CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9176e82d48768bc8',cH: 'xdf8kR9xvLhCMlRn1gycqis8DiU3v7QC8uv0ANFiUdE-1740478240-1.2.1.1-CQ3yBdG0eNfiI7thwGsTQYVJDvZpjQCv8oaFys136RZADVsPzE8EZbcdic68JsuW',cUPMDTk: "\/10004253\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=b7iAVG1PDIEJ_C3mtmeqEBxRvJSrBzpFPSEpc5O_WlI-1740478240-1.0.1.1-kGZF1SCKJyyS1rZ3a7mIc7gQiw16467CWPng0TJNzBI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740478240',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10004253\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=b7iAVG1PDIEJ_C3mtmeqEBxRvJSrBzpFPSEpc5O_WlI-1740478240-1.0.1.1-kGZF1SCKJyyS1rZ3a7mIc7gQiw16467CWPng0TJNzBI",md: "AfG_1SCpZn2bydKiZxYSaD8cwr_9oGm1ivioaT6jTIU-1740478240-1.2.1.1-HD6WHDuU5TM0LG7j9m2kpB5hBR.oLGMfHxsAkOSsHJOwNVEVnGsW3EMKr4huYIHUF2.Z2IhgkOzm1EtTIp7WJSR1v9fCNXvWhIf9rJie.eEuziXQjyDQ3P3c0CvqzGG5GHot26Q7w0gI_BWCbvY1fC0O9G7EzpcEJnzYuSmdxTuNr9Lc8MOiJVH4uG_DpkcFKNXOo3bTdcTTonigA.avKK9Aie1j8Xxo1AbJE90UfWubq5RP5QMGZBKbSdDTtvPdy7cSliyvZBwHMs.OWP2NxPvdkNjbqb.KgfAPxYZMIW_O7Ag2fYf3FlCdfKfwjmgeFod0I_P.x1svrtYsF6SQsfwxwXXrEo7gTuA6I3bH7C8I0bCUdjYspstbJxuPubMOB3kIcW18VRBbtwQVamJQhWODxygFFlj.Mfr2jkfR02ndG0n0lrh9wZceEsHioLXlwYuBGxyeAmFZUdlU7MIp0mX63M26j3MvR2dhXJiQhslqytDtS0CZZVBWdxIn.L2j0QQIVij8JeSzTziYSiTqxj8pyZNOj45sdNgS.I81uHz9XruZlCqHa2Yj9iyYahHU7iqo1.k.EzoKoz9y1jaGGHsOfxmxpbIsU63tdclDx3GWBsg3LBG9_ZinMdHvur241PPg65q7wqv0vyl5B5mGnZDX4zLna_QcGAyNTokxN8Im4eWKCWOcHSMPT.zjjVEKSY0uoCKRqBat8vfs0PSqJpE_3AzqCYKwS.xV6DkRxFdS42eVFkh1XP08btp_zhXzfFgAwp0yiG7PS77qlTRkrkrw87_UUfzf7rHY6GU9i_0XtvUGv.swa70KQR3bNPfe2idDsRQJMZCO4mJPtnu7i9kYQGez_WqmpOAVxm9cI2AucCbYyX6FttchtZroSkdjvsuKj2Go7OpxzFSBQdAitJtz1UiF19Eo1WfcZln7jlwK6p6b7Mlx.EqSKnAgO_YHhNTHfIdKXvujpcElmG27_EDnk.fMG89NalpZGEv1RQfmyEd.cfqk6.KH9Je27VHbSgjbHYPMCN599x1Svwo5D1DPYxemmLOLP1eDMJosr.zxcR8TK9coxNl9s4lI2tIc9eKRMwF8B66xGzfVKZZAZICQ13UEiPHudoyiujKM_j60rnJxOHGB.iQuexRZGsR7GYqlx3Xj9GCqIdABAKnvJWMvU87iwODPzK.JPbCXxg0bevkoWzRXpr5TJJWtE96C0wLKCm.wQV0MPUhf2jlSeFZKG4NBzXlYCV_w0rhd8CN.63v5PgLMe45R.JwbrodN2u.ngsMc5iDdsQa4lMw5kQz1SoJlgJJWHIrczlvqSMCeLbtvemDNf2djLJoK2HNSRdIwFr9WXsCZGM4KIWQpoi4i7pC_QaJkTC_9Qssr8i7DRdpeZjX602Aw4PeqKocwWvQaF6dR2d0VUZKPDjEACu0xv_9A48.AUzcRYvUdimusCJ9sJtZ8g9csqsLd8Nwb_10ZCl.3arjJPxsCTmRy0Ma3Tt.HBcRH0fNBSje.tWxQyGQYPWgovZEgqqd9LaEYe5bR3MdqeV64j0YVTEU.7PNMCh7hqOjRhCbar96OlrKqGa3D2M1eZUSw2zOSd4_XHhEwA0hct0gJfQIt9jYSgNBc4WIC5mTJHiw40D.A6_I4zLODY_dUwgXvSQAezAFKdbOl3UpyA.rw_EvKfgXdkH5IzqBZKnhs7TbivVUsAFUH9.RkH2XQrdqWqzaJfs8xsv.uhph6_HekVw.i6HfQnwlRhnnb6SmOGmqh_C.PKLRFJsbyA5Fwgt5ebox4QL7er5WpIONgQ4kJWdylqXUh.4CHpo.DFFLGZKgs7RjikeGy8BJDoNkNrL_ER_SjVoDBlV_TI3OZnGNF2mKRX6NwG1Md6X4kcAJf7zfLkgaeVd0",mdrd: "wiflPH33gB.XXwTKFjjagpTXiqDkz05bE0jffZOAKQ0-1740478240-1.2.1.1-68HV3e.pEPy9sz6gep307Lyo.CTUS_rZ.Ehm.p6sxjne7kSd3seqUoTn.J3tCxV3U07WZh4bZN2WFx3EWbSiLhGsVv8RNGCrD18Kw6BrjY6TkUS.1gDVQF.cN9WbwepAd5HUVKc4kc27w_iF55KYK4Hv51yPwzro5LMAwuOU3geeLs0I6DVjaaw4IVyKpBhxEw39YJlUMraJa46q_Cp2.xGC_U339OybqmdCc_uR7k9E7rswokbRcf0cgnkmgZ0MtogNMIuQvKK8j8UnNLeaIpc2_px442qNwm9CS4FORGF_yiq8YC5Lx8Sih6sIBdsA9QuwP7rwEuxfld4uvKtGD1yERx1oEawx.Gz0YSbUe_ZkymyeuT_l06gFR7ZGVqaHpj19to.S6bm_mTT5O_YBnf1psXMJ5znBpaHk3_PhXMtGXvIC05btKqivp9m_i.6ySLhzXYtjrpGJgxJwk_J56m5ZRsW0Vm66J7eGTyIYhwOzIJWqlp97xJ_53XJPp4OnDjshzHyhrGKjkrRUq2ZHr3tFO9unUT8ROTy2yK54UMfDhYrJJYn8K7doyEjtT0kf031DvW2vR4snV16zE7nOFxdZ3l0U6O88QSxGKBjskSPaSnb9t0HCSzytfbxtGkJnmK3UBxJrkvbfxO2SNloDHq2WUYUUJ_R7dJb88ZaBmpC1lsH3g7YvR_ZYMcLZ14LFTR5f3U.ep7I7ywt..qNhMAOoQUBQzPt.FkHd_mwdmvo6f_cR9MXIxYuPLpbfAp9fcCqj7DO2jfEVJZSvxGbgRJst.N_aYWFZzd0EVtJ.KKyPFibGQgIXMY_agFIklEuOLpAlqC1Srtz540cIHBcs4XZGR2r6CYbM1.qq_krRa7X.vjOQdIEx4rG2xQFqVgMcstEGXUdC0.OgXCbVsJ7O2qS1SEQAaAp6YpRWaGOXmmMDXlJxSYdWGAHEAzbXj_6BTOb9cQf9iyFbWywnEm7gTwlUDInWh2VVi8quHemeNlhetsZlEPJf2pW1WyXl41r7FxbrMHhHJn3tuXbrJMO5wLbwlL_YP.4e9_ikPyJ29s1Yf4pl7qPrcD_Buxxfx517veYCAKB_FCe0CV7Vx84p.4Z76tWNvKRrvVvquk7AzoNUFBxDE_RLlAAENRfUG0gIWKMPGtEDHS4l2bHzrAsK9SM_Qdq.C4uADOu4mTXq5ra66dagNCqJjIIeZj5GvlLm53iYU.vYw7MsqyaLLtUSS1dJG5MZu8fHHSDnko5HnbFVqrhr5cPJouFt4Gf0lNkJtRYIOh3p.D9WjbOG2GGzEsTswui4c07M5qlNMV8I3fwCjE38EXmMK6wT2vXBso.W0qhu3ga4nFVyMRdAhCFbOsumu4ZbojTkgFjUTmCabE1JzgLhg4_5VZlUQFsblbBTrvKopwvO.iskmBMsq74Q2FGSZcsXxAhSQfJh0zD.BFXASGTrt94vEzD5RElhyVCPRZekkoNn2xVruaGwg9G1xGW7qEh1LmbMpHwzkGie4K_P1yIwIFv9bDsPC_HxiQ4mOLhTUH9GfyEBhIlv7rj_hr1B4XRgSzrUUpvMZnLlgAc4tmNatiqVrqFwdxo8QE6FYynMNlXWCSkPm1I77GrIounCMLEcCJ06KBBP.Nfg2FVFxPLy9LGsxQtWz3l4X6ra3X9ayaSJH3khBV7cKHvwpD.j0WlaFCjH3UnGZB9.IHx8z5m_Y5rAWcLZskVybrir7Qg.E_7lpqjq5d4YHtvf6NheAAUD9PIvX0J3dKepeZY87Ck37Qz7rtuwpdrC37Hn.HtRawosHGxTZZqyOq0YoJNUb7QQ1Gx14uuFZ3FaABIUu4zn7BLbU.vXYRqscpsPsfr7WWvhBGHBAgCcVTSxYyGwK7g1xJBtlj2ruH7mue1bY4jKM5QzEIx2Snt7vBrInHLKpJ2_9QWdTbp5ANU_FF_t.kfX.6WIXEOeRlE6cWTvI38kUfrG0kCWDdyvgW4l"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9176e82d48768bc8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10004253\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=b7iAVG1PDIEJ_C3mtmeqEBxRvJSrBzpFPSEpc5O_WlI-1740478240-1.0.1.1-kGZF1SCKJyyS1rZ3a7mIc7gQiw16467CWPng0TJNzBI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>