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<span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhagavad_Gītā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhagavad_Gītā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Bhagavad Gītā</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhagavad_Gītā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-Tibetan_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Tibetan_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Indo-Tibetan tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Tibetan_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pranayama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="प्राणायाम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="प्राणायाम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="প্রাণায়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণায়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranaiama" title="Pranaiama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pranaiama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1n%C3%A1j%C3%A1ma" title="Pránájáma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pránájáma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="پرانایاما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرانایاما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="પ્રાણાયામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાણાયામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Պրանայամա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրանայամա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="प्राणायाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राणायाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranajama" title="Pranajama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pranajama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81y%C4%81ma" title="Prāṇāyāma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prāṇāyāma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಪ್ರಾಣಾಯಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಣಾಯಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranajama" title="Pranajama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pranajama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1n%C3%A1j%C3%A1ma" title="Pránájáma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pránájáma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രാണായാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാണായാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="प्राणायाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्राणायाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E" title="プラーナーヤーマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラーナーヤーマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranajama" title="Pranajama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pranajama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranaiama" title="Pranaiama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pranaiama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81y%C4%81ma" title="Prāṇāyāma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prāṇāyāma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пранаяма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пранаяма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="प्राणायामः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्राणायामः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1naj%C3%A1ma" title="Pránajáma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pránajáma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranajama" title="Pranajama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pranajama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pranayama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிராணயாமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிராணயாமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రాణాయామం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రాణాయామం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0" title="ปราณายามะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปราณายามะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пранаяма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пранаяма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E6%81%AF%E6%B3%95" title="調息法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="調息法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q839496#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of breath control in Yoga</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadishodhana_Pranayama_-_International_Day_of_Yoga_Celebration_-_NCSM_-_Kolkata_2017-06-21_2455.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nadishodhana_Pranayama_-_International_Day_of_Yoga_Celebration_-_NCSM_-_Kolkata_2017-06-21_2455.JPG/300px-Nadishodhana_Pranayama_-_International_Day_of_Yoga_Celebration_-_NCSM_-_Kolkata_2017-06-21_2455.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nadishodhana_Pranayama_-_International_Day_of_Yoga_Celebration_-_NCSM_-_Kolkata_2017-06-21_2455.JPG/450px-Nadishodhana_Pranayama_-_International_Day_of_Yoga_Celebration_-_NCSM_-_Kolkata_2017-06-21_2455.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nadishodhana_Pranayama_-_International_Day_of_Yoga_Celebration_-_NCSM_-_Kolkata_2017-06-21_2455.JPG/600px-Nadishodhana_Pranayama_-_International_Day_of_Yoga_Celebration_-_NCSM_-_Kolkata_2017-06-21_2455.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A group practising pranayama on the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (2017)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Pranayama</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: प्राणायाम, "Prāṇāyāma") is the <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yogic</a> practice of focusing on breath. In yoga, breath is associated with <i>prana</i>, thus, pranayama is a means to elevate the <i><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a></i>, or life energies. Pranayama is described in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i>. Later in <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> texts, it meant the complete suspension of breathing. The pranayama practices in modern <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a> are unlike those of the Hatha yoga tradition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Prāṇāyāma</i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">प्राणायाम</span></span> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāyāma</i></span></i>) is a Sanskrit compound. It is defined variously by different authors. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Anthony_Macdonell" title="Arthur Anthony Macdonell">Macdonell</a> gives the etymology as <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">prāṇa</i></span></i>), breath, + <i>āyāma</i> and defines it as the suspension of breath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonell1996185,_main_entry_''<span_title="International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_transliteration"><i_lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāghāta</i></span>''_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonell1996185,_main_entry_''<span_title="International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_transliteration"><i_lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāghāta</i></span>''-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumbhaka_terminology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kumbhaka_terminology.svg/300px-Kumbhaka_terminology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kumbhaka_terminology.svg/450px-Kumbhaka_terminology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kumbhaka_terminology.svg/600px-Kumbhaka_terminology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a> defined Pranayama in terms of the elements of <a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a>, breath retention.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a> defines the compound <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāyāma</i></span></i> as "of the three 'breath-exercises' performed during <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃdhyā</i></span> (<i>See</i> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pūrak</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rechak (English: retch or throw out)</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kumbhak</i></span></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-MW_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technical definition refers to a particular system of <a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">breath control with three processes</a> as explained by <a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Chandra_Nyayratna_Bhattacharyya" title="Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya">Bhattacharyya</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pūrak</i></span></i> (to take the breath inside), <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kumbhak</i></span></i> (to retain it), and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">rechak</i></span></i> (to discharge it). There are other processes of prāṇāyāma besides this three-step model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1999429_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1999429-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/V._S._Apte" class="mw-redirect" title="V. S. Apte">V. S. Apte</a>'s definition of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">āyāmaḥ</i></span></i> derives it from <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ā</i></span></i> + <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yām</i></span></i> and provides several variant meanings for it when used in compounds. The first three meanings have to do with "length", "expansion, extension", and "stretching, extending", but in the specific case of use in the compound <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāyāma</i></span></i> he defines <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">āyāmaḥ</i></span></i> as meaning "restrain, control, stopping".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ramamurti Mishra gives the definition: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Expansion of individual energy into cosmic energy is called <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāyāma</i></span></i> (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">prāṇa</i></span></i>, energy + <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ayām</i></span></i>, expansion).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMishra216_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishra216-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhagavad_Gītā"><span id="Bhagavad_G.C4.ABt.C4.81"></span><i>Bhagavad Gītā</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bhagavad Gītā"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pranayama is mentioned in verse 4.29 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gītā</a></i>, which states "Still others, who are inclined to the process of breath restraint to remain in trance, practice by offering the movement of the outgoing breath into the incoming, and the incoming breath into the outgoing, and thus at last remain in trance, stopping all breathing. Others, curtailing the eating process, offer the outgoing breath into itself as a sacrifice."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali"><i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yoga Sutras of Patanjali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pranayama is the fourth "limb" of the <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">eight limbs of Ashtanga Yoga</a>, as mentioned in verse 2.29 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimni1961205_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni1961205-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199697_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199697-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a>, discusses his specific approach to pranayama in verses 2.49 through 2.51, and devotes verses 2.52 and 2.53 to explaining the benefits of the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimni1961258–268_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni1961258–268-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patanjali does not fully elucidate the nature of prana, and the theory and practice of pranayama seem to have undergone significant development after him.<sup id="cite_ref-Pande90_97_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pande90_97-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In verse 1.34, pranayama is introduced as a method aimed at stabilizing the mind. The practice involves two primary techniques: exhalation, known as <i>pracchardana</i>, which entails expelling air from the stomach through the nostrils, and retention, <i>known as vidharana</i>, which focuses on the controlled restraint of breath. Pranayama supports advanced practitioners in gaining control over the mind and complements meditation, aiding in achieving a light body and steady mind by regulating breath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009130-132_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009130-132-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yoga teachers including <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> have advised that pranayama should be part of an overall practice that includes the other limbs of Patanjali's Raja Yoga teachings, especially <a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hatha_yoga">Hatha yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hatha yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> makes use of various pranayama techniques. The 15th century <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i> is a key text of this tradition and includes various forms of pranayama such as <a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a> breath retention and various body locks (<a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandha (Yoga)">Bandhas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of pranayama breathing include the alternate nostril breathing of <a href="/wiki/Nadi_Shodhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadi Shodhana">Nadi Shodhana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujjayi_breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujjayi breath">Ujjayi breath</a> ("Victorious Breath"), Sitali (breathing through the rolled tongue),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a> ("Bellows Breath"), <a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati_(Hatha_Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapalabhati (Hatha Yoga)">Kapalabhati</a> ("Skull-shining Breath", a <a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarma</a> purification),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surya Bhedana ("Sun-piercing Breath"),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the soothing Bhramari (buzzing like a bee).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> cautions that pranayama should only be undertaken when one has a firmly established yoga practice and then only under the guidance of an experienced Guru.<sup id="cite_ref-Iyengar_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Theos_Bernard" class="mw-redirect" title="Theos Bernard">Theos Bernard</a>, the ultimate aim of pranayama is the suspension of breathing (<a href="/wiki/Kevala_kumbhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala kumbhaka">kevala kumbhaka</a>), "causing the mind to swoon".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> writes, "The real meaning of Pranayama, according to Patanjali, the founder of Yoga philosophy, is the gradual cessation of breathing, the discontinuance of inhalation and exhalation".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga_as_exercise">Yoga as exercise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yoga as exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The yoga scholar <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Jain">Andrea Jain</a> states that pranayama was "marginal to the most widely cited sources" before the 20th century, and that the breathing practices were "dramatically" unlike the modern ones. She writes that while pranayama in modern <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a> consists of synchronising the breath with movements (between <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a>), in texts like the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i>, pranayama meant "complete cessation of breathing", for which she cites Bronkhorst 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Buddhist Canon</a>, the Buddha prior to his enlightenment practiced a meditative technique which involved pressing the palate with the tongue and forcibly attempting to restrain the breath. This is described as both extremely painful and not conducive to enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Buddhist teachings or metaphors, breathing is said to stop with the fourth <a href="/wiki/Jhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana">jhana</a>, though this is a side-effect of the technique and does not come about as the result of purposeful effort.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddha did incorporate moderate modulation of the length of breath as part of the preliminary tetrad in the <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapanasati Sutta">Anapanasati Sutta</a>. Its use there is preparation for concentration. According to commentarial literature, this is appropriate for beginners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Tibetan_tradition">Indo-Tibetan tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indo-Tibetan tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later Indo-Tibetan developments in Buddhist pranayama which are similar to Hindu forms can be seen as early as the 11th century, in the Buddhist text titled the <i>Amṛtasiddhi</i>, which teaches three bandhas in connection with yogic breathing (<a href="/wiki/Kumbakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbakha">kumbakha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tibetan Buddhist breathing exercises such as the "nine breathings of purification" or the "Ninefold Expulsion of Stale Vital Energy" (<i>rlung ro dgu shrugs</i>), a form of alternate nostril breathing, commonly include visualizations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> these practices are collected in the textual cycle known as "The Oral Transmission of <a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a>" (<i>Vai ro snyan brgyud</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yoga has positive effects on <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate_variability" title="Heart rate variability">heart rate variability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">baroreflex</a> sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a systematic review of yoga breathing exercises and blood pressure, a moderate but statistically significant beneficial effect was found.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A meta-analysis of "voluntary slow breathing", <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate_variability" title="Heart rate variability">heart rate variability</a> found that such breathing leads to an increase in the <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic nervous</a> control of the heart, and notes "By considering the importance of the parasympathetic nervous system for health-related issues, <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve_stimulation" title="Vagus nerve stimulation">stimulating</a> non-invasively the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> represents a valid target."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complete_breathing" title="Complete breathing">Complete breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranahuti_(Yogic_Transmission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranahuti (Yogic Transmission)">Pranahuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingqi_(circulating_breath)" title="Xingqi (circulating breath)">Xingqi (circulating breath)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonell1996185,_main_entry_''<span_title="International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_transliteration"><i_lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāghāta</i></span>''-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonell1996185,_main_entry_''<span_title="International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_transliteration"><i_lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāghāta</i></span>''_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacdonell1996">Macdonell 1996</a>, p. 185, main entry <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">prāṇāghāta</i></span></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MW_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0700/mw__0739.html">706, left column.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1999429-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1999429_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharyya1999">Bhattacharyya 1999</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See main article <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">आयामः</span></span> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">āyāmaḥ</i></span>) in: Apte, p. 224. Passages cited by Apte for this usage are Bhagavatgita 4.29 and Manusmriti 2.83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishra216-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMishra216_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMishra">Mishra</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gambhirananda, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhagavad-gita.us/bhagavad-gita-4-29/">"Bhagwat Geeta 4.29"</a>. <i>Bhagwat Geeta with commentaries of Ramanuja, Madhva, Shankara and others</i>. 13 Sep 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bhagwat+Geeta+with+commentaries+of+Ramanuja%2C+Madhva%2C+Shankara+and+others.&rft.atitle=Bhagwat+Geeta+4.29&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhagavad-gita.us%2Fbhagavad-gita-4-29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni1961205-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimni1961205_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaimni1961">Taimni 1961</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199697-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199697_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni1961258–268-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimni1961258–268_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaimni1961">Taimni 1961</a>, pp. 258–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pande90_97-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pande90_97_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPande1990" class="citation book cs1">Pande, Govind Chandra (1990). <i>Foundations of Indian Culture: Spiritual Vision and Symbolic Forms in Ancient India</i> (Second ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/488464360">488464360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Indian+Culture%3A+Spiritual+Vision+and+Symbolic+Forms+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=97&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F488464360&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Govind+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009130-132-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009130-132_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. 130-132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iyengar-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">Iyengar, B. K. S.</a> (2011). <i>Light on prāṇāyāma: the yogic art of breathing</i>. New York: Crossroad. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809217248">809217248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+on+pr%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81y%C4%81ma%3A+the+yogic+art+of+breathing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crossroad&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809217248&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=B.+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2011). Knut A. Jacobsen; et al., eds. Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3. Brill Academic. pp. 772-773. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27128-9">978-90-04-27128-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3491519">"The Original Gorakṣaśataka"</a>. In White, David Gordon (ed.). <i>Yoga in Practice</i>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 257–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Original+Gorak%E1%B9%A3a%C5%9Bataka&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+Practice&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=257-272&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3491519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budilovsky, Joan; Adamson, Eve (2000). The complete idiot's guide to yoga (2 ed.). Penguin. Chapter 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-863970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-863970-3">978-0-02-863970-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/9502/surya-bhedana-pranayama">"Surya Bhedana Pranayama"</a>. Yogapedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>In its simplest form, surya bhedana pranayama is inhaling fully through the right nostril, holding the breath and then exhaling through the left nostril. ... The pingala nadi, which represents masculine sun energy, begins in the muladhara (root) chakra and ends at the right nostril, which serves as a sort of entrance to this sun energy. By practicing surya bhedana pranayama, the yogi taps into and activates the pingala nadi energy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surya+Bhedana+Pranayama&rft.pub=Yogapedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogapedia.com%2Fdefinition%2F9502%2Fsurya-bhedana-pranayama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrahinsky2017" class="citation web cs1">Brahinsky, Rachel (12 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/buzz-away-the-buzzing-mind">"Use "Bee Breath" to Get Anxiety to Buzz Off"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Use+%22Bee+Breath%22+to+Get+Anxiety+to+Buzz+Off&rft.pub=Yoga+Journal&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft.aulast=Brahinsky&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fpractice%2Fbuzz-away-the-buzzing-mind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theos_Casimir_Bernard" title="Theos Casimir Bernard">Bernard, Theos</a> (2007). <i>Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience</i>. Harmony. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9552412-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9552412-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9552412-2-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230987898">230987898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatha+Yoga%3A+The+Report+of+A+Personal+Experience&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Harmony&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230987898&rft.isbn=978-0-9552412-2-2&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Theos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogananda2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda, Paramahansa</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltl1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10"><i>The Essence of Kriya Yoga</i></a> (1st ed.). Alight Publications. p. part10 (online). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931833189" title="Special:BookSources/978-1931833189"><bdi>978-1931833189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Kriya+Yoga&rft.pages=part10+%28online%29&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Alight+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1931833189&rft.aulast=Yogananda&rft.aufirst=Paramahansa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dltl1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2007" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). <i>Greater Maghada: Studies in the Culture of Early India</i>. Brill. pp. 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Maghada%3A+Studies+in+the+Culture+of+Early+India&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Jain">Jain, Andrea</a> (2015). <i>Selling Yoga: from Counterculture to Pop culture</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939024-3"><bdi>978-0-19-939024-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878953765">878953765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Yoga%3A+from+Counterculture+to+Pop+culture&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878953765&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939024-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a>, <i>The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India.</i> Franz Steiner Verlag Weisbaden GmbH, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a>, <i>The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India.</i> Franz Steiner Verlag Weisbaden GmbH, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Conze, <i>Buddhist Meditation.</i> Harper & Row, 1956, p. 66. Regarding the Buddha's incorporation of pranayama see also <a href="/wiki/Buddhadasa" title="Buddhadasa">Buddhadasa</a>, <i>Mindfulness with Breathing.</i> Revised edition published by Wisdom Publications, 1997, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2018). "The Amṛtasiddhi: Haṭhayoga's Tantric Buddhist Source Text". In Dominic Goodall; <a href="/wiki/Shaman_Hatley" title="Shaman Hatley">Shaman Hatley</a>; Harunaga Isaacson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26700528"><i>Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: A Festschrift for Alexis Sanderson</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–3 with footnotes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Am%E1%B9%9Btasiddhi%3A+Ha%E1%B9%ADhayoga%27s+Tantric+Buddhist+Source+Text&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaivism+and+the+Tantric+Traditions%3A+A+Festschrift+for+Alexis+Sanderson&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1-3+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26700528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tenzin Wangyal. Awakening the Sacred Body, page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">B. Alan Wallace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meridian-trust.org/video/tsalung-practice-ninefold-expulsion-of-stale-vital-energy/"><i>Tsalung Practice-Ninefold Expulsion of Stale Vital Energy</i></a> (video). Meridian Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsalung+Practice-Ninefold+Expulsion+of+Stale+Vital+Energy&rft.pub=Meridian+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeridian-trust.org%2Fvideo%2Ftsalung-practice-ninefold-expulsion-of-stale-vital-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chogyal Namkhai Norbu, Trans. by Adriano Clemente. Yantra Yoga Snow Lion Publications, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFricchione2022" class="citation cs2">Fricchione, Gregory (2022), Basu-Ray, Indranill; Mehta, Darshan (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6913-2_4">"Yoga in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease: A Brief Introduction"</a>, <i>The Principles and Practice of Yoga in Cardiovascular Medicine</i>, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 55–66, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-6913-2_4">10.1007/978-981-16-6913-2_4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-6913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-6913-2"><bdi>978-981-16-6913-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-30</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Principles+and+Practice+of+Yoga+in+Cardiovascular+Medicine&rft.atitle=Yoga+in+the+Management+of+Cardiovascular+Disease%3A+A+Brief+Introduction&rft.pages=55-66&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-6913-2_4&rft.isbn=978-981-16-6913-2&rft.aulast=Fricchione&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-6913-2_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargMendirattaBangaBucharles2023" class="citation journal cs1">Garg, Piyush; Mendiratta, Ayushi; Banga, Akshat; Bucharles, Anna Carolina Flumignan; Piccoli, Maria Victória Ferreira; Kamaraj, Balakrishnan; Qasba, Rakhtan K.; Bansal, Vikas; Kashyap, Rahul (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2823%2902275-1">"Effect of Breathing Exercises on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"</a>. <i>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</i>. <b>81</b> (8): 1831. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2823%2902275-1">10.1016/S0735-1097(23)02275-1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Breathing+Exercises+on+Blood+Pressure+and+Heart+Rate%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1831&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2823%2902275-1&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=Piyush&rft.au=Mendiratta%2C+Ayushi&rft.au=Banga%2C+Akshat&rft.au=Bucharles%2C+Anna+Carolina+Flumignan&rft.au=Piccoli%2C+Maria+Vict%C3%B3ria+Ferreira&rft.au=Kamaraj%2C+Balakrishnan&rft.au=Qasba%2C+Rakhtan+K.&rft.au=Bansal%2C+Vikas&rft.au=Kashyap%2C+Rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0735-1097%252823%252902275-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabordeAllenBorgesDosseville2022" class="citation journal cs1">Laborde, S.; Allen, M. S.; Borges, U.; Dosseville, F.; Hosang, T. J.; Iskra, M.; Mosley, E.; Salvotti, C.; Spolverato, L.; Zammit, N.; Javelle, F. (2022-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2022.104711">"Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: A systematic review and a meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews</i>. <b>138</b>: 104711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2022.104711">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104711</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7634">0149-7634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623448">35623448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+%26+Biobehavioral+Reviews&rft.atitle=Effects+of+voluntary+slow+breathing+on+heart+rate+and+heart+rate+variability%3A+A+systematic+review+and+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=138&rft.pages=104711&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.issn=0149-7634&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35623448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2022.104711&rft.aulast=Laborde&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Allen%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Borges%2C+U.&rft.au=Dosseville%2C+F.&rft.au=Hosang%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Iskra%2C+M.&rft.au=Mosley%2C+E.&rft.au=Salvotti%2C+C.&rft.au=Spolverato%2C+L.&rft.au=Zammit%2C+N.&rft.au=Javelle%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neubiorev.2022.104711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranayama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyya1999" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharyya, Narendra Nath (1999). <i>History of the Tantric Religion</i> (Second ed.). Delhi: Manohar Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-025-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-025-7"><bdi>81-7304-025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Tantric+Religion&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Manohar+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7304-025-7&rft.aulast=Bhattacharyya&rft.aufirst=Narendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2009" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin F. (2009). <i>The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation and Commentary</i>. New York: North Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865477360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865477360"><bdi>978-0865477360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+S%C5%ABtras+of+Pata%C3%B1jali%3A+A+New+Edition%2C+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0865477360&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996). <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell1996" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1996). <i>A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary</i>. Munshiram Monoharlal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0715-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0715-4"><bdi>81-215-0715-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.pub=Munshiram+Monoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-215-0715-4&rft.aulast=Macdonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Ramamurti. <i>Fundamentals of Yoga</i>. Baba Bhagavandas Publication Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Baba+Bhagavandas+Publication+Trust&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Ramamurti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaimni1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._K._Taimni" title="I. K. Taimni">Taimni, I. K.</a> (1961). <i>The Science of Yoga</i> (Eighth Reprint, 1993 ed.). Adyar, India: The Theosophical Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7059-212-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7059-212-7"><bdi>81-7059-212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Yoga&rft.place=Adyar%2C+India&rft.edition=Eighth+Reprint%2C+1993&rft.pub=The+Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=81-7059-212-7&rft.aulast=Taimni&rft.aufirst=I.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APranayama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zaccaro, Andrea et al. (2018). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353/full">How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing</a>.</i> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoga_as_exercise" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Template talk:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_as_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga as exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_as_exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meditation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meditation" title="Template:Meditation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meditation" title="Template talk:Meditation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meditation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_activity_and_meditation" title="Brain activity and meditation">Brain activity and meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of meditation">History of meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation in popular culture">Meditation in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_meditation" title="Effects of meditation">Research on meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Taoist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancemeditation" title="Dancemeditation">Dancemeditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyāna (Hindu meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic meditation">Islamic meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Jain meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Jewish meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#New_Age" title="Meditation">New Age meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neigong" title="Neigong">Neigong</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Method" title="Silva Method">Silva Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental meditation (TM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Vipassanā (Silent meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_zhuang" title="Zhan zhuang"><i>Zhan zhuang</i> (tai chi standing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Rhythms" title="5Rhythms">5Rhythms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwave_entrainment" title="Brainwave entrainment">Brainwave entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing" title="Diaphragmatic breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscious_breathing" title="Conscious breathing">Conscious breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided meditation">Guided meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_music" title="Meditation music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_poetry" title="Meditative poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Postures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_technique" title="Relaxation technique">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">Samyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#Sound-based_meditation" title="Meditation">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Focused attention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Open awareness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Ch%C3%B6dr%C3%B6n" title="Pema Chödrön">Pema Chödrön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Piver" title="Susan Piver">Susan Piver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Sharon Salzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goleman" title="Daniel Goleman">Daniel Goleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Batchelor" title="Martine Batchelor">Martine Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_the_Meditative_Experience" title="The Varieties of the Meditative Experience">The Varieties of the Meditative Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_and_pain" title="Meditation and pain">Meditation and pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meditation" title="Category:Meditation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839496#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pránajáma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph695076&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534690005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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