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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complex_kennings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_kennings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Complex kennings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_kennings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order_and_comprehension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order_and_comprehension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Word order and comprehension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order_and_comprehension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ellipsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ellipsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ellipsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ellipsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Norse_kennings_in_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Norse_kennings_in_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Old Norse kennings in context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Norse_kennings_in_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_English_and_other_kennings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_English_and_other_kennings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Old English and other kennings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_English_and_other_kennings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenninq" title="Kenninq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kenninq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кенинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кенинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کنینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%8B%9D%EA%B7%B8" title="케닝그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케닝그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кеннинг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кеннинг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ケニング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケニング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjenning" title="Kjenning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjenning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кеннинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кеннинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kenning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Кеннінґ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кеннінґ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E9%9A%B1%E5%96%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="日耳曼詩歌中的複合隱喻語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日耳曼詩歌中的複合隱喻語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q952912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Figure of speech</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">kerning</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kenning_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kenning (disambiguation)">Kenning (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf.Kenning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beowulf.Kenning.jpg/250px-Beowulf.Kenning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beowulf.Kenning.jpg/330px-Beowulf.Kenning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beowulf.Kenning.jpg/500px-Beowulf.Kenning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> manuscript of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, showing the words <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ofer hron rade</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">over the whale's road</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">over the sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>kenning</b> (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="is-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[cʰɛnːiŋk]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">figure of speech</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Figurative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Figurative language">figuratively</a>-phrased <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> term that is used in place of a simple single-word <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> kenning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">whale's road</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hron rade</i></span>) means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, as does <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">swanrād</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">swan's road</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p><p>A kenning has two parts: a base-word (also known as a head-word) and a determinant. So in <i>whale's road</i>, <i>road</i> is the base-word, and <i>whale's</i> is the determinant. This is the same structure as in the modern English term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skyscraper" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:skyscraper">skyscraper</a></i>; the base-word here would be <i>scraper</i>, and the determinant <i>sky</i>. In some languages, kennings can <a href="/wiki/Recurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Recurse">recurse</a>, with one element of the kenning being replaced by another kenning. </p><p>The meaning of the kenning is known as its referent (in the case of <i>whale's road</i>, <i>sea</i> is the referent). Note that <i>skyscraper</i> is not a kenning, as it is not a <a href="/wiki/Circumlocution" title="Circumlocution">circumlocution</a> for a simpler term; it just means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a very tall building</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p><p>Kennings are strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse-Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English poetry">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>. They continued to be a feature of Icelandic poetry (including <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmur" title="Rímur">rímur</a></i></span>) for centuries, together with the closely related <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">heiti</a></i></span>. Although kennings are sometimes hyphenated in English translation, Old Norse poetry did not require kennings to be in normal word order, nor do the parts of the kenning need to be side-by-side. The lack of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical cases">grammatical cases</a> in modern English makes this aspect of kennings difficult to translate. Kennings are now rarely used in English, but are still used in the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language family">Germanic language family</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The corresponding modern verb <i>to ken</i> survives in Scots and English dialects and in general English through the derivative existing in the standard language in the set expression <i>beyond one's ken</i>, "beyond the scope of one's knowledge" and in the phonologically altered forms <i>uncanny</i>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">surreal, supernatural</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and <i>canny</i>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">shrewd, prudent</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> retains (with slight differences between dialects) <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">tae ken</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to know</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">kent</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">knew</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">known</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">ken</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">be acquainted with</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to know</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">kennis</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">knowledge</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">kenna</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Modern Icelandic</a> <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">kenna</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">känna</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">kende</i></span>, Norwegian <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">kjenne</i></span> or <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">kjenna</i></span>) is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cennan</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">kenna</i></span>, <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">kanna</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> (<span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">ant</i></span>)<span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">kennian</i></span> (Middle Dutch and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">kennen</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> (<span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">ir-</i></span>, <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">in-</i></span>, <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">pi-</i></span>) <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">chennan</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">kennen</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">kannjan</i></span> < <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">kannjanan</i></span>, originally <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> of <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">kunnanan</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to know (how to)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, whence <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <i>can</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to be able</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. The word ultimately derives from <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">ǵneh₃</i></span>, the same <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root that yields Modern English <i>know</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>-derived terms such as <i>cognition</i> and <i>ignorant</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">gnosis</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_Online_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_Online-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Norse kennings take the form of a genitive phrase (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">báru fákr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wave's horse</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ship</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rn_Hornklofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Þorbjörn Hornklofi">Þorbjörn Hornklofi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glymdr%C3%A1pa" title="Glymdrápa">Glymdrápa</a> 3)) or a <a href="/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compound word</a> (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">gjálfr-marr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sea-steed</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ship</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Anon.: <i><a href="/wiki/Hervararkvi%C3%B0a" title="Hervararkviða">Hervararkviða</a></i> 27)). The simplest kennings consist of a base-word (Icelandic <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">stofnorð</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grundwort</i></span>) and a determinant (Icelandic <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">kenniorð</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bestimmung</i></span>) which qualifies, or modifies, the meaning of the base-word. The determinant may be a noun used uninflected as the first element in a compound word, with the base-word constituting the second element of the compound word. Alternatively the determinant may be a noun in the genitive case placed before or after the base-word, either directly or separated from the base-word by intervening words.<sup id="cite_ref-skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus the base-words in these examples are <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">fákr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">horse</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">marr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">steed</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, the determinants <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">báru</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">waves</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">gjálfr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. The unstated noun which the kenning refers to is called its referent, in this case: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">skip</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ship</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p><p>The base-word of the kenning <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">íss rauðra randa</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">icicle of red shields</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> [SWORD], <a href="/wiki/Einarr_Sk%C3%BAlason" title="Einarr Skúlason">Einarr Skúlason</a>: <i>Øxarflokkr</i> 9) is <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">íss</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ice, icicle</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and the determinant is <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">rǫnd</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">rim, shield-rim, shield</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The referent is <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sword</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p><p>In Old Norse poetry, either component of a kenning (base-word, determinant or both) could consist of an ordinary noun or a <i><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">heiti</a></i> "poetic synonym". In the above examples, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">fákr</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">marr</i></span> are distinctively poetic <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a>; the normal word for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">horse</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> in Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> is <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">hestr</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_kennings">Complex kennings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Complex kennings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalds</a> also employed complex kennings in which the determinant, or sometimes the base-word, is itself made up of a further kenning: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">grennir gunn-más</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">feeder of war-gull</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">feeder of <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">raven</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">warrior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rn_Hornklofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Þorbjörn Hornklofi">Þorbjörn Hornklofi</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Glymdr%C3%A1pa" title="Glymdrápa">Glymdrápa</a></i> 6); <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">eyðendr arnar hungrs</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">destroyers of eagle's hunger</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">feeders of eagle</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">warrior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Þorbjörn Þakkaskáld: Erlingsdrápa 1) (referring to <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a> birds <a href="/wiki/Scavenging" class="mw-redirect" title="Scavenging">scavenging</a> after a battle). Where one kenning is embedded in another like this, the whole figure is said to be <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">tvíkent</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">doubly determined, twice modified</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequently, where the determinant is itself a kenning, the base-word of the kenning that makes up the determinant is attached uninflected to the front of the base-word of the whole kenning to form a compound word: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">mög-fellandi mellu</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">son-slayer of giantess</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">slayer of sons of giantess</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">slayer of giants</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the god <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lausav%C3%ADsa" title="Lausavísa">Lausavísa</a> 2). </p><p>If the figure comprises more than three elements, it is said to be <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">rekit</i></span> "extended".<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennings of up to seven elements are recorded in skaldic verse.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snorri himself characterises five-element kennings as an acceptable license but cautions against more extreme constructions: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Níunda er þat at reka til hinnar fimtu kenningar, er ór ættum er ef lengra er rekit; en þótt þat finnisk í fornskálda verka, þá látum vér þat nú ónýtt.</i></span> "The ninth [license] is extending a kenning to the fifth determinant, but it is out of proportion if it is extended further. Even if it can be found in the works of ancient poets, we no longer tolerate it."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest kenning found in skaldic poetry occurs in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafger%C3%B0ingadr%C3%A1pa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafgerðingadrápa (page does not exist)">Hafgerðingadrápa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0r_Sj%C3%A1reksson" title="Þórðr Sjáreksson">Þórðr Sjáreksson</a> and reads <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">nausta blakks hlé-mána gífrs drífu gim-slöngvir</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fire-brandisher of blizzard of ogress of protection-moon of steed of boat-shed</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, which simply means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">warrior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order_and_comprehension">Word order and comprehension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Word order and comprehension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">Word order</a> in Old Norse was generally much freer than in Modern English because Old Norse and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> are <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic languages</a>, where added prefixes and suffixes to the root word (the core noun, verb, adjective or adverb) carry grammatical meanings, whereas Middle English and Modern English use word order to carry grammatical information, as <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic languages</a>. This freedom is exploited to the full in skaldic verse and taken to extremes far beyond what would be natural in prose. Other words can intervene between a base-word and its genitive determinant, and occasionally between the elements of a compound word (<a href="/wiki/Tmesis" title="Tmesis">tmesis</a>). Kennings, and even whole clauses, can be interwoven. Ambiguity is usually less than it would be if an English text were subjected to the same contortions, thanks to the more elaborate <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> of Old Norse. </p><p>Another factor aiding comprehension is that Old Norse kennings tend to be highly conventional. Most refer to the same small set of topics, and do so using a relatively small set of traditional metaphors. Thus a leader or important man will be characterised as generous, according to one common convention, and called an "enemy of gold", "attacker of treasure", "destroyer of <a href="/wiki/Arm_ring" title="Arm ring">arm-rings</a>", etc. and a friend of his people. Nevertheless, there are many instances of ambiguity in the corpus, some of which may be intentional,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some evidence that, rather than merely accepting it from expediency, skalds favoured contorted word order for its own sake.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantics">Semantics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennings could be developed into extended, and sometimes vivid, metaphors: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">tröddusk törgur fyr [...] hjalta harðfótum</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">shields were trodden under the hard feet of the hilt (sword blades)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/Eyvindr_Sk%C3%A1ldaspillir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyvindr Skáldaspillir">Eyvindr Skáldaspillir</a>: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l" title="Hákonarmál">Hákonarmál</a> 6); <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">svarraði sárgymir á sverða nesi</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">{{{1}}}</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Eyvindr Skáldaspillir: Hákonarmál 7).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snorri calls such examples <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">nýgervingar</i></span> and exemplifies them in verse 6 of his Háttatal. The effect here seems to depend on an interplay of more or less naturalistic imagery and jarring artifice. But the skalds were not averse either to arbitrary, purely decorative, use of kennings: "That is, a ruler will be a distributor of gold even when he is fighting a battle and gold will be called the fire of the sea even when it is in the form of a man's <a href="/wiki/Arm_ring" title="Arm ring">arm-ring</a> on his arm. If the man wearing a gold ring is fighting a battle on land the mention of the sea will have no relevance to his situation at all and does not contribute to the picture of the battle being described" (Faulkes (1997), pp. 8–9). </p><p>Snorri draws the line at mixed metaphor, which he terms <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">nykrat</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">made monstrous</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Snorri Sturluson: Háttatal 6), and his nephew called the practice <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">löstr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a fault</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Óláfr Þórðarson">Óláfr hvítaskáld</a>: Third Grammatical Treatise 80).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, it seems that "many poets did not object to and some must have preferred baroque juxtapositions of unlike kennings and neutral or incongruous verbs in their verses" (Foote & Wilson (1970), p. 332). E.g. <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">heyr jarl Kvasis dreyra</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">{{{1}}}</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/Einarr_sk%C3%A1laglamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Einarr skálaglamm">Einarr skálaglamm</a>: Vellekla 1). </p><p>Sometimes there is a kind of redundancy whereby the referent of the whole kenning, or a kenning for it, is embedded: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">barmi dólg-svölu</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">brother of hostility-swallow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">brother of raven</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">raven</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Oddr breiðfirðingr: Illugadrápa 1); <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">blik-meiðendr bauga láðs</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">gleam-harmers of the land of rings</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">harmers of gleam of arm</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">harmers of ring</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">leaders, nobles, men of social standing (conceived of as generously destroying gold, i.e. giving it away freely)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Anon.: Líknarbraut 42). </p><p>While some Old Norse kennings are relatively transparent, many depend on a knowledge of specific <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">myths</a> or legends. Thus the sky might be called naturalistically <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">él-ker</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">squall-vat</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Markús Skeggjason: Eiríksdrápa 3) or described in mythical terms as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Ymis haus</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a>'s skull</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/Arn%C3%B3rr_jarlask%C3%A1ld" title="Arnórr jarlaskáld">Arnórr jarlaskáld</a>: Magnúsdrápa 19), referring to the idea that the sky was made out of the skull of the primeval giant Ymir. Still others name mythical entities according to certain conventions without reference to a specific story: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">rimmu Yggr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> of battle</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">warrior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Arnórr jarlaskáld: Magnúsdrápa 5). </p><p>Poets in medieval Iceland even treated Christian themes using the traditional repertoire of kennings complete with allusions to <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">heathen myths</a> and aristocratic epithets for saints: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Þrúðr falda</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">goddess of headdresses</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = '<a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine</a>' (Kálfr Hallsson: Kátrínardrápa 4).<sup id="cite_ref-skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennings of the type AB, where B routinely has the characteristic A and thus this AB is tautological, tend to mean "like B in that it has the characteristic A", e.g. <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">shield-<a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, tautological because the god Njörðr by nature has his own shield, means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">like Njörðr in that he has a shield</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, i.e. <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">warrior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. A modern English example is "<a href="/wiki/Jezebel#Cultural_symbol" title="Jezebel">painted Jezebel</a>" as a disapproving expression for a woman too fond of using cosmetics. </p><p>Kennings may include proper names. A modern example of this is an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> usage by a <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter ambulance">helicopter ambulance</a> pilot: "the <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hang_glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Hang glider">hang gliders</a>" for the hills behind <a href="/wiki/Hawes" title="Hawes">Hawes</a> in Yorkshire in England, when he found the air over the emergency site crowded with hang-gliders.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes a name given to one well-known member of a species is used to mean any member of that species. For example, Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">valr</i></span> means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, but Old Norse mythology mentions a horse named Valr, and thus in Old Norse poetry <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">valr</i></span> is sometimes used to mean <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">horse</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ellipsis">Ellipsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ellipsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A term may be omitted from a well-known kenning: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">val-teigs Hildr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hawk-ground's <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">valkyrie</a>/goddess</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Haraldr Harðráði</a>: Lausavísa 19). The full expression implied here is <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">goddess of gleam/fire/adornment of ground/land/seat/perch of hawk</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">goddess of gleam of arm</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">goddess of gold</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">lady</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (characterised according to convention as wearing golden jewellery, the arm-kenning being a reference to <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a>). The poet relies on listeners' familiarity with such conventions to carry the meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars take the term kenning broadly to include any noun-substitute consisting of two or more elements, including merely descriptive epithets (such as Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">grand viðar</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bane of wood</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fire</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Snorri Sturluson: <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a> 36)),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others would restrict it to <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorical</a> instances (such as Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">sól húsanna</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sun of the houses</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fire</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Snorri Sturluson: Skáldskaparmál 36)),<sup id="cite_ref-Heusler_1941,_p._137_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heusler_1941,_p._137-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically those where "[t]he base-word identifies the referent with something which it is not, except in a specially conceived relation which the poet imagines between it and the sense of the limiting element'" (Brodeur (1959) pp. 248–253). Some even exclude naturalistic metaphors such as Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">forstes bend</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bond of frost</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ice</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">winter-ġewǣde</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">winter-raiment</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">snow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>: "A metaphor is a kenning only if it contains an incongruity between the referent and the meaning of the base-word; in the kenning the limiting word is essential to the figure because without it the incongruity would make any identification impossible" (Brodeur (1959) pp. 248–253). Descriptive epithets are a common literary device in many parts of the world, whereas kennings in this restricted sense are a distinctive feature of Old Norse and, to a lesser extent, Old English poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snorri's own usage, however, seems to fit the looser sense: "Snorri uses the term 'kenning' to refer to a structural device, whereby a person or object is indicated by a periphrastic description containing two or more terms (which can be a noun with one or more dependent <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitives</a> or a compound noun or a combination of these two structures)" (Faulkes (1998 a), p. xxxiv). The term is certainly applied to non-metaphorical phrases in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a>: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">En sú kenning er áðr var ritat, at kalla Krist konung manna, þá kenning má eiga hverr konungr.</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">And that kenning which was written before, calling Christ the king of men, any king can have that kenning.</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1ttatal" title="Háttatal">Háttatal</a>: <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Þat er kenning at kalla fleinbrak orrostu [...]</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">It is a kenning to call battle 'spear-crash' [...]</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snorri's expression <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">kend <a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">heiti</a></i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">qualified terms</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> appears to be synonymous with <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">kenningar</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Brodeur applies this more specifically to those periphrastic epithets which do not come under his strict definition of kenning.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sverdlov approaches the question from a morphological standpoint. Noting that the modifying component in Germanic compound words can take the form of a genitive or a bare root, he points to behavioural similarities between genitive determinants and the modifying element in regular Old Norse compound words, such as the fact that neither can be modified by a free-standing (declined) adjective.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this view, all kennings are formally compounds, notwithstanding widespread tmesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Norse_kennings_in_context">Old Norse kennings in context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Old Norse kennings in context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kenning" title="Special:EditPage/Kenning">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the following <span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dróttkvætt">dróttkvætt</a></span></span> stanza, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> <a href="/wiki/Eyvindr_sk%C3%A1ldaspillir" title="Eyvindr skáldaspillir">Eyvindr skáldaspillir</a> (died ca. 990) compares the greed of King <a href="/wiki/Harald_Greycloak" title="Harald Greycloak">Harald Greycloak</a> (Old Norse: <i lang="non">Haraldr</i>) to the generosity of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a> (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Hákon</i></span>): </p> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Bárum, Ullr, of alla,<br /> ímunlauks, á hauka<br /> fjöllum Fýrisvalla<br /> fræ Hákonar ævi;<br /> <br /> nú hefr fólkstríðir Fróða<br /> fáglýjaðra þýja<br /> meldr í móður holdi<br /> mellu dolgs of folginn</i></span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 2em;">—Eyvindr skáldaspillir, <i><a href="/wiki/Lausav%C3%ADsa" title="Lausavísa">Lausavísa</a></i></span> </p> </div> <p>A literal translation reveals several kennings: "<b><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a> of the war-<a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>!</b> We carried the <b>seed of <a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fýrisvellir</a></b> on our <b>hawk-mountains</b> during all of Haakon's life; now the enemy of the people has hidden the <b>flour of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i" title="Fróði">Fróði</a>'s hapless slaves</b> in the <b>flesh of the mother of the enemy of the giantess.</b>" </p><p>This could be paraphrased as "O warrior, we carried gold on our arms during all of King Haakon's life; now the enemy of the people has hidden gold in the earth." The kennings are: </p><p><b><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Ullr ... ímunlauks</i></span></b>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">warrior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></i>, the name of a god, and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">ímun-laukr</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sword</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (literally <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">war-leek</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). By convention, the name of any god can be associated with another word to produce a kenning for a certain type of man; here "Ullr of the sword" means <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">warrior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. <i>War-leek</i> is a kenning for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sword</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> that likens the shape of the sword to that of a leek. The warrior referred to may be King Harald. </p><p><b><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Hauka fjöllum</i></span></b>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">arms</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, from <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">hauka</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hawk</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">fjöll</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">mountain</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. This is a reference to the sport of <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a>, where a bird of prey is perched on the arm of the falconer. By convention, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hawk</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> combined with a term for a geographic feature forms a kenning for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">arm</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p><p><b><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Fýrisvalla fræ</i></span></b>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">gold</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fýrisvellir</a></i>, the plains of the river Fýri, and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">fræ</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">seed</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. This is an allusion to a legend retold in <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_kraka" title="Hrólfs saga kraka">Hrólfs saga kraka</a></i> in which King Hrolf and his men scattered gold on the plains (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">vellir</i></span>) of the river Fýri south of <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a> to delay their pursuers. </p><p><b><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Fróða fáglýjaðra þýja meldr</i></span></b>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">flour of Fróði's hapless slaves</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, is another kenning for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">gold</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. It alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Grottas%C3%B6ngr" title="Grottasöngr">Grottasöngr</a> legend. </p><p><b><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">Móður hold mellu dolgs</i></span></b>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">flesh of the mother of the enemy of the giantess</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">earth</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Here the earth is personified as the goddess <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, enemy of the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jǫtnar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_English_and_other_kennings">Old English and other kennings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Old English and other kennings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The practice of forming kennings has traditionally been seen as a common Germanic inheritance, but this has been disputed since, among the early Germanic languages, their use is largely restricted to Old Norse and Old English poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-Heusler_1941,_p._137_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heusler_1941,_p._137-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible early kenning for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">gold</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">walha-kurna</i></span> "Roman/Gallic grain") is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a> runic inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Tjurk%C3%B6_bracteates" title="Tjurkö bracteates">Tjurkö (I)-C bracteate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennings are virtually absent from the surviving corpus of continental West Germanic verse; the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a> contains only one example: <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">lîk-hamo</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">body-raiment</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">body</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Heliand 3453 b),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a compound which, in any case, is normal in <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> prose (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">līchama</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">lîchamo</i></span>, <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">lîchinamo</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">lichaam</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">líkamr</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">líkami</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Swedish</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non-Latn">līkhamber</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">lekamen</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Norwegian Bokmål</a> <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">legeme</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Norwegian Nynorsk</a> <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">lekam</i></span>). </p><p>Old English kennings are all of the simple type, possessing just two elements. Examples for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">seġl-rād</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sail-road</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> 1429 b), <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">swan-rād</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">swan-road</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Beowulf 200 a), <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">bæð-weġ</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bath-way</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Andreas 513 a), <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hron-rād</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">whale-road</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Beowulf 10), <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hwæl-weġ</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">whale-way</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (<a href="/wiki/The_Seafarer_(poem)" title="The Seafarer (poem)">The Seafarer</a> 63 a). Most Old English examples take the form of compound words in which the first element is uninflected: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">heofon-candel</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sky-candle</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the sun</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Exodus 115 b). Kennings consisting of a genitive phrase occur too, but rarely: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">heofones ġim</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">heaven's gem</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> = <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the sun</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (The Phoenix 183). </p><p>Old English poets often place a series of synonyms in apposition, and these may include kennings (loosely or strictly defined) as well as the literal referent: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Hrōðgar maþelode, helm Scyldinga</i></span> ... <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">{{{1}}}</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (Beowulf 456). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> also had kennings, though they were relatively rare. In legal documents regarding the protection of children and pregnant women, the term <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">bēnenaburcht</i></span> ('fortress of the bones') is used for 'womb'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009130–133_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009130–133-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the word <i>kenning</i> is not often used for non-Germanic languages, a similar form can be found in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical poetry</a> in its use of <a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">parallelism</a>. Some examples include Genesis 49:11, in which "blood of grapes" is used as a kenning for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wine</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Job 15:14, where "born of woman" is a parallel for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">man</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figures of speech similar to kennings occur in Modern English (both in literature and in regular speech), and are often found in combination with other poetic devices. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Madness_(band)" title="Madness (band)">Madness</a> song "<a href="/wiki/The_Sun_and_the_Rain" title="The Sun and the Rain">The Sun and the Rain</a>" contains the line "standing up in the falling-down", where "the falling-down" refers to rain and is used in juxtaposition to "standing up". Some recent English writers have attempted to use approximations of kennings in their work. <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> used kenning-like figures of speech in his 1950 novella <i><a href="/wiki/Burning_Bright" title="Burning Bright">Burning Bright</a></i>, which was adapted into a Broadway play that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Steinbeck biographer <a href="/wiki/Jay_Parini" title="Jay Parini">Jay Parini</a>, "The experiment is well-intentioned, but it remains idiosyncratic to the point of absurdity. Steinbeck invented compound phrases (similar to the Old English use of kennings), such as 'wife-loss' and 'friend-right' and 'laughter-starving,' that simply seem eccentric."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennings remain somewhat common in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drahtesel</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wire-donkey</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> for bicycle, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Feuerstuhl</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fire-chair</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> for motorcycle, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stubentiger</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">chamber-tiger</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> for cat, and so on). </p><p>The poet <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> regularly employed kennings in his work; for example, <i>bone-house</i> for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">skeleton</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahuvrihi" title="Bahuvrihi">Bahuvrihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difrasismo" title="Difrasismo">Difrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegant_variation" title="Elegant variation">Elegant variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kennings" title="List of kennings">List of kennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makurakotoba" title="Makurakotoba">Makurakotoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalepsis" title="Metalepsis">Metalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">Synecdoche</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED_Online-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_Online_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507181420/https://public.oed.com/help/">"Help"</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.oed.com/help/">the original</a> on May 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.oed.com%2Fhelp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2007" class="citation journal cs2">Ross, Margaret Clunies (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk/m.php?p=doc&i=303">"Verse-forms and Diction of Christian Skaldic Verse"</a>, <i>Poetry on Christian Subjects.</i>, Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7., <b>7</b>, Turnhout: Brepols, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427105428/https://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk/m.php?p=doc&i=303">archived</a> from the original on Apr 27, 2021 – via Skaldic Project</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poetry+on+Christian+Subjects.&rft.atitle=Verse-forms+and+Diction+of+Christian+Skaldic+Verse&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Clunies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskaldic.abdn.ac.uk%2Fm.php%3Fp%3Ddoc%26i%3D303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulkes_1999,_p._5/12_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1999), p. 5/12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010414021805/http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/kennings/4kennt.html"><i>FJËRKENNT</i></a>, Apr 14, 2001, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/kennings/4kennt.html">the original</a> on 2001-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FJ%C3%8BRKENNT&rft.date=2001-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hi.is%2F~eybjorn%2Fugm%2Fkennings%2F4kennt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes 1991, 8:29–31; Faulkes 1987, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1997), pp. 11–17,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1997), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1997), p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1997), pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the <a href="/wiki/Really_(TV_channel)" title="Really (TV channel)">Really (TV channel)</a> television program <i><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Heroes" title="Helicopter Heroes">Helicopter Heroes</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E._V._Gordon" title="E. V. Gordon">Gordon</a> (1956), p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meissner (1921), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heusler_1941,_p._137-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heusler_1941,_p._137_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heusler_1941,_p._137_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heusler (1941), p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner (1969), pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1998 a), p. 78/17, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1998 a), p. xxxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1999), p. 5/9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodeur (1959) pp. 248–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sverdlov (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner (1969), pp. 109–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krause (1971), p. 63. Cited by Hultin (1974), p. 864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Looijenga (1997), pp. 24, 60, 205; Looijenga (2003), p. 42, 109, 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner (1969), pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009130–133-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer2009130–133_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremmer2009">Bremmer 2009</a>, pp. 130–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0149.htm#11">Genesis 49:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2715.htm#14">Job 15:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlter2011" class="citation cs2">Alter, Robert (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40370735"><i>The Art of Biblical Poetry</i></a> (New and revised ed.), New York: Basic Books, p. 16, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02256-4"><bdi>978-0-465-02256-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Biblical+Poetry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=New+and+revised&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02256-4&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40370735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/burning-bright-1872">"Burning Bright – Broadway Play – Original"</a>, <i>IBDB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBDB&rft.atitle=Burning+Bright+%E2%80%93+Broadway+Play+%E2%80%93+Original&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fbroadway-production%2Fburning-bright-1872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParini1995" class="citation cs2">Parini, Jay (1995), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnsteinbeckbio0000pari"><i>John Steinbeck: A Biography</i></a></span>, New York: Henry Holt & Co., p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnsteinbeckbio0000pari/page/343">343</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805016732" title="Special:BookSources/0805016732"><bdi>0805016732</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Steinbeck%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0805016732&rft.aulast=Parini&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnsteinbeckbio0000pari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBremmer2009" class="citation book cs2">Bremmer, Jr, Rolf H. (2009), <i>An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>133, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9004-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9004-5"><bdi>978-90-272-9004-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Old+Frisian%3A+History%2C+Grammar%2C+Reader%2C+Glossary&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9004-5&rft.aulast=Bremmer%2C+Jr&rft.aufirst=Rolf+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrodeur1952" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gilchrist_Brodeur" title="Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur">Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist</a> (1952), <i>The Meaning of Snorri's Categories</i>, United States: University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Snorri%27s+Categories&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Brodeur&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Gilchrist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofbeowulf0000brod"><i>The Art of Beowulf</i></a>, University of California Press</li> <li>Faulkes, Anthony (1997), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Faulkes.pdf">Poetic Inspiration in Old Norse and Old English Poetry</a>." Dorothea Coke Memorial Lecture in Northern Studies delivered at University College London 28 November 1997, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Society_for_Northern_Research" title="Viking Society for Northern Research">Viking Society for Northern Research</a></li> <li>Faulkes, Anthony (1998 a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801054619/http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-2a.pdf">"Edda: Skáldskaparmál: 1, Introduction, Text and Notes."</a> Viking Society for Northern Research</li> <li>Faulkes, Anthony (1998 b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801054625/http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Edda-2b.pdf">"Edda: Skáldskaparmál: 2, Glossary and Index of Names."</a> Viking Society for Northern Research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foote" title="Peter Foote">Foote, Peter</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_M,_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David M, Wilson (page does not exist)">Wilson, D, M.</a> (1970), <i>The Viking Achievement</i>, Book Club Associates, London</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner1969" class="citation cs2">Gardner, Thomas (1969), "The Old English Kenning: A Characteristic Feature of Germanic Poetical Diction?", <i>Modern Philology</i>, <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>117, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F390147">10.1086/390147</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8232">0026-8232</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162218658">162218658</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Old+English+Kenning%3A+A+Characteristic+Feature+of+Germanic+Poetical+Diction%3F&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162218658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-8232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F390147&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeusler1941" class="citation cs2">Heusler, Andreas (1941), <i>Die altgermanische Dichtung.</i> (2nd ed.), Potsdam, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560148330">560148330</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+altgermanische+Dichtung.&rft.place=Potsdam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560148330&rft.aulast=Heusler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHultin1974" class="citation cs2">Hultin, Neil C. (1974), "Some Homonyms in the Old Norse Atlakvida", <i>MLN</i>, <b>89</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">862–</span>866, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2907091">10.2307/2907091</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2907091">2907091</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLN&rft.atitle=Some+Homonyms+in+the+Old+Norse+Atlakvida&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E862-%3C%2Fspan%3E866&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2907091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2907091%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hultin&rft.aufirst=Neil+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Krause" title="Wolfgang Krause">Krause, Wolfgang</a> (1971), <i>Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften</i>, Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, Heidelberg</li> <li>Kuhn, Hans (1893), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923162814/http://sagaconference.org/SC08/SC08_Kuhn.pdf">'The rímur-poet and his audience'</a>, <i>Saga-Book</i> 23:6</li> <li>Looijenga, Jantina Helena (1997), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/3230061/thesis.pdf">Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD150-700: Texts and Contexts</a>." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/runes-around-the-north-sea-and-on-the-continent-ad-150700-texts--contexts(3ca1edae-a58b-44c7-9048-0ebc4b000e4f).html">University of Groningen dissertation.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLooijenga2003" class="citation cs2">Looijenga, Tineke (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220508080617/https://www.rodnovery.ru/attachments/article/854/Tineke_Looijenga_Texts_and_contexts_of_the_Oldest_Runic_Inscriptions.pdf"><i>Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12396-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12396-2"><bdi>90-04-12396-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rodnovery.ru/attachments/article/854/Tineke_Looijenga_Texts_and_contexts_of_the_Oldest_Runic_Inscriptions.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+%26+Contexts+of+the+Oldest+Runic+Inscriptions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12396-2&rft.aulast=Looijenga&rft.aufirst=Tineke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rodnovery.ru%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F854%2FTineke_Looijenga_Texts_and_contexts_of_the_Oldest_Runic_Inscriptions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeissner1984" class="citation cs2">Meissner, Rudolf (1984), <i>Die Kenningar der Skalden ein Beitrag zur skaldischen Poetik</i>, Leipzig: Olms, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-487-07534-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-487-07534-2"><bdi>3-487-07534-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1069966201">1069966201</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kenningar+der+Skalden+ein+Beitrag+zur+skaldischen+Poetik&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Olms&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1069966201&rft.isbn=3-487-07534-2&rft.aulast=Meissner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenning" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sverdlov, Ilya V, (2006), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagaconference.org/SC13/SC13_Sverdlov.pdf">Kenning Morphology: Towards a Formal Definition of the Skaldic Kenning, or Kennings and Adjectives</a>." 13th International Saga Conference: Durham and York</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk/m.php?p=kennings">Skaldic Project – Index of Kennings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821175627/https://notendur.hi.is/eybjorn/ugm/kennings/kennings.html">Jörmungrund: Lexicon of Kennings – The Domain of Battle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septentrionalia.net/lex/index.php">Septentrionalia: The Medieval North (Lexica poetica)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203165327/http://www.septentrionalia.net/lex/index.php">Archived</a> 2021-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Til_%C3%A1rs_ok_fri%C3%B0ar" title="Til árs ok friðar">Til árs ok friðar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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