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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parni</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8)" title="برني (شعب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برني (شعب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnlar" title="Parnlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parnlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts" title="Parts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthov%C3%A9" title="Parthové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parthové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πάρνοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάρνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnos" title="Parnos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parnos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پرنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni" title="Parni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88" title="파르니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파르니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Parni" title="Orang Parni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Parni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rtusok" title="Pártusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pártusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni" title="Parni – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parni" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F" title="パルニ氏族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルニ氏族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnowie" title="Parnowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parnowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnos" title="Parnos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parnos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni" title="Parni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Парны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti" title="Parti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni" title="Parni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni" title="Parni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parniler" title="Parniler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parniler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Парни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="帕尼人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕尼人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Iranian people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the towns in Shirak and Lori Provinces of Armenia (respectively), see <a href="/wiki/Anushavan" title="Anushavan">Anushavan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mets_Parni" title="Mets Parni">Mets Parni</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParthianWarrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ParthianWarrior.jpg/220px-ParthianWarrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/ParthianWarrior.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Parthian Warrior</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Parni</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πάρνοι</span>, <i>Parnoi</i>), <b>Aparni</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; Ἄπαρνοι, <i>Aparnoi</i>) or <b>Parnians</b> were an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">East Iranian</a> people<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who lived around the <a href="/wiki/Panj_(river)" title="Panj (river)">Ochus</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὧχος</span> <i>Okhos</i>) (<a href="/wiki/Hari_River,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari River, Afghanistan">Tejen</a>) River, southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. It is believed that their original homeland may have been what is now southern Russia, from where they emigrated with other <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parni were one of the three tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a> confederacy. </p><p>In the middle of the 3rd century BCE, the Parni invaded <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, "drove away the Greek <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a>, who had then only just acquired independence, and founded a new dynasty",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Bloisvan_der_Spek1997145_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Bloisvan_der_Spek1997145-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacids</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_identity_and_location">Historical identity and location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical identity and location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no unambiguous evidence of the Parni in native <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a> sources,<sup><i>cf.</i></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all references to these people come from Greek and Latin accounts. In these accounts, which are not necessarily contemporaneous, it is difficult to unambiguously identify references to the Parni due to inconsistency of Greek/Latin naming and transliteration, and/or the similarity to names of other tribes such as the Sparni or Apartani and the Eparnoi or Asparioi. It may also be that the Parni are related to one or more of these other tribes, and that "their original homeland may have been southern Russia from where they emigrated with other <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> tribes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location of the Parni Dahae immediately south-east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> was derived from by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s <i>Geographica</i> (Book 11, 1st century BCE). The ethnonym of the Dahae was the root of the later placename Dahestan or Dihistan – a region straddling the present regions of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. So little is known of the Dahae, including the Parni, that – in the words of <a href="/wiki/Adrian_David_Hugh_Bivar" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian David Hugh Bivar">A. D. H. Bivar</a> – even the location and name of their capital city "if indeed they possessed one" is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198327_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198327-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later archaeological site in the region, known as <a href="/wiki/Dehistan/Mishrian" title="Dehistan/Mishrian">Dehistan/Mishrian</a>, is located in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Region" title="Balkan Region">Balkan Region</a> of Turkmenistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_parniannone"><a href="#endnote_parniannone">[c]</a></sup> of the Parni is not directly attested but is assumed to be one of the eastern substrates of the subsequently recorded <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian language</a>, which the Parni eventually adopted. To the "incoming Parni may be ascribed a form of speech showing a strong east Iranian element, resulting from their proximity on the steppe to east Iranian <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198327_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198327-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the influence of the Parthians in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, traces of the Parni language survive as "loan-words in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language of the Parni "was described by <a href="/wiki/Junianus_Justinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junianus Justinus">Justin</a> as 'midway between Scythian and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> [and] contained features of both'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20078_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20078-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (41.1.10). Justin's late (3rd century) opinion is "no doubt slightly exaggerated,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198327_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198327-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is in any case of questionable veracity given the ambiguity of names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_prominence">Rise to prominence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise to prominence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parni_conquest_of_Parthia" title="Parni conquest of Parthia">Parni conquest of Parthia</a></div> <p>In 247 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Andragoras_(3rd_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andragoras (3rd century BC)">Andragoras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> governor (<a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Parthia_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthia (satrapy)">Parthia</a> ("roughly western <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerman19836_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman19836-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) proclaimed independence from the Seleucids, when—following the death of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus II">Antiochus II</a>—<a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a> seized control of the Seleucid capital at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and "so left the future of the Seleucid dynasty for a moment in question."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar2003para._6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar2003para._6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, "a man called <a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsaces I">Arsaces</a>, of Scythian or Bactrian<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Arsaces_Bactriannone"><a href="#endnote_Arsaces_Bactriannone">[a]</a></sup> origin, [was] elected leader of the Parni tribes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the secession of Parthia from the Seleucid Empire and the resultant loss of Seleucid military support, Andragoras had difficulty in maintaining his borders, and about 238 BCE—under the command of "Arsaces and his brother <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates I of Parthia">Tiridates</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198329_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198329-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the <a href="/wiki/Parni_conquest_of_Parthia" title="Parni conquest of Parthia">Parni invaded</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerman198319_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman198319-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parthia and seized control of Astabene (Astawa), the northern region of that territory, the administrative capital of which was Kabuchan (<a href="/wiki/Kuchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuchan">Kuchan</a> in the vulgate). </p><p>A short while later, the Parni seized the rest of Parthia from Andragoras, killing him in the process. Although an initial <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> by the Seleucids under <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus II">Seleucus II</a> was not successful, the Seleucids under <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus III">Antiochus III</a> recaptured Arsacid-controlled territory following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Labus" title="Battle of Mount Labus">Battle of Mount Labus</a> in 209 BCE from Arsaces' (or Tiridates'<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_successionnone"><a href="#endnote_successionnone">[b]</a></sup>) successor, <a href="/wiki/Arsaces_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsaces II">Arsaces II</a>. Arsaces II sued for peace and accepted vassal status,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198329_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198329-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was not until Arsaces II's grandson (or grand-nephew) <a href="/wiki/Phraates_I" title="Phraates I">Phraates I</a>, that the Arsacids/Parni would again begin to assert their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198331_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198331-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the historiographers upon whose documentation the reconstruction of early Arsacid history depends, the Parni had by then become indistinguishable from the Parthians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seizure of Astabene in 238 BCE nominally marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid</a> era, which is named after Arsaces, and the name adopted by all Parthian kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20078_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20078-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arsacid dynasts laid claim to descent from <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>. Beginning from Astabene and Parthia (which would subsequently be extended southwards to include much of present-day <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a>), the Arsacids gradually subjugated many of the neighboring kingdoms, most of which were thereafter controlled as vassalries. Beginning with the successful revolt - in 224 CE - of an erstwhile vassal of <a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Stakhr</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir</a> (in Greek again "Arsaces"/"Artaxerxes"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198396_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198396-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the Arsacid/Parthian hegemony began to yield to a <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid/Persian</a> one. </p><p>The name "Parni" reappears in Sassanid-era documents to identify one of the seven Parthian feudal families allied with the Sassanid court. However, this family is not attested from Arsacid times, and the claim to the "Parni" name is (like four of the six other families) "in all probability not in accordance with reality." "It may be that [...] members of them made up their own genealogies in order to emphasize the antiquity of their families."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukonin1983704_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukonin1983704-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawlinson1879169_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlinson1879169-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Parnau Hills (<i>Paran Koh</i>) bear the name of the Parni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>a<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Arsaces_Bactriannone"><a href="#ref_Arsaces_Bactriannone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Arsaces was "perhaps originally a local ruler in Bactria."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198331_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198331-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>b<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_successionnone"><a href="#ref_successionnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> The origins of the Arsacids lineage are based on the historiography of later Greeks and Romans; the fact remains that the Arsacids used Greek titles and Greek inscriptions on their coins, which were also styled after the Seleucid coins. While Wolski (1937/1938) supported that the story of the two brothers may even be fiction, their coins are real, and they are considered to be historical personae and that Tiridates (I) succeeded his brother Arsaces (I), although he took on the Arsaces name at his coronation, a not-unusual practice in that era. Some have also questioned the relationship between Tiridates I (a.k.a. Arsaces II) and his son and successor Arsaces II (a.k.a. Artabanus I). For example, Bivar has rejected<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198331_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198331-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the genealogies proposed by Frye and Chaumont & Bickermann.</li> <li>c<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_parniannone"><a href="#ref_parniannone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> In linguistics and philology, the expression 'Parnian' is sometimes used as a term of convenience to collectively denote eastern Iranian influences evident in the (western Iranian) Parthian language. Because the language of the Parni is not actually attested, it is not possible to determine whether there is actually a specific correlation between the language of the Parni and that of the east Iranian element in Parthian.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aparna-c3k/">Encyclopedia Iranica</a> : "APARNA (Gk. Aparnoi/Parnoi, Lat. Aparni or Parni), an east Iranian tribe established on the Ochos (modern Taǰen, Teǰend) and one of the three tribes in the confederation of the Dahae</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecoq1987151_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecoq1987">Lecoq 1987</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurtisStewart2010" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvVHBAAAQBAJ&q=ochus+river+turkmenistan&pg=PT20"><i>The Age of the Parthians</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857733085" title="Special:BookSources/9780857733085"><bdi>9780857733085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Parthians&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2010-03-24&rft.isbn=9780857733085&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvVHBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dochus%2Briver%2Bturkmenistan%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20077_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtisStewart2007">Curtis & Stewart 2007</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Bloisvan_der_Spek1997145-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Bloisvan_der_Spek1997145_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Bloisvan_der_Spek1997">de Blois & van der Spek 1997</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198327-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198327_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198327_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198327_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20078-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20078_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtisStewart20078_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtisStewart2007">Curtis & Stewart 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman19836-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerman19836_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBickerman1983">Bickerman 1983</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar2003para._6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar2003para._6_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar2003">Bivar 2003</a>, para. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198329-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198329_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198329_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman198319-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerman198319_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBickerman1983">Bickerman 1983</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198331-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198331_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198331_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198331_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198396-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198396_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukonin1983704-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukonin1983704_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukonin1983">Lukonin 1983</a>, p. 704.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlinson1879169-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawlinson1879169_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawlinson1879">Rawlinson 1879</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerman1983" class="citation cs2">Bickerman, Elias J. (1983), "The Seleucid Period", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), <i>Cambridge History of Iran</i>, vol. 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seleucid+Period&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bickerman&rft.aufirst=Elias+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivar1983" class="citation cs2">Bivar, A.D.H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), <i>Cambridge History of Iran</i>, vol. 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+History+of+Iran+under+the+Arsacids&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.D.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivar2003" class="citation cs2">Bivar, A.D.H. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgan-v">"Gorgan v.: Pre-Islamic History"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 11, New York: Encyclopaedia Iranica]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gorgan+v.%3A+Pre-Islamic+History&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%5D&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.D.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgorgan-v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisStewart2007" class="citation cs2">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2007), <i>The Age of the Parthians</i>, Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, London: I. B. Tauris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Parthians&rft.place=London&rft.series=Ideas+of+Iran%2C+vol.+2&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bloisvan_der_Spek1997" class="citation cs2">de Blois, Lukas; van der Spek, Robartus J. (1997), <i>An Introduction to the Ancient World</i>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12774-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12774-2"><bdi>0-415-12774-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-12774-2&rft.aulast=de+Blois&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft.au=van+der+Spek%2C+Robartus+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecoq1987" class="citation cs2">Lecoq, Pierre (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aparna-c3k">"Aparna"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aparna&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Lecoq&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Faparna-c3k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering2006" class="citation cs2">Lendering, Jona (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731025107/http://www.livius.org/pan-paz/parni/parni.html"><i>The Parni</i></a>, Amsterdam: livius.org, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/pan-paz/parni/parni.html">the original</a> on 2013-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parni&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=livius.org&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fpan-paz%2Fparni%2Fparni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukonin1983" class="citation cs2">Lukonin, Vladimir G. (1983), "Political, Social and Administrative Institutions", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), <i>Cambridge History of Iran</i>, vol. 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp. <span class="nowrap">681–</span>747</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political%2C+Social+and+Administrative+Institutions&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E681-%3C%2Fspan%3E747&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lukonin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlinson1879" class="citation cs2">Rawlinson, Henry C. (1879), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449404">"The Road to Merv"</a>, <i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography</i>, New Monthly Series, <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>191, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1800653">10.2307/1800653</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1800653">1800653</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+and+Monthly+Record+of+Geography&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Merv&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=1879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1800653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1800653%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater2006" class="citation cs2">Yarshater, Ehsan (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii1-pre-islamic-times">"Iran ii. Iranian History: An Overview"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 13, New York: Encyclopaedia Iranica</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+ii.+Iranian+History%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-ii1-pre-islamic-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParni" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parthian_Empire" title="Template:Parthian Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parthian_Empire" title="Template talk:Parthian Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parthian_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parthian Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parthian_Empire67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parni_conquest_of_Parthia" title="Parni conquest of Parthia">Parni conquest of Parthia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania" title="Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noble clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran" title="Seven Great Houses of Iran">Seven Great Houses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ispahbudhan" title="House of Ispahbudhan">Ispahbudhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Karen" title="House of Karen">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mihran" title="House of Mihran">Mihran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Spandiyadh" title="House of Spandiyadh">Spandiyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Suren" title="House of Suren">Suren</a></li> <li>Varaz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Zik" title="House of Zik">Zik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_art" title="Parthian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_coinage" title="Parthian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_dress" title="Parthian dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_music" title="Parthian music">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Seleucid–Parthian Wars">Seleucid–Parthian Wars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecbatana" title="Battle of Ecbatana">Battle of Ecbatana</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Roman–Parthian War of 58–63</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Roman–Parthian War of 161–166</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign" title="Antony's Atropatene campaign">Antony's Atropatene campaign</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(165)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (165)">Battle of Ctesiphon (165)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (198)">Battle of Ctesiphon (198)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cilician_Gates" title="Battle of the Cilician Gates">Battle of the Cilician Gates</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gindarus" title="Battle of Mount Gindarus">Battle of Mount Gindarus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass" title="Battle of Amanus Pass">Battle of Amanus Pass</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nisibis_(217)" title="Battle of Nisibis (217)">Battle of Nisibis (217)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">Parthian war of Caracalla</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian–Parthian War">Armenian–Parthian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian%E2%80%93Bactrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthian–Bactrian War">Bactrian–Parthian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_army" title="Parthian army">Parthian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Dark_Age" title="Parthian Dark Age">Parthian Dark Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_shot" title="Parthian shot">Parthian shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Parthia" title="List of monarchs of Parthia">Parthian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Parthian_sub-kingdoms" title="List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms">Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms</a></li></ul> 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>23 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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