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id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Eginhard" redirects here. For the bishop of Utrecht, see <a href="/wiki/Eginhard_(bishop)" title="Eginhard (bishop)">Eginhard (bishop)</a>.</div> <p><b>Einhard</b> (also <b>Eginhard</b> or <b>Einhart</b>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">E(g)inhardus</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 775 – 14 March 840) was a <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> scholar and courtier. Einhard was a dedicated servant of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Karoli_Magni" title="Vita Karoli Magni">Vita Karoli Magni</a></i>, "one of the most precious literary bequests of the early Middle Ages".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89ginhard_Vita_Caroli_magni_imperatoris-Lettrine_V_histori%C3%A9e_Charlemagne_assis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%C3%89ginhard_Vita_Caroli_magni_imperatoris-Lettrine_V_histori%C3%A9e_Charlemagne_assis.jpg/220px-%C3%89ginhard_Vita_Caroli_magni_imperatoris-Lettrine_V_histori%C3%A9e_Charlemagne_assis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%C3%89ginhard_Vita_Caroli_magni_imperatoris-Lettrine_V_histori%C3%A9e_Charlemagne_assis.jpg/330px-%C3%89ginhard_Vita_Caroli_magni_imperatoris-Lettrine_V_histori%C3%A9e_Charlemagne_assis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%C3%89ginhard_Vita_Caroli_magni_imperatoris-Lettrine_V_histori%C3%A9e_Charlemagne_assis.jpg/440px-%C3%89ginhard_Vita_Caroli_magni_imperatoris-Lettrine_V_histori%C3%A9e_Charlemagne_assis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption>Einhard as scribe. Manuscript depiction from 1050</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Public_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Public life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Private_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Private life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Religious_beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Religious beliefs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Local_lore"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Local lore</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Public_life">Public life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Public life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Einhard was from the eastern German-speaking part of the <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a>. Born into a family of landowners of some importance, his parents sent him to be educated by the monks of <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a>, one of the most impressive centers of learning in the Frank lands. Perhaps due to his small stature, which restricted his riding and sword-fighting ability, Einhard concentrated his energies on scholarship, especially the mastering of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accepted into the hugely wealthy court of Charlemagne around 791 or 792. Charlemagne actively sought to amass scholarly men around him and established a royal school led by the <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>. Einhard was evidently a talented builder and construction manager, because Charlemagne put him in charge of the completion of several <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a> complexes including <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne%27s_Palace_in_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlemagne's Palace in Aachen">Aachen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Palace_Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Palace Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a>. Despite the fact that Einhard was on intimate terms with Charlemagne, he never achieved office in his <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reign</a>. In 814, on Charlemagne's death, his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> made Einhard his private secretary. Einhard retired from <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">court</a> during the time of the disputes between Louis and his sons in the spring of 830. </p><p>He died at <a href="/wiki/Seligenstadt" title="Seligenstadt">Seligenstadt</a> in 840. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Private life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Einhard was married to Emma, of whom little is known. There is a possibility that their marriage bore a son, Vussin. Their marriage also appears to have been exceptionally liberal for the period, with Emma being as active as Einhard, if not more so, in the handling of their property.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that in the later years of their marriage Emma and Einhard abstained from sexual relations, choosing instead to focus their attentions on their many religious commitments. Though he was undoubtedly devoted to her, Einhard wrote nothing of his wife until after her death on 13 December 835, when he wrote to a friend that he was reminded of her loss in ‘every day, in every action, in every undertaking, in all the administration of the house and household, in everything needing to be decided upon and sorted out in my religious and earthly responsibilities’.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg/220px-Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="637" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="3722"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 637px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg/220px-Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="637" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg/330px-Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg/440px-Denkmal_Einhard_Eschweiler.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Einhard memorial in the German city of <a href="/wiki/Eschweiler" title="Eschweiler">Eschweiler</a></figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Einhard made numerous references to himself as a "sinner" according to his strong Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He erected churches at both of his estates in Michelstadt and Mulinheim. In Michelstadt, he also saw fit to build a basilica completed in 827 and then sent a servant, Ratleic, to Rome with an end to find relics for the new building. Once in Rome, Ratleic robbed a catacomb of the bones of the Martyrs <a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_and_Peter" title="Marcellinus and Peter">Marcellinus and Peter</a> and had them translated to Michelstadt. Once there, the relics made it known they were unhappy with their new tomb and thus had to be moved again to Mulinheim. Once established there, they proved to be miracle workers. Although unsure as to why these saints should choose such a "sinner" as their patron, Einhard nonetheless set about ensuring they continued to receive a resting place fitting of their honour.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 831 and 834 he founded a Benedictine Monastery and, after the death of his wife, served as its Abbot until his own death in 840. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Local_lore">Local lore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local lore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Local lore from Seligenstadt portrays Einhard as the lover of Emma, one of Charlemagne's daughters, and has the couple elope from court. Charlemagne found them at Seligenstadt (then called Obermühlheim) and forgave them. This account is used to explain the name "Seligenstadt" by <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einhard and his wife were originally buried in one sarcophagus in the choir of the church in Seligenstadt, but in 1810 the sarcophagus was presented by the Grand Duke of Hesse to the count of Erbach, who claims descent from Einhard as the husband of Imma, the reputed daughter of Charlemagne. The count put it in the famous chapel of his castle at Erbach in the Odenwald.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The most famous of Einhard's works is his biography of Charlemagne, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Karoli_Magni" title="Vita Karoli Magni">Vita Karoli Magni</a></i>, "The Life of Charlemagne" (c. 817–836), which provides much direct information about Charlemagne's life and character, written sometime between 817 and 830. In composing this he relied heavily upon the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals" title="Royal Frankish Annals">Royal Frankish Annals</a>. Einhard's literary model was the classical work of the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Twelve Caesars">Lives of the Caesars</a></i>, though it is important to stress that the work is very much Einhard's own, that is to say he adapts the models and sources for his own purposes. His work was written as a praise of Charlemagne, whom he regarded as a foster-father (<i>nutritor</i>) and to whom he was a debtor "in life and death". The work thus contains an understandable degree of bias, Einhard taking care to exculpate Charlemagne in some matters, not mention others, and to gloss over certain issues which would be of embarrassment to Charlemagne, such as the morality of his daughters; by contrast, other issues are curiously not glossed over, like his concubines. </p><p>Einhard is also responsible for three other extant works: a collection of letters, <i>On the Translations and the Miracles of SS. <a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_and_Peter" title="Marcellinus and Peter">Marcellinus and Petrus</a></i>, and <i>On the Adoration of the Cross</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter dates from ca. 830 and was not rediscovered until 1885,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Ernst_D%C3%BCmmler" title="Ernst Dümmler">Ernst Dümmler</a> identified a text in a manuscript in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> as the missing <i>Libellus de adoranda cruce</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Einhard had dedicated to his pupil <a href="/wiki/Lupus_Servatus" title="Lupus Servatus">Lupus Servatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Einhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arch of Einhard (page does not exist)">Arch of Einhard</a> was a reliquary made by Einhard, which reproduced on a small scale a Roman triumphal arch that represented the victory of Christianity. It has not survived. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals" title="Royal Frankish Annals">Royal Frankish Annals</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgkin 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Einhard’s letter of April 836 to Lupus of Ferrieres. Qtd. in Smith 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Der hessische Spessart" par. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaff par. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorpe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Einhard ca. 770–840" par. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dümmler.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levison 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stofferahn par. 10.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hr-online.de/website/rubriken/freizeit/index.jsp?rubrik=7480&key=standard_document_914328&seite=1">"Der hessische Spessart"</a> (in German). HR Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Der+hessische+Spessart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hr-online.de%2Fwebsite%2Frubriken%2Ffreizeit%2Findex.jsp%3Frubrik%3D7480%26key%3Dstandard_document_914328%26seite%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDümmler1885" class="citation journal cs1">Dümmler, Ernst (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA281">"Ein Nachtrag zu Einhards Werken"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Archiv_der_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_%C3%A4ltere_deutsche_Geschichtskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde">Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde</a></i>. <b>11</b>: 231–38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neues+Archiv+der+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+%C3%A4ltere+deutsche+Geschichtskunde&rft.atitle=Ein+Nachtrag+zu+Einhards+Werken&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=231-38&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCmmler&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgQOAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/einhard">"Einhard c. 770–840"</a>. Enotes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einhard+c.+770%E2%80%93840&rft.pub=Enotes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fclassical-medieval-criticism%2Feinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin_(historian)" title="Thomas Hodgkin (historian)">Hodgkin, T.</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PivfxsqPousC"><i>Charles the Great</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781406730265" title="Special:BookSources/9781406730265"><bdi>9781406730265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Great&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1897&rft.isbn=9781406730265&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPivfxsqPousC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevisonWilhelm_WattenbachRudolf_Buchner1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Levison, Wilhelm; Wilhelm Wattenbach; Rudolf Buchner (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi7TAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Libellus+de+adoranda+cruce%22+1885"><i>Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter, Vorzeit und Karolinger: Heft. Die Karolinger vom Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts bis zum Tode Karis des Grossen</i></a> (in German). H. Böhlaus Nachfolger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutschlands+Geschichtsquellen+im+Mittelalter%2C+Vorzeit+und+Karolinger%3A+Heft.+Die+Karolinger+vom+Anfang+des+8.+Jahrhunderts+bis+zum+Tode+Karis+des+Grossen&rft.pub=H.+B%C3%B6hlaus+Nachfolger&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Levison&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Wilhelm+Wattenbach&rft.au=Rudolf+Buchner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYi7TAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Libellus%2Bde%2Badoranda%2Bcruce%2522%2B1885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2009" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Bianca (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4X1V8S2ajkgC&pg=PA4"><i>Persönlichkeit Karl des Großen nach Einhards Vita Karoli Magni</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-47253-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-47253-6"><bdi>978-3-640-47253-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pers%C3%B6nlichkeit+Karl+des+Gro%C3%9Fen+nach+Einhards+Vita+Karoli+Magni&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-640-47253-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Bianca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4X1V8S2ajkgC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schaff, Philip. "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Einhard"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc4.i.xiv.xxiii.html"><i>History of the Christian Church</i></a>. Vol. IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Einhard%22&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc4.i.xiv.xxiii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Julia (March 2003). "Einhard". <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Royal Historical Society">Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</a></i>: 55–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440103000033">10.1017/S0080440103000033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161939220">161939220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Einhard&rft.pages=55-77&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440103000033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161939220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStofferahn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stofferahn, Steven A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heroicage.org/">"Knowledge for Its Own Sake? A Practical Humanist in the Carolingian Age"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Age_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Heroic Age (journal)">The Heroic Age</a></i>. <b>13</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Heroic+Age&rft.atitle=Knowledge+for+Its+Own+Sake%3F+A+Practical+Humanist+in+the+Carolingian+Age&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stofferahn&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heroicage.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tischler, Matthias M. (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/Einharts-Vita-Karoli-Entstehung-%C3%9Cberlieferung/dp/377525448X"><i>Einharts Vita Karoli. Studien zur Entstehung, Überlieferung und Rezeption</i></a> (MGH. Schriften 48, I–II), Hanover: Hahn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7752-5448-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-7752-5448-X">3-7752-5448-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1969" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Lewis G.M. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7Rf2PsyvowC&pg=PP3"><i>Einhard and Notker the Stammerer: two lives of Charlemagne</i></a>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044213-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044213-7"><bdi>978-0-14-044213-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einhard+and+Notker+the+Stammerer%3A+two+lives+of+Charlemagne&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044213-7&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Lewis+G.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7Rf2PsyvowC%26pg%3DPP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2009" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F.X. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BGY3UiD92YMC"><i>Charlemagne and Louis the Pious: Lives by Einhard, Notker, Ermoldus, Thegan, and the Astronomer</i></a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-27-103715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-27-103715-8"><bdi>978-0-27-103715-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlemagne+and+Louis+the+Pious%3A+Lives+by+Einhard%2C+Notker%2C+Ermoldus%2C+Thegan%2C+and+the+Astronomer&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-27-103715-8&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBGY3UiD92YMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiesa2014" class="citation book cs1">Chiesa, Paolo, ed. (2014). <i>Eginardo, Vita Karoli</i>. Firenze: Edizioni del Galluzzo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8450-537-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8450-537-8"><bdi>978-88-8450-537-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eginardo%2C+Vita+Karoli&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Edizioni+del+Galluzzo&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-88-8450-537-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Einhard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Einhard">Einhard</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Einhard" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Einhard">Einhard</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/45007">Works by Einhard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li>Holland, Arthur William (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Einhard" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Einhard">Einhard</a>". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <b>9.</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–135.</li> <li>Schlager, Patricius (1909). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Einhard" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Einhard">Einhard</a>". In <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. <b>5</b>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 82–83.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Einhard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Einhard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Einhard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Einhard%22%29%20OR%20%28%22774-840%22%20AND%20Einhard%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Einhard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4225">Works by Einhard</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ein.html"><i>Vita Karoli Magni</i></a>—Einhard's <i>Life of Charlemagne,</i> Latin text at <a href="/wiki/The_Latin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Latin Library">The Latin Library</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg">Einhard. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/48870">Life of Charlemagne</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span>, translated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1905" class="citation book cs1">Grant, A.J. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlylivesofchar00einh"><i>Early lives of Charlemagne by Eginhard and the Monk of St Gall</i></a>. London: Moring.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+lives+of+Charlemagne+by+Eginhard+and+the+Monk+of+St+Gall&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Moring&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlylivesofchar00einh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einhardpreis.de">Einhard-Preis</a> Literature prize awarded by the Einhard-Foundation of Seligenstadt to authors for writing an outstanding biography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0770-0840-_Eginhardus_(Einhardus).html">Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschichtsquellen.de/repPers_118529560.html">"Einhardus"</a>. <i>Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters</i></span>)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Repertorium+%22Historical+Sources+of+the+German+Middle+Ages%22+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EGeschichtsquellen+des+deutschen+Mittelalters%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text%29&rft.atitle=Einhardus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geschichtsquellen.de%2FrepPers_118529560.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEinhard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/egiv0.html">Einhardi vita Karoli Magni</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229151552/http://www.fh-augsburg.de/%7Eharsch/egiv0.html">Archived</a> 2007-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Augustana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca Augustana">Bibliotheca Augustana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschichte-untermain.de/f_einhardweg.html">The Einhard Way from Michelstadt to Seligenstadt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einhardpreis.de/">Home page of the Einhard Foundation at Seligenstadt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einhard-gesellschaft-seligenstadt.de/">Home page of the Einhard Society, Seligenstadt</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einhard&oldid=1253396126">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einhard&oldid=1253396126</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Einhard&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729884497"> <span>Last edited on 25 October 2024, at 19:28</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Эйнхард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эйнхард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Айнхард – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Айнхард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginhard" title="Eginhard – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eginhard" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Άινχαρντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άινχαρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginardo" title="Eginardo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eginardo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginhardo" title="Eginhardo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eginhardo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginhardo" title="Eginhardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eginhardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ginhard" title="Éginhard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éginhard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginhard" title="Eginhard – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eginhard" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginard" title="Eginard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eginard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="아인하르트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아인하르트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Էյնհարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էյնհարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginardo" title="Eginardo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eginardo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93" title="איינהרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איינהרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ეინჰარდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეინჰარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhardus" title="Einhardus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Einhardus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhardas" title="Einhardas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Einhardas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="اينهارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اينهارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="アインハルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アインハルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginhardo" title="Eginhardo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eginhardo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Эйнхард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйнхард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ајнхард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајнхард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Einhard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginhard" title="Eginhard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eginhard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ейнгард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ейнгард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%9B%A0%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="艾因哈德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾因哈德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 19:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 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