber+of+the+Peace&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Translit+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9812695-0-4&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslit.ca%2Fbooks.html%23disturber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanga2011" class="citation web cs1">Langa, Sylvester (2011-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/swazi-royal-family-thrown-into-sordid-disarray-1199400">"Swazi royal family thrown into sordid disarray"</a>. IOL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOL&rft.atitle=Swazi+royal+family+thrown+into+sordid+disarray&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Langa&rft.aufirst=Sylvester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fswazi-royal-family-thrown-into-sordid-disarray-1199400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/king-of-this-ancient-african-kingdom-state-picks-a-virgin-bride-every-year-2946953.html">"King of This Ancient African 'Kingdom State' Picks a 'Virgin' Bride Every Year"</a>. 9 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+of+This+Ancient+African+%27Kingdom+State%27+Picks+a+%27Virgin%27+Bride+Every+Year&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fbuzz%2Fking-of-this-ancient-african-kingdom-state-picks-a-virgin-bride-every-year-2946953.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/aug/30/20050830-121722-8729r/">"50,000 virgins audition to join a king's harem"</a>. The Washington Times. 2005-08-30. Retrieved 2024-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=50%2C000+virgins+audition+to+join+a+king%27s+harem&rft.date=2005-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Faug%2F30%2F20050830-121722-8729r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002326/http://thegloss.com/sex-and-dating/interview-with-a-former-harem-girl-we-talk-to-jillian-lauren-about-some-girls/">"Interview with a (Former) Harem Girl: We Talk to Jillian Lauren About 'Some Girls' | TheGloss"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegloss.com/sex-and-dating/interview-with-a-former-harem-girl-we-talk-to-jillian-lauren-about-some-girls/">the original</a> on 2011-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+a+%28Former%29+Harem+Girl%3A+We+Talk+to+Jillian+Lauren+About+%27Some+Girls%27+%26%23124%3B+TheGloss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegloss.com%2Fsex-and-dating%2Finterview-with-a-former-harem-girl-we-talk-to-jillian-lauren-about-some-girls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somegirlsmylifei00laur">Some girls</a>. PLUME. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-29631-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-29631-2"><bdi>978-0-452-29631-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+girls&rft.pub=PLUME&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-452-29631-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomegirlsmylifei00laur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0589kjk">"The Outlook Podcast Archive - I was an Arms Dealer's 'Pleasure Wife' - BBC Sounds"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Outlook+Podcast+Archive+-+I+was+an+Arms+Dealer%27s+%27Pleasure+Wife%27+-+BBC+Sounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsounds%2Fplay%2Fp0589kjk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/2018670982/jill-dodd-life-in-a-billionaire-s-harem">"Jill Dodd: Life in a billionaire's harem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a>. 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Jill+Dodd%3A+Life+in+a+billionaire%27s+harem&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fprogrammes%2Fninetonoon%2Faudio%2F2018670982%2Fjill-dodd-life-in-a-billionaire-s-harem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/roxy-founder-jill-dodd-never-thought-of-herself-as-a-hooker-during-time-in-harem/522d9e01-c929-4887-a4d8-c0de2d286536">"Roxy founder Jill Dodd 'never thought of herself as a hooker' during time in harem"</a>. www.9news.com.au. 23 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.9news.com.au&rft.atitle=Roxy+founder+Jill+Dodd+%27never+thought+of+herself+as+a+hooker%27+during+time+in+harem&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com.au%2Fnational%2Froxy-founder-jill-dodd-never-thought-of-herself-as-a-hooker-during-time-in-harem%2F522d9e01-c929-4887-a4d8-c0de2d286536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd2020" class="citation web cs1">Dodd, Jill (21 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjdmwv/dating-saudi-weapons-billionaire-adnan-khashoggi-seemed-like-fun-until-i-tried-it">"Dating a Billionaire Seemed Like Fun Until I Tried it"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dating+a+Billionaire+Seemed+Like+Fun+Until+I+Tried+it&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fqjdmwv%2Fdating-saudi-weapons-billionaire-adnan-khashoggi-seemed-like-fun-until-i-tried-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/roxy-founder-jill-dodd-was-once-a-pleasure-wife-to-saudi-arms-dealer/3IBM6CGVV2VKK3WCNWXALI7444/">"Roxy founder's harem past revealed"</a>. NZ Herald. 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=Roxy+founder%27s+harem+past+revealed&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fbusiness%2Froxy-founder-jill-dodd-was-once-a-pleasure-wife-to-saudi-arms-dealer%2F3IBM6CGVV2VKK3WCNWXALI7444%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maxim.com/entertainment/the-currency-of-love-jill-dodd-interview-2017-10/">"Inside the Sex, Drug and Superyacht-Filled Life of a 'Pleasure Wife' in a Billionaire's Harem - Maxim"</a>. www.maxim.com. 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maxim.com&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Sex%2C+Drug+and+Superyacht-Filled+Life+of+a+%27Pleasure+Wife%27+in+a+Billionaire%27s+Harem+-+Maxim&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxim.com%2Fentertainment%2Fthe-currency-of-love-jill-dodd-interview-2017-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/roxy-founder-jill-dodd-saudi-billionaire-adnan-khashoggi-pleasure-wife-model-businesswoman-a8015176.html">"Famous businesswoman reveals she was Saudi billionaire's 'pleasure wife'"</a>. The Independent. 23 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Famous+businesswoman+reveals+she+was+Saudi+billionaire%27s+%27pleasure+wife%27&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Froxy-founder-jill-dodd-saudi-billionaire-adnan-khashoggi-pleasure-wife-model-businesswoman-a8015176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marieclaire.com.au/latest-news/roxy-founder-saudi-billionaire-s-pleasure-wife-1/">"Roxy founder Jill Dodd reveals shock history in billionaire's harem"</a>. marie claire. 29 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marie+claire&rft.atitle=Roxy+founder+Jill+Dodd+reveals+shock+history+in+billionaire%27s+harem&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marieclaire.com.au%2Flatest-news%2Froxy-founder-saudi-billionaire-s-pleasure-wife-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʿĀżod-al-Dawla1997" class="citation book cs1">ʿĀżod-al-Dawla, Solṭān-Aḥmad Mirzā (1997) [1376 Š.]. ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Navāʾi (ed.). Tāriḵ-e ʿażodi. Tehran.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C4%81ri%E1%B8%B5-e+%CA%BFa%C5%BCodi&rft.place=Tehran&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=%CA%BF%C4%80%C5%BCod-al-Dawla&rft.aufirst=Sol%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n-A%E1%B8%A5mad+Mirz%C4%81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsary2009" class="citation book cs1">Ansary, Tamim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i--DZAz3kmsC&pg=PA228">Destiny disrupted: a history of the world through Islamic eyes</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521839105" title="Special:BookSources/9780521839105"><bdi>9780521839105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1700%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521839105&rft.aulast=Quataert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOX3lsOrXJGcC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rodriguez, J.P. (1997). "Ottoman Empire". The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+World+Slavery&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Roemer, H. R. "The Safavid Period". In <a href="#CITEREFFisherJacksonLockhart1986">Fisher, Jackson & Lockhart (1986)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavory1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Savory, R. M. (1977). "Safavid Persia". In P. M. Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam. The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. Vol. 1A. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Safavid+Persia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam.+The+Central+Islamic+Lands+from+Pre-Islamic+Times+to+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Savory&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Savory, R. M. "The Safavid Administrative System". In <a href="#CITEREFFisherJacksonLockhart1986">Fisher, Jackson & Lockhart (1986)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehrCowan1976" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Hans; Cowan, J. Milton (1976). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (3rd ed.). Spoken Language Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Spoken+Language+Services&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Cowan%2C+J.+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>İlhan Akşit. The Mystery of the Ottoman Harem. Akşit Kültür Turizm Yayınları. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7039-26-8" title="Special:BookSources/975-7039-26-8">975-7039-26-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alev_Lytle_Croutier" class="mw-redirect" title="Alev Lytle Croutier">Alev Lytle Croutier</a>. Harem: The World Behind the Veil, reprint ed. <a href="/wiki/Abbeville_Publishing_Group_(Abbeville_Press,_Inc.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.)">Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.)</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55859-159-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55859-159-1">1-55859-159-1</a> (first published by <a href="/wiki/Abbeville_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbeville Press">Abbeville Press</a> in 1989).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alev_Lytle_Croutier" class="mw-redirect" title="Alev Lytle Croutier">Alev Lytle Croutier</a>. Harem: The World Behind the Veil, 25th anniversary edition. New York Abbeville Press, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-1206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-1206-1">978-0-7892-1206-1</a></li> <li>Alan Duben, Cem Behar, Richard Smith (Series editor), Jan De Vries (Series editor), Paul Johnson (Series editor), Keith Wrightson (Series editor). Istanbul Households: Marriage, Family and Fertility, 1880–1940, new ed. Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52303-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52303-6">0-521-52303-6</a></li> <li>John Freely. Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul: The Sultan's Harem, new ed. Penguin (Non-Classics), 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027056-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027056-6">0-14-027056-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapi_Kaziev" title="Shapi Kaziev">Shapi Kaziev</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasha-kniga.com/productdetail.asp?productid=904541">Concubines. The secret life of the eastern harem</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-906842-39-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-906842-39-8">978-5-906842-39-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">Kishori Saran Lal</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/The_Mughal_Harem" title="The Mughal Harem">The Mughal Harem</a>. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85179-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85179-03-2"><bdi>978-81-85179-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Harem&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-85179-03-2&rft.au=Kishori+Saran+Lal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbWQ8gP5xWkC">Reina Lewis. Rethinking Orientalism: Women, Travel, And The Ottoman Harem</a>. Rutgers University Press, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813535432" title="Special:BookSources/9780813535432">9780813535432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Mernissi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima Mernissi">Fatima Mernissi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dreams_of_Trespass:_Tales_of_a_Harem_Girlhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood">Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood</a>. Perseus, 1994</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_P._Peirce1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_P._Peirce" title="Leslie P. Peirce">Leslie P. Peirce</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC">The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508677-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508677-5"><bdi>0-19-508677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Harem%3A+Women+and+Sovereignty+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-508677-5&rft.au=Leslie+P.+Peirce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6-VRgVzRcUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mosley_Penzer" title="Norman Mosley Penzer">N. M. Penzer</a>. The Harēm : Inside the Grand Seraglio of the Turkish Sultans. <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-44004-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-44004-4">0-486-44004-4</a> (reissue of: The Harēm: An Account of the Institution as it Existed in the Palace of the Turkish Sultans with a History of the Grand Seraglio from its Foundation to the Present Time; 1936)</li> <li>M. Saalih. Harem Girl: A Harem Girl's Journal reprint ed. Delta, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-31300-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-31300-0">0-595-31300-0</a> (erotic novel)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycooperative.org/journal/royal-french-women-in-the-ottoman-sultans-harem-the-political-uses-of-fabricated-accounts-from-the-sixteenth-to-the-twenty-first-century/">Royal French Women in the Ottoman Sultans' Harem: The Political Uses of Fabricated Accounts from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-first Century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harem&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Parke_Godwin_(journalist)" title="Parke Godwin (journalist)">Godwin, Parke</a> (1879). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Harem">"Harem" </a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harem&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Parke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarem" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(For overview, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> • <a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a> • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a> elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rooms" title="Category:Rooms">Category: Rooms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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