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<li id="toc-Early_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_termination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_termination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Decline and termination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_termination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PEAR's_Remote_Perception_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PEAR's_Remote_Perception_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>PEAR's Remote Perception program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PEAR's_Remote_Perception_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scientific reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensory_cues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_cues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sensory cues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_cues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_RV_study_participants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_RV_study_participants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected RV study participants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_RV_study_participants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF" title="رؤية عن بعد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رؤية عن بعد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visi%C3%B3_remota" title="Visió remota – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Visió remota" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernwahrnehmung" title="Fernwahrnehmung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fernwahrnehmung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaugtunnetus" title="Kaugtunnetus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaugtunnetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visi%C3%B3n_remota" title="Visión remota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visión remota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="دوربینی روحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربینی روحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_%C3%A0_distance" title="Vision à distance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vision à distance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gledanje_na_daljinu" title="Gledanje na daljinu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gledanje na daljinu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjarsko%C3%B0un" title="Fjarskoðun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjarskoðun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visione_remota" title="Visione remota – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Visione remota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Далечинско гледање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Далечинско гледање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E9%9A%94%E9%80%8F%E8%A6%96" title="遠隔透視 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遠隔透視" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis%C3%A3o_remota" title="Visão remota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Visão remota" data-language-autonym="Português" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pseudoscientific concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remote_access_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote access software">remote access software</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Remote viewing</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Claims</th><td class="infobox-data">The alleged paranormal ability to perceive a remote or hidden subject without support of the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year proposed</th><td class="infobox-data">1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original proponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Targ" title="Russell Targ">Russell Targ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Puthoff" title="Harold E. Puthoff">Harold Puthoff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent proponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Swann" title="Ingo Swann">Ingo Swann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McMoneagle" title="Joseph McMoneagle">Joseph McMoneagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Brown_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtney Brown (researcher)">Courtney Brown</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> beliefs<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Age_topics" title="List of New Age topics">List of New Age topics</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7_Chakras.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/7_Chakras.JPG/150px-7_Chakras.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/7_Chakras.JPG/225px-7_Chakras.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/7_Chakras.JPG/300px-7_Chakras.JPG 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B0CBDM"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtar_(extraterrestrial_being)" title="Ashtar (extraterrestrial being)">Ashtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(theosophy)" title="Deva (theosophy)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_mysteries" title="Earth mysteries">Earth mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Now_(New_Age)" title="Eternal Now (New Age)">Eternal Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher self">Higher self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_(New_Age)" title="Huna (New Age)">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_power" title="Pyramid power">Pyramid power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-help books">Self-help books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulmate" title="Soulmate">Soulmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">"Spiritual but not religious"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_people_(New_Age)" title="Star people (New Age)">Star people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B0CBDM"> Spiritual practices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmations_(New_Age)" title="Affirmations (New Age)">Affirmations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_visualization_(New_Age)" title="Creative visualization (New Age)">Creative visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotantra" title="Neotantra">Neotantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_astrology" title="Psychological astrology">Psychological astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_sign_astrology" title="Sun sign astrology">Sun sign astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B0CBDM"> Doctrines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius" title="Age of Aquarius">Age of Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanism" title="Mayanism">Mayanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michael_Teachings" title="The Michael Teachings">Michael Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramtha">Ramtha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seth_Material" title="Seth Material">Seth Material</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Age_beliefs_sidebar" title="Template:New Age beliefs sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Age_beliefs_sidebar" title="Template talk:New Age beliefs sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Age_beliefs_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Age beliefs sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Remote viewing</b> (<b>RV</b>) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen subject, purportedly sensing with the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Blom_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A remote viewer is expected to give information about an object, event, person, or location hidden from physical view and separated at some distance.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicists <a href="/wiki/Russell_Targ" title="Russell Targ">Russell Targ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Puthoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Puthoff">Harold Puthoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> researchers at <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">Stanford Research Institute</a> (SRI), are generally credited with coining the term "remote viewing" to distinguish it from the closely related concept of <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jordan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Targ, the term was first suggested by <a href="/wiki/Ingo_Swann" title="Ingo Swann">Ingo Swann</a> in December 1971 during an experiment at the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remote viewing experiments have historically lacked proper controls and repeatability. There is no scientific evidence that remote viewing exists, and the topic of remote viewing is generally regarded as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alcock_1981_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alcock_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilovich_19932_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilovich_19932-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wiseman_one2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiseman_one2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardner20002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner20002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._1362_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._1362-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of remote viewing received renewed attention in the 1990s upon the <a href="/wiki/Declassification" title="Declassification">declassification</a> of documents related to the <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Project" title="Stargate Project">Stargate Project</a>, a $20 million research program sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> that attempted to determine potential military applications of psychic phenomena. The program ran from 1975 to 1995 and ended after evaluators concluded that remote viewers consistently failed to produce actionable intelligence information.<sup id="cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eval_of_RV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_background">Early background</h3></div> <p>In early <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualist</a> literature, remote viewing was known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/telesthesia" class="extiw" title="wikt:telesthesia">telesthesia</a> and traveling clairvoyance. <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ellen_Guiley" title="Rosemary Ellen Guiley">Rosemary Guiley</a> described it as "seeing remote or hidden objects clairvoyantly with the inner eye, or in alleged out-of-body travel."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of psychic phenomena by major scientists started in the mid-nineteenth century. Early researchers included <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Osgood_Mason" title="Rufus Osgood Mason">Rufus Osgood Mason</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>. Their work predominantly involved carrying out focused experimental tests on individuals thought to be psychically gifted. Reports of apparently successful tests were met with much skepticism from the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">J. B. Rhine</a> expanded the study of paranormal performance into larger populations by using standard experimental protocols with unselected human subjects. But, as with the earlier studies, Rhine was reluctant to publicize this work too early because of the fear of criticism from mainstream scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-hyman86_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyman86-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This continuing skepticism, with its consequences for peer review and research funding, ensured that paranormal studies remained a fringe area of scientific exploration. However, by the 1960s, the prevailing counterculture attitudes muted some prior hostility. The emergence of what is termed "<a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>" thinking and the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Human_potential_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Human potential movement">Human Potential Movement</a> provoked a mini-renaissance that renewed public interest in <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> studies and psychic phenomena. It also helped to make financial support more available for research into such topics.<sup id="cite_ref-sci181_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Puthoff" title="Harold E. Puthoff">Harold Puthoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Targ" title="Russell Targ">Russell Targ</a> joined the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory at Stanford Research Institute (SRI, now <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>), where they initiated <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">studies of the paranormal</a> that were, at first, supported with private funding from the <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, the physicists <a href="/wiki/John_G._Taylor" title="John G. Taylor">John Taylor</a> and Eduardo Balanovski tested the psychic <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Manning" title="Matthew Manning">Matthew Manning</a> in remote viewing, and the results proved "completely unsuccessful".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the early experiments, lauded by proponents as having improved the methodology of remote viewing testing and raising future experimental standards, was criticized as leaking information to the participants by inadvertently leaving clues.<sup id="cite_ref-wiseman_may_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiseman_may-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later experiments had negative results when these clues were eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Randi_Encyclopedia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randi_Encyclopedia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The viewers' advice in the "<a href="/wiki/Stargate_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargate project">Stargate project</a>" was always so unclear and non-detailed that it has never been used in any intelligence operation.<sup id="cite_ref-jordan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eval_of_RV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_termination">Decline and termination</h3></div> <p>In the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Board" title="Military Intelligence Board">Military Intelligence Board</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Harry_E._Soyster" title="Harry E. Soyster">Harry E. Soyster</a>, appointed Army Colonel William Johnson to manage the remote viewing unit and evaluate its objective usefulness. Funding dissipated in late 1994, and the program declined. The project was transferred from DIA to the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> in 1995. </p><p>In 1995, the CIA hired the <a href="/wiki/American_Institutes_for_Research" title="American Institutes for Research">American Institutes for Research</a> (AIR) to perform a retrospective evaluation of the results generated by the <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Project" title="Stargate Project">Stargate Project</a>. Reviewers included <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Utts" title="Jessica Utts">Jessica Utts</a>. Utts maintained that there had been a <a href="/wiki/Statistically_significant" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistically significant">statistically significant</a> positive effect,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some subjects scoring 5–15% above chance.<sup id="cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eval_of_RV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyman argued that Utts' conclusion that ESP had been proven to exist "is premature, to say the least."<sup id="cite_ref-HymanAbstract_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HymanAbstract-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyman said the findings had yet to be replicated independently, and that more investigation would be necessary to "legitimately claim the existence of paranormal functioning".<sup id="cite_ref-HymanAbstract_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HymanAbstract-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based upon both of their studies, which recommended a higher level of critical research and tighter controls, the CIA terminated the $20 million project in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time</a></i> magazine stated in 1995 that three full-time psychics were still working on a $500,000-a-year budget at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade" title="Fort Meade">Fort Meade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, which would soon be closed.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AIR report concluded that no usable intelligence data was produced in the program.<sup id="cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eval_of_RV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Goslin of the American Institute for Research said, "There's no documented evidence it had any value to the intelligence community".<sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PEAR's_Remote_Perception_program"><span id="PEAR.27s_Remote_Perception_program"></span>PEAR's Remote Perception program</h3></div> <p>Beginning in the late 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab</a> (PEAR) carried out extensive research on remote viewing. By 1989, it had conducted 336 formal trials, reporting a composite <a href="/wiki/Z-score" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-score">z-score</a> of 6.355, with a corresponding <a href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">p-value</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990104000000000000♠"></span>1.04<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1992 critique of these results, Hansen, Utts and Markwick concluded "The PEAR remote-viewing experiments depart from commonly accepted criteria for formal research in science. In fact, they are undoubtedly some of the poorest quality ESP experiments published in many years."<sup id="cite_ref-hansen_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lab responded that "none of the stated complaints compromises the PEAR experimental protocols or analytical methods" and reaffirmed their results.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Utts' emphasis on replication and Hyman's challenge on interlaboratory consistency in the AIR report, PEAR conducted several hundred trials to see if they could replicate the <a href="/wiki/Science_Applications_International_Corporation" title="Science Applications International Corporation">SAIC</a> and SRI experiments. They created an analytical judgment methodology to replace the human judging process criticized in past experiments, and they released a report in 1996. They felt the results of the experiments were consistent with the SRI experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> However, statistical flaws have been proposed by others in the parapsychological community and within the general scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffers2006_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffers2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_reception">Scientific reception</h2></div> <p>A variety of scientific studies on remote viewing have been conducted. Early experiments produced positive results, but they had invalidating flaws.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the more recent experiments have shown positive results when conducted under <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">properly controlled conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jordan_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eval_of_RV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Randi_Encyclopedia_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randi_Encyclopedia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uk_research_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk_research-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lack of successful experiments has led the mainstream scientific community to reject remote viewing, based upon the absence of an evidence base, the lack of a theory which would explain remote viewing, and the lack of experimental techniques which can provide reliably positive results.<sup id="cite_ref-Alcock_1981_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alcock_1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilovich_1993_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilovich_1993-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wiseman_one_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiseman_one-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Science writers <a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Bennett" title="Gary L. Bennett">Gary Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> and professor of neurology <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a> describe the topic of remote viewing as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner2000_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._136_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._136-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heretical_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heretical-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a>, who evaluated the remote viewing experiments of parapsychologists such as Puthoff, Targ, John B. Bisha, and Brenda J. Dunne, noted that there was a lack of controls, and precautions were not taken to rule out the possibility of fraud. He concluded the experimental design was inadequately reported and "too loosely controlled to serve any useful function."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychologist <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a> says that, even if the results from remote viewing experiments were reproduced under specified conditions, they would still not be a conclusive demonstration of the existence of psychic functioning. He blames this on the reliance on a negative outcome—the claims on ESP are based on the results of experiments not being explained by normal means. He says that the experiments lack a positive theory that guides as to what to control on them and what to ignore, and that "Parapsychologists have not come close to (having a positive theory) as yet".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hyman also says that the amount and quality of the experiments on RV are far too low to convince the scientific community to "abandon its fundamental ideas about causality, time, and other principles" due to its findings still not being replicated successfully under scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> has written that the founding researcher Harold Puthoff was an active Scientologist before his work at Stanford University, which influenced his research at SRI. In 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">notarized</a> letter that Puthoff had written while he was conducting research on remote viewing at Stanford. The letter read, in part: "Although critics viewing the system <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> from the outside may form the impression that Scientology is just another of many quasi-educational quasi-religious 'schemes,' it is in fact a highly sophistical and highly technological system more characteristic of modern corporate planning and applied technology".<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner2000_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among some of the ideas that Puthoff supported regarding remote viewing was the claim in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Occult_Chemistry" title="Occult Chemistry">Occult Chemistry</a></i> that two followers of <a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophy</a>, were able to remote-view the inner structure of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner2000_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> investigated remote viewing experiments and discovered a problem with the target selection list. According to Shermer, with the <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketches</a>, only a handful of designs are usually used, such as lines and curves, which could depict any object and be interpreted as a "hit". Shermer has also written about <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">hindsight biases</a> that have occurred in remote viewing experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skeptic organizations</a> have conducted experiments for remote viewing and other alleged paranormal abilities, with no positive results under properly controlled conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_cues">Sensory cues</h3></div> <p>The psychologists <a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a> and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff's remote viewing experiments<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that were carried out in the 1970s at the <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">Stanford Research Institute</a>. In a series of 35 studies, they could not replicate the results, so they investigated the procedure of the original experiments. Marks and Kammann discovered that the notes given to the judges in Targ and Puthoff's experiments contained clues as to which order they were carried out, such as referring to yesterday's two targets or having the session date written at the top of the page. They concluded that these clues were the reason for the experiment's high hit rates.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gilovich" title="Thomas Gilovich">Thomas Gilovich</a> has written: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Most of the material in the transcripts consists of the honest attempts by the percipients to describe their impressions. However, the transcripts also contained considerable extraneous material that could aid a judge in matching them to the correct targets. In particular, there were numerous references to dates, times and sites previously visited that would enable the judge to place the transcripts in proper sequence... Astonishingly, the judges in the Targ-Puthoff experiments were given a list of target sites in the exact order in which they were used in the tests!<sup id="cite_ref-Gilovich_1993_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilovich_1993-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Marks, when the cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marks achieved 100 percent accuracy using cues alone, without visiting any of the sites himself.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a> has written that controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cueing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students also solved Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues in the transcripts.<sup id="cite_ref-randi_encyclopedia_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randi_encyclopedia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tart" title="Charles Tart">Charles Tart</a> claimed that a rejudging of the transcripts from one of Targ and Puthoff's experiments revealed an above-chance result.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Targ and Puthoff again refused to provide copies of the transcripts and it was not until July 1985 that they were made available for study when it was discovered they still contained <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cue" title="Sensory cue">sensory cues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._136_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._136-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marks and Christopher Scott (1986) wrote, "Considering the importance for the remote viewing hypothesis of adequate cue removal, Tart's failure to perform this basic task seems beyond comprehension. As previously concluded, remote viewing has not been demonstrated in the experiments conducted by Puthoff and Targ, only the repeated failure of the investigators to remove sensory cues."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The information from the <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Project" title="Stargate Project">Stargate Project</a> remote viewing sessions was vague and included irrelevant and erroneous data. The project was never useful in any intelligence operation, and it was suspected that the project managers, in some cases, changed the reports so they would fit background cues.<sup id="cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eval_of_RV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marks in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Psychic" title="The Psychology of the Psychic">The Psychology of the Psychic</a></i> (2000) discussed the flaws in the Stargate Project in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote that the experiments had several flaws. The possibility of cues or <a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">sensory leakage</a> was not ruled out, the experiments were not independently <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">replicated</a>, and some of the experiments were conducted in secret, making <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> impossible. He further noted that the judge, <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Project#Edwin_May" title="Stargate Project">Edwin May</a>, was also the <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigator</a> for the project, risking a significant conflict of interest. Marks concluded the project was nothing more than a "subjective delusion", and after two decades of research, it had failed to provide any scientific evidence for remote viewing.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_2_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a>, a psychologist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire</a>, and a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> (CSI) has pointed out several problems with one of the early experiments at SAIC, including information leakage. However, he indicated the importance of its process-oriented approach and of its refining of remote viewing methodology, which meant that researchers replicating their work could avoid these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-wiseman_one_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiseman_one-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wiseman later insisted there were multiple opportunities for participants in that experiment to be influenced by cues and that these cues can affect the results when they appear.<sup id="cite_ref-wiseman_may_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiseman_may-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_RV_study_participants">Selected RV study participants</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Swann" title="Ingo Swann">Ingo Swann</a>, a prominent research participant in remote viewing<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Price_(remote_viewer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Price (remote viewer)">Pat Price</a>, an early remote viewer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McMoneagle" title="Joseph McMoneagle">Joseph McMoneagle</a>, an early remote viewer<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See: <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Project" title="Stargate Project">Stargate Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtney_Brown_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtney Brown (researcher)">Courtney Brown</a>, political scientist and founder of the Farsight Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a>, a critic of remote viewing, after finding sensory cues and editing in the original transcripts generated by Targ and Puthoff at Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Geller" title="Uri Geller">Uri Geller</a>, the subject of a study by Targ and Puthoff at Stanford Research Institute<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_dreaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucid dreaming">Lucid dreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Men_Who_Stare_at_Goats_(film)" title="The Men Who Stare at Goats (film)"><i>The Men Who Stare at Goats</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspect_Zero" title="Suspect Zero"><i>Suspect Zero</i> (film)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eval_of_RV-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eval_of_RV_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mumford, Rose and Goslin wrote, in <i>An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications</i>: "remote viewings have never provided an adequate basis for 'actionable' intelligence operations – that is, information sufficiently valuable or compelling so that action was taken as a result (...) a large amount of irrelevant, erroneous information is provided and little agreement is observed among viewers' reports. (...) remote viewers and project managers reported that remote viewing reports were changed to make them consistent with known background cues. While this was appropriate in that situation, it makes it impossible to interpret the role of the paranormal phenomena independently. Also, it raises some doubts about some well-publicized cases of dramatic hits, which, if taken at face value, could not easily be attributed to background cues. In at least some of these cases, there is reason to suspect, based on both subsequent investigations and the viewers' statement that reports had been "changed" by previous program managers, that substantially more background information was available than one might at first assume."<sup id="cite_ref-psiland_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psiland-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randi_Encyclopedia-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randi_Encyclopedia_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randi_Encyclopedia_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>: "The data of Puthoff and Targ were reexamined by the other researchers, and it was found that their students were able to solve the locations without use of any psychic powers, using only the clues that had inadvertently been included in the Puthoff and Targ transcripts."<sup id="cite_ref-randi_encyclopedia_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randi_encyclopedia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a> wrote in an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>: "Because even if Utts and her colleagues are correct and we were to find that we could reproduce the findings under specified conditions, this would still be a far cry from concluding that psychic functioning has been demonstrated. This is because the current claim is based entirely upon a negative outcome—the sole basis for arguing for ESP is that extra-chance results can be obtained that apparently cannot be explained by normal means. But an infinite variety of normal possibilities exist and it is not clear than one can control for all of them in a single experiment. You need a positive theory to guide you as to what needs to be controlled, and what can be ignored. Parapsychologists have not come close to this as yet."<sup id="cite_ref-hyman_claims_v_reality_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyman_claims_v_reality-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Hyman</a> also says in the <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i> article: "What seems clear is that the scientific community is not going to abandon its fundamental ideas about causality, time, and other principles on the basis of a handful of experiments whose findings have yet to be shown to be replicable and lawful."<sup id="cite_ref-hyman_claims_v_reality_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyman_claims_v_reality-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Bridgstock wrote in <i>Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal</i>: "The explanation used by Marks and Kammann clearly involves the use of <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a>. Marks and Kammann argued that the 'cues' – clues to the order in which sites had been visited—provided sufficient information for the results, without any recourse to extrasensory perception. Indeed Marks himself was able to achieve 100 percent accuracy in allocating some transcripts to sites without visiting any of the sites himself, purely on the ground basis of the cues. From Occam's razor, it follows that if a straightforward natural explanation exists, there is no need for the spectacular paranormal explanation: Targ and Puthoff's claims are not justified".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Blom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blom_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blom_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blom, Jan. (2009). <i>A Dictionary of Hallucinations</i>. Springer. p. 451. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441912220" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441912220">978-1441912220</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZusne,_LeonardJones,_Warren1989" class="citation book cs1">Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren (1989). <i>Anomalistic psychology: a study of magical thinking</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805805087" title="Special:BookSources/0805805087"><bdi>0805805087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anomalistic+psychology%3A+a+study+of+magical+thinking&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0805805087&rft.au=Zusne%2C+Leonard&rft.au=Jones%2C+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazier-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frazier_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendrick Frazier. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2Nm8OyXpyQC&pg=PA94">Science Confronts the Paranormal</a></i>. Prometheus Books, Publishers; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615926190" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615926190">978-1615926190</a>. pp. 94–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jordan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jordan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jordan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jordan_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Nickell2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> (March 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/remotely_viewed_the_charlie_jordan_case/">"Remotely Viewed? The Charlie Jordan Case"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Remotely+Viewed%3F+The+Charlie+Jordan+Case&rft.date=2001-03&rft.au=Joe+Nickell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsb%2Fshow%2Fremotely_viewed_the_charlie_jordan_case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarg2012" class="citation book cs1">Targ, Russell (2012). <i>The Reality of ESP: A Physicist's Proof of Psychic Abilities</i>. Quest Books. pp. 4, 14, 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0835608848" title="Special:BookSources/978-0835608848"><bdi>978-0835608848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reality+of+ESP%3A+A+Physicist%27s+Proof+of+Psychic+Abilities&rft.pages=4%2C+14%2C+23&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0835608848&rft.aulast=Targ&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alcock_1981-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alcock_1981_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alcock_1981_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">Alcock, James</a>. (1981). <i>Parapsychology-Science Or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective</i>. Pergamon Press. pp. 164–179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080257730" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080257730">978-0080257730</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilovich_19932-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilovich_19932_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gilovich" title="Thomas Gilovich">Gilovich, Thomas</a> (1993). <i>How We Know What Isn't So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life</i>. Free Press. pp. 166–173. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029117064" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029117064">978-0029117064</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_2000_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">Marks, David</a>; Kammann, Richard. (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Psychic" title="The Psychology of the Psychic">The Psychology of the Psychic</a></i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573927988" title="Special:BookSources/1573927988">1573927988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiseman_one2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiseman_one2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisemanMilton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wiseman, R; Milton, J (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardwiseman.com/resources/SAICcrit.pdf">"Experiment One of the SAIC Remote Viewing Program: A critical reevaluation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></i>. <b>62</b> (4): 297–308<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Parapsychology&rft.atitle=Experiment+One+of+the+SAIC+Remote+Viewing+Program%3A+A+critical+reevaluation&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-308&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Milton%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardwiseman.com%2Fresources%2FSAICcrit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span>* Obtained from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardwiseman.com/research/papers.html">listing of research papers on Wiseman's website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner20002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gardner20002_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Gardner, Martin</a> (2000). <i>Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience</i>. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 60–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393322385" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393322385"><bdi>978-0393322385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Adam+and+Eve+Have+Navels%3F%3A+Debunking+Pseudoscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60-67&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0393322385&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._1362-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._1362_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Hines, Terence</a> (2003). <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929794" title="Special:BookSources/1573929794"><bdi>1573929794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+the+Paranormal&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1573929794&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller1995" class="citation news cs1">Waller, Douglas (11 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209085903/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983829,00.html">"The vision thing"</a>. <i>Time</i>. p. 45. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983829,00.html">the original</a></span> on February 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+vision+thing&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1995-12-11&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C983829%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiley1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ellen_Guiley" title="Rosemary Ellen Guiley">Guiley, Rosemary</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpersencyclope00guil/page/507"><i>Harper's Encyclopedia of Mystical and Paranormal Experience</i></a>. San Francisco: Harper. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpersencyclope00guil/page/507">507</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062503664" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062503664"><bdi>978-0062503664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Mystical+and+Paranormal+Experience&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0062503664&rft.aulast=Guiley&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharpersencyclope00guil%2Fpage%2F507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Hyman, Ray</a> (1985). 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New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 60–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393322385" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393322385"><bdi>978-0393322385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Adam+and+Eve+Have+Navels%3F%3A+Debunking+Pseudoscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60-67&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0393322385&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._136-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._136_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paranormal._Prometheus_Books_p._136_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Hines, Terence</a> (2003). <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929794" title="Special:BookSources/1573929794"><bdi>1573929794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+the+Paranormal&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1573929794&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heretical-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heretical_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1994" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Gary L. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213192032/http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1994/PV1994_4003.pdf">"Heretical science – Beyond the boundaries of pathological science"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 29th, Monterey, CA, Aug 7–11, 1994, Technical Papers. Pt. 3 (A94-31838 10–44)</i>. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 1207–1212. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1994/PV1994_4003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heretical+science+%E2%80%93+Beyond+the+boundaries+of+pathological+science&rft.btitle=Intersociety+Energy+Conversion+Engineering+Conference%2C+29th%2C+Monterey%2C+CA%2C+Aug+7%E2%80%9311%2C+1994%2C+Technical+Papers.+Pt.+3+%28A94-31838+10%E2%80%9344%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=1207-1212&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.aiaa.org%2Fpreview%2F1994%2FPV1994_4003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (2013). "Science and Pseudoscience". In <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci">Pigliucci, Massimo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Boudry" title="Maarten Boudry">Boudry, Maarten</a> (eds.). <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i>. University Of Chicago Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226051963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226051963"><bdi>978-0226051963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+and+Pseudoscience&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pseudoscience%3A+Reconsidering+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0226051963&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansel1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">Hansel, C. E. M</a> (1989). <i>The Search for Psychic Power</i>. Prometheus Books. pp. 160–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879755164" title="Special:BookSources/0879755164"><bdi>0879755164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Psychic+Power&rft.pages=160-166&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0879755164&rft.aulast=Hansel&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyman_claims_v_reality-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hyman_claims_v_reality_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyman_claims_v_reality_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Hyman, Ray</a> (March–April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/evidence_for_psychic_functioning_claims_vs._reality">"The evidence for psychic functioning: Claims vs. reality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+evidence+for+psychic+functioning%3A+Claims+vs.+reality&rft.date=1996-03%2F1996-04&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fevidence_for_psychic_functioning_claims_vs._reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a>. (2001). <i>The Borderlands of Science: Where Sense Meets Nonsense</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198032724" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198032724">978-0198032724</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTargPuthoff1974" class="citation journal cs1">Targ, R; Puthoff, H (1974). "Information transmission under conditions of sensory shielding". <i>Nature</i>. <b>251</b> (5476): 602–607. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Natur.251..602T">1974Natur.251..602T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F251602a0">10.1038/251602a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4423858">4423858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4152651">4152651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Information+transmission+under+conditions+of+sensory+shielding&rft.volume=251&rft.issue=5476&rft.pages=602-607&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F251602a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4152651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4423858&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Natur.251..602T&rft.aulast=Targ&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Puthoff%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarksKammann1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">Marks, David</a>; Kammann, Richard (1978). "Information transmission in remote viewing experiments". <i>Nature</i>. <b>274</b> (5672): 680–681. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.274..680M">1978Natur.274..680M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F274680a0">10.1038/274680a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4249968">4249968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Information+transmission+in+remote+viewing+experiments&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5672&rft.pages=680-681&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4249968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F274680a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.274..680M&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kammann%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">Marks, David</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F292177a0">"Sensory cues invalidate remote viewing experiments"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>292</b> (5819): 177. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Natur.292..177M">1981Natur.292..177M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F292177a0">10.1038/292177a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7242682">7242682</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4326382">4326382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sensory+cues+invalidate+remote+viewing+experiments&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5819&rft.pages=177&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F292177a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4326382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7242682&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Natur.292..177M&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F292177a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Hines, Terence</a>. (2003). <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 135. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929794" title="Special:BookSources/1573929794">1573929794</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgstock2009" class="citation book cs1">Bridgstock, Martin (2009). <i>Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521758932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521758932"><bdi>978-0521758932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Belief%3A+Skepticism%2C+Science+and+the+Paranormal&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0521758932&rft.aulast=Bridgstock&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">Hansel, C. E. M</a>. (1980). <i>ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTartPuthoffTarg1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tart" title="Charles Tart">Tart, Charles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Puthoff" title="Harold E. Puthoff">Puthoff, Harold</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Targ" title="Russell Targ">Targ, Russell</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F284191a0">"Information Transmission in Remote Viewing Experiments"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>284</b> (5752): 191. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Natur.284..191T">1980Natur.284..191T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F284191a0">10.1038/284191a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7360248">7360248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Information+Transmission+in+Remote+Viewing+Experiments&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=5752&rft.pages=191&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7360248&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F284191a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980Natur.284..191T&rft.aulast=Tart&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Puthoff%2C+Harold&rft.au=Targ%2C+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F284191a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarksScott1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">Marks, David</a>; Scott, Christopher (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F319444a0">"Remote Viewing Exposed"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>319</b> (6053): 444. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.319..444M">1986Natur.319..444M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F319444a0">10.1038/319444a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3945330">3945330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Remote+Viewing+Exposed&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=6053&rft.pages=444&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3945330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F319444a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Natur.319..444M&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Scott%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F319444a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psiland-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psiland_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumfordRoseGoslin1995" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Michael D.; Rose, Andrew M.; Goslin, David A. (29 September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113100257/http://www.lfr.org/lfr/csl/library/AirReport.pdf"><i>An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institutes_for_Research" title="American Institutes for Research">American Institutes for Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lfr.org/lfr/csl/library/airreport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Evaluation+of+Remote+Viewing%3A+Research+and+Applications&rft.pub=American+Institutes+for+Research&rft.date=1995-09-29&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Andrew+M.&rft.au=Goslin%2C+David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lfr.org%2Flfr%2Fcsl%2Flibrary%2Fairreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_2_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_2_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">Marks, David</a>. (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Psychic" title="The Psychology of the Psychic">The Psychology of the Psychic</a></i> (2nd Edition). Prometheus Books. pp. 71–96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573927988" title="Special:BookSources/1573927988">1573927988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTargPuthoff1977" class="citation book cs1">Targ, Russell; Puthoff, Harold (1977). <i>Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Ability</i>. Dell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind-Reach%3A+Scientists+Look+at+Psychic+Ability&rft.pub=Dell&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Targ&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Puthoff%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMoneagle1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McMoneagle" title="Joseph McMoneagle">McMoneagle, Joseph</a> (1997). <i>Mind Trek: Exploring Consciousness, Time, and Space Through Remote Viewing</i>. Hampton Roads.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+Trek%3A+Exploring+Consciousness%2C+Time%2C+and+Space+Through+Remote+Viewing&rft.pub=Hampton+Roads&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McMoneagle&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">Alcock, James E.</a>; Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance: Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences Education: <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> (NRC) (1988). "Part VI. Parapsychological Techniques". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=778&page=601"><i>Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques, Background Papers (Complete Set)</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F778">10.17226/778</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0309078108" title="Special:BookSources/978-0309078108"><bdi>978-0309078108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+VI.+Parapsychological+Techniques&rft.btitle=Enhancing+Human+Performance%3A+Issues%2C+Theories%2C+and+Techniques%2C+Background+Papers+%28Complete+Set%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F778&rft.isbn=978-0309078108&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Committee+on+Techniques+for+the+Enhancement+of+Human+Performance%3A+Commission+on+Behavioral+and+Social+Sciences+Education%3A+National+Research+Council+%28NRC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D778%26page%3D601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+viewing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtney_Brown_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtney Brown (researcher)">Brown, Courtney</a>. (2005). <i>Remote Viewing: The Science and Theory of Nonphysical Perception</i>. Farsight Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0976676214" title="Special:BookSources/0976676214">0976676214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gilovich" title="Thomas Gilovich">Gilovich, Thomas</a>. (1993). <i>How We Know What Isn't So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life</i>. Free Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029117064" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029117064">978-0029117064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gordon_(magician)" title="Henry Gordon (magician)">Gordon, Henry</a>. (1988). <i>Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs</i>. Macmillan of Canada. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0771595395" title="Special:BookSources/0771595395">0771595395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">Marks, David</a>. (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Psychic" title="The Psychology of the Psychic">The Psychology of the Psychic</a></i> (2nd Edition). Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573927988" title="Special:BookSources/1573927988">1573927988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McMoneagle" title="Joseph McMoneagle">McMoneagle, Joseph</a>. (2002). <i>The Stargate Chronicles: Memoirs of a Psychic Spy</i>. Hampton Roads. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1571742255" title="Special:BookSources/1571742255">1571742255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">Randi, James</a>. (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/Flim-Flam!_Psychics,_ESP,_Unicorns,_and_Other_Delusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions">Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions</a></i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879751983" title="Special:BookSources/0879751983">0879751983</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/remotevw.html">Remote viewing</a> – <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic's Dictionary">Skeptic's Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parapsychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parapsychology" title="Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parapsychology" title="Template talk:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parapsychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_parapsychology" title="Outline of parapsychology">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Auras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathbed_phenomena" title="Deathbed phenomena">Deathbed phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermo-optical_perception" title="Dermo-optical perception">Dermo-optical perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">Dream telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (paranormal)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Reynolds_case" title="Pam Reynolds case">Pam Reynolds case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(paranormal)" title="Plant perception (paranormal)">Plant perception (paranormal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_detective" title="Psychic detective">Psychic detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Second sight">Second sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">Sensory leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">Spoon bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconscious" title="Superconscious">Superconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Anomalous_Phenomena" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena">Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Psychic_Studies" title="College of Psychic Studies">College of Psychic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_M%C3%A9tapsychique_International" title="Institut Métapsychique International">Institut Métapsychique International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit" title="Koestler Parapsychology Unit">Koestler Parapsychology Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Research_Center" title="Rhine Research Center">Rhine Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychical Institute">American Psychical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_College_of_Psychic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British College of Psychic Science">British College of Psychic Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Ghost_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Ghost Society">Cambridge Ghost Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Psychical_Research" title="International Institute for Psychical Research">International Institute for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dialectical_Society" title="London Dialectical Society">London Dialectical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Psychical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Psychical Society">Metropolitan Psychical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Phasmatological_Society" title="Oxford Phasmatological Society">Oxford Phasmatological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Supernormal_Pictures" title="Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures">Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parapsychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parapsychologists">List of parapsychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptics_of_parapsychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics of parapsychology">Skeptics of parapsychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_Mind" title="Irreducible Mind">Irreducible Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near-Death_Studies" title="Journal of Near-Death Studies">Journal of Near-Death Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Life_(Moody_book)" title="Life After Life (Moody book)">Life After Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology:_Frontier_Science_of_the_Mind" title="Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind">Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_Coincidence" title="The Roots of Coincidence">The Roots of Coincidence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" title="Category:Parapsychology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parapsychology"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Age_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Age_Movement" title="Template:New Age Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Age_Movement" title="Template talk:New Age Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Age_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Age Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Age_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Age_communities" title="New Age communities">New Age communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_new-age_music" title="Neoclassical new-age music">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Electronic" title="Progressive music">Progressive electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">Space music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age_travellers" title="New Age travellers">New Age travellers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esalen_Institute" title="Esalen Institute">Esalen Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_(Australian_New_Age_group)" title="The Family (Australian New Age group)">The Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findhorn_Foundation" title="Findhorn Foundation">Findhorn Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Alliance" title="New World Alliance">New World Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_(New_Age)" title="Huna (New Age)">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_theory" title="Integral theory">Integral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seth_Material" title="Seth Material">Seth Material</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology" title="Transpersonal psychology">Transpersonal psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="José Argüelles">José Argüelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bach" title="Richard Bach">Richard Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Herbert_Brennan" title="James Herbert Brennan">James Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Caddy" title="Eileen Caddy">Eileen Caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Carroll" title="Lee Carroll">Lee Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castaneda" title="Carlos Castaneda">Carlos Castaneda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Creme" title="Benjamin Creme">Benjamin Creme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Ferguson" title="Marilyn Ferguson">Marilyn Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Gafni" title="Marc Gafni">Marc Gafni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(musician)" title="Gandalf (musician)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti_Gawain" title="Shakti Gawain">Shakti Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Goodman" title="Linda Goodman">Linda Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Grey" title="Alex Grey">Alex Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harner" title="Michael Harner">Michael Harner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Harvey_(religious_writer)" title="Andrew Harvey (religious writer)">Andrew Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Freedom_Long" title="Max Freedom Long">Max Freedom Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo" title="Claudio Naranjo">Claudio Naranjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redfield" title="James Redfield">James Redfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Satin" title="Mark Satin">Mark Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spangler" title="David Spangler">David Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckhart_Tolle" title="Eckhart Tolle">Eckhart Tolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neale_Donald_Walsch" title="Neale Donald Walsch">Neale Donald Walsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Wilde" title="Stuart Wilde">Stuart Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson" title="Marianne Williamson">Marianne Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Age_topics" title="List of New Age topics">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius" title="Age of Aquarius">Age of Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicameral_mentality" title="Bicameral mentality">Bicameral mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_visualization_(New_Age)" title="Creative visualization (New Age)">Creative visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_mysteries" title="Earth mysteries">Earth mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianism" title="Gaianism">Gaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">TM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michael_Teachings" title="The Michael Teachings">Michael Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotantra" title="Neotantra">Neotantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_astrology" title="Psychological astrology">Psychological astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_sign_astrology" title="Sun sign astrology">Sun sign astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: 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