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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_of_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_of_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Elements of painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elements_of_painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elements of painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elements_of_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_and_tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_and_tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Color and tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_and_tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-traditional_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-traditional_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Non-traditional elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-traditional_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics_and_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics_and_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aesthetics and theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics_and_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Painting media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Painting_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Painting media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Painting_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hot_wax_or_encaustic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hot_wax_or_encaustic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hot wax or encaustic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hot_wax_or_encaustic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watercolor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watercolor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Watercolor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watercolor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gouache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gouache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Gouache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gouache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enamel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enamel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Enamel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enamel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Tempera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fresco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fresco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Fresco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fresco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Pastel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acrylic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acrylic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Acrylic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acrylic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spray_paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spray_paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Spray paint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spray_paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_miscible_oil_paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_miscible_oil_paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Water miscible oil paint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_miscible_oil_paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Sand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Digital painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Painting styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Painting_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Painting styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Painting_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Western</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impressionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impressionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Impressionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impressionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstract_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstract_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Abstract styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstract_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outsider_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outsider_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Outsider art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outsider_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photorealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photorealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Photorealism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photorealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Surrealism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>East Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Islamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Miniature_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miniature_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Miniature painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miniature_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pichwai_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pichwai_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Pichwai painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pichwai_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_and_tribal_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_and_tribal_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Folk and tribal art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_and_tribal_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>Bengal School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>African</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Contemporary art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types of painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Allegory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodegón" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodegón"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bodegón</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodegón-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figure_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figure_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Figure painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figure_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustration_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustration_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Illustration painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustration_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Landscape painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrait_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrait_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Portrait painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrait_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Still_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Still_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Still life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Still_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veduta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veduta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Veduta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veduta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Painting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 168 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">168 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilderkuns" title="Skilderkuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skilderkuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malerei" title="Malerei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Malerei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D" title="ስዕል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስዕል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_(%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="رسم (فنون تشكيلية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسم (فنون تشكيلية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գեղանկարչութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գեղանկարչութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="চিত্ৰাঙ্কন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চিত্ৰাঙ্কন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91embosa%E2%80%99y" title="Ñembosa’y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñembosa’y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99ssaml%C4%B1q" title="Rəssamlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəssamlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="رساملیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رساملیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="চিত্রাঙ্কন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিত্রাঙ্কন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2e-%C5%8De" title="Kòe-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kòe-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82" title="Һынлы сәнғәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һынлы сәнғәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Жывапіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жывапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Жывапіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жывапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpinta" title="Pagpinta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagpinta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Живопис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Живопис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="རི་མོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རི་མོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slikarstvo" title="Slikarstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livouriezh" title="Livouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Livouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уран зураг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уран зураг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сăрлавӳнер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăрлавӳнер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamintal" title="Pamintal – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pamintal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Malířství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malířství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupendha" title="Kupendha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kupendha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paentio" title="Paentio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paentio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleri" title="Maleri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_(%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A)" title="رسيم (فن تشكيلي) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رسيم (فن تشكيلي)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malerei" title="Malerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%CA%BCashch%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC" title="Naʼashchʼąąʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naʼashchʼąąʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalikunst" title="Maalikunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maalikunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ζωγραφική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωγραφική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C3%B9ra_(%C3%AArt)" title="Pitùra (êrt) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pitùra (êrt)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Артома – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Артома" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentrarto" title="Pentrarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pentrarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margolaritza" title="Margolaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Margolaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="نقاشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقاشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitrkalaa" title="Chitrkalaa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chitrkalaa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peinture_(art)" title="Peinture (art) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peinture (art)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilderkeunst" title="Skilderkeunst – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skilderkeunst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9int%C3%A9ireacht" title="Péintéireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Péintéireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peintal" title="Peintal – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Peintal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E7%95%AB" title="畫畫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="畫畫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE" title="ચિત્રકલા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચિત્રકલા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%E1%BA%B9nsisa" title="Osẹnsisa – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Osẹnsisa" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%ED%99%94" title="회화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" title="Painting – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Painting" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գեղանկարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեղանկարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="चित्रकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चित्रकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slikarstvo" title="Slikarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikto" title="Pikto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pikto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinintaan" title="Pinintaan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pinintaan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="চিত্রকলা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চিত্রকলা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_lukis" title="Seni lukis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni lukis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictura" title="Pictura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pictura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lverk" title="Málverk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málverk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura" title="Pittura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pittura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ציור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan" title="Lukisan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lukisan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94l%C9%A9m" title="Tɔlɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔlɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಚಿತ್ರಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿತ್ರಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ფერწერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერწერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кескіндеме – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кескіндеме" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwans" title="Liwans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Liwans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchoraji" title="Uchoraji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchoraji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingeropa" title="Lingeropa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lingeropa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penti_(atizay)" title="Penti (atizay) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Penti (atizay)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapentir" title="Lapentir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapentir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEgar" title="Nîgar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîgar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Живопись – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Живопись" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitura" title="Pitura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pitura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3" title="ຈິຕະກຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈິຕະກຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictura" title="Pictura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pictura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glezniec%C4%ABba" title="Glezniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Glezniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molerei" title="Molerei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Molerei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapyba" title="Tapyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tapyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjilderkuns" title="Sjilderkuns – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjilderkuns" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depinta" title="Depinta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Depinta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cintylarcu" title="cintylarcu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cintylarcu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura" title="Pittura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pittura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fest%C5%91m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Festőművészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Festőművészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сликарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сликарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosodoko" title="Hosodoko – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hosodoko" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2" title="ചിത്രകല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിത്രകല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura" title="Pittura – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pittura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="चित्रकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चित्रकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ფერჭარუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფერჭარუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85" title="رسم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رسم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_lukis" title="Seni lukis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni lukis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уран зураг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уран зураг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE" title="ပန်းချီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းချီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droini" title="Droini – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Droini" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilderkunst" title="Schilderkunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schilderkunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeelderskeunst" title="Skeelderskeunst – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Skeelderskeunst" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="चित्रकला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चित्रकला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="चित्तिरम् (सन् २००१या संकिपा) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चित्तिरम् (सन् २००१या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E7%94%BB" title="絵画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="絵画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura" title="Pittura – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pittura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ӏалам диллар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏалам диллар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5%C3%A5lerkunst" title="Måålerkunst – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Måålerkunst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malerkunst" title="Malerkunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Malerkunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5larkunst" title="Målarkunst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Målarkunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D3%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сылнысӱрет – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сылнысӱрет" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassomlik_san%CA%BCati" title="Rassomlik sanʼati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rassomlik sanʼati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਚਿੱਤਰਕਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੱਤਰਕਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پینٹنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پینٹنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F" title="ပကီႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပကီႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%9A%D9%86%D9%87" title="انځورکښنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انځورکښنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pientin" title="Pientin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pientin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinture" title="Pinture – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pinture" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/zuga" title="zuga – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="zuga" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleree" title="Maleree – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Maleree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malarstwo" title="Malarstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malarstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictur%C4%83" title="Pictură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pictură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llimphiy" title="Llimphiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llimphiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Малярство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Малярство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Живопись – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Живопись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="चित्रकला – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चित्रकला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moalerkunst" title="Moalerkunst – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Moalerkunst" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piktura" title="Piktura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piktura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura" title="Pittura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pittura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="චිත්‍ර කලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිත්‍ර කලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" title="Painting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Painting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%BD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="چٽسالي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چٽسالي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliarstvo" title="Maliarstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maliarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slikarstvo" title="Slikarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="وێنەکێشی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنەکێشی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сликарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сликарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slikarstvo" title="Slikarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan" title="Lukisan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lukisan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalaustaide" title="Maalaustaide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maalaustaide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5larkonst" title="Målarkonst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Målarkonst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinta" title="Pinta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pinta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஓவியக் கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓவியக் கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="చిత్రలేఖనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిత్రలేఖనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="จิตรกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตรกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%88%D3%A3" title="Наққошӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Наққошӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resim" title="Resim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Resim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_sungaty" title="Surat sungaty – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Surat sungaty" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Живопис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Живопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="نقاشی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقاشی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh_veh" title="Veh veh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Veh veh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitura" title="Pitura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pitura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voimujupirdand" title="Voimujupirdand – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Voimujupirdand" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_h%E1%BB%8Da" title="Hội họa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội họa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondeure" title="Pondeure – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pondeure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" title="繪畫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="繪畫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>This article is about artistic painting. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Painting_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Painting (disambiguation)">Painting (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Painter" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Painter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Painter (disambiguation)">Painter (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/220px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/330px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/440px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7479" data-file-height="11146" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i> (1503–1517) by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> is one of the world's most recognizable paintings.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinos_Chauvet_Cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rhinos_Chauvet_Cave.jpg/400px-Rhinos_Chauvet_Cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rhinos_Chauvet_Cave.jpg/600px-Rhinos_Chauvet_Cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rhinos_Chauvet_Cave.jpg/800px-Rhinos_Chauvet_Cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An artistic depiction of a group of <a href="/wiki/Rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhino">rhinos</a> was painted in the <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a> 30,000 to 32,000 years ago.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Painting</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual art</a>, which is characterized by the practice of applying <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<a href="/wiki/Support_(art)" title="Support (art)">support</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medium is commonly applied to the base with a <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a>, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and <a href="/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrushes</a>, may be used. One who produces paintings is called a <b>painter</b>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, the term "painting" describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called "a painting"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a>, pottery, <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a>, copper and <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including sand, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, paper, <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>, and even whole objects. </p><p>Painting is an important form of <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual art</a>, bringing in elements such as <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestural_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestural painting">gesture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">narration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape painting</a>), <a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">photographic</a>, abstract, narrative, <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolistic</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolist art</a>), <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotive</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> in nature (as in <a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a>). </p><p>A portion of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">history of painting</a> in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">religious art</a>. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> figures on <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> scenes on the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a>, to scenes from the life of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Buddha</a> (or other images of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern art history">Eastern religious origin</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lascaux_04.jpg/220px-Lascaux_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lascaux_04.jpg/330px-Lascaux_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lascaux_04.jpg/440px-Lascaux_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a> cave painting of <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bos primigenius primigenius</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/220px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/330px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/440px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>The oldest known figurative painting is a depiction of a bull that was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h" title="Lubang Jeriji Saléh">Lubang Jeriji Saléh</a> cave in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It was painted 40,000–52,000 years ago or earlier.</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known paintings are approximately 40,000 years old, found in both the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Cantabrian_region" title="Franco-Cantabrian region">Franco-Cantabrian region</a> in western Europe, and in the <a href="/wiki/Caves_in_the_district_of_Maros" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves in the district of Maros">caves in the district of Maros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). In November 2018, however, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of <a href="/wiki/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h" title="Lubang Jeriji Saléh">Lubang Jeriji Saléh</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian island">Indonesian island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181107-cz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181107-cz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20181107_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20181107-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2019, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the <a href="/wiki/Caves_in_the_Maros-Pangkep_karst" title="Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst">Maros-Pangkep karst</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20191211_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20191211-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, in 2021, cave art of a pig found in an Indonesian island, and dated to over 45,500 years, has been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20210113_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210113-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a>, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material at these sites, there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a <a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">limestone rock-shelter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> region of North-Western Australia, that is dated to 40,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are examples of <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> all over the world—in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. In Western cultures, <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a> painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions. </p><p>The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a> was produced in 1829, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic</a> processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaism</a>—challenged the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> view of the world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of <a href="/wiki/Stylization" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylization">stylization</a> and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary art</a> has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a>. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">pluralism</a>, there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperaments</a>—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">The Feminist art movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began in the 1960s during the second wave of feminism. The movement sought to gain equal rights and equal opportunities for female artists internationally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_of_painting">Elements of painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elements of painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen_Hongshou,_leaf_album_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chen_Hongshou%2C_leaf_album_painting.jpg/220px-Chen_Hongshou%2C_leaf_album_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chen_Hongshou%2C_leaf_album_painting.jpg/330px-Chen_Hongshou%2C_leaf_album_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chen_Hongshou%2C_leaf_album_painting.jpg/440px-Chen_Hongshou%2C_leaf_album_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongshou" title="Chen Hongshou">Chen Hongshou</a> (1598–1652), <i>Leaf album painting</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shows a pointillist painting of a trombone soloist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Georges_Seurat_066.jpg/220px-Georges_Seurat_066.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Georges_Seurat_066.jpg/330px-Georges_Seurat_066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Georges_Seurat_066.jpg/440px-Georges_Seurat_066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3875" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parade_de_cirque" title="Parade de cirque">Circus Sideshow</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parade de cirque</i>)</i> (1887–88)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_and_tone">Color and tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Color and tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a>, made up of <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturation_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation color">saturation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Value_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (color)">value</a>, dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just as <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> are the essence of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe">Goethe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have written their own <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">color theory</a>. </p><p>Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent. The word "<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>", for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as <a href="/wiki/F_(musical_note)" title="F (musical note)">F</a> or <a href="/wiki/C%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)" title="C♯ (musical note)">C♯</a>. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). </p><p>Painters deal practically with <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so "<a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>" for a painter can be any of the blues: <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine blue">phthalocyanine blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">Cobalt blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is analogous to "light" in painting, "shades" to <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a>, and "coloration" is to painting as the specific <a href="/wiki/Tone_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone color">timbre</a> of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-traditional_elements">Non-traditional elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-traditional elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a>, which began with <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as metal, plastic, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_painting" title="Leaf painting">leaves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> for their texture. Examples of this are the works of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a>. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to "paint" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corel_Painter" title="Corel Painter">Corel Painter</a>, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_1906,_La_dance_(Bacchante),_oil_on_canvas,_73_x_54_cm_DSC05359...jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1906%2C_La_dance_%28Bacchante%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73_x_54_cm_DSC05359...jpg/220px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1906%2C_La_dance_%28Bacchante%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73_x_54_cm_DSC05359...jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1906%2C_La_dance_%28Bacchante%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73_x_54_cm_DSC05359...jpg/330px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1906%2C_La_dance_%28Bacchante%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73_x_54_cm_DSC05359...jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1906%2C_La_dance_%28Bacchante%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73_x_54_cm_DSC05359...jpg/440px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1906%2C_La_dance_%28Bacchante%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_73_x_54_cm_DSC05359...jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_danse,_Bacchante" title="La danse, Bacchante">La danse (Bacchante)</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1906</span>), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm, <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum" title="Kröller-Müller Museum">Kröller-Müller Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>'s mosaic-like <a href="/wiki/Divisionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisionist">Divisionist</a> technique had its parallel in literature; a characteristic of the alliance between <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolist</a> writers and Neo-Impressionist artists: </p> <blockquote><p>I ask of divided brushwork not the objective rendering of light, but iridescences and certain aspects of color still foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I use strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to translate the diverse emotions aroused by nature. (Jean Metzinger, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1907</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piet_Mondriaan,_1921_-_Composition_en_rouge,_jaune,_bleu_et_noir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1921_-_Composition_en_rouge%2C_jaune%2C_bleu_et_noir.jpg/220px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1921_-_Composition_en_rouge%2C_jaune%2C_bleu_et_noir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1921_-_Composition_en_rouge%2C_jaune%2C_bleu_et_noir.jpg/330px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1921_-_Composition_en_rouge%2C_jaune%2C_bleu_et_noir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1921_-_Composition_en_rouge%2C_jaune%2C_bleu_et_noir.jpg/440px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1921_-_Composition_en_rouge%2C_jaune%2C_bleu_et_noir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="3532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>, <i>Composition en rouge, jaune, bleu et noir</i> (1921), <a href="/wiki/Gemeentemuseum_Den_Haag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeentemuseum Den Haag">Gemeentemuseum Den Haag</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a>, for artists such as <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tosaki_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosaki-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is important in painting as it is in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations—form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "<a href="/wiki/Techne" title="Techne">techne</a>", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.<sup id="cite_ref-Tosaki_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosaki-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music was important to the birth of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a> since music is abstract by nature—it does not try to represent the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a> often used musical terms to identify his works; he called his most spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works as "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently embarked upon the first seven of his ten <i>Compositions</i>. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the color of middle <a href="/wiki/C_(musical_note)" title="C (musical note)">C</a> on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the piano and cello.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition" title="Pictures at an Exhibition">Pictures at an Exhibition</a></i> illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Pollock" title="Jackson Pollock">Jackson Pollock</a> underscores that interest with his 1950 painting <i><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Rhythm_(Number_30)" title="Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)">Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetics_and_theory">Aesthetics and theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aesthetics and theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_painting" title="Theory of painting">Theory of painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_Painter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pompeii_Painter.jpg/220px-Pompeii_Painter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pompeii_Painter.jpg/330px-Pompeii_Painter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pompeii_Painter.jpg/440px-Pompeii_Painter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a> onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, 1st century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>; it was an important issue for 18th- and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>. Classical philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot depict the <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a>, similar to shoemaking or iron casting.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, on the contrary, said that "<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">La Pittura è cosa mentale</i>" ("English: <span lang="en">painting is a thing of the mind</span>").<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kant distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a>, in terms that clearly gave priority to the former.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although he did not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken up by painters such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner">J.M.W. Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formella_18,_apelle_o_la_pittura,_nino_pisano,_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A relief against a wall shows a bearded man reaching up with his hands as his clothes are draped over his body." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Formella_18%2C_apelle_o_la_pittura%2C_nino_pisano%2C_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG/170px-Formella_18%2C_apelle_o_la_pittura%2C_nino_pisano%2C_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Formella_18%2C_apelle_o_la_pittura%2C_nino_pisano%2C_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG/255px-Formella_18%2C_apelle_o_la_pittura%2C_nino_pisano%2C_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Formella_18%2C_apelle_o_la_pittura%2C_nino_pisano%2C_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG/340px-Formella_18%2C_apelle_o_la_pittura%2C_nino_pisano%2C_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nino_Pisano" title="Nino Pisano">Nino Pisano</a>, <i>Apelles or the Art of painting</i> in detail (1334–1336); relief of the <a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Bell_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto's Bell Tower">Giotto's Bell Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a>, for its <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a>, highly intellectual purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franciscono_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franciscono-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barasch_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barasch-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches <a href="/wiki/Primary_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colors">primary colors</a> to essential feelings or concepts, something that <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and other writers had already tried to do. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a> is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Panofsky" title="Erwin Panofsky">Erwin Panofsky</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Art_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Art historian">art historians</a> first seek to understand the things depicted, before looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, the Parisian painter <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a> famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, were reflections on the <i>means</i> of painting rather than on the external world—<a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book <i>What is Painting?</i>, Bell discusses the development, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Mirror of The World,</i> Bell writes: </p> <blockquote><p>A <i>work</i> of art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a <i>history</i> of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_media">Painting media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Painting media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">miscibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a>, drying time, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot_wax_or_encaustic">Hot wax or encaustic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hot wax or encaustic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/170px-Petersinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/255px-Petersinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/340px-Petersinai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Encaustic icon from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (6th-century)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">Encaustic painting</a>, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damar_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Damar resin">damar resin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased or <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collaged</a> into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. </p><p>The technique was the normal one for ancient Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watercolor">Watercolor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Watercolor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_(1837).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg/220px-John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg/330px-John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg/440px-John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_(Martin)" title="Manfred on the Jungfrau (Martin)">Manfred on the Jungfrau</a></i> (1837), watercolor</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">Watercolor</a> is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, bark papers, plastics, <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a>, wood and <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Brush_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush painting">brush painting</a> or scroll painting. In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">Japanese painting</a> it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and other countries also have long traditions. <a href="/wiki/Finger-painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-painting">Finger-painting</a> with watercolor paints originated in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor brush pens, and <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">watercolor pencils</a>. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gouache">Gouache</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gouache"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Reschreiter_Blick_von_der_H%C3%B6llentalangerh%C3%BCtte_zum_H%C3%B6llentalgletscher_und_den_Riffelwandspitzen_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rudolf_Reschreiter_Blick_von_der_H%C3%B6llentalangerh%C3%BCtte_zum_H%C3%B6llentalgletscher_und_den_Riffelwandspitzen_1921.jpg/220px-Rudolf_Reschreiter_Blick_von_der_H%C3%B6llentalangerh%C3%BCtte_zum_H%C3%B6llentalgletscher_und_den_Riffelwandspitzen_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rudolf_Reschreiter_Blick_von_der_H%C3%B6llentalangerh%C3%BCtte_zum_H%C3%B6llentalgletscher_und_den_Riffelwandspitzen_1921.jpg/330px-Rudolf_Reschreiter_Blick_von_der_H%C3%B6llentalangerh%C3%BCtte_zum_H%C3%B6llentalgletscher_und_den_Riffelwandspitzen_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rudolf_Reschreiter_Blick_von_der_H%C3%B6llentalangerh%C3%BCtte_zum_H%C3%B6llentalgletscher_und_den_Riffelwandspitzen_1921.jpg/440px-Rudolf_Reschreiter_Blick_von_der_H%C3%B6llentalangerh%C3%BCtte_zum_H%C3%B6llentalgletscher_und_den_Riffelwandspitzen_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3356" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf Reschreiter, <i>Blick von der Höllentalangerhütte zum Höllentalgletscher und den Riffelwandspitzen</i>, Gouache (1921)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">Gouache</a> is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor</a> in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all water media, it is diluted with water.<sup id="cite_ref-wash_gou_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wash_gou-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gouache was a popular paint utilized by Egyptians,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painters such as Francois Boucher used this medium. This paint is best applied with sable brushes. </p><p>Ceramic Glaze Glazing is commonly known as a premelted liquid glass. This glaze can be dipped or brushed on. This glaze appears chalky and there is a vast difference between the beginning and finished result. To be activated glazed pottery must be placed in a kiln to be fired. This melts the Silica glass in the glaze and transforms it into a vibrant glossy version of itself.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ink">Ink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscapes_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Landscapes_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg/220px-Landscapes_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Landscapes_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg/330px-Landscapes_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Landscapes_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg/440px-Landscapes_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a>, <i>Landscapes of the Four Seasons</i> (1486), ink and light color on paper </figcaption></figure> <p>Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments or <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> and is used to color a surface to produce an image, <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">text</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>. Ink is used for drawing with a <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a>. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, pigments, dyes, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>, solubilizers, <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">particulate matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescers</a>, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enamel">Enamel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Enamel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waddesdon_bequest_British_Museum_DSCF9814_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Waddesdon_bequest_British_Museum_DSCF9814_05.JPG/220px-Waddesdon_bequest_British_Museum_DSCF9814_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Waddesdon_bequest_British_Museum_DSCF9814_05.JPG/330px-Waddesdon_bequest_British_Museum_DSCF9814_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Waddesdon_bequest_British_Museum_DSCF9814_05.JPG/440px-Waddesdon_bequest_British_Museum_DSCF9814_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Court" title="Jean de Court">Jean de Court</a> (attributed), painted <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a> dish in detail (mid-16th century), <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Bequest" title="Waddesdon Bequest">Waddesdon Bequest</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamels</a> are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike most painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have also been used for other purposes. <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a> was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with small religious and mythological scenes in decorated surrounds, on plaques or objects such as <a href="/wiki/Salt_cellar" title="Salt cellar">salts</a> or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for <a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">portrait miniatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tempera">Tempera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tempera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/220px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/330px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/440px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="18840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus" title="The Birth of Venus">The Birth of Venus</a></i>, Tempera (1485–1486)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">Tempera</a>, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a> medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">size</a>). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a>. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as <a href="/wiki/Poster_paint" title="Poster paint">poster paint</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fresco">Fresco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fresco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg/170px-Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg/255px-Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg/340px-Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/White_Angel" title="White Angel">White Angel</a></i> (fresco, c. 1235), Mileševa monastery, Serbia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> is any of several related <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> painting types, done on <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> word <i>affresco</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[afˈfresːko]</span>, which derives from the Latin word for <i>fresh</i>. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. <i><a href="/wiki/Buon_fresco" title="Buon fresco">Buon fresco</a></i> technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)#Lime_mortar" title="Mortar (masonry)">lime mortar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, for which the Italian word for plaster, <a href="/wiki/Intonaco" title="Intonaco">intonaco</a>, is used. <i><a href="/wiki/A_secco" class="mw-redirect" title="A secco">A secco</a></i> painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (<i>secco</i> is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">egg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a>), glue or <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil</a> to attach the pigment to the wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil">Oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_008.jpg/220px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_008.jpg/330px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_008.jpg/440px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a>, <i>The Painter</i> (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">Oil painting</a> is the process of painting with <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a> that are bound with a medium of <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oil</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">poppyseed oil</a> which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a> in northern Europe, and by the height of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> paints in the majority of Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastel">Pastel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pastel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis15-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis15-1.jpg/170px-Louis15-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis15-1.jpg/255px-Louis15-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis15-1.jpg/340px-Louis15-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Quentin_de_La_Tour" title="Maurice Quentin de La Tour">Maurice Quentin de La Tour</a>, <i>Portrait of Louis XV of France</i> (1748), pastel</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel">Pastel</a> is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paints</a>; the binder is of a neutral hue and low <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a>. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a <a href="/wiki/Fixative_(drawing)" title="Fixative (drawing)">fixative</a>. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as it dries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acrylic">Acrylic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Acrylic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jungle_Arc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jungle_Arc.jpg/220px-Jungle_Arc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jungle_Arc.jpg/330px-Jungle_Arc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jungle_Arc.jpg/440px-Jungle_Arc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ray_Burggraf" title="Ray Burggraf">Ray Burggraf</a>, <i>Jungle Arc</i> (1998), acrylic paint on wood</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">Acrylic paint</a> is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">acrylic</a> polymer <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a>. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a>, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques but may also impede the artist's ability to work quickly. Another difference is that watercolors must be painted onto a porous surface, primarily watercolor paper. Acrylic paints can be used on many different surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both acrylic and watercolor are easy to clean up with water. Acrylic paint should be cleaned with soap and water immediately following use. Watercolor paint can be cleaned with just water.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appellof92_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appellof92-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1946 and 1949, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bocour" title="Leonard Bocour">Leonard Bocour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Golden" title="Sam Golden">Sam Golden</a> invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand <a href="/wiki/Magna_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna paint">Magna paint</a>. These were <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral spirits">mineral spirit</a>-based paints. Water-based acrylic paints were subsequently sold as <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> house paints.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, George Rowney (part of <a href="/wiki/Daler-Rowney" title="Daler-Rowney">Daler-Rowney</a> since 1983) was the first manufacturer to introduce artists' acrylic paints in Europe, under the brand name "Cryla".<sup id="cite_ref-Art_Materials_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_Materials-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acrylics are the most common paints used in <a href="/wiki/Grattage" title="Grattage">grattage</a>, a surrealist technique that began to be used with the advent of this type of paint. Acrylics are used for this purpose because they easily scrape or peel from a surface.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spray_paint">Spray paint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spray paint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol paint">Aerosol paint</a> (also called spray paint)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valve</a> button. A form of <a href="/wiki/Spray_painting" title="Spray painting">spray painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol <a href="/wiki/Primer_(paint)" title="Primer (paint)">primer</a> can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics. </p><p>Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate, and a unique style developed as a factor of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencil</a> protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logos</a> or hand-cut by artists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_miscible_oil_paint">Water miscible oil paint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Water miscible oil paint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Water_miscible_oil_paint" title="Water miscible oil paint">Water miscible oil paints</a> (also called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is a modern variety of <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paint</a> engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dye2001_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dye2001-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than having to use chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> medium in which one end of the <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sand">Sand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sandpainting" title="Sandpainting">Sandpainting</a></div> <p>Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed or unfixed sand painting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_painting">Digital painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Digital painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></div> <p>Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. As a method of creating an art object, it adapts traditional painting medium such as <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a>, etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvas cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by means of <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> driving <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">industrial robotic</a> or office machinery (printers). As a technique, it refers to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> software program that uses a <a href="/wiki/Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">virtual</a> canvas and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital artwork</a> a different look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional way. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art as the computer does not automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a particular piece of work on the computer.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other- Unruly Painting Methods. Painting is not confined to one method over another. Artists such as Andy Warhol Explored the limits of painting. Oxidization<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was utilized by Andy Warhol as he painted canvases sprawled on the ground. He then had his assistants and friends urinate on the still-wet<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paint to witness the visible changes that would occur. </p><p>Menstrual Painting Other interesting painting mediums have helped women and menstruating individuals gain freedom and liberty over their bodies. Blood from menstrual periods has been used to paint images across the world for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarah Maple, a contemporary artist, has used her menstrual blood to create portraits to help erase the taboo covering the topic of periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_styles">Painting styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Painting styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style (visual arts)</a></div> <p><i>Style</i> is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an <i>individual</i> artist's work. It can also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">movement</a> or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western">Western</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Western"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernism">Modernism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated <a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">cultural movements</a>, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western society</a> in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth79Replenishment-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graff75_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graff75-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impressionism">Impressionism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Impressionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monet_-_Impression,_Sunrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/220px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/330px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/440px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5773" data-file-height="4478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>'s 1872 <i><a href="/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise" title="Impression, Sunrise">Impression, Sunrise</a></i> inspired the name of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">the movement</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first example of modernism in painting was <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionism</a>, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (<i><a href="/wiki/En_plein_air" title="En plein air">en plein air</a></i>). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Paris_Salon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Salon">Paris Salon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Impressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionists">Impressionists</a> organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the <a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Refus%C3%A9s" title="Salon des Refusés">Salon des Refusés</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Emperor Napoleon III</a> to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abstract_styles">Abstract styles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Abstract styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract painting</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Visual_language" title="Visual language">visual language</a> of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> was an American post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionists</a> with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (art)">Futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a>, sometimes called <i>gestural abstraction</i>, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s and is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract expressionism</a> (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). </p><p>Other modernist styles include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Abstraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyrical Abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outsider_art">Outsider art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Outsider art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">outsider art</a> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">art critic</a> Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[aʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>bʁyt]</a></span>, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a> to describe <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">insane-asylum</a> inmates.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world", regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photorealism">Photorealism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Photorealism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a> is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a>. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from <a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-Supperrealist_Pop_Art_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supperrealist_Pop_Art-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase,_Linda_2002._pp_14-15_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase,_Linda_2002._pp_14-15-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a counter to <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionism">Abstract Expressionism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperrealism (painting)">Hyperrealism</a> is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperrealism (painting)">Hyperrealism</a> is a fully-fledged school of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surrealism">Surrealism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Surrealism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist Movement">Surrealist Movement</a>. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and <a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur_(literary_device)" title="Non sequitur (literary device)">non-sequitur</a>; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. </p><p>Surrealism developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> activities of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the most important center of the movement was <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> of many countries, as well as <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> thought and practice, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting#Styles_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">Outline of painting § Styles of painting</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian">East Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: East Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg/220px-Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg/330px-Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg/440px-Immortal_in_Splashed_Ink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai">Liang Kai</a><i>, Drunken Celestial</i> (12th century), ink on <a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan paper</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP153920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MET_DP153920.jpg/220px-MET_DP153920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MET_DP153920.jpg/330px-MET_DP153920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MET_DP153920.jpg/440px-MET_DP153920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3799" data-file-height="3442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yun_Bing" title="Yun Bing">Yun Bing</a>, <i>Album Leaf</i> (17th century), ink and color on paper</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty painting">Tang Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty painting">Ming Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_and_wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink and wash painting">Ink and wash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Hua niao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_School" title="Southern School">Southern School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(painting)" title="Zhe school (painting)">Zhe School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_School" title="Wu School">Wu School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_art#Contemporary_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese art">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">Japanese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato-e" title="Yamato-e">Yamato-e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimpa_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimpa school">Rimpa school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">Emakimono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_school" title="Kanō school">Kanō school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shij%C5%8D_school" title="Shijō school">Shijō school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Indonesian</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic">Islamic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Islamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian">Indian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Indian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miniature_painting">Miniature painting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Miniature painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Miniature paintings were the primary form of painting in pre-colonial India. These were done on a special paper (known as wasli) using mineral and natural colours. Miniature painting is not one style but a group of several styles of schools of painting such as Mughal, Pahari, Rajasthani, Company style etc. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal miniature</a> painting</b> is a particular style of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a>, particularly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums (<a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">muraqqa</a>). It emerged<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> painting (itself partly of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese origin</a>) and developed in the court of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani painting">Rajasthani painting</a></b> evolved and flourished in the royal courts of <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a> were dispersed from the </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maker_unknown,_India_-_Krishna_and_Radha_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maker_unknown%2C_India_-_Krishna_and_Radha_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Maker_unknown%2C_India_-_Krishna_and_Radha_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maker_unknown%2C_India_-_Krishna_and_Radha_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Maker_unknown%2C_India_-_Krishna_and_Radha_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maker_unknown%2C_India_-_Krishna_and_Radha_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Maker_unknown%2C_India_-_Krishna_and_Radha_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4298" data-file-height="4784" /></a><figcaption><i>Krishna and Radha</i>, might be the work of <a href="/wiki/Nih%C3%A2l_Chand" title="Nihâl Chand">Nihâl Chand</a>, master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting </figcaption></figure><p>imperial Mughal court, and developed styles also drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were generally popular, as were narrative scenes from the epics or <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre scenes</a> of landscapes, and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Punjab Hills or <a href="/wiki/Pahari_painting" title="Pahari painting">Pahari painting</a></b> of which Kangra, Guller, Basholi were major sub-styles. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Kangra_State" title="Kangra State">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a>, which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of <a href="/wiki/Basohli_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Basohli Painting">Basohli school of painting</a> in mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keshavdas" title="Keshavdas">Keshav Das</a> who wrote ecstatically of the love of <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> being the driving force.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_Bahadur_Khan_with_men_of_his_clan_(6125079998)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khan_Bahadur_Khan_with_men_of_his_clan_%286125079998%29_cropped.jpg/220px-Khan_Bahadur_Khan_with_men_of_his_clan_%286125079998%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khan_Bahadur_Khan_with_men_of_his_clan_%286125079998%29_cropped.jpg/330px-Khan_Bahadur_Khan_with_men_of_his_clan_%286125079998%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khan_Bahadur_Khan_with_men_of_his_clan_%286125079998%29_cropped.jpg/440px-Khan_Bahadur_Khan_with_men_of_his_clan_%286125079998%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style</figcaption></figure><p><b>Company style</b> is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three distinct styles of Company Painting emerged in three British Power Centres – <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>. The subject matter of company paintings made for western patrons was often documentary rather than imaginative, and as a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic approach to painting than had traditionally been usual.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Sikh style</b> and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_painting" title="Deccan painting"><b>Deccan style</b></a> are other prominent Miniature painting styles of India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pichwai_painting">Pichwai painting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Pichwai painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pichhwai" title="Pichhwai">Pichwai paintings</a> are paintings on textile and usually depicting stories from the life of Lord Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were made in large format and often used as a backdrop to the main idol in temples or homes. Pichwai paintings were made and are still made mainly in Rajasthan, India. However very few were made in the Deccan region, but these are extremely rare. The purpose of pichhwais, other than artistic appeal, is to narrate tales of Krishna to the illiterate. Temples have sets with different images, which are changed according to the <a href="/wiki/Shrinathji#Festivals_and_rituals_at_the_temple" title="Shrinathji">calendar of festivals celebrating the deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folk_and_tribal_art">Folk and tribal art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Folk and tribal art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> painting, based in the eastern Indian <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> in Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made fully old traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. Patachitras are a component of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madhubani Art is a style of <a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Indian painting</a>, practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila region</a> of India and Nepal. The style is characterized by complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representing ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals, religious rituals etc.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Warli_painting" title="Warli painting">Warli</a> is another folk tribal art form from India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengal_School">Bengal School</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bengal School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bengal School<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> and a style of <a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Indian painting</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shantiniketan" title="Shantiniketan">Shantiniketan</a>, and flourished throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengal school arose as an <a href="/wiki/Avant_garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant garde">avant garde</a> and nationalist movement reacting against the <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a> styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage. In an attempt to reject colonial aesthetics, <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a> also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">Japanese wash technique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mysore_Painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mysore_Painting.jpg/170px-Mysore_Painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mysore_Painting.jpg/255px-Mysore_Painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mysore_Painting.jpg/340px-Mysore_Painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess <a href="/wiki/Saraswathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswathi">Saraswathi</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Mysore painting is an important form of classical <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> painting that originated in and around the town of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> encouraged and nurtured by the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> gods and goddesses and scenes from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samikshavad" title="Samikshavad">Samikshavad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjore_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore painting">Tanjore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_mural_painting" title="Kerala mural painting">Kerala mural painting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African">African</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: African"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tingatinga_(painting)" title="Tingatinga (painting)">Tingatinga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_art">Contemporary art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Contemporary art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%; border:0 solid #e5ffec; background:#=#e5ffec;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:17%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionism">Abstract Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Abstraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyrical Abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">New York Figurative Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_Imagists" title="Abstract Imagists">Abstract Imagists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Abstraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyrical Abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-figurative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-figurative">Neo-figurative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_R%C3%A9alisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouveau Réalisme">Nouveau Réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Op Art">Op Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascii_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascii Art">Ascii Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Painting" title="Bad Painting">Bad Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_book" title="Artist's book">Artist's book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Feminist art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Art">Land Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow (art movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Process Art">Process Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_art" title="Funk art">Funk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Appropriation art">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_art" title="Electronic art">Electronic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figuration_Libre" title="Figuration Libre">Figuration Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Graffiti Art">Graffiti Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Art_(art_form)" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Art (art form)">Live art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-pop" title="Neo-pop">Neo-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_installation" title="Video installation">Video installation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Critique" title="Institutional Critique">Institutional Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogeo_(art)" title="Neogeo (art)">NeoGeo</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio art">Bio art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberarts" title="Cyberarts">Cyberarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynical_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynical Realism">Cynical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Art">Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpressionism">Transpressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:16%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudorealism" title="Pseudorealism">Pseudorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videogame_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Videogame art">Videogame art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VJ_(video_performance_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="VJ (video performance artist)">VJ art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">Virtual art</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_painting">Types of painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Types of painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_(Zurbar%C3%A1n).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg/220px-Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg/330px-Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg/440px-Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Francisco de Zurbarán</a>, <i>Still Life with Pottery Jars</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Bodegón de recipientes</i>) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84 cm, <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegory">Allegory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Allegory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative</a> <a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">mode</a> of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">grim reaper</a>. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodegón"><span id="Bodeg.C3.B3n"></span>Bodegón</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Bodegón"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reza_Abbasi_-_Two_Lovers_(1630).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Reza_Abbasi_-_Two_Lovers_%281630%29.jpg/170px-Reza_Abbasi_-_Two_Lovers_%281630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Reza_Abbasi_-_Two_Lovers_%281630%29.jpg/255px-Reza_Abbasi_-_Two_Lovers_%281630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Reza_Abbasi_-_Two_Lovers_%281630%29.jpg/340px-Reza_Abbasi_-_Two_Lovers_%281630%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4012" data-file-height="6088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reza_Abbasi" title="Reza Abbasi">Reza Abbasi</a>, <i>Two Lovers</i> (1630)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spanish art</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bodeg%C3%B3n" title="Bodegón">bodegón</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, today Belgium and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting#Still_lifes" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Northern still lifes</a> had many subgenres: the <i>breakfast piece</i> was augmented by the <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i>, the <i>flower bouquet</i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vanitas" title="Vanitas">vanitas</a></i>. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of <i>breakfast piece</i> did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Figure_painting">Figure painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Figure painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Figure_painting" title="Figure painting">figure painting</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a> in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or <a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">nude</a>. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some artists well known for figure painting are <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustration_painting">Illustration painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Illustration painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a> paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie <a href="/wiki/Posters" class="mw-redirect" title="Posters">posters</a> and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_designer" title="Graphic designer">graphic designers</a>. But as the result of <a href="/wiki/Computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game">computer game</a> and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and the United States. </p><p>The illustrations of medieval <a href="/wiki/Codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Codices">codices</a> were known as <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminations</a>, and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> during the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a> became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with <a href="/wiki/Woodcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodcuts">woodcuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">America</a>, this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the best-known illustrators of that period were <a href="/wiki/N._C._Wyeth" title="N. C. Wyeth">N.C. Wyeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brandywine_School" title="Brandywine School">Brandywine School</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_Flagg" title="James Montgomery Flagg">James Montgomery Flagg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Shippen_Green" title="Elizabeth Shippen Green">Elizabeth Shippen Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._C._Leyendecker" title="J. C. Leyendecker">J. C. Leyendecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violet_Oakley" title="Violet Oakley">Violet Oakley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish" title="Maxfield Parrish">Maxfield Parrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith" title="Jessie Willcox Smith">Jessie Willcox Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Rea_Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rea Neill">John Rea Neill</a>. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jouve" title="Paul Jouve">Paul Jouve</a> to illustrate <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling%27s_The_Jungle_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book">Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book</a>. Paul Jouve will devote ten years to the 130 illustrations of this book which will remain as one of the masterpieces of bibliophilia.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_painting">Landscape painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Landscape painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">Landscape art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up%E2%80%94Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up%E2%80%94Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg/220px-Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up%E2%80%94Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up%E2%80%94Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg/330px-Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up%E2%80%94Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up%E2%80%94Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg/440px-Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up%E2%80%94Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Achenbach" title="Andreas Achenbach">Andreas Achenbach</a>, <i>Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily</i> (1847), <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">Landscape painting</a> is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from <a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a>, going back well over a thousand years in both cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrait_painting">Portrait painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Portrait painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_United_States_Congress_by.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ned_Bittinger" title="Ned Bittinger">Ned Bittinger</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Bittinger)" title="Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)">Portrait of Abraham Lincoln</a> in Congress</i> (2004), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">US Capitol</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Portrait_painting" title="Portrait painting">Portrait paintings</a> are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, <a href="/wiki/Personality_type" title="Personality type">personality</a>, and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman sculpture</a>, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s painting titled <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>, which is thought to be a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo" title="Lisa del Giocondo">Lisa Gherardini</a>, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting <i><a href="/wiki/Shot_Marilyns" title="Shot Marilyns">Orange Shot Marilyn</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince (painting)">Orange Prince (1984)</a> of the pop singer <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Still_life">Still life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Still life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Marseus_van_Schrieck_-_A_Forest_Floor_Still-Life_-_WGA21061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Otto_Marseus_van_Schrieck_-_A_Forest_Floor_Still-Life_-_WGA21061.jpg/220px-Otto_Marseus_van_Schrieck_-_A_Forest_Floor_Still-Life_-_WGA21061.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Otto_Marseus_van_Schrieck_-_A_Forest_Floor_Still-Life_-_WGA21061.jpg/330px-Otto_Marseus_van_Schrieck_-_A_Forest_Floor_Still-Life_-_WGA21061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Otto_Marseus_van_Schrieck_-_A_Forest_Floor_Still-Life_-_WGA21061.jpg/440px-Otto_Marseus_van_Schrieck_-_A_Forest_Floor_Still-Life_-_WGA21061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_Marseus_van_Schrieck" title="Otto Marseus van Schrieck">Otto Marseus van Schrieck</a>, <i>A Forest Floor Still-Life</i> (1666)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> is a work of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> depicting mostly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inanimate" class="extiw" title="wikt:inanimate">inanimate</a> subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portraiture</a>. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veduta">Veduta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Veduta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Veduta" title="Veduta">veduta</a> is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a <a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a> or some other vista. This <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, where artists such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bril" title="Paul Bril">Paul Bril</a> painted <i>vedute</i> as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> became somewhat standardized, <i>vedute</i> of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="artist's palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/28px-600-artist-palette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/42px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/600-artist-palette.svg/56px-600-artist-palette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" 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art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China#Painting" title="Business process outsourcing in China">Painting outsourcing in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">Image</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking">"What Is Printmaking?"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=What+Is+Printmaking%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.metmuseum.org%2Fabout-the-met%2Fcollection-areas%2Fdrawings-and-prints%2Fmaterials-and-techniques%2Fprintmaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paint">"Paint – Definition"</a>. 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H. Sadler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160210194701/http://www.semantikon.com/art/kandinskyspiritualinart.pdf">Archived</a> 10 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073107/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/newton1671.pdf">Archived</a> 20 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/">Pigments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106133914/http://colourlex.com/pigments/pigments-colour/">Archived</a> 6 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at ColourLex</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tosaki-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tosaki_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosaki_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mondrian_s_Philosophy_of_Visual_Rhythm/tvM-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Eiichi Tosaki, <i>Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought</i></a>, Vol. 23 of Sophia <i>Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures</i>, Springer, 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9402411984" title="Special:BookSources/9402411984">9402411984</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piet Mondrian, <i>Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Future Theater</i>, 1922</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php">"Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes"</a>. <i>www.wassilykandinsky.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065812/https://www.wassilykandinsky.net/quotes.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wassilykandinsky.net&rft.atitle=Wassily+Kandinsky+%E2%80%93+Quotes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wassilykandinsky.net%2Fquotes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, François Le Targat, <i>Kandinsky</i>, Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0847808106" title="Special:BookSources/0847808106">0847808106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, <i>Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a selection from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation</i>, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiedler2013" class="citation book cs1">Fiedler, Jeannine (2013). <i>Bauhaus</i>. Germany: h.f. ullmann publishing GmbH. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3848002757" title="Special:BookSources/978-3848002757"><bdi>978-3848002757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bauhaus&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=h.f.+ullmann+publishing+GmbH&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3848002757&rft.aulast=Fiedler&rft.aufirst=Jeannine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/">"Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock"</a>. 16 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020105/http://www.interlude.hk/front/intersections-art-music-rothko-pollock/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intersections+with+art+and+music%2C+Rothko+and+Pollock&rft.date=2016-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interlude.hk%2Ffront%2Fintersections-art-music-rothko-pollock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001041449/http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/Aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm">"Plato's Aesthetics"</a>. <i>www.rowan.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rowan.edu/open/philosop/clowney/aesthetics/philos_artists_onart/plato.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rowan.edu&rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Aesthetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rowan.edu%2Fopen%2Fphilosop%2Fclowney%2Faesthetics%2Fphilos_artists_onart%2Fplato.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). <i>Modern criticism</i>. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/812690187X" title="Special:BookSources/812690187X">812690187X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276"><i>Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal</i></a>. Routledge. 1998. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415187091" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415187091"><bdi>978-0415187091</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5m5z_ca-qDkC&pg=PA276">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Craig%2C+Edward.+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%3A+Genealogy+to+Iqbal&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0415187091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5m5z_ca-qDkC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">Wallace, William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hegel,_Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich">"Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–207, see page 207. <q>Painting and music are the specially romantic arts. Lastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry, where the sensuous element is more than ever subordinate to the spirit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hegel%2C+Georg+Wilhelm+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=200-207%2C+see+page+207&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franciscono-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franciscono_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franciscono, Marcel, <i>Paul Klee: His Work and Thought</i>, part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee's theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barasch-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barasch_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barasch, Moshe (2000) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C">Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401050825/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_2wIujisH4C">Archived</a> 1 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color' pp. 332–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Howard (October 2014). "The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience". <i>Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 541–252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Spiritual+%26+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Varieties+of+Aesthetic+Experience&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=541-252&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/abstract_art.html">Encyclopedia Encarta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155609/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563353/Abstract_Art.html">Archived</a> 4 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp">"Review by art historian David Cohen"</a>. Artnet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181932/http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/index/cohen/cohen8-16-99.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+by+art+historian+David+Cohen&rft.pub=Artnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnet.com%2FMagazine%2Findex%2Fcohen%2Fcohen8-16-99.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2007" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Julian (2007). <i>Mirror of the World: A New History of Art</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500238370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500238370"><bdi>978-0500238370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirror+of+the+World%3A+A+New+History+of+Art&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0500238370&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wash_gou-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wash_gou_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohn, Marjorie B., <i>Wash and Gouache</i>, Fogg Museum, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/gouache">"Gouache | Watercolor, Acrylics, Tempera"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gouache+%7C+Watercolor%2C+Acrylics%2C+Tempera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fgouache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey Fox Pottery. “The History of Ceramic Glaze.” Grey Fox Pottery, 4 Aug. 2023, greyfoxpottery.com/coffee-mugs/the-history-of-ceramic-glaze#:~:text=Glaze%20is%20very%20technically%20a,temperature%20of%20a%20kiln%20firing. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Ceramic glaze.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ceramic%20glaze</a>. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, Ralph,<i>The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques</i>, 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", <i>Oxford Art Online</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, Ralph, <i>The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques</i>, 3rd ed., New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, Ralph (1970), <i>The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques</i>, 3rd ed., New York: Viking. p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, Ralph (1971). <i>The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Religions+%E2%80%93+Islam%3A+Mughal+Empire+%281500s%2C+1600s%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fmughalempire_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting">"Mughal painting"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.britannica.com/art/Mughal-painting">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.culturalindia.net&rft.atitle=Rajput+Paintings%2C+Rajput+Paintings+India%2C+Rajput+Painting+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalindia.net%2Findian-art%2Fpaintings%2Frajput.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1">"Rajput painting"</a>. <i>Jagran Josh</i>. 17 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104201/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajput-painting-1345188164-1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=K%C4%81ngra+painting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FKangra-painting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradnockBradnock2004" class="citation book cs1">Bradnock, Robert W.; Bradnock, Roma (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512"><i>Footprint India</i></a>. Footprint. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904777007" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904777007"><bdi>978-1904777007</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219034009/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKaR6LbEGcC&q=pligrim+Dharamshala%22&pg=PA512">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footprint+India&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Footprint&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1904777007&rft.aulast=Bradnock&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Bradnock%2C+Roma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWKaR6LbEGcC%26q%3Dpligrim%2BDharamshala%2522%26pg%3DPA512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting">"Kangra Painting – The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh"</a>. <i>Caleidoscope | Indian Culture, Heritage</i>. 27 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/kangra-painting">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=How+love%2C+war+and+Mughal+fine+art+inspired+Kangra+painting&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fpageturner%2Fexcerpt%2Fhow-love-war-and-mughal-fine-art-inspired-kangra-painting%2F533500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm">"Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | the Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Company+Painting+in+Nineteenth-Century+India+%26%23124%3B+Essay+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%26%23124%3B+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fcpin%2Fhd_cpin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg">"Company Paintings – Capturing an Era"</a>. <i>Live History India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+History+India&rft.atitle=Company+Paintings+%E2%80%93+Capturing+an+Era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com%2Fimg.livehistoryindia.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F12%2F9__Tavern_Scene-scaled.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_and_Albert_Museum2012" class="citation web cs1">Victoria and Albert Museum, Digital Media (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/">"Indian company paintings"</a>. <i>www.vam.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/indian-company-paintings/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Indian+company+paintings&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.aulast=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.aufirst=Digital+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fi%2Findian-company-paintings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianartspalace.in/the-colorful-tradition-of-indian-pichwai-paintings/">"The colourful tradition of Indian Pichwai Painting"</a>. 15 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.paramparaproject.org&rft.atitle=Parampara+Project+%7C+Pata+Chitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paramparaproject.org%2Ftraditions_pata-chitra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra">"Daricha Foundation"</a>. <i>www.daricha.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.daricha.org&rft.atitle=Daricha+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daricha.org%2Fsub_genre.aspx%3FID%3D39%26Name%3DPatachitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/">"Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity"</a>. <i>The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design</i>. 2 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102700/https://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chitrolekha+Journal+on+Art+and+Design&rft.atitle=Myths+and+Folktales+in+the+Patachitra+Art+of+Bengal%3A+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchitrolekha.com%2Fmyths-and-folktales-patachitra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece">"Orissa Pattachitra –"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 15 June 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Orissa+Pattachitra+%E2%80%93&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-in-school%2Forissa-pattachitra%2Farticle14422369.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsays2017" class="citation web cs1">says, Conrad Comrie (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/">"Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal"</a>. <i>Media India Group</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154252/https://mediaindia.eu/culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+India+Group&rft.atitle=Patachitra%3A+Ancient+scroll+painting+of+Bengal&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.aulast=says&rft.aufirst=Conrad+Comrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediaindia.eu%2Fculture%2Fpatachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html">"Madhubani (Mithila) Painting – History, Designs & Artists"</a>. <i>www.culturalindia.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/madhubani.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.culturalindia.net&rft.atitle=Madhubani+%28Mithila%29+Painting+%E2%80%93+History%2C+Designs+%26+Artists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalindia.net%2Findian-art%2Fpaintings%2Fmadhubani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp">"National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi"</a>. <i>ngmaindia.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ngmaindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=National+Gallery+of+Modern+Art%2C+New+Delhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngmaindia.gov.in%2Fsh-bengal.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianartspalace.in/bengal-school-painting/">"Bengal School Painting – The transition to Modernism"</a>. 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artsy&rft.atitle=Bengal+School+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsy.net%2Fgene%2Fbengal-school-of-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape">"How the Bengal School of Art Changed Colonial India's Art Landscape"</a>. <i>Artisera</i>. 27 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102658/https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/how-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artisera&rft.atitle=How+the+Bengal+School+of+Art+Changed+Colonial+India%27s+Art+Landscape&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artisera.com%2Fblogs%2Fexpressions%2Fhow-the-bengal-school-of-art-changed-colonial-indias-art-landscape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1">"Bengal School of Art"</a>. <i>Jagran Josh</i>. 18 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/bengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jagran+Josh&rft.atitle=Bengal+School+of+Art&rft.date=2012-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagranjosh.com%2Fgeneral-knowledge%2Fbengal-school-of-art-1345270637-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings">"Mysore Paintings | Buy Mysore School Paintings | Shop Online at Artisera"</a>. <i>Artisera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/https://www.artisera.com/collections/mysore-paintings">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artisera&rft.atitle=Mysore+Paintings+%7C+Buy+Mysore+School+Paintings+%7C+Shop+Online+at+Artisera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artisera.com%2Fcollections%2Fmysore-paintings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDroste2014" class="citation journal cs1">Droste, Flip (October 2014). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.atitle=What+Is+an+Illuminated+Manuscript%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fconservation%2Fpaper%2Fmanuscript-project.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html">"Heavenly Craft: The Woodcut in Early Printed Books"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. 27 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020234750/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/heavenlycraft/heavenly-15th.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Heavenly+Craft%3A+The+Woodcut+in+Early+Printed+Books&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fheavenlycraft%2Fheavenly-15th.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/">"The R. Atkinson Fox Society: What Was the Golden Age of Illustration?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414063829/http://www.rafoxsociety.com/what-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+R.+Atkinson+Fox+Society%3A+What+Was+the+Golden+Age+of+Illustration%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafoxsociety.com%2Fwhat-was-the-golden-age-of-illustration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html">"Paul Jouve"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215154738/https://www.pauljouve.com/resultats/2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Jouve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pauljouve.com%2Fresultats%2F2021-06-25-sotheby-s-france-128.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" mode of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed by nature's might and fury.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760">"Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233109/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mona-lisa-%E2%80%93-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo">the original</a> on 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mona+Lisa+%E2%80%93+Portrait+of+Lisa+Gherardini%2C+wife+of+Francesco+del+Giocondo&rft.pub=Louvre+Museum&rft.date=1503&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fmona-lisa-%25E2%2580%2593-portrait-lisa-gherardini-wife-francesco-del-giocondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212218/https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/">"Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever"</a>. <i>Widewalls</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015/mao-tse-tung-8/">the original</a> on 27 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Widewalls&rft.atitle=Andy+Warhol+Portraits+That+Changed+The+World+Forever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.widewalls.ch%2F10-faces-by-andy-warhol-february-2015%2Fmao-tse-tung-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/works/61240">"Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 | MoMA"</a>. <i>The Museum of Modern Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.atitle=Andy+Warhol.+Marilyn+Monroe.+1967+%7C+MoMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcollection%2Fworks%2F61240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724192941/http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html">"The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography"</a>. <i>warholfoundation.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warholfoundation.org&rft.atitle=The+Andy+Warhol+Foundation+for+the+Visual+Arts+%E2%80%93+Andy+Warhol+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarholfoundation.org%2Flegacy%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APainting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Painting&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Painting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Painting">Painting</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Painting" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Painting">Painting</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/painting" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:painting">painting</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Painting" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Painting">Portal:Painting</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Howard Daniel (1971). <i>Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc.</li> <li>W. Stanley Taft Jr. and James W. Mayer (2000). <i>The Science of Paintings</i>. 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href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">pallet crafts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic media">List of artistic media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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