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<p>The <b>Edict of Pîtres</b> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Edictum Pistense</i></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Capitulary" title="Capitulary">capitulary</a> promulgated at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AEtres" title="Pîtres">Pîtres</a> on 25 June 864. It is often cited by historians as an example of successful government action on the part of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>. </p><p>At the time <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> more than annually ravaged not only the Frankish coastlands but, with the aid of Europe's numerous navigable rivers, much of the interior also. A king was most valued who could defeat them in the field and prevent their attacks in the future. The purpose and primary effect of the Edict was long thought to be the protection of the cities and countryside from <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion#West_Francia_and_Middle_Francia" title="Viking expansion">Viking raids</a>. </p><p>Charles created a large force of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> upon which he could call as needed. He ordered all men who had horses or could afford horses to serve in the army as cavalrymen. This was one of the beginnings of the French <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> so famous for the next seven centuries. The intention of Charles was to have a mobile force with which to descend upon the raiders before they could up and leave with their booty. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg/265px-Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg/398px-Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg/530px-Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">Denier</a> (type Temple and cross) of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, minted at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> between 840–864 (pre-Edict of Pîtres).</figcaption></figure> <p>To prevent the Vikings from even attaining a great booty, Charles also declared that fortified bridges should be built at all towns on rivers. This was to prevent the dreaded <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a> from sailing into the interior. Simon Coupland believes that only two bridges, at <a href="/wiki/Pont-de-l%27Arche" title="Pont-de-l'Arche">Pont-de-l'Arche</a> (near Pîtres) on the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Les_Ponts-de-C%C3%A9" title="Les Ponts-de-Cé">Les Ponts-de-Cé</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, were ever fortified, though a few others that had fallen into disrepair were rebuilt "in times of crisis in order to increase troop mobility".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles also prohibited all trade in weapons with the Vikings, in order to prevent them from establishing bases in Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penalty for selling horses to the Vikings was death. Since the prohibition on the sale of horses was new, it is probable that mounted Viking raids were on the rise.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from its auspicious military reforms, the Edict had political and economic consequences. King <a href="/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine" title="Pepin II of Aquitaine">Pepin II of Aquitaine</a>, against whom Charles had been fighting for decades, had been captured in 864 and was formally deposed at Pîtres. Economically, besides the prohibitions on commerce with the enemy, Charles tightened his control of the <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mints</a> and regulated the punishment for <a href="/wiki/Counterfeiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeiting">counterfeiting</a>. Prior to this edict at least nine places in France had the right of minting but these were reduced to three. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Surviving_manuscripts"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Surviving manuscripts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Editions_and_translations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Editions and translations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Surviving_manuscripts">Surviving manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_P%C3%AEtres&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Surviving manuscripts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>There are twelve surviving manuscripts of the Edict across various collections: three in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, three in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, two in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Library" title="Bavarian State Library">Bavarian State Library</a>, and one in each of the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Yale University Library</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stiftsbibliothek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stiftsbibliothek (page does not exist)">Stiftsbibliothek</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Vallicelliana" title="Biblioteca Vallicelliana">Biblioteca Vallicelliana</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_P%C3%AEtres&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Editions and translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li>Edition: "Edictum Pistense 864." A. Boretius and V. Krause, edd. <i><a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" title="Monumenta Germaniae Historica">MGH</a></i>, Capitularia regum Francorum, 2. Hannover: 1897.</li> <li>Translation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation cs2">Hill, Brian E. (April 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/152270/Hill_umn_0130M_13627.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Charles the Bald's 'Edict of Pîtres' (864): a Translation and Commentary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, University of Minnesota (MA thesis)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bald%27s+%27Edict+of+P%C3%AEtres%27+%28864%29%3A+a+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+%28MA+thesis%29&rft.date=2013-04&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Brian+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F152270%2FHill_umn_0130M_13627.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+P%C3%AEtres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Translation: Coupland, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6680741/The_Edict_of_P%C3%AEtres_translation">Edict of Pîtres</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_P%C3%AEtres&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coupland, 2, gives an impressive list of those who have noted Charles' bridge-building "program": Vercauteren, d'Haenens, Jäschke, Fixot, Sawyer, Logan, and Gillmor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Frankish swords have been found at Viking archaeological sites, cf. Gillmore, 104 note 80, citing Nils-Ove Nilsson, "Armes scandinaves de l'époque viking en France," <i>Lunds Universitets historiska Museum</i>, 13(1966–68), 192–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Gillmore, 104 note 78, the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Sub_anno" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub anno">sub anno</a></i> 886 "reports that a Norse army 'took up quarters in East Anglia and were supplied with horses'. This passage is the first reference in the <i>Chronicle</i> to the Viking use of horses and reflects the cooperation of the native inhabitants in providing mounts …"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLean, 41</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li>Coupland, Simon. "The Fortified Bridges of Charles the Bald." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medieval_History" title="Journal of Medieval History">Journal of Medieval History</a></i>, 17(1991):1, 1–12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4181%2891%2990023-E">10.1016/0304-4181(91)90023-E</a></li> <li>Gillmor, Carroll. "War on the Rivers: Viking Numbers and Mobility on the Seine and Loire, 841–886." <i>Viator</i>, 19(1988), 79–109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.VIATOR.2.301365">10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301365</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLean2020" class="citation journal cs1">MacLean, Simon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S008044012000002X/type/journal_article">"The Edict of Pîtres, Carolingian defence against the Vikings, and the origins of the medieval castle"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>30</b>: 29–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS008044012000002X">10.1017/S008044012000002X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F20962">10023/20962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4401">0080-4401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Edict+of+P%C3%AEtres%2C+Carolingian+defence+against+the+Vikings%2C+and+the+origins+of+the+medieval+castle&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=29-54&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F20962&rft.issn=0080-4401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS008044012000002X&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS008044012000002X%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdict+of+P%C3%AEtres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Carleton_Munro" title="Dana Carleton Munro">Munro, Dana Carleton</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124173522/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Munro06.html"><i>The Middle Ages, 395–1272</i>.</a> New York: The Century Company, 1921.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a>. <i>The Dark Ages, 476–918</i>. London: Rivingtons, 1914.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_P%C3%AEtres&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/864charlesbald-pistes.asp">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/864charlesbald-pistes.asp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mgh.de/dmgh/resolving/MGH_Capit._2_S._310">http://www.mgh.de/dmgh/resolving/MGH_Capit._2_S._310</a></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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