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clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_twentieth-century_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_twentieth-century_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early twentieth-century examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_twentieth-century_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early twentieth-century examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_twentieth-century_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Established_by_the_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Established_by_the_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Established by the German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Established_by_the_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>By others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Imperial Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominally_sovereign_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominally_sovereign_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Nominally sovereign states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominally_sovereign_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>In China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Existing_states_in_alliance_with_Germany_and_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_states_in_alliance_with_Germany_and_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Existing states in alliance with Germany and Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_states_in_alliance_with_Germany_and_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existing_states_under_German_or_Italian_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_states_under_German_or_Italian_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Existing states under German or Italian rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_states_under_German_or_Italian_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_states_formed_to_reflect_national_aspirations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_states_formed_to_reflect_national_aspirations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>New states formed to reflect national aspirations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_states_formed_to_reflect_national_aspirations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_and_governments_under_the_control_of_Germany_and_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_and_governments_under_the_control_of_Germany_and_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>States and governments under the control of Germany and Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_and_governments_under_the_control_of_Germany_and_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Social_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Social_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Italian Social Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Social_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_examples_during_and_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_examples_during_and_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>British examples during and after World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_examples_during_and_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_examples_after_1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_examples_after_1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Soviet examples after 1939</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_examples_after_1939-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soviet examples after 1939 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_examples_after_1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Puppet_states_later_absorbed_into_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puppet_states_later_absorbed_into_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Puppet states later absorbed into the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puppet_states_later_absorbed_into_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_satellite_states_in_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_satellite_states_in_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_satellite_states_in_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_puppet_states_in_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_puppet_states_in_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Soviet puppet states in Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_puppet_states_in_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_states_under_Soviet_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_states_under_Soviet_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Other states under Soviet influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_states_under_Soviet_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_before_and_during_decolonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_before_and_during_decolonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples before and during decolonisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_before_and_during_decolonisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples before and during decolonisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_before_and_during_decolonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_East_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Dutch East Indies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Congo crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Timor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Timor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>East Timor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Timor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa's_Bantustans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa's_Bantustans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>South Africa's Bantustans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa's_Bantustans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Cold_War_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Cold_War_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Post-Cold War examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Cold_War_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Cold War examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Cold_War_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Republic of Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Republic of Serbian Krajina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_and_current_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_and_current_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Recent and current examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_and_current_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent and current examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_and_current_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Disputed examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disputed_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disputed examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disputed_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>In Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_Republic_of_North_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_Republic_of_North_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Turkish Republic of North Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_Republic_of_North_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دولة دمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة دمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobiernu_t%C3%ADtere" title="Gobiernu títere – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gobiernu títere" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukla_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Kukla dövlət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kukla dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="তাঁবেদার রাষ্ট্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাঁবেদার রাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-l%C3%A9_ch%C3%A8ng-kho%C3%A2n" title="Ka-lé chèng-khoân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ka-lé chèng-khoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Марыянетачная дзяржава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыянетачная дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Марионетна държава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марионетна държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern_titella" title="Govern titella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern titella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loutkov%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t" title="Loutkový stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Loutkový stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwladwriaeth_byped" title="Gwladwriaeth byped – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwladwriaeth byped" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionettenregierung" title="Marionettenregierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marionettenregierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukuriik" title="Nukuriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nukuriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Κράτος μαριονέτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κράτος μαριονέτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_t%C3%ADtere" title="Gobierno títere – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno títere" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marioneta_%C5%9Dtato" title="Marioneta ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marioneta ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu_txotxongilo" title="Estatu txotxongilo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu txotxongilo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="دولت دست‌نشانده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت دست‌نشانده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_fantoche" title="Gouvernement fantoche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement fantoche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazalsteat" title="Fazalsteat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fazalsteat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_monicreque" title="Estado monicreque – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado monicreque" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%B4%EB%A2%B0%EC%A0%95%EA%B6%8C" title="괴뢰정권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="괴뢰정권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionetska_dr%C5%BEava" title="Marionetska država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marionetska država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_boneka" title="Negara boneka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara boneka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governamento_marionette" title="Governamento marionette – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Governamento marionette" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leppstj%C3%B3rn" title="Leppstjórn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leppstjórn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_fantoccio" title="Stato fantoccio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato fantoccio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ממשלת בובות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלת בובות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Къаранчха кърал – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къаранчха кърал" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulacrum_rei_publicae" title="Simulacrum rei publicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Simulacrum rei publicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marione%C5%A1u_valsts" title="Marionešu valsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marionešu valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionetin%C4%97_valstyb%C4%97" title="Marionetinė valstybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marionetinė valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazalstaot" title="Vazalstaot – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vazalstaot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_fantocc" title="Stat fantocc – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat fantocc" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b%C3%A1llam" title="Bábállam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bábállam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Марионетска држава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марионетска држава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="دولة دميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دولة دميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_boneka" title="Negara boneka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara boneka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Тоглоомын улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тоглоомын улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazalstaat" title="Vazalstaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vazalstaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%80%E5%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9" title="傀儡政権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="傀儡政権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydrike" title="Lydrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lydrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn_fant%C3%B2che" title="Govèrn fantòche – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Govèrn fantòche" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਚਮਚਾਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਮਚਾਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_marionetkowe" title="Państwo marionetkowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo marionetkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado-fantoche" title="Estado-fantoche – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado-fantoche" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_marionet%C4%83" title="Stat marionetă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat marionetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Марионеточное государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марионеточное государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadu_buatone" title="Istadu buatone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istadu buatone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti_kukull" title="Shteti kukull – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti kukull" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA" title="රූකඩ රාජ්‍ය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රූකඩ රාජ්‍ය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Puppet state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bkov%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t" title="Bábkový štát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bábkový štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionetna_dr%C5%BEava" title="Marionetna država – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marionetna država" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%B5%DB%95" title="دەوڵەتی بووکەڵە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەتی بووکەڵە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Марионетска држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марионетска држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionetska_dr%C5%BEava" title="Marionetska država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marionetska država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukkehallitus" title="Nukkehallitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nukkehallitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionettstat" title="Marionettstat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marionettstat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="รัฐหุ่นเชิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐหุ่นเชิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukla_devlet" title="Kukla devlet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kukla devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маріонеткова держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маріонеткова держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%B9%DA%BE_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="کٹھ پتلی ریاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کٹھ پتلی ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_b%C3%B9_nh%C3%ACn" title="Chính phủ bù nhìn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ bù nhìn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%80%E5%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="傀儡政权 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="傀儡政权" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%80%E5%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="傀儡政府 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傀儡政府" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>puppet state</b>, <b>puppet régime</b>, <b>puppet government</b> or <b>dummy government</b><sup id="cite_ref-Shuster_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that is <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> independent but <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> completely dependent upon an outside <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a> and subject to its orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Marek_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puppet states have nominal <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereignty</a>, except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeely1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeely1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralysing the local government they tolerate.<sup id="cite_ref-Shuster_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (May 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Puppet states differ from <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">allies</a>, who choose their actions of their own initiative or in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> they have voluntarily entered. Puppet states are forced into <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">legally endorsing</a> actions already taken by a foreign power. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <p>Puppet states are "endowed with the outward symbols of authority",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a name, <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">law codes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>, and government, but in reality are appendages of another state which creates,<sup id="cite_ref-Raic2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raic2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sponsors or otherwise controls the puppet government. <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a> does not recognise <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied</a> puppet states as <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemkin2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemkin2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puppet states can cease to be puppets through: </p> <ul><li>military defeat of the "master" state (as in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> in 1945),</li> <li>absorption into the master state (as in the early <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>),</li> <li>achievement of independence</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The term is a metaphor which compares a state or government to a <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a> controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">puppeteer</a> with strings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded use of the term "puppet government" was in 1884, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-etymoline_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymoline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a> existed based on delegation of the rule of a country by a king to noble men of lower rank. Since the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> of 1648, the concept of a nation came into existence where <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_system" title="Westphalian system">sovereignty</a> was connected more to the people who inhabited the land than to the nobility who owned the land. </p><p>An earlier similar concept is <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, the control of the external affairs of one state by another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nineteenth-century_examples">Nineteenth-century examples</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_clients">French revolutionary and Napoleonic clients</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1812_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1812_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/330px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/440px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> and its satellite states in 1812</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> was established in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> under French revolutionary protection. </p><p>In Italy, the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> encouraged a proliferation of small republics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, known as <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">sister republics</a>. </p><p>In Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> established the Polish client state of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/220px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/330px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/440px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1896, Britain <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">established a state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_twentieth-century_examples">Early twentieth-century examples</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">List of World War I puppet states</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Established_by_the_German_Empire">Established by the German Empire</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1917–1918) – The <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>' forces occupied <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> in 1915 and in 1916, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> created a Polish monarchy to exploit the occupied territories in an easier way and mobilise the Poles against the Russians (see <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>). In 1918 the state became independent and formed the backbone of the new internationally recognised <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Kingdom of Lithuania</a> (1918) – After Russia's defeat and the territorial cessions of the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, the Germans established a Lithuanian kingdom. However it became <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania_(1918-1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Lithuania (1918-1940)">an independent republic</a> with Germany's defeat.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> (1918) – In 1915, German forces occupied the Russian <a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a> and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">war in the east</a>, so the local ethnic <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> established a duchy under the German crown in that part of <i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i>, with a common return of civil administration in favour of the military.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This state was swiftly merged with the Baltic State Duchy and the German-occupied territories of the Russian Empire in Livonia and Estonia, into a multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_others">By others</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="684" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus" title="Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus">Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus</a> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_TRWT.svg/22px-Flag_of_TRWT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_TRWT.svg/34px-Flag_of_TRWT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_TRWT.svg/45px-Flag_of_TRWT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1019" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a> were provisional republics established by the Turkish minorities of Thrace and Caucasia after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> lost its lands in these regions. Both were the products of the Ottoman Intelligence agency, <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa</a>, in terms of organisational structure and organisers, and they had remarkably common<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> features.<sup id="cite_ref-Sirin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Soviet_Republic" title="Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Republic</a> (1918) – The state, remotely controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s close friend <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Sergeyev" title="Fyodor Sergeyev">Fyodor Sergeyev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rbth_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the DKRR was disliked by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. The capital of the republic was soon overthrown by the Germans again, and after the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> regained control of the territory, the country was dissolved at Lenin's request.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Central_Lithuania_1920.svg/23px-Flag_of_Central_Lithuania_1920.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Central_Lithuania_1920.svg/35px-Flag_of_Central_Lithuania_1920.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Central_Lithuania_1920.svg/46px-Flag_of_Central_Lithuania_1920.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="443" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Republic of Central Lithuania">Republic of Central Lithuania</a> (1920–1922) – Dependent and fully incorporated by the Second Polish Republic in 1922</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Japan">Imperial Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis powers of World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Collaboration with Imperial Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_WWII_puppet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of WWII puppet states">List of WWII puppet states</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan's imperial period</a>, and particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> (parts of which are considered the Pacific theatre of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>), the Imperial Japanese government established a number of dependent states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominally_sovereign_states">Nominally sovereign states</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchukuo_map_1939.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manchukuo_map_1939.svg/220px-Manchukuo_map_1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manchukuo_map_1939.svg/330px-Manchukuo_map_1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manchukuo_map_1939.svg/440px-Manchukuo_map_1939.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (red) within <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Imperial Japan's sphere of influence</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg/220px-Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg/330px-Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg/440px-Wang_Jingwei_and_Nazis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> receiving German diplomats as head of state of the <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganised Nationalist Government of the Republic of China</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind"><img alt="Azad Hind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></i> (1943–1945), officially known as Provisional Government of Free India – established by Indian nationalists in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a> in October 1943 by <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> and was in charge of Indian expatriates and military personnel in Japanese Southeast Asia. It had nominal sovereignty over Axis controlled Indian territories, and would enjoy the prospective control of Indian territory to be captured in a <a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">future invasion</a> of British India. Of the territory of post-independence India, the government took charge of <a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a> (after it fell to the Japanese-INA offensive), parts of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> that fell to both the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Army_(Japan)" title="Fifteenth Army (Japan)">Japanese 15th Army</a> and the INA, and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. The government had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed by Subhas Chandra Bose, who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also the Supreme Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>. The government had its own cabinet and banks.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma"><img alt="State of Burma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a> (1942–1945) – Head of State: <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic"><img alt="Second Philippine Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> (1943–1945) – Headed by <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945) – Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>'s regime with <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a> as Prime Minister after proclaiming independence from France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>'s regime with <a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a> as Prime Minister after proclaiming independence from France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Luang_Phrabang_Kingdom_%281945%29.png/23px-Flag_of_Luang_Phrabang_Kingdom_%281945%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Luang_Phrabang_Kingdom_%281945%29.png/35px-Flag_of_Luang_Phrabang_Kingdom_%281945%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Luang_Phrabang_Kingdom_%281945%29.png/45px-Flag_of_Luang_Phrabang_Kingdom_%281945%29.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="228" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Prabang</a> (1945) – King <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vong" title="Sisavang Vong">Sisavang Vong</a>'s regime with Prince <a href="/wiki/Phetsarath_Ratanavongsa" title="Phetsarath Ratanavongsa">Phetsarath</a> as Prime Minister after proclaiming independence from France</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_China">In China</h5></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo"><img alt="Manchukuo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1932–1945) – Set up in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> under the leadership of the last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a> (1937–1939) – Formed in northern Shanxi with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a> on October 15, 1937. The state was then merged into Menjiang along with the South Chahar Autonomous Government and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_United_Autonomous_Government" title="Mongol United Autonomous Government">Mongol United Autonomous Government</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a> (1937–1939) – Formed in South Chahar with its capital at Kalgan (modern day <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a>) on September 4, 1937. The state was merged with the North Shanxi Autonomous Government as well as the Mongol United Autonomous Government to create Mengjiang.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Mongol Military Government (1936–1937) and Mongol United Autonomous Government (1937–1939) – Established in Inner Mongolia as puppet states with local collaborators. This state formed the large basis of what was to become Mengjiang.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang"><img alt="Mengjiang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (1936–1945) – Set up in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> on May 12, 1936, as the Mongol Military Government was renamed in October 1937 as the Mongol United Autonomous Government. On September 1, 1939, the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> governments of the South Chahar and North Shanxhi Autonomous Governments were merged with the Mongol Autonomous Government, creating the new Mengjiang United Autonomous Government. All of these were headed by <a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">De Wang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Council</a> (1935–1938) – A state in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">northeast China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Great Way (Dadao) Government</a> (1937–1938) – A short-lived regime based in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. This provisional government was established as a preliminary collaboration state as the Japanese took control of all of Shanghai and advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. This was then merged with the Reformed Government of China as well as the Provisional Government of China into the Reorganised Nationalist Government of the Republic of China under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the Republic of China</a> (1938–1940) – First regime established in Nanjing after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Battle of Nanjing</a>. Later fused into the Provisional Government of China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of China</a> (1937–1940) – Incorporated into the Nanjing Nationalist Government on March 30, 1940<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_(Peace,_Anti-Communism,_National_Construction).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganised Nationalist Government of the Republic of China</a> (1940–1945) – Established in Nanjing under the leadership of Wang Jingwei<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy">Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis powers of World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_in_Europe,_1942.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/220px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/330px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/440px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> at the height of the Axis conquests in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Several European governments under the domination of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> during World War II have been described as "puppet régimes". The formal means of control in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a> varied greatly. These states fall into several categories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existing_states_in_alliance_with_Germany_and_Italy">Existing states in alliance with Germany and Italy</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity</a> (1944–1945) – The pro-Nazi regime of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a> supported by the pro-German, antisemitic fascist <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a> was a German puppet regime. Szálasi was installed by the Germans after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Operation Panzerfaust</a> and had the Hungarian Regent, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, removed and placed under house arrest. Horthy was forced to abdicate in favor of Szálasi. Szálasi fought on even after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest fell</a> and Hungary was completely overrun.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existing_states_under_German_or_Italian_rule">Existing states under German or Italian rule</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania under Nazi Germany</a> (1943–1944) – The Kingdom of Albania was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> and puppet regime. Italy invaded Albania in 1939 and ended the rule of <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">King Zog I</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> added King of Albania to his titles and Zog was exiled. King Victor Emmanuel and <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_V%C3%ABrlaci" title="Shefqet Vërlaci">Shefqet Bej Verlaci</a>, Albanian Prime Minister and Head of State, controlled the Italian protectorate. Verlaci was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Mustafa Merlika Kruja</a> on December 3, 1941. The Germans occupied Albania when Italy exited the war in 1943 and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bi%C3%A7ak%C3%A7iu" title="Ibrahim Biçakçiu">Ibrahim Bej Biçaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mehdi Frashëri">Mehdi Bej Frashëri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Mitrovica" title="Rexhep Mitrovica">Rexhep Bej Mitrovica</a> became successive Prime Minister under the Nazis.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain%2C_Chief_of_State_of_Vichy_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> (1940–1942/4) – The Vichy French regime of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> had limited autonomy from 1940 to 1942, and depended heavily on Germany. The Vichy government controlled many of France's colonies and the <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">unoccupied part of France</a> and enjoyed international recognition. In 1942, the Germans occupied the portion of France administered by the Vichy government in <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a> and installed a new leadership under <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>, ending much of Vichy France's international legitimacy.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">1942–1944</a>) – In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Italian Army</a> invaded and occupied Monaco, setting up a fascist administration. Shortly thereafter, following <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s deposal in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> occupied Monaco and began deporting the Jewish population. Among them was <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(impresario)" title="René Blum (impresario)">René Blum</a>, founder of Monaco's <i>Ballet de l'Opera</i>, who died in a Nazi extermination camp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_states_formed_to_reflect_national_aspirations">New states formed to reflect national aspirations</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)"><img alt="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a> (1939–1945) – The Slovak Republic was a German <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Slovak People's Party was a <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">clerofascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> movement associated with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a> became president in a nominally independent Slovakia.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"><img alt="Independent State of Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945) – The Independent State of Croatia (<i>Nezavisna Država Hrvatska</i> or NDH) was a German and Italian puppet regime. On paper, the NDH was a kingdom under King <a href="/wiki/Prince_Aimone,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta">Tomislav II</a> (Aimone, Duke of Spoleto) of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Tomislav II was only a figurehead in Croatia who never exercised any real power, with <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a> a somewhat independent leader (<i><a href="/wiki/Poglavnik" title="Poglavnik">Poglavnik</a></i>), though staying obedient to Rome and Berlin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_and_governments_under_the_control_of_Germany_and_Italy">States and governments under the control of Germany and Italy</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State</a> (1941–1944) – The Hellenic State administration of <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Tsolakoglou" title="Georgios Tsolakoglou">Georgios Tsolakoglou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Logothetopoulos" title="Konstantinos Logothetopoulos">Konstantinos Logothetopoulos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Rallis" title="Ioannis Rallis">Ioannis Rallis</a> was a "collaborationist" puppet government<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation of Greece</a>. Germany, Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> occupied different portions of Greece at different times during these regimes.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_National_Salvation_%28occupied_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="376" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a> (1941–1944) – The government of General <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> and sometimes known as Nedić's Serbia was a German puppet regime operating in the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Axis occupation of Serbia">Axis occupation of Serbia</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Russian_Liberation_People%27s_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russian_Liberation_People%27s_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Russian_Liberation_People%27s_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russian_Liberation_People%27s_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Russian_Liberation_People%27s_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russian_Liberation_People%27s_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot Republic</a> (1941–1943) – The Lokot Republic under <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Voskoboinik" title="Konstantin Voskoboinik">Konstantin Voskoboinik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Bronislav Kaminski</a> was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi-occupied Russia under a collaborationist administration. The republic covered the area of several <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk Oblasts</a>. It was directly associated with the Russian Liberation People's Army (<i>Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya</i> or RONA), known as the <a href="/wiki/Kaminski_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminski Brigade">Kaminski Brigade</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Nasjonal_Samling.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nasjonal_Samling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Nasjonal_Samling.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nasjonal_Samling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Nasjonal_Samling.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nasjonal_Samling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norwegian National government</a> (1942–1945) – The <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany</a> started with all authority held by German Reich Commissioner (<i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Josef Terboven</a>, who exercised this through the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat Norwegen</a></i>. The Norwegian pro-German fascist <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a> attempted a coup d'état against the Norwegian government during the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">German invasion</a> on 9 April 1940, but was not appointed by the Germans to head another native government until 1 February 1942.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_Social_Republic">Italian Social Republic</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic"><img alt="Italian Social Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945, known also as the Republic of Salò) – General <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> and King Victor Emmanuel III withdrew Italy from the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and moved the government to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, already controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. In response, the Germans occupied <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and founded the Italian Social Republic (<i>Repubblica Sociale Italiana</i> or RSI) with Benito Mussolini as its "Head of State" and "Minister of Foreign Affairs". While the RSI government had some trappings of an independent state, it was completely dependent both economically and politically on Germany.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_examples_during_and_after_World_War_II">British examples during and after World War II</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">List of World War II puppet states</a></div> <p>The Axis demand for oil and the concern of the Allies that Germany would look to the oil-rich Middle East for a solution, caused the invasion of Iraq by the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">invasion of Iran</a> by the UK and the Soviet Union. Pro-Axis governments in both Iraq and Iran were removed and replaced with Allied-dominated governments. </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq"><img alt="Kingdom of Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> (1941–1947) – Iraq was important to the United Kingdom because of its position on the route to India. Iraq also could provide strategic oil reserves. But due to the UK's weakness early in the war, Iraq backed away from the pre-war <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty_of_1930" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930">Anglo-Iraqi Alliance</a>. On 1 April 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> monarchy in Iraq was overthrown by a <a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">pro-German <i>coup d'état</i></a> under <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali</a>. The Rashid Ali regime began negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and military aid was quickly sent to <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> via Vichy French-controlled Syria. The Germans provided a squadron of twin-engine fighters and a squadron of medium bombers. The Italians provided a squadron of biplane fighters. In mid-April 1941, a brigade of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="10th Indian Infantry Division">10th Indian Infantry Division</a> landed at <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> (Operation Sabine). On 30 April, British forces at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Habbaniya" title="RAF Habbaniya">RAF Habbaniya</a> were besieged by a numerically inferior Iraqi force. On 2 May, the British launched pre-emptive airstrikes against the Iraqis and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> began. By the end of May, the siege of RAF Habbaniya was lifted, <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> was taken, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> was surrounded by British forces, and the pro-German government of Rashid Ali collapsed. Rashid Ali and his supporters fled the country. The Hashemite monarchy under King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal II of Iraq">Faisal II</a> was restored, and declared war on the Axis powers in January 1942. British and Commonwealth forces remained in Iraq until 26 October 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281933%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a> (1941–1943) – German workers in Iran caused both the UK and the Soviet Union to question Iran's neutrality. In addition, Iran's geographical position was important to the Allies. As a result, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance) was launched in August 1941. The following month, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> was forced to abdicate his throne and went into exile. He was replaced by his son <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, who was willing to declare war on the Axis powers. By January 1942, the UK and the Soviet Union agreed to end their occupation of Iran six months after the end of the war.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_examples_after_1939">Soviet examples after 1939</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_satellite_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet satellite states">Soviet satellite states</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puppet_states_later_absorbed_into_the_Soviet_Union">Puppet states later absorbed into the Soviet Union</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomen-kansantasavalta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Suomen-kansantasavalta.png/220px-Suomen-kansantasavalta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Suomen-kansantasavalta.png/330px-Suomen-kansantasavalta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Suomen-kansantasavalta.png/440px-Suomen-kansantasavalta.png 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">Finnish Democratic Republic</a> (1939–40), a short-lived puppet state of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Green indicates the area that the Soviet Union planned to cede to the Finnish Democratic Republic, and red the areas ceded to the Soviets.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic"><img alt="Tuvan People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuvan People's Republic</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (December 2011)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Puppet_state" title="Talk:Puppet state">discuss</a></i>]</sup> (1921–1944) – Achieved independence from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> by means of local nationalist revolutions only to come under the domination of the Soviet Union in the 1920s. In 1944, Tannu Tuva was absorbed into the USSR.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">Finnish Democratic Republic</a> (1939–1940) – The Finnish Democratic Republic was a short-lived republic in the parts of Finland that were occupied by the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>. It was also known as the "Terijoki Government", as <a href="/wiki/Zelenogorsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg">Terijoki</a> was the first town captured by the Soviets. The Finnish Democratic Republic was intended to govern Finland after Soviet conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Tannerv_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tannerv-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trotter_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trotter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Azerbaijan_people%27s_government_flag.svg/23px-Azerbaijan_people%27s_government_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Azerbaijan_people%27s_government_flag.svg/35px-Azerbaijan_people%27s_government_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Azerbaijan_people%27s_government_flag.svg/46px-Azerbaijan_people%27s_government_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a> (1940–1946) – A short-lived state in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (1940) – In June 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Latvia_(1918-1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Latvia (1918-1940)">Republic of Latvia</a> was occupied by the Soviet Union and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1940, Latvia was illegally annexed by the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-malksoo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malksoo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (1940) – In June 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania_(1918-1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Lithuania (1918-1940)">Republic of Lithuania</a> was occupied by the Soviet Union and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1940, Lithuania was illegally annexed by the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-malksoo_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malksoo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (1940) – In June 1940, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Republic of Estonia</a> was occupied by the Soviet Union and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1940, Estonia was illegally annexed by the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-malksoo_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malksoo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_satellite_states_in_Eastern_Europe">Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe</h3></div> <p>As Soviet forces prevailed over the German Army on the Eastern Front during World War II, the Soviet Union supported the creation of communist governments throughout Eastern Europe. Specifically, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's Republics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> were <a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">dominated by the Soviet Union</a>. While all of these People's Republics did not "officially" take power until after WWII ended, they all have roots in pro-communist wartime governments. </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic"><img alt="Polish People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> (1947–1989) – The wartime governments under the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Provisional Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a> (1947–1968) – The wartime National Front (FND) government under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a>. The FND was led by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> (PCR). Romania refused to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> and since then traded and had a warmer relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, resulting in the Soviet Union losing control of Romania as a puppet state. This has been called the <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">de-satellization of Communist Romania</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic"><img alt="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> (1948–1990) – The wartime pro-communist government <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Front (Czechoslovakia)">National Front</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria"><img alt="People's Republic of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria_%281971%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a> (1946–1990) – The wartime pro-communist <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a> government headed by <a href="/wiki/Kimon_Georgiev" title="Kimon Georgiev">Kimon Georgiev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic"><img alt="Hungarian People's Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a> (1949–1989) – The wartime government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Mikl%C3%B3s" title="Béla Miklós">Béla Miklós</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_puppet_states_in_Central_Asia">Soviet puppet states in Central Asia</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad"><img alt="Republic of Mahabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Mahabad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> (1946–1947) – Officially known as the Republic of Kurdistan and established in several provinces of northwestern Iran, or what is known as <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a> and was a short-lived republic that sought Kurdish autonomy within the limits of the Iranian state. Iran retook control in December and the leaders of the state were executed in March 1947 in <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281980%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> (1978–1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_states_under_Soviet_influence">Other states under Soviet influence</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> was a communist state closely linked to the Soviet Union, but Yugoslavia retained autonomy within its own borders. After the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> in 1948, the relationship between the two countries deteriorated significantly. Yugoslavia was expelled from the international organisations of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. After Stalin's death and a period of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, peace was restored, but the relationship between the two countries was never completely mended. Yugoslavia continued to pursue independent policies and became the founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union continued to exert some influence over the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> in 1961. Some other countries which once were Soviet puppet governments included <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, the reunified <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, all of which had substantial dependence on the Soviet economy, military, science, and technology. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, most of its former satellites moved towards democratisation. Only China, Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and Vietnam remain one-party communist states. </p><p>In 1992, all references to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">constitution</a> of North Korea were dropped by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a> and replaced with <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended to not only remove all Marxist–Leninist references from the first draft, but also drop all references to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_before_and_during_decolonisation">Examples before and during decolonisation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></div> <p>In some cases, the process of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a> has been managed by the decolonising power to create a <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colony</a>, that is a nominally independent state whose economy and politics permits continued foreign domination. Neo-colonies are not normally considered puppet states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_East_Indies">Dutch East Indies</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> formed several puppet states in the former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> as part of its effort to quell the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_State_of_East_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_East_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_State_of_East_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_East_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_State_of_East_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_State_of_East_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_East_Indonesia" title="State of East Indonesia">East Indonesia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_East_Java" title="State of East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_East_Sumatra.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_East_Sumatra.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_East_Sumatra.svg/45px-Flag_of_East_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_East_Sumatra" title="State of East Sumatra">East Sumatra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_Various_Autonomous_Indonesian_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Madura" title="State of Madura">Madura</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Pasundan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pasundan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Pasundan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pasundan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Pasundan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pasundan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Pasundan" title="State of Pasundan">Pasundan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_South_Sumatra.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_South_Sumatra.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_South_Sumatra.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_South_Sumatra" title="State of South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Banjar_Sultanate_Flag.svg/23px-Banjar_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Banjar_Sultanate_Flag.svg/35px-Banjar_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Banjar_Sultanate_Flag.svg/45px-Banjar_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Region" title="Banjar Region">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Bangka Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Biliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Dayak_Besar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dayak_Besar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Dayak_Besar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dayak_Besar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Dayak_Besar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dayak_Besar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Great_Dayak" title="Great Dayak">Great Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Borneo_Federation" title="Southeast Borneo Federation">Southeast Borneo Federation</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Pontianak_Sultanate.svg/19px-Flag_of_Pontianak_Sultanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Pontianak_Sultanate.svg/29px-Flag_of_Pontianak_Sultanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Pontianak_Sultanate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Pontianak_Sultanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_crisis">Congo crisis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/King_Leopold_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Leopold II">King Leopold II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">Blood diamond</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>'s independence as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Leopoldville</a> in 1960, Belgian interests supported the short-lived breakaway <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a> (1960–1963).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Timor">East Timor</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_East_Timor" title="Provisional Government of East Timor">Provisional Government of East Timor</a> following its <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion of East Timor</a> in December 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa's_Bantustans"><span id="South_Africa.27s_Bantustans"></span>South Africa's Bantustans</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg/220px-Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg/330px-Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg/440px-Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1586" /></a><figcaption>Map of Bantustans in <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>) as of 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1970s and 1980s, four ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a> - some of which were extremely <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">fragmented</a> - called "homelands" by the government of the time, were carved out of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and given nominal <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. Mostly <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a> resided in the <a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The principal purpose of these states was to remove South African citizenship from the Xhosa, Tswana, and Venda peoples, and so provide grounds for denying them their democratic rights. All four Bantustans were reincorporated into a democratic South Africa on 27 April 1994, under a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">new constitution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The South African authorities established ten Bantustans in <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>), then <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_264" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 264">illegally occupied</a> by South Africa, in the late 1960s and early 1970s in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Odendaal" title="Fox Odendaal">Odendaal Commission</a>. Three of them were granted self-rule. These Bantustans were replaced with separate ethnicity-based governments in 1980.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Cold_War_examples">Post-Cold War examples</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Kuwait">Republic of Kuwait</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Republic of Kuwait</a> was a short-lived pro-Iraqi state in the Persian Gulf that only existed three weeks before <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">it was annexed by Iraq</a> in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> was a self-proclaimed territory <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleansed</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by Serbian forces during the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War</a> (1991–95). It was completely dependent on the Serbian regime of <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was not recognised internationally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_and_current_examples">Recent and current examples</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Interim Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a>) – Critics of the Iraqi Interim Government argued that it existed only at the pleasure of the United States and other coalition countries and considered it a U.S. puppet government.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This criticism was also extended to politicians active within the Interim Government, with the media suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a>, was Washington's puppet.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CPA's economy was dominated by American influence. The CPA began to <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform_of_Iraq" title="Economic reform of Iraq">dismantle Iraq's centrally planned economy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a>, chief executive of the CPA, planned to restructure Iraq's state owned economy with <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> thinking. Bremer dropped the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate tax</a> rate from around 45% to a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a> rate of 15% and allowed foreign corporations to <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriate</a> all profits earned in Iraq. Opposition from senior Iraqi officials, together with the poor security situation, meant that Bremer's privatisation plan was not implemented during his tenure,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though his orders remained in place. CPA Order 39 laid out the framework for full privatisation in Iraq and permitted 100% foreign ownership of Iraqi assets and strengthened the positions of foreign businesses and investors. Critics like <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> argued that CPA Order 39 was designed to create as favourable an environment for foreign investors as possible, which would allow U.S. corporations to dominate Iraq's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-shock_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shock-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also controversial was <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_17" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 17">CPA Order 17</a> which granted all foreign contractors operating in Iraq <a href="/wiki/Legal_immunity" title="Legal immunity">immunity</a> from "Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Legal_process" title="Legal process">legal process</a>," effectively granting immunity from any kind of suit, civil or criminal, for actions the contractors engaged in within Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CPA Order 49 also provided significant <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">tax cuts</a> for corporations operating within Iraq by reducing the rate from a maximum of 40% to a maximum of just 15% on income. Furthermore, corporations who collaborated with the CPA were <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">exempted</a> from having to pay any tax.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> – Many, including the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> who now comprise the country's current government,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered the former Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to have been a U.S. puppet state.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a> – A former self-declared independent state heavily populated by Armenians, it was internationally recognised as part of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Russian peacekeepers controlled the <a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a> that allowed traffic to reach Armenia, on which it was heavily dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Wa_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wa_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Wa_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wa_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Wa_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wa_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa State</a> – The <i>de facto</i> independent <a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> is considered a puppet state linked to China.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg/210px-%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg/315px-%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg/420px-%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4333" data-file-height="2889" /></a><figcaption>Abkhazian President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab" title="Alexander Ankvab">Alexander Ankvab</a> with Transnistrian President <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Shevchuk" title="Yevgeny Shevchuk">Yevgeny Shevchuk</a> in 2013. Both Abkhazia and Transnistria have been described as puppet states of Russia.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> is considered a puppet state that is dependent on Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francis2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy of Abkhazia is heavily integrated with Russia and uses the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> as its currency. About half of Abkhazia's state budget is financed with aid money from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Abkhazians have <a href="/wiki/Russian_passport" title="Russian passport">Russian passports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia maintains a 3,500-strong force in Abkhazia with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Gudauta_District" title="Gudauta District">Gudauta</a>, a former Soviet military base on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the borders of Abkhazia are protected by Russian paratroopers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> has declared independence but its ability to maintain independence is solely based on Russian troops deployed on its territory. As South Ossetia is landlocked between Russia and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, from which it seceded, it has relied on Russia for economic and logistical support, as all of its exports and imports and air and road traffic is only with Russia. Former President of South Ossetia <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kokoity" title="Eduard Kokoity">Eduard Kokoity</a> claimed he would like South Ossetia eventually to become a part of the Russian Federation through reunification with <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> (DPR) and the <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> (LPR) were self-proclaimed republics in eastern Ukraine following the fallout from the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> protests and widely considered to be Russian puppet states.<sup id="cite_ref-twickel_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twickel-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-korotkyi_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korotkyi-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine">annexed</a> the DPR and LPR on September 30, 2022, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, a conservative holdover of pro-Soviet forces from the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a>, is considered a puppet state sponsored by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> – The Palestinian Authority, an autonomous administration which exercises partial civil control over the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli-occupied West Bank</a>, was created in 1994 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>. It is widely viewed by Palestinians as subservient to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and the two have coordinated security.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputed_examples">Disputed examples</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Yemen">In Yemen</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemeni_Civil_War.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yemeni_Civil_War.svg/180px-Yemeni_Civil_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yemeni_Civil_War.svg/270px-Yemeni_Civil_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yemeni_Civil_War.svg/360px-Yemeni_Civil_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Map of territorial control in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></figcaption></figure><div style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d7e074; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transitional_Council" title="Southern Transitional Council">Southern Transitional Council</a> supported by the UAE</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f98787; color:black;"> </span> Internationally-recognized <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Government of Yemen</a> based in Saudi Arabia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cae7c4; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Political_Council" title="Supreme Political Council">Supreme Political Council</a> supported by Iran</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">AQ</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Yemen)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)">Ansar al-Sharia</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi government</a> is considered by some<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be a puppet state which is supported by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Alimi government</a> is sometimes considered a puppet state which is supported by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transitional_Council" title="Southern Transitional Council">Southern Transitional Council</a> is sometimes considered a puppet state which is supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_Republic_of_North_Cyprus">Turkish Republic of North Cyprus</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> – According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> remains the sole legitimate government in Cyprus, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus should be considered as a puppet state under Turkish control.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its isolation, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Turkish_Peace_Force_Command" title="Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command">Turkish military presence</a>, and heavy dependence on Turkish support mean that <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has a high level of control over the country's decision-making processes. That has led to some experts stating that it runs as an effective puppet state of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaczorowska_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaczorowska-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other experts, however, have pointed out the independent nature of elections and appointments in Northern Cyprus and disputes between the Turkish Cypriot and Turkish governments and concluded that "puppet state" is not an accurate description for Northern Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> forms a <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a> with Russia. It has been described as a Russian puppet state or <i>de facto</i> Russian since 2022, following the crushing of the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">2020–2021 Belarusian protests</a> with Russian assistance and the staging of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> from Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description has been disputed by the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_opposition" title="Belarusian opposition">Belarusian opposition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> (the Ukrainian parliament), which have instead characterised Belarus as being under Russian military occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">Banana republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">List of World War II puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shuster-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shuster_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shuster_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_Shuster" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Shuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Shuster">Morgan Shuster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magepublishers.com/the-strangling-of-persia-a-story-of-european-diplomacy-and-oriental-intrigue/">"The Strangling of Persia: A Story of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue"</a>. p. 221 – via No Ruz in: Near East Journal, 21 March 1912.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Strangling+of+Persia%3A+A+Story+of+European+Diplomacy+and+Oriental+Intrigue&rft.pages=221&rft.au=Morgan+Shuster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magepublishers.com%2Fthe-strangling-of-persia-a-story-of-european-diplomacy-and-oriental-intrigue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marek-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marek_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek1954" class="citation book cs1">Marek, Krystyna (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QaF7mnj9igkC"><i>Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law</i></a>. Library Droz. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782600040440" title="Special:BookSources/9782600040440"><bdi>9782600040440</bdi></a>. <q>[...] an allegedly independent, but 'actually' dependent, i.e. puppet State [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Continuity+of+States+in+Public+International+Law&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Library+Droz&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9782600040440&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Krystyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQaF7mnj9igkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeely1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNeely1995_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeely1995" class="citation book cs1">McNeely, Connie L. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructingnati00mcne"><i>Constructing the Nation-state: International Organization and Prescriptive Action</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructingnati00mcne/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29398-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29398-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>The term 'puppet state' is used to describe nominal sovereigns under effective foreign control...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+the+Nation-state%3A+International+Organization+and+Prescriptive+Action&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29398-6&rft.aulast=McNeely&rft.aufirst=Connie+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstructingnati00mcne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/puppet%20government">Puppet government</a>, Merriam-Webster</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raic2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raic2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaič2002" class="citation book cs1">Raič, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7UOyPGYBkwC&pg=PA81"><i>Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination</i></a>. Kluwer Law International. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-1890-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-1890-X"><bdi>90-411-1890-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>In most cases, puppet States are created by the occupant during occupation of a State, for the purpose of circumventing the former's international responsibility regarding the violation of the rights of the occupied State.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statehood+and+the+Law+of+Self-Determination&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-411-1890-X&rft.aulast=Rai%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7UOyPGYBkwC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemkin2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lemkin2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphaël</a> (2008) [1944]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C&pg=PA11"><i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress</i></a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>The creation of puppet states or of puppet governments does not give them any special status under international law in the occupied territory. Therefore the puppet governments and puppet states have no greater rights in the occupied territory than the occupant himself. Their actions should be considered as actions of the occupant and hence subject to the limitations of the Hague Regulations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe%3A+Laws+of+Occupation%2C+Analysis+of+Government%2C+Proposals+for+Redress&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0in2wOY-W0C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2003" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Stephen (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultrahushhushesp00step"><i>Ultra Hush-hush</i></a></span>. Annick Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultrahushhushesp00step/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55037-778-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55037-778-7"><bdi>1-55037-778-7</bdi></a>. <q>Puppet state: a country whose government is being controlled by the government of another country, much as a puppeteer controls the strings on a marionette</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultra+Hush-hush&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Annick+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55037-778-7&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultrahushhushesp00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymoline-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymoline_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=puppet&allowed_in_frame=0">"puppet (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=puppet+%28n.%29&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpuppet%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1989" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40869047">"The Adaptation of the Napoleonic Political Structure in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1813)"</a>. <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 128–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1989.11091911">10.1080/00085006.1989.11091911</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40869047">40869047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers+%2F+Revue+Canadienne+des+Slavistes&rft.atitle=The+Adaptation+of+the+Napoleonic+Political+Structure+in+the+Duchy+of+Warsaw+%281807%E2%80%931813%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-145&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1989.11091911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40869047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40869047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sirin_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞirin2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Şirin, İbrahim (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historystudies.net/dergi/tar201512901a7.pdf">"İki Hükümet Bir Teşkilat: Garbî Trakya Hükümet-i Muvakkatesi'nden Cenub-î Garbî Kafkas Hükümeti Muvakkate- î Milliyesi'ne"</a> [Two Governments One Organisation: From the Provisional Government of Western Thrace to the Provisional Government of South-Western Caucasia] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History Studies</i> (in Turkish). <b>6</b> (2). historystudies.net: 125–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9737%2Fhistorys1130">10.9737/historys1130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1309-4688">1309-4688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Studies&rft.atitle=%C4%B0ki+H%C3%BCk%C3%BCmet+Bir+Te%C5%9Fkilat%3A+Garb%C3%AE+Trakya+H%C3%BCk%C3%BCmet-i+Muvakkatesi%27nden+Cenub-%C3%AE+Garb%C3%AE+Kafkas+H%C3%BCk%C3%BCmeti+Muvakkate-+%C3%AE+Milliyesi%27ne&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-142&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9737%2Fhistorys1130&rft.issn=1309-4688&rft.aulast=%C5%9Eirin&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0brahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historystudies.net%2Fdergi%2Ftar201512901a7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span> See translated abstract on page 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerhii_Plokhii2022" class="citation web cs1">Serhii Plokhii (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huri.harvard.edu/news/serhii-plokhii-casus-belli-did-lenin-create-modern-ukraine">"Casus Belli: Did Lenin Create Modern Ukraine?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casus+Belli%3A+Did+Lenin+Create+Modern+Ukraine%3F&rft.pub=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.au=Serhii+Plokhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuri.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2Fserhii-plokhii-casus-belli-did-lenin-create-modern-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbth-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rbth_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYekaterina_Sinelschikova2021" class="citation web cs1">Yekaterina Sinelschikova (3 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/334071-ussrs-first-aerowagon-story">"USSR's first AEROWAGON - and the dark story behind it (PHOTOS + VIDEO)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RBTH" class="mw-redirect" title="RBTH">RBTH</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USSR%27s+first+AEROWAGON+-+and+the+dark+story+behind+it+%28PHOTOS+%2B+VIDEO%29&rft.pub=RBTH&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft.au=Yekaterina+Sinelschikova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F334071-ussrs-first-aerowagon-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jowett, Phillip S., <i>Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria,</i> 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England, pp. 7–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jowett, Phillip S., <i>Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria,</i> 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England, pp. 49–57, 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jowett, Phillip S., <i>Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria,</i> 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England, pp. 44–47, 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jowett, Phillip S., <i>Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria,</i> 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England, pp. 63–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Francine (2004). <i>Bosnia and Herzegovina: a polity on the brink</i>. Routledge. p. 130. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415274354" title="Special:BookSources/0415274354">0415274354</a>. "...nominally Croatia was ruled by the Italian Duke of Spoleto styled as King"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>...managed to see the puppet Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Rallis through</i> @ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75yqSStYjocC">Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th–20th Centuries, p. 168</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Serbia also had a Nazi puppet regime headed by Milan Nedic</i> @ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYHH6mGE9JoC">The Balkanization of the West: The Confluence of Postmodernism and Postcommunism, p. 198</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaqoosh2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taqoosh, Muhammad Sahil (2015). <i>تاريخ العراق (الحديث والمعاصر)</i> [<i>Modern and contemporary history of Iraq</i>] (in Arabic). Dar Al-Nafaes. pp. 190–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%29&rft.pages=190-191&rft.pub=Dar+Al-Nafaes&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Taqoosh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Sahil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tannerv-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tannerv_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1956" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Väinö (1956). <i>The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312</i>. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winter+War%3A+Finland+Against+Russia%2C+1939%E2%80%931940%2C+Volume+312&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A4in%C3%B6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trotter-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trotter_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter2013" class="citation book cs1">Trotter, William (2013). <i>A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940</i>. Algonquin Books. pp. 58, 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Frozen+Hell%3A+The+Russo-Finnish+Winter+War+of+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=58%2C+61&rft.pub=Algonquin+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Trotter&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArfa" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Arfa" title="Hasan Arfa">Arfa, Hassan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-6144/Reza-Shah-Pahlavi">"Reza Shah Pahlavi: Shah of Iran: Policies as Shah"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica online</i>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reza+Shah+Pahlavi%3A+Shah+of+Iran%3A+Policies+as+Shah&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+online&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.aulast=Arfa&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-6144%2FReza-Shah-Pahlavi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Postcommunist States and Nations) David J. Smith from Front Matter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28580-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28580-1">0-415-28580-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malksoo-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malksoo_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malksoo_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malksoo_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMälksoo,_Lauri2003" class="citation book cs1">Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). <i>Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR</i>. Leiden – Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-2177-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-2177-3"><bdi>90-411-2177-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illegal+Annexation+and+State+Continuity%3A+The+Case+of+the+Incorporation+of+the+Baltic+States+by+the+USSR&rft.place=Leiden+%E2%80%93+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-411-2177-3&rft.au=M%C3%A4lksoo%2C+Lauri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estonia: Identity and Independence: Translated into English (On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics) Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse. p. 246. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3">90-420-0890-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDae-Kyu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1934&context=ilj">"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications"</a>. <i>Fordham International Law Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 1289–1305<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+North+Korea%3A+Its+Changes+and+Implications&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1289-1305&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dae-Kyu&rft.aufirst=Yoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1934%26context%3Dilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/first_millitary-09232009120017.html">"북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기" <bdi lang="ko">Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi</bdi></a> [First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). Radio Free Asia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%EB%B6%81+%EA%B0%9C%EC%A0%95+%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95+%27%EC%84%A0%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81%27+%EC%B2%AB+%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0+Bug+gaejeong+heonbeob+%27seongunsasang%27+cheos+myeong-gi&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Seong-Woo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fkorean%2Fin_focus%2Ffirst_millitary-09232009120017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mockler, Antony (1987). The New Mercenaries: The History of the Hired Soldier from the Congo to the Seychelles. 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Vol. 18. pp. 43–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-6265-141-8_2">10.1007/978-94-6265-141-8_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-140-1"><bdi>978-94-6265-140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Puppet+States%3A+A+Growing+Trend+of+Covert+Occupation&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+International+Humanitarian+Law+Volume+18%2C+2015&rft.pages=43-65&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-6265-141-8_2&rft.isbn=978-94-6265-140-1&rft.aulast=Ivanel&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-94-6265-141-8_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/35153/Owen_JD_T_2009.pdf">"Neopatrimonialism and Regime Endurance in Transnistria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neopatrimonialism+and+Regime+Endurance+in+Transnistria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvtechworks.lib.vt.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10919%2F35153%2FOwen_JD_T_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaucillon2021" class="citation journal cs1">Beaucillon, Charlotte (17 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781839107849/9781839107849.00014.xml">"The European Unions position and practice with regard to unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions"</a>. <i>Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions</i>: 110–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781839107856.00014">10.4337/9781839107856.00014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781839107856" title="Special:BookSources/9781839107856"><bdi>9781839107856</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238717787">238717787</a> – via www.elgaronline.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Handbook+on+Unilateral+and+Extraterritorial+Sanctions&rft.atitle=The+European+Unions+position+and+practice+with+regard+to+unilateral+and+extraterritorial+sanctions&rft.pages=110-129&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238717787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781839107856.00014&rft.isbn=9781839107856&rft.aulast=Beaucillon&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%2Fview%2Fedcoll%2F9781839107849%2F9781839107849.00014.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/who-governs-palestinians">"Who Governs the Palestinians? | Council on Foreign Relations"</a>. <i>www.cfr.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cfr.org&rft.atitle=Who+Governs+the+Palestinians%3F+%7C+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fwho-governs-palestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDC2024" class="citation web cs1">DC, Arab Center Washington (7 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/fending-for-themselves-the-palestinians-and-the-palestinian-authority/">"Fending for Themselves: The Palestinians and the Palestinian Authority"</a>. <i>Arab Center Washington DC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Center+Washington+DC&rft.atitle=Fending+for+Themselves%3A+The+Palestinians+and+the+Palestinian+Authority&rft.date=2024-11-07&rft.aulast=DC&rft.aufirst=Arab+Center+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabcenterdc.org%2Fresource%2Ffending-for-themselves-the-palestinians-and-the-palestinian-authority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuneau2016" class="citation news cs1">Juneau, Thomas (16 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/16/contrary-to-popular-belief-houthis-arent-iranian-proxies/?outputType=amp">"No, Yemen's Houthis actually aren't Iranian puppets"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=No%2C+Yemen%27s+Houthis+actually+aren%27t+Iranian+puppets&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft.aulast=Juneau&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2016%2F05%2F16%2Fcontrary-to-popular-belief-houthis-arent-iranian-proxies%2F%3FoutputType%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-hadi-puppet-idUSKBN0MO0G220150328">"Yemen president calls Houthis 'Iran's puppet'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 28 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Yemen+president+calls+Houthis+%27Iran%27s+puppet%27&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-yemen-security-hadi-puppet-idUSKBN0MO0G220150328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/analysis-saudi-arabia-plays-puppet-master-yemen-slowly-breaks-apart">"ANALYSIS: Saudi Arabia plays puppet master as Yemen slowly breaks apart"</a>. <i>Middle East Eye</i>. 2 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=ANALYSIS%3A+Saudi+Arabia+plays+puppet+master+as+Yemen+slowly+breaks+apart&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fanalysis-saudi-arabia-plays-puppet-master-yemen-slowly-breaks-apart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2018" class="citation web cs1">Browning, Noah (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511125450/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-uae-security-yemen-somalia/uae-extends-military-reach-in-yemen-and-somalia-idUKKBN1IC12B">"UAE extends military reach in Yemen and Somalia"</a>. <i>reuters.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-uae-security-yemen-somalia/uae-extends-military-reach-in-yemen-and-somalia-idUKKBN1IC12B">the original</a> on 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=UAE+extends+military+reach+in+Yemen+and+Somalia&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-uae-security-yemen-somalia%2Fuae-extends-military-reach-in-yemen-and-somalia-idUKKBN1IC12B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/dec/21/yemen-uae-united-arab-emirates-profiting-from-chaos-of-civil-war">"Yemen on the brink: how the UAE is profiting from the chaos of civil war"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Yemen+on+the+brink%3A+how+the+UAE+is+profiting+from+the+chaos+of+civil+war&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fdec%2F21%2Fyemen-uae-united-arab-emirates-profiting-from-chaos-of-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilano2006" class="citation book cs1">Milano, Enrico (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ph_D_aYHNMC&q=puppet+state+trnc&pg=PA146"><i>Unlawful Territorial Situations in International Law: Reconciling Effectiveness, Legality And Legitimacy</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004149392" title="Special:BookSources/9004149392"><bdi>9004149392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlawful+Territorial+Situations+in+International+Law%3A+Reconciling+Effectiveness%2C+Legality+And+Legitimacy&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9004149392&rft.aulast=Milano&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ph_D_aYHNMC%26q%3Dpuppet%2Bstate%2Btrnc%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry.D.2016" class="citation book cs1">Terry.D., Gill (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENeSDQAAQBAJ&q=puppet+state+trnc&pg=PA58"><i>Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2015</i></a>. Springer. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462651418" title="Special:BookSources/9789462651418"><bdi>9789462651418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+International+Humanitarian+Law+2015&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789462651418&rft.aulast=Terry.D.&rft.aufirst=Gill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENeSDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpuppet%2Bstate%2Btrnc%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, A. <i>Sovereign statehood: The basis of international society.</i> p. 142 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFoVAAAAIAAJ&dq=northern+cyprus+puppet+state&pg=PA142">[1]</a>. Taylor and Francis, 1986, 288 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-320191-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-320191-1">0-04-320191-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurtulus, E. <i>State sovereignty: concept, phenomenon and ramifications.</i> p. 136 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hS8lfqxdgYC&dq=northern+cyprus+puppet+state&pg=PA136">[2]</a>. Macmillan, 2005, 232 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6988-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6988-4">1-4039-6988-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaczorowska-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaczorowska_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaczorowska, A. <i>Public International Law.</i> p. 190 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFkx76YTmbIC&dq=northern+cyprus+puppet+state&pg=PA190">[3]</a>. Taylor and Francis, 2010, 944 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-56685-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-56685-1">0-415-56685-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Bartmann, Barry (2004). Bahcheli, Tozun; Bartmann, Barry; Srebrnik, Henry (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk2QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty</i></a>. Routledge. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135771218" title="Special:BookSources/9781135771218"><bdi>9781135771218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Facto+States%3A+The+Quest+for+Sovereignty&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135771218&rft.aulast=Bartmann&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGk2QAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd1993" class="citation book cs1">Dodd, Clement Henry (1993). <i>The political, social and economic development of Northern Cyprus</i>. Eothen Press. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906719183" title="Special:BookSources/9780906719183"><bdi>9780906719183</bdi></a>. <q>In short, the electorate of Northern Cyprus votes freely for its political leaders and gives them substantial support. Nor is Northern Cyprus a Turkish puppet state. Mr Denktas and the Turkish-Cypriot case have a powerful following in Turkey...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political%2C+social+and+economic+development+of+Northern+Cyprus&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Eothen+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780906719183&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Clement+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Kuzio, Taras</a> (6 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/russia-must-stop-being-an-empire-if-it-is-wishes-to-prosper-as-a-nation/">"Russia must stop being an empire if it is wishes to prosper as a nation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Russia+must+stop+being+an+empire+if+it+is+wishes+to+prosper+as+a+nation&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Frussia-must-stop-being-an-empire-if-it-is-wishes-to-prosper-as-a-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Dempsey" title="Judy Dempsey">Dempsey, Judy</a> (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/86512">"Judy Asks: Is Belarus's Sovereignty Over?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Judy+Asks%3A+Is+Belarus%27s+Sovereignty+Over%3F&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieeurope.eu%2Fstrategiceurope%2F86512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltiwanger2022" class="citation news cs1">Haltiwanger, Josh (14 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-bracing-for-possibility-of-another-russian-invasion-via-belarus-2022-12">"Ukrainian forces are bracing for the possibility of another Russian invasion via Belarus: 'We have to be ready'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+forces+are+bracing+for+the+possibility+of+another+Russian+invasion+via+Belarus%3A+%27We+have+to+be+ready%27&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft.aulast=Haltiwanger&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fukraine-bracing-for-possibility-of-another-russian-invasion-via-belarus-2022-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/02/25/putin-russia-ukraine-invasion-endgame-experts-00011652">"What Does Putin Really Want?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=What+Does+Putin+Really+Want%3F&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2022%2F02%2F25%2Fputin-russia-ukraine-invasion-endgame-experts-00011652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeryoma2023" class="citation news cs1">Yeryoma, Maria (4 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/is-belarus-occupied-by-russia/">"With the world looking away, Russia quietly took control over Belarus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=With+the+world+looking+away%2C+Russia+quietly+took+control+over+Belarus&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.aulast=Yeryoma&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fis-belarus-occupied-by-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamut2023" class="citation news cs1">Camut, Nicolas (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-is-occupying-belarus-opposition-leader-says/">"Russia is occupying Belarus, opposition leader says"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Russia+is+occupying+Belarus%2C+opposition+leader+says&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Camut&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Frussia-is-occupying-belarus-opposition-leader-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuppet+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Crawford, James (1979). <i>The Creation of States in International Law</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-22842-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-22842-3">978-0-199-22842-3</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppet_state&oldid=1258001455">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppet_state&oldid=1258001455</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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