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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">苏联部长会议主席</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。34种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="رئيس حكومة الاتحاد السوفيتي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس حكومة الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ليستة رؤسا وزارة الاتحاد السوفييتى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليستة رؤسا وزارة الاتحاد السوفييتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_del_Conseyu_de_Ministros_de_la_Xuni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Presidente del Conseyu de Ministros de la Xunión Soviética – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presidente del Conseyu de Ministros de la Xunión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="特色列表"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSR%C4%B0_h%C3%B6kum%C9%99t_ba%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1lar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="SSRİ hökumət başçılarının siyahısı – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SSRİ hökumət başçılarının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Председател на Съвета на министрите на СССР – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Председател на Съвета на министрите на СССР" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_del_Consell_de_Ministres_de_l%27URSS" title="President del Consell de Ministres de l'URSS – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="President del Consell de Ministres de l'URSS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="特色列表"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Premier of the Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88efministro_de_Sovetunio" title="Ĉefministro de Sovetunio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉefministro de Sovetunio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_del_Consejo_de_Ministros_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Presidente del Consejo de Ministros de la Unión Soviética – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente del Consejo de Ministros de la Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSV_Liidu_Ministrite_N%C3%B5ukogu_esimees" title="NSV Liidu Ministrite Nõukogu esimees – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NSV Liidu Ministrite Nõukogu esimees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobietar_Batasuneko_lehen_ministro" title="Sobietar Batasuneko lehen ministro – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sobietar Batasuneko lehen ministro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="نخست‌وزیر اتحاد جماهیر شوروی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخست‌وزیر اتحاد جماهیر شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostoliiton_ministerineuvoston_puheenjohtaja" title="Neuvostoliiton ministerineuvoston puheenjohtaja – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostoliiton ministerineuvoston puheenjohtaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ראש ממשלת ברית המועצות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראש ממשלת ברית המועצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premijer_Sovjetskog_Saveza" title="Premijer Sovjetskog Saveza – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Premijer Sovjetskog Saveza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Szovjetuni%C3%B3_korm%C3%A1nyf%C5%91inek_list%C3%A1ja" title="A Szovjetunió kormányfőinek listája – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Szovjetunió kormányfőinek listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="特色列表"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Uni_Soviet" title="Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capi_del_Governo_dell%27Unione_Sovietica" title="Capi del Governo dell'Unione Sovietica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capi del Governo dell'Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E3%81%AE%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="ソビエト連邦の首相 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソビエト連邦の首相" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%EC%88%98%EB%B0%98" title="소련의 정부수반 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련의 정부수반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSRS_Ministr%C5%B3_Tarybos_Pirmininkas" title="TSRS Ministrų Tarybos Pirmininkas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TSRS Ministrų Tarybos Pirmininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Premier van de Sovjet-Unie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Premier van de Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionens_statsminister" title="Sovjetunionens statsminister – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sovjetunionens statsminister" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premierzy_Zwi%C4%85zku_Socjalistycznych_Republik_Radzieckich" title="Premierzy Związku Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Premierzy Związku Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeiro-ministro_da_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Primeiro-ministro da União Soviética – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeiro-ministro da União Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim-ministrul_Uniunii_Sovietice" title="Prim-ministrul Uniunii Sovietice – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prim-ministrul Uniunii Sovietice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Список глав правительства СССР – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список глав правительства СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premijer_Sovjetskog_Saveza" title="Premijer Sovjetskog Saveza – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Premijer Sovjetskog Saveza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Premier of the Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Премијер Совјетског Савеза – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Премијер Совјетског Савеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="หัวหน้ารัฐบาลสหภาพโซเวียต – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หัวหน้ารัฐบาลสหภาพโซเวียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi_ba%C5%9Fbakanlar%C4%B1_listesi" title="Sovyetler Birliği başbakanları listesi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği başbakanları listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Голова Ради Міністрів СРСР – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голова Ради Міністрів СРСР" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_t%E1%BB%8Bch_H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_B%E1%BB%99_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Chủ tịch Hội đồng Bộ trưởng Liên Xô – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ tịch Hội đồng Bộ trưởng Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q462189#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">苏联部长会议主席<br />Глава Правительства СССР</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联国徽">苏联国徽</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="苏联国旗">苏联国旗</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E9%82%B8" title="官邸">官邸</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%AB" title="克里姆林宫">克里姆林宫</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">任命者</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="最高苏维埃主席团">最高苏维埃主席团</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">先前职位</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国人民委员会">苏俄人民委员会主席</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">设立</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1922年12月30日</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">首任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" title="弗拉基米尔·列宁">弗拉基米尔·列宁</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">末任</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="伊万·西拉耶夫">伊万·西拉耶夫</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">废止</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1991年12月25日</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">后继职位</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="獨立國家聯合體"><img alt="獨立國家聯合體" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 由多个<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="独立国家联合体">独联体</a>成员国<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91" title="政府首脑">政府首脑</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="总理">总理</a>）所继承： <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84090868">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">列表</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞"><img alt="亞美尼亞" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" title="亞美尼亞總理">亚美尼亚总理</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆"><img alt="阿塞拜疆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="阿塞拜疆总理">阿塞拜疆总理</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯"><img alt="白俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="白俄罗斯总理">白俄罗斯总理</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦"><img alt="哈萨克斯坦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr" style="font-size:smaller"><span class="fn org country-name"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a></span> </div></th></tr><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联政治（页面不存在）">苏联政府与政治</a></b><br /><small>系列条目</small></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="苏联共产党">苏联共产党</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联共产党章程（页面不存在）">党章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC" title="集体领导">集体领导制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%B6" title="民主集中制">民主集中制</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蘇聯最高領導人列表">最高領導人</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党代表大会">代表大会</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%AC%A1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党第二十八次代表大会">二十八大</a>）</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="苏共中央主要领导人列表">總書記</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·安东诺维奇·伊瓦什科">伊瓦什科</a><small>（末任）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央委员会">中央委員會</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" title="苏联共产党中央政治局">中央政治局</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B9%A6%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%84" title="苏联共产党中央委员会书记处">书记处</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%EF%BC%88%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%B1%80" title="全联盟共产党（布尔什维克）中央组织局">中央组织局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央监察委员会">中央监察委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%AE%A1%E8%AE%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央审计委员会">中央审计委员会</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;"> <hr />政府</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国家宪政体制</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="苏联成立条约">联盟条约</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="新聯盟條約">新聯盟條約</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="苏联宪法">宪法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">社会主义联邦制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">社会主义民主</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="蘇聯法律">法律</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%A8%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联全联盟法律（页面不存在）">全联盟法律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联加盟共和国法律（页面不存在）">加盟共和国法律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联自治共和国法律（页面不存在）">自治共和国法律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地方人民代表苏维埃决定（页面不存在）">地方各级人民代表苏维埃决定</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国家权力机关</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="苏联最高苏维埃">最高蘇維埃</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联人民代表大会">人民代表大会</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2" title="苏联最高苏维埃主席团">最高苏维埃主席團</a> <ul><li>主席：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E5%9F%BA%E6%89%AC%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="阿纳托利·伊万诺维奇·卢基扬诺夫">阿纳托利·卢基扬诺夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li><s><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联人民监督委员会（页面不存在）">苏联人民监督委员会</a></s></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="苏联国家元首列表">国家元首</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2" title="苏联最高苏维埃主席团">最高苏维埃主席團主席</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="蘇聯總統">蘇聯總統</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB" title="米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫">戈尔巴乔夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2" title="苏联最高苏维埃主席团">最高苏维埃主席團副主席</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%89%AF%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="苏联副总统">苏联副总统</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A3%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B3%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="根纳季·亚纳耶夫">亚纳耶夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联总统委员会">蘇聯總統會議</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="最高苏维埃">各加盟共和国最高苏维埃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="最高苏维埃">各自治共和国最高苏维埃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="苏维埃">地方各级人民代表苏维埃</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国家执行机关</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="苏联部长会议">部长会议</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">主席</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8D%B7%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="伊万·斯捷潘诺维奇·西拉耶夫">西拉耶夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="苏联部长会议第一副主席">第一副主席</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉基米尔·马卡罗维奇·韦利奇科">韦利奇科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BC%8A%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="维塔利·胡塞伊诺维奇·多古日耶夫">多古日耶夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏联部长会议各部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ministries of the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%90%84%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联部长会议各部（页面不存在）">部长会议各部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Ministries of the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ministries of the Soviet Union</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="部长会议各国家委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="State Committee of the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部长会议各国家委员会（页面不存在）">委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:State Committee of the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">State Committee of the Soviet Union</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="部长会议">各加盟共和国部长会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="部长会议">各自治共和国部长会议</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="执行委员会（页面不存在）">地方各级执行委员会</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国家司法机关</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="苏联最高法院">最高法院</a> <ul><li>院长：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB%E8%BF%9E%E9%87%87%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="叶夫根尼·阿列克谢耶维奇·斯莫连采夫">斯莫连采夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li>最高检察机关 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇聯總檢察長" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Генеральная прокуратура СССР"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B8%BD%E6%AA%A2%E5%AF%9F%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯總檢察長（页面不存在）">總檢察長</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Генеральная прокуратура СССР"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Генеральная прокуратура СССР</span></a></span>）</span></span>：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉·塞米诺维奇·特鲁宾" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Трубин, Николай Семёнович"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%AE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉·塞米诺维奇·特鲁宾（页面不存在）">特鲁宾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Трубин, Николай Семёнович"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Трубин, Николай Семёнович</span></a></span>）</span></span><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2_(%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人民法院 (蘇聯)（页面不存在）">地方各级人民法院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98" title="檢察官">地方各级检察长</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;"> <hr />政治</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">经济·社会·文化</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="蘇聯經濟">經濟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="蘇聯農業">農業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E5%93%81" title="苏联消费品">消費品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="蘇聯五年計劃">五年計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965%E5%B9%B4%E8%98%87%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%83%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965年蘇維埃經濟改革（页面不存在）">柯西金改革</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯科技（页面不存在）">科学技术</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E9%85%8D%E7%BB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联统一配给（页面不存在）">统一配给</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="蘇聯文化">文化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="蘇聯人口">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="蘇聯教育">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯家庭（页面不存在）">家庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="蘇聯宗教">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="蘇聯交通">運輸</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="苏联历史">历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="俄国内战">内战</a>时期</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="新经济政策">新经济政策</a>时期</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争">斯大林时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%BB" title="赫鲁晓夫解冻">赫鲁晓夫缓和期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%AF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="停滯時代">停滞期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体">苏联解体</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">国防·国际关系</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8" title="苏联国防部">国防部</a> <ul><li>部长：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%B3%A2%E4%BB%80%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="叶夫根尼·伊万诺维奇·沙波什尼科夫">沙波什尼科夫</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="苏联武装力量">苏联武装力量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E8%BB%8D" title="俄羅斯戰略火箭軍">战略火箭军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="蘇聯陸軍">陆军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="苏联国土防空军">国土防空军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="蘇聯空軍">空军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="蘇聯海軍">海军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%BE%B9%E9%98%B2%E5%86%9B" title="苏联边防军">边防军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%86%85%E5%8D%AB%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="俄罗斯内卫部队">内务部队</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8" title="苏联外交部">外交部</a> <ul><li>部长：<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%BD" title="爱德华·谢瓦尔德纳泽">谢瓦尔德纳泽</a><small>（末任）</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="苏联外交">苏联外交</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="第三国际">第三国际</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%89%A7%E5%8F%98" title="东欧剧变">东欧剧变</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体">苏联解体</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Soviet Union">地图</a></span></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%:"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:苏联">苏联主题</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_sidebar" title="Template:Soviet Union sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_sidebar" title="Template talk:Soviet Union sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Soviet_Union_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Soviet Union sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>苏联部长会议主席</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="苏联部长会议">苏联部长会议</a>的最高负责人，同时是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91" title="政府首脑">政府首脑</a>，1946年前称为<b>人民委员会主席</b>，通称为“<b>苏联总理</b>”。苏联的首任政府首脑为列宁，他在1922年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BC%94%E9%80%A0%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联缔造条约">苏联缔造条约</a>签署后就职人民委员会主席。自苏联创始至苏联解体期间，共有12人曾先后担任此职务，其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" title="弗拉基米尔·列宁">列宁</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" title="约瑟夫·斯大林">斯大林</a>两人因自然原因在任内去世，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB" title="尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫">赫鲁晓夫</a>因“不流血政变”被强迫退休<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，三人主动请辞（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%91" title="阿列克谢·柯西金">柯西金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E6%B4%AA%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·亚历山德罗维奇·吉洪诺夫">吉洪诺夫</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8D%B7%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="伊万·斯捷潘诺维奇·西拉耶夫">西拉耶夫</a>）。其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="列宁">列宁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="斯大林">斯大林</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="赫鲁晓夫">赫鲁晓夫</a>三人在任苏联总理时，曾同时担任<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蘇聯最高領導人列表">苏联最高领导人</a>。在赫鲁晓夫被罢免后，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央委员会">苏共中央</a>通过决议禁止苏联总理兼职<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%B4%9F%E8%B4%A3%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="苏共中央主要负责人列表">苏共中央总书记</a>。柯西金为工作时间最长的主席，在任超过16年，并且是唯一一位两届苏联政府内阁领导人，他在1980年退休不久后即去世。西拉耶夫则为工作时间最为短暂的主席，仅为126天（在1991年内）。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="苏联部长会议">苏联部长会议</a>的前身「人民委员会」在1917年9月8日由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国">俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国</a>政府设立。在1924年苏联宪法第38条中指出：委员会的权力、功能与义务是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联中央执行委员会">苏联中央执行委员会</a>授予的，中执委同时监督人民委员会工作与立法。人民委员会所颁布的法令与决定是全联盟内绑定的<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在1946年，人民委员会在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="苏联加盟共和国">加盟共和国</a>和全联盟两层级别上同时转型成为部长会议<sup id="cite_ref-Law_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1964年，在赫鲁晓夫下台后，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党中央委员会">苏共中央</a>全国代表大会禁止任何个人同时担任国家的两个主要领导职务（指<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%B4%9F%E8%B4%A3%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="苏共中央主要负责人列表">苏联共产党中央委员会总书记</a>（当时称第一书记）和苏联部长会议主席）<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。随后上台的的柯西金作为苏联部长会议主席主管经济管理方面事务。但当苏联1965年经济改革之后，他的职位实际上被削弱了<sup id="cite_ref-economic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/1977%E5%B9%B4%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="1977年蘇聯憲法">1977年苏联宪法</a>中，苏联部长会议主席成为苏联政府首脑，既为行政分支的主管，也是联盟政府的领导人。苏联总理自此成为苏联政府部门影响力和认知度最高的职务，直至1990年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联总统">苏联总统</a>确立。苏联总理对<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="苏联最高苏维埃">苏联最高苏维埃</a>负责，在两届苏维埃当中的休会期间对<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2" title="苏联最高苏维埃主席团">苏联最高苏维埃主席团</a>负责<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。总理的任务是解决全国的行政问题，并在一定程度上包括司法在内，司法权并不低于最高苏维埃或主席团的职能。总理负责管理国民经济，制定<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="蘇聯五年計劃">五年计划</a>，并保证社会文化的发展<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>当1991年初<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%97%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·伊万诺维奇·雷日科夫">雷日科夫</a>被<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%9E%E4%BA%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="瓦连京·帕夫洛夫">帕夫洛夫</a>所替换后，部长会议被解散并代之以部长内阁，主席身份也随之被改换为总理。1991年<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="八一九事件">八月政变</a>失败后，大多数内阁成员支持政变的真相浮出水面，苏联部长内阁也遭到解散，并替换为“苏联经济运营管理委员会”，后又更名为“苏联跨共和国经济委员会”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其后再次易名为“苏联跨国经济委员会”，简称“经济委员会”。 </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="列表"><span id=".E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="1%">#<br /><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-vp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" width="1%">姓名<br />(生–卒) </th> <th scope="col" width="20%">任期 </th> <th scope="col" width="12%">选举 </th> <th scope="col" width="12%">内阁 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" align="center">1 </th> <th colspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联人民委员会">人民委员会</a>主席 (1922–46) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81" title="弗拉基米尔·列宁">列宁</a><br />(1870–1924)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin-1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin-1918.jpg/90px-Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin-1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin-1918.jpg/135px-Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin-1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin-1918.jpg/180px-Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin-1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td> <td>1922年12月30日 - 1924年1月21日 </td> <td align="center">— </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="列宁第一政府（页面不存在）">列宁第一政府</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="列宁第二政府（页面不存在）">第二政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">作为第一任苏联总理，领导<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" title="俄国社会民主工党">俄国社会民主工党</a>进行了两次<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1917年俄国革命">俄国革命</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="俄國二月革命">二月革命</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，并建立世界上第一个社会主义国家，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国">俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国</a>（苏俄）<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，又在1922年建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">2 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="阿列克谢·李可夫">阿列克谢·李可夫</a><br />(1881–1938)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexei_Rykov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexei_Rykov.jpg/90px-Alexei_Rykov.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexei_Rykov.jpg/135px-Alexei_Rykov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alexei_Rykov.jpg/180px-Alexei_Rykov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="505" /></a></span> </td> <td>1924年2月2日—1930年12月19日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1929" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1929"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1929&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1929（页面不存在）">1929</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1929" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1929"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1929</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="李可夫政府（页面不存在）">李可夫政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="布尔什维克">布尔什维克党</a>内的一名温和派成员，他与其他温和派成员在1930年被迫对党“承认了错误”，并因此失去了这一职位，1938年被处决<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">3 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%B4%9B%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB" title="维亚切斯拉夫·莫洛托夫">莫洛托夫</a><br />(1890–1986)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molotov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Molotov.jpg/90px-Molotov.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Molotov.jpg/135px-Molotov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Molotov.jpg/180px-Molotov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </td> <td>1930年12月19日 – 1941年5月6日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1937" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1937"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1937&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1937（页面不存在）">1937</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1937" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1937"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1937</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%B4%9B%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫洛托夫政府（页面不存在）">莫洛托夫政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">他监管斯大林的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96" title="苏联农业集体化">农业集体化</a>政策，完成了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="苏联第一个五年计划">苏联第一个五年计划</a>的实现。期间苏联实现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="工业化">工业化</a>，并在1937–38年实施了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="大清洗">大清洗</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雖然有巨大的人力消耗<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，莫洛托夫名义上领导下的苏联，在工农业科技的采用和广泛应用出现了巨大的飞跃<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5" align="center">4 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" title="约瑟夫·斯大林">约瑟夫·斯大林</a><br />(1878–1953)<sup id="cite_ref-stalinbirthdeath_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalinbirthdeath-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg/90px-Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg/135px-Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg/180px-Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="3090" /></a></span> </td> <td>1941年5月6日 - 1946年3月15日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1946" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1946"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1946（页面不存在）">1946</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1946" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1946"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1946</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯大林第一政府（页面不存在）">斯大林第一政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">领导国家渡过了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争">苏德战争</a>时期（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>的一部分）并开始了国家的重建阶段。他将人民委员会改组并重新命名为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="苏联部长会议">部长会议</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stalin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stalin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="苏联部长会议">部长会议</a>主席（1946–1991） </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" title="约瑟夫·斯大林">约瑟夫·斯大林</a><br />（1878–1953）<sup id="cite_ref-stalinbirthdeath_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalinbirthdeath-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg/90px-Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg/135px-Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg/180px-Stalin_Museum_Batumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="3090" /></a></span> </td> <td>1946年3月15日—1953年3月5日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1950" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1950"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1950&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1950（页面不存在）">1950</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1950" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1950"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1950</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯大林第二政府（页面不存在）">斯大林第二政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">战后，斯大林在东欧大部建立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="共产党">共产党</a>政府，东欧及外蒙古长期处于苏联控制，即所谓“<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%B9%95" title="铁幕">铁幕</a>”下的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="东方集团">东方集团</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stalin_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stalin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，与西方世界形成敌对关系，展開<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">5 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%9E%97%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="格奥尔基·马林科夫">格奥尔基·马林科夫</a><br />(1902–1988)<sup id="cite_ref-malenkovandkhruschev_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malenkovandkhruschev-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg/90px-Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg/135px-Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg/180px-Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span> </td> <td>1953年3月6日 – 1955年2月8日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1954" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1954"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1954&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1954（页面不存在）">1954</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1954" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1954"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1954</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%9E%97%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马林科夫第一政府（页面不存在）">马林科夫第一政府</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%9E%97%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马林科夫第二政府（页面不存在）">第二政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">在斯大林死后接权，但在紧接着的与<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="赫鲁晓夫">赫鲁晓夫</a>的权力斗争中失败。他继续担任总理一职直至赫鲁晓夫开始<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%96" title="去斯大林化">去斯大林化</a>这一过程。根据赫鲁晓夫的命令，他被<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E5%AE%81" title="尼古拉·布尔加宁">尼古拉·布尔加宁</a>代替<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">6 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·亞歷山德羅維奇·布爾加寧">尼古拉·布尔加宁</a><br />(1895–1975)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29921-0001,_Bulganin,_Nikolai_Alexandrowitsch_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29921-0001%2C_Bulganin%2C_Nikolai_Alexandrowitsch_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29921-0001%2C_Bulganin%2C_Nikolai_Alexandrowitsch_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29921-0001%2C_Bulganin%2C_Nikolai_Alexandrowitsch_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29921-0001%2C_Bulganin%2C_Nikolai_Alexandrowitsch_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29921-0001%2C_Bulganin%2C_Nikolai_Alexandrowitsch_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29921-0001%2C_Bulganin%2C_Nikolai_Alexandrowitsch_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="753" /></a></span> </td> <td>1955年2月8日—1958年3月27日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1958" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1958"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1958（页面不存在）">1958</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1958" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1958"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1958</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E5%AE%81%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布尔加宁政府（页面不存在）">布尔加宁政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">监管了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%96" title="去斯大林化">去斯大林化</a>时期<sup id="cite_ref-Gorbyarticle_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorbyarticle-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。最初是赫鲁晓夫强有力的支持者，但由于他后来开始怀疑部分激进政策，随后被定性为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%BB%A8%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="反黨集團">反党集团</a>，并最终被赫鲁晓夫本人所替代<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">7 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB" title="尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫">尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫</a><br />(1894–1971)<sup id="cite_ref-malenkovandkhruschev_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malenkovandkhruschev-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita_Khrouchtchev_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nikita_Khrouchtchev_NASA.jpg/90px-Nikita_Khrouchtchev_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nikita_Khrouchtchev_NASA.jpg/135px-Nikita_Khrouchtchev_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nikita_Khrouchtchev_NASA.jpg/180px-Nikita_Khrouchtchev_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="940" /></a></span> </td> <td>1958年3月27日－1964年10月14日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1962" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1962"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1962&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1962（页面不存在）">1962</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1962" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1962"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1962</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫鲁晓夫第一政府（页面不存在）">赫鲁晓夫第一政府</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫鲁晓夫第二政府（页面不存在）">第二政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">领导国家渡过<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="古巴导弹危机">古巴导弹危机</a>。主持了诸多改革和政策创新，如1961年的金融改革。但他飘忽不定的作风越来越严重，最终导致<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%9D%83%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特权阶层（页面不存在）">特权阶层</a>将其同时从总理和共产党第一书记上罢免<sup id="cite_ref-Gorbyarticle_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorbyarticle-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">8 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%91" title="阿列克谢·柯西金">阿列克谢·柯西金</a><br />(1904–1980)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossygin_Glassboro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kossygin_Glassboro.jpg/90px-Kossygin_Glassboro.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kossygin_Glassboro.jpg/135px-Kossygin_Glassboro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kossygin_Glassboro.jpg/180px-Kossygin_Glassboro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1429" /></a></span> </td> <td>1964年10月15日－1980年10月23日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1966" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1966"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1966&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1966（页面不存在）">1966</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1966" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1966"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1966</span></a></span>）</span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1970" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1970"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1970（页面不存在）">1970</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1970" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1970"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1970</span></a></span>）</span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet legislative election, 1974" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet legislative election, 1974"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_legislative_election,_1974&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet legislative election, 1974（页面不存在）">1974</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_legislative_election,_1974" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet legislative election, 1974"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet legislative election, 1974</span></a></span>）</span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1979" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1979"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1979（页面不存在）">1979</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1979" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1979"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1979</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%91%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柯西金第一政府（页面不存在）">柯西金第一政府</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%91%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柯西金第五政府（页面不存在）">第五政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="勃列日涅夫">勃列日涅夫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85" title="尼古拉·波德戈尔内">尼古拉·波德戈尔内</a>形成三人的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集体领导制（页面不存在）">集体领导制</a>，被称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%9E%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="停滞时期（页面不存在）">停滞时期</a><sup id="cite_ref-economic_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。柯西金在其领导时期主导了三次大规模的经济改革，<a href="/wiki/1965%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1965年苏联经济改革">1965</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=1973%E2%80%9374%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973–74年苏联经济改革（页面不存在）">1973–74</a>以及<a href="/wiki/1979%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1979年苏联经济改革">1979经济改革</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他在1980年10月退休，并在两个月后去世<sup id="cite_ref-saddeath_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saddeath-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">9 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E6%B4%AA%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·亚历山德罗维奇·吉洪诺夫">尼古拉·吉洪诺夫</a><br />(1905–1997)<sup id="cite_ref-tikhonovryzhkov_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tikhonovryzhkov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolai_Tikhonov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Nikolai_Tikhonov.jpg/90px-Nikolai_Tikhonov.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Nikolai_Tikhonov.jpg/135px-Nikolai_Tikhonov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Nikolai_Tikhonov.jpg/180px-Nikolai_Tikhonov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> </td> <td>1980年10月23日 – 1985年9月27日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1984" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1984"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1984（页面不存在）">1984</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1984" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1984"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1984</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E6%B4%AA%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉洪诺夫第一政府（页面不存在）">吉洪诺夫第一政府</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E6%B4%AA%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉洪诺夫第二政府（页面不存在）">第二政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">柯西金离开后，吉洪诺夫即成为新的总理<sup id="cite_ref-sidelined_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sidelined-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在其任内先后渡过了勃列日涅夫后期、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%AB" title="尤里·安德罗波夫">尤里·安德罗波夫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91" title="康斯坦丁·契尔年科">康斯坦丁·契尔年科</a>时期，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="戈尔巴乔夫">戈尔巴乔夫</a>的最初期<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在安德罗波夫后期至契尔年科得势这段时期内，吉洪诺夫是苏联“事实上的”领导人<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">10 </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%97%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="尼古拉·伊万诺维奇·雷日科夫">尼古拉·雷日科夫</a><br />(1929—2024)<sup id="cite_ref-tikhonovryzhkov_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tikhonovryzhkov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolay_Ryzhkov2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nikolay_Ryzhkov2.jpg/90px-Nikolay_Ryzhkov2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nikolay_Ryzhkov2.jpg/135px-Nikolay_Ryzhkov2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nikolay_Ryzhkov2.jpg/180px-Nikolay_Ryzhkov2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td> <td>1985年9月27日 – 1991年1月14日 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1989" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1989"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union legislative election, 1989（页面不存在）">1989</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_legislative_election,_1989" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Union legislative election, 1989"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Union legislative election, 1989</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E6%97%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷日科夫第一政府（页面不存在）">雷日科夫第一政府</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E6%97%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷日科夫第二政府（页面不存在）">第二政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">雷日科夫支持戈尔巴乔夫的政策，即通过减少中央计划和引进新兴科技来复苏重建<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="蘇聯經濟">苏联经济</a>。然而，他抵制戈尔巴乔夫后期试图向苏联经济引入市场机制所做出的努力<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。当部长会议被解散后，他被迫退休<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" align="center">11 </th> <th colspan="5" align="center">苏联总理 (1991) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%9E%E4%BA%AC%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="瓦连京·帕夫洛夫">瓦连京·帕夫洛夫</a><br />(1937–2003)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentin_Pavlov,_Prime_Minister_of_the_Soviet_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Valentin_Pavlov%2C_Prime_Minister_of_the_Soviet_Union.jpg/90px-Valentin_Pavlov%2C_Prime_Minister_of_the_Soviet_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Valentin_Pavlov%2C_Prime_Minister_of_the_Soviet_Union.jpg/135px-Valentin_Pavlov%2C_Prime_Minister_of_the_Soviet_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Valentin_Pavlov%2C_Prime_Minister_of_the_Soviet_Union.jpg/180px-Valentin_Pavlov%2C_Prime_Minister_of_the_Soviet_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="737" /></a></span> </td> <td>1991年1月14日 - 1991年8月22日 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕夫洛夫第一政府（页面不存在）">帕夫洛夫第一政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">帕夫洛夫作为一个妥协的候选人被选举上了新的总理职位。他在1991年实施了一次极其不成功的金融改革，<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>失败后加入了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="国家紧急状态委员会">国家紧急状态委员会</a>。紧急状态委员会企图<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="八一九事件">在8月19日罢免戈尔巴乔夫</a>。政变失败后，帕夫洛夫在8月29日被捕<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" align="center">12 </th> <th colspan="5" align="center">跨共和国经济委员会主席 – 经济委员会总理 (1991) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8D%B7%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="伊万·斯捷潘诺维奇·西拉耶夫">伊万·西拉耶夫</a><br />（1930—2023）<sup id="cite_ref-silayev_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silayev-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_(1991).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%281991%29.jpg/90px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%281991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%281991%29.jpg/135px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%281991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%281991%29.jpg/180px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%281991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1130" /></a></span> </td> <td>1991年9月6日—1991年12月26日 </td> <td align="center">- </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西拉耶夫政府（页面不存在）">西拉耶夫政府</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">1991年<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="八一九事件">八一九政变</a>后，苏联中央政府失去了它对大多数共和国的权力。西拉耶夫与戈尔巴乔夫没有能力掌控这一苏维埃国家，最终导致了它的结束<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vp_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">非官方排序。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ifeng.com/history/special/sulian1977/200908/0819_7734_1309253.shtml">1964年，赫鲁晓夫下台</a>. 凤凰网. 2009-08-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227013641/https://news.ifeng.com/history/special/sulian1977/200908/0819_7734_1309253.shtml">存档</a>于2022-02-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.btitle=1964%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%8B%E5%8F%B0&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2Fspecial%2Fsulian1977%2F200908%2F0819_7734_1309253.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ru">Центральный Исполнительный Комитет съезда Советов. Статья №38 от Декабрь 1977 «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1924/">Суверенные права союзных республик</a>». </span> (<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联中央执行委员会">Central Executive Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联苏维埃代表大会">Congress of Soviets</a>. Article #38 of December 1924 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/1924-constitution-of-the-ussr">Sovereign Rights of the Member Republics</a></i>. ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Law_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603155345/http://www.economics.kiev.ua/download/ZakonySSSR/data04/tex16360.htm">«О преобразовании Совета Народных Комиссаров СССР в Совет Министров СССР и Советов Народных Комиссаров Союзных и Автономных республик в Советы Министров Союзных и Автономных республик» 15 марта 1946 года [On Reforming the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the Councils of People's Commissars of Union and Autonomous Republics into the Councils of Ministers of Union and Autonomous Republics, 15 March 1946]</a>. Legislation of the USSR 1946-1952. World and Market Economy - Collection of Articles on Economy, Igor Averin. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2010]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.kiev.ua/download/ZakonySSSR/data04/tex16360.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2019-06-03） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.atitle=%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C2%BB+15+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+1946+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation+of+the+USSR+1946-1952&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economics.kiev.ua%2Fdownload%2FZakonySSSR%2Fdata04%2Ftex16360.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Service_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Service (historian)（页面不存在）">Service, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=o8Z1QAAACAAJ&dq">History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century （现代俄罗斯史：从沙皇至21世纪）</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penguin Books Ltd（页面不存在）">Penguin Books Ltd</a>. 2009: 378 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0674034938" title="Special:网络书源/978-0674034938"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0674034938</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090135/http://books.google.com/books?id=o8Z1QAAACAAJ&dq">存档</a>于2011-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Service%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Russia%3A+From+Tsarism+to+the+Twenty-first+Century+%EF%BC%88%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E6%B2%99%E7%9A%87%E8%87%B321%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0674034938&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8Z1QAAACAAJ%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economic_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economic_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archie_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archie Brown（页面不存在）">Brown, Archie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yWQpAQAAIAAJ&q">The Rise & Fall of Communism</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodley_Head&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodley Head（页面不存在）">Bodley Head</a>. 2009: 403 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0061138799" title="Special:网络书源/978-0061138799"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0061138799</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101121311/http://books.google.com/books?id=yWQpAQAAIAAJ&q">存档</a>于2014-01-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Brown%2C+Archie&rft.btitle=The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+Communism&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0061138799&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyWQpAQAAIAAJ%26q&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ru">Верховный Совет СССР. Федеральный конституционный закон №130 от 7 октября 1977 «<a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Конституция_СССР_(1977)">Совета Министров СССР</a>». </span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union（页面不存在）">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>. Article #130 of 7 October 1977 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/77cons05.html#chap16">The Council of Ministers of the USSR</a></i>. ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ru">Верховный Совет СССР. Федеральный конституционный закон №131 от 7 октября 1977 «<a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Конституция_СССР_(1977)">Совета Министров СССР</a>». </span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union（页面不存在）">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>. Article #131 of 7 October 1977 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/77cons05.html#chap16">The Council of Ministers of the USSR</a></i>. ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ferdinand, Maria Feldbrugge Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JWt7MN3Dch8C&dq">Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers（页面不存在）">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. 1993: 163–164 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0792323580" title="Special:网络书源/0792323580"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0792323580</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723044703/http://books.google.com/books?id=JWt7MN3Dch8C&dq">存档</a>于2014-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Ferdinand%2C+Maria+Feldbrugge+Joseph&rft.btitle=Russian+Law%3A+The+End+of+the+Soviet+System+and+the+Role+of+Law&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0792323580&rft.pages=163-164&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWt7MN3Dch8C%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John Cull, Nicholas; Culbert, David Holbrook; Welch, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Byzv7rf6gL8C&dq">Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC-CLIO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABC-CLIO（页面不存在）">ABC-CLIO</a>. 2003: 182 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1576078205" title="Special:网络书源/1576078205"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1576078205</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608092916/https://books.google.com/books?id=Byzv7rf6gL8C&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=John+Cull%2C+Nicholas%3B+Culbert%2C+David+Holbrook%3B+Welch%2C+David&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Mass+Persuasion%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+1500+to+the+Present&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1576078205&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByzv7rf6gL8C%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D. Young, Gregory; Braden, Nate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Tnq8WB4Us5AC&dq">The Last Sentry: The True Story That Inspired the Hunt for Red October</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Institute_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Institute Press（页面不存在）">Naval Institute Press</a>. 2005: 40 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1591149924" title="Special:网络书源/1591149924"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1591149924</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610134909/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tnq8WB4Us5AC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=D.+Young%2C+Gregory%3B+Braden%2C+Nate&rft.btitle=The+Last+Sentry%3A+The+True+Story+That+Inspired+the+Hunt+for+Red+October&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1591149924&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnq8WB4Us5AC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Service_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Service (historian)（页面不存在）">Service, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=frDGHIxc4EUC&dq">Lenin: A Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 2000: 1 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0674008286" title="Special:网络书源/0674008286"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0674008286</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611173120/https://books.google.com/books?id=frDGHIxc4EUC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Service%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0674008286&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfrDGHIxc4EUC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728232249/http://hrono.info/sobyt/1900sob/cccp.php">Образование СССР</a>. Hrono.info. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrono.info/sobyt/1900sob/cccp.php">原始内容</a>存档于2019-07-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Hrono.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrono.info%2Fsobyt%2F1900sob%2Fcccp.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Phillips, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_na0zfdhKQMC&dq">Lenin and the Russian Revolution</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinemann_(book_publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinemann (book publisher)（页面不存在）">Heinemann</a>. 2000: 82 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0435327194" title="Special:网络书源/0435327194"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0435327194</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512055812/http://books.google.com/books?id=_na0zfdhKQMC&dq">存档</a>于2015-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Steven&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0435327194&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_na0zfdhKQMC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rappaport, Helen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=lsKClpnX8qwC&dq">Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC-CLIO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABC-CLIO（页面不存在）">ABC-CLIO</a>. 1999: 238–9 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1576072088" title="Special:网络书源/1576072088"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1576072088</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610013343/https://books.google.com/books?id=lsKClpnX8qwC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Rappaport%2C+Helen&rft.btitle=Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Biographical+Companion&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1576072088&rft.pages=238-9&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsKClpnX8qwC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Phillips, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_na0zfdhKQMC&dq">Lenin and the Russian Revolution</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinemann_(book_publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinemann (book publisher)（页面不存在）">Heinemann</a>. 2000: 89 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0435327194" title="Special:网络书源/0435327194"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0435327194</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512055812/http://books.google.com/books?id=_na0zfdhKQMC&dq">存档</a>于2015-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Steven&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0435327194&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_na0zfdhKQMC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_F._Hough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry F. Hough（页面不存在）">Hough, Jerry F</a>; Fainsod, Merle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&dq">How the Soviet Union is Governed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 1979: 295 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0674410300" title="Special:网络书源/0674410300"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0674410300</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512054528/http://books.google.com/books?id=38gMzMRXCpQC&dq">存档</a>于2015-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Hough%2C+Jerry+F%3B+Fainsod%2C+Merle&rft.btitle=How+the+Soviet+Union+is+Governed&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0674410300&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38gMzMRXCpQC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Sebag-Montefiore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Sebag-Montefiore（页面不存在）">Sebag-Montefiore, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred0000seba_s9j1">Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. 2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred0000seba_s9j1/page/n125">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1400042302" title="Special:网络书源/978-1400042302"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1400042302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Sebag-Montefiore%2C+Simon&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1400042302&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalincourtofred0000seba_s9j1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Sebag-Montefiore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Sebag-Montefiore（页面不存在）">Sebag-Montefiore, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred0000seba_s9j1">Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. 2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred0000seba_s9j1/page/n236">236</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1400042302" title="Special:网络书源/978-1400042302"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1400042302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Sebag-Montefiore%2C+Simon&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1400042302&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalincourtofred0000seba_s9j1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinbirthdeath-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stalinbirthdeath_20-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalinbirthdeath_20-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Totten, Samuel; Robert Bartrop, Paul; L Jacobs, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=xWKjSc0ql3cC&dq">Dictionary of Genocide: A–L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. 2008: 76 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0313346429" title="Special:网络书源/0313346429"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0313346429</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602234116/https://books.google.com/books?id=xWKjSc0ql3cC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Totten%2C+Samuel%3B+Robert+Bartrop%2C+Paul%3B+L+Jacobs%2C+Steven&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Genocide%3A+A%E2%80%93L&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0313346429&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxWKjSc0ql3cC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stalin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stalin_21-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stalin_21-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Service_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Service (historian)（页面不存在）">Service, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=hSWK6Dh4wRgC&dq">Stalin: A Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 2005: 3–4 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0674016971" title="Special:网络书源/0674016971"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0674016971</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804150236/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSWK6Dh4wRgC&dq">存档</a>于2020-08-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Service%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0674016971&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSWK6Dh4wRgC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Service_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Service (historian)（页面不存在）">Service, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=hSWK6Dh4wRgC&dq">Stalin: A Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 2005: 503 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0674016971" title="Special:网络书源/0674016971"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0674016971</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804150236/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSWK6Dh4wRgC&dq">存档</a>于2020-08-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Service%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0674016971&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSWK6Dh4wRgC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malenkovandkhruschev-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malenkovandkhruschev_23-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malenkovandkhruschev_23-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">J Duiker, William; J Spielvogel, Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Z8UrmmuJS5wC&dq">The Essential World History</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cengage_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cengage Learning（页面不存在）">Cengage Learning</a>. 2006: 572 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0495097292" title="Special:网络书源/0495097292"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0495097292</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603062101/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8UrmmuJS5wC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=J+Duiker%2C+William%3B+J+Spielvogel%2C+Jackson&rft.btitle=The+Essential+World+History&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0495097292&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8UrmmuJS5wC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coppa, Frank J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.no/books?id=gTv99LBYSL4C&dq">Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators: From Napoleon to the Present</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lang_(publishing_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lang (publishing company)（页面不存在）">Peter Lang</a>. 2006: 170–1 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0820450103" title="Special:网络书源/0820450103"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0820450103</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606162218/https://books.google.no/books?id=gTv99LBYSL4C&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Coppa%2C+Frank+J&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Dictators%3A+From+Napoleon+to+the+Present&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0820450103&rft.pages=170-1&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgTv99LBYSL4C%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Trahair, RCS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq">Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. 2004: 69 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0313319553" title="Special:网络书源/0313319553"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0313319553</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801140650/https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq">存档</a>于2020-08-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Trahair%2C+RCS&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cold+War+Espionage%2C+Spies%2C+and+Secret+Operations&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0313319553&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFJLIIGVk10C%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorbyarticle-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorbyarticle_26-0"><sup><b>25.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorbyarticle_26-1"><sup><b>25.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev, Mikhail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2007/apr/26/greatspeeches4">The First Steps Towards a New Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 26 April 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2010]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507010304/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/26/greatspeeches4">存档</a>于2017-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.atitle=The+First+Steps+Towards+a+New+Era&rft.au=Gorbachev%2C+Mikhail&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftheguardian%2F2007%2Fapr%2F26%2Fgreatspeeches4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coppa, Frank J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.no/books?id=gTv99LBYSL4C&dq">Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators: From Napoleon to the Present</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lang_(publishing_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lang (publishing company)（页面不存在）">Peter Lang</a>. 2006: 38 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0820450103" title="Special:网络书源/0820450103"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0820450103</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606162218/https://books.google.no/books?id=gTv99LBYSL4C&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Coppa%2C+Frank+J&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Dictators%3A+From+Napoleon+to+the+Present&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0820450103&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgTv99LBYSL4C%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Trahair, RCS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq">Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. 2004: 37 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0313319553" title="Special:网络书源/0313319553"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0313319553</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801140650/https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C&dq">存档</a>于2020-08-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Trahair%2C+RCS&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cold+War+Espionage%2C+Spies%2C+and+Secret+Operations&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0313319553&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFJLIIGVk10C%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">ютуба, любитель. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsland.ru/news/detail/id/602062/cat/94/">30 лет назад умер Алексей Косыгин [A reformer before Yegor Gaidar? Kosygin died for 30 years ago]</a>. Newsland. 17 December 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917212900/http://newsland.com/user/4297681050/content/predshestvennik-gaidara-30-let-nazad-umer-aleksei-kosygin/4112811">存档</a>于2018-09-17） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.atitle=30+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.au=%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsland.ru%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F602062%2Fcat%2F94%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saddeath-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saddeath_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Вергасов, Фатех. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pseudology.org/byvaly/ZdorovyjNakal.htm">Организация здорового накала</a>. pseudology.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2010]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728232244/http://www.pseudology.org/byvaly/ZdorovyjNakal.htm">存档</a>于2019-07-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=pseudology.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pseudology.org%2Fbyvaly%2FZdorovyjNakal.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tikhonovryzhkov-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tikhonovryzhkov_31-0"><sup><b>30.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tikhonovryzhkov_31-1"><sup><b>30.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ploss, Sidney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq">The Roots of Perestroika: The Soviet Breakdown in Historical Context</a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. 2010: 219 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/078644486X" title="Special:网络书源/078644486X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 078644486X</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602174143/https://books.google.com/books?id=6BzucnMoWfQC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Ploss%2C+Sidney&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Perestroika%3A+The+Soviet+Breakdown+in+Historical+Context&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=078644486X&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BzucnMoWfQC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sidelined-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sidelined_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zemtsov, Ilya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=hgscfLr5dCsC&dq">Chernenko, the Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the eve of Perestroika</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaction_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaction Publishers（页面不存在）">Transaction Publishers</a>. 1989: 119 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0887382606" title="Special:网络书源/0887382606"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0887382606</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512054903/http://books.google.com/books?id=hgscfLr5dCsC&dq">存档</a>于2015-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Zemtsov%2C+Ilya&rft.btitle=Chernenko%2C+the+Last+Bolshevik%3A+The+Soviet+Union+on+the+eve+of+Perestroika&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0887382606&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgscfLr5dCsC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Service_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Service (historian)（页面不存在）">Service, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=o8Z1QAAACAAJ&dq">History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penguin Books Ltd（页面不存在）">Penguin Books Ltd</a>. 2009: 403–4 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0674034938" title="Special:网络书源/978-0674034938"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0674034938</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090135/http://books.google.com/books?id=o8Z1QAAACAAJ&dq">存档</a>于2011-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Service%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Russia%3A+From+Tsarism+to+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0674034938&rft.pages=403-4&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8Z1QAAACAAJ%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zemtsov, Ilya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=hgscfLr5dCsC&dq">Chernenko, the Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the eve of Perestroika</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaction_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaction Publishers（页面不存在）">Transaction Publishers</a>. 1989: 146 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0887382606" title="Special:网络书源/0887382606"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0887382606</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512054903/http://books.google.com/books?id=hgscfLr5dCsC&dq">存档</a>于2015-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Zemtsov%2C+Ilya&rft.btitle=Chernenko%2C+the+Last+Bolshevik%3A+The+Soviet+Union+on+the+eve+of+Perestroika&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0887382606&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgscfLr5dCsC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Garcelon, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.no/books?id=2dqGABT3Yw0C&dq">Revolutionary Passage: From Soviet to Post-Soviet Russia, 1985–2000</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple University Press（页面不存在）">Temple University Press</a>. 2005: 128–9 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1592133622" title="Special:网络书源/1592133622"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1592133622</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602174143/https://books.google.no/books?id=2dqGABT3Yw0C&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Garcelon%2C+Marc&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Passage%3A+From+Soviet+to+Post-Soviet+Russia%2C+1985%E2%80%932000&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1592133622&rft.pages=128-9&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dqGABT3Yw0C%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harris, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.no/books?id=2dqGABT3Yw0C&dq">Subverting the System: Gorbachev's Reform of the Party's Apparat, 1986–1991</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowman_%26_Littlefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowman & Littlefield（页面不存在）">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. 2005: 133 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0742526798" title="Special:网络书源/0742526798"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0742526798</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602174143/https://books.google.no/books?id=2dqGABT3Yw0C&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Harris%2C+Jonathan&rft.btitle=Subverting+the+System%3A+Gorbachev%27s+Reform+of+the+Party%27s+Apparat%2C+1986%E2%80%931991&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0742526798&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dqGABT3Yw0C%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/pavlov_vs.php">Валентин Сергеевич Павлов [Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov]</a>. RU: Hrono. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2010]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728232243/http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/pavlov_vs.php">存档</a>于2019-07-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=RU&rft.pub=Hrono&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fbiograf%2Fbio_p%2Fpavlov_vs.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dyker, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.no/books?id=nOKi0BIAa7MC&dq">Restructuring the Soviet economy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. 1992: 207–8 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0415067618" title="Special:网络书源/0415067618"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0415067618</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608124837/https://books.google.no/books?id=nOKi0BIAa7MC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Dyker%2C+David+A&rft.btitle=Restructuring+the+Soviet+economy&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0415067618&rft.pages=207-8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnOKi0BIAa7MC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bonnell, Victoria E; Cooper, Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.no/books?id=njDmMpVGPGsC&dq">Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 coup</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.E._Sharpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.E. Sharpe（页面不存在）">M.E. Sharpe</a>. 1994: 63–4 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1563242710" title="Special:网络书源/1563242710"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1563242710</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605074519/https://books.google.no/books?id=njDmMpVGPGsC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Bonnell%2C+Victoria+E%3B+Cooper%2C+Ann&rft.btitle=Russia+at+the+Barricades%3A+Eyewitness+Accounts+of+the+August+1991+coup&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1563242710&rft.pages=63-4&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjDmMpVGPGsC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silayev-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-silayev_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_s/silaev_is.php">Иван Степанович Силаев</a>. Hrono. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2010]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728232247/http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_s/silaev_is.php">存档</a>于2019-07-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Hrono&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fbiograf%2Fbio_s%2Fsilaev_is.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kotz, David Michael; Weir, Fred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.no/books?id=njDmMpVGPGsC&dq">Russia's Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 2007: 122 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0415701473" title="Special:网络书源/0415701473"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0415701473</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605074519/https://books.google.no/books?id=njDmMpVGPGsC&dq">存档</a>于2019-06-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD&rft.au=Kotz%2C+David+Michael%3B+Weir%2C+Fred&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Path+from+Gorbachev+to+Putin%3A+The+Demise+of+the+Soviet+System+and+the+New+Russia&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0415701473&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjDmMpVGPGsC%26dq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DD0000;color:#FCFC00;;width:1%;background:#DD0000; color:#FCFC00;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联政治（页面不存在）"><span style="color:#FCFC00;">政治</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="列宁主义">列宁主义</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托洛茨基主义">托洛茨基主义</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="赫魯曉夫主義">赫魯曉夫主義</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="勃列日涅夫主义">勃列日涅夫主义</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="苏联宪法">宪法</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="蘇聯法律">法律</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏联选举" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elections in the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联选举（页面不存在）">选举</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Elections in the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elections in the Soviet 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·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="苏联共产党代表大会">苏共大会</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="苏联部长会议">部长会议</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蘇聯最高領導人列表">领导人</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="苏共中央主要领导人列表">苏共中央总书记</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">部长会议主席</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="苏联部长会议第一副主席">第一副主席</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="蘇聯總統">总统</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a 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