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Brunatnice – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia

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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Budowa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budowa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Budowa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budowa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rozmnażanie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rozmnażanie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rozmnażanie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rozmnażanie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odżywianie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odżywianie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Odżywianie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odżywianie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematyka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematyka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Systematyka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematyka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brunatnice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 55 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruinwier" title="Bruinwier – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bruinwier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طحالب بنية – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طحالب بنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qonur_yosunlar" title="Qonur yosunlar – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qonur yosunlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Бурыя водарасці – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бурыя водарасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кафяви водорасли – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафяви водорасли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91e_alge" title="Smeđe alge – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smeđe alge" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algues_brunes" title="Algues brunes – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Algues brunes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%C4%83" title="Хăмăр нальă – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăмăр нальă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaluhy" title="Chaluhy – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chaluhy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunalger" title="Brunalger – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brunalger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunalgen" title="Braunalgen – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Braunalgen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruunvetikad" title="Pruunvetikad – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pruunvetikad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brown algae" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunalgoj" title="Brunalgoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brunalgoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="جلبک قهوه‌ای – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلبک قهوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%98" title="갈조류 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈조류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B7_%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գորշ ջրիմուռներ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գորշ ջրիմուռներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बभ्रु शैवाल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बभ्रु शैवाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91e_alge" title="Smeđe alge – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smeđe alge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga_coklat" title="Alga coklat – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alga coklat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="חומיות (אצות) – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומיות (אצות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganggeng_soklat" title="Ganggeng soklat – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ganggeng soklat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಂದು ಆಲ್ಗೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂದು ಆಲ್ಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="წაბლა წყალმცენარეები – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წაბლა წყალმცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қоңыр балдырлар – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоңыр балдырлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Күрөң балырлар – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күрөң балырлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABna%C4%BC%C4%A3es" title="Brūnaļģes – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brūnaļģes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudadumbliai" title="Rudadumbliai – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rudadumbliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnamoszatok" title="Barnamoszatok – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barnamoszatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Кафеави алги – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кафеави алги" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="طحالب بنيه – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طحالب بنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bruinwieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%97%BB" title="褐藻 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="褐藻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCn_algen" title="Brün algen – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brün algen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunalger" title="Brunalger – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brunalger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBng%CA%BBir_suvo%CA%BBtlar" title="Qoʻngʻir suvoʻtlar – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻngʻir suvoʻtlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C4%83_brun%C4%83" title="Algă brună – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Algă brună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бурые водоросли – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бурые водоросли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brown algae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrke_alge" title="Mrke alge – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mrke alge" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91e_alge" title="Smeđe alge – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smeđe alge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskolev%C3%A4t" title="Ruskolevät – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruskolevät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunalger" title="Brunalger – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brunalger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahverengi_algler" title="Kahverengi algler – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kahverengi algler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Бурі водорості – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бурі водорості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Phaeophyceae – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Phaeophyceae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="褐藻纲 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="褐藻纲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184573#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brunatnice" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Brunatnice" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brunatnice"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon 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id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Brunatnice" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Brunatnice" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;oldid=62814410" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&amp;page=Brunatnice&amp;id=62814410&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrunatnice"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrunatnice"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Brunatnice"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Brunatnice&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phaeophyceae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184573" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65453824">.mw-parser-output .takson-zwierzeta .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3a4}.mw-parser-output .takson-rosliny .naglowek{color:black;background:#90ee90}.mw-parser-output .takson-grzyby .naglowek{color:black;background:#add8e6}.mw-parser-output .takson-protozoa .naglowek{color:black;background:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .takson-chromalveolata .naglowek{color:black;background:#adff2f}.mw-parser-output .takson-excavata .naglowek{color:black;background:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .takson-amoebozoa .naglowek{color:black;background:#ffc8a0}.mw-parser-output .takson-opisthokonta .naglowek{color:black;background:#e0d0b0}.mw-parser-output .takson-sar .naglowek{color:black;background:Moccasin}.mw-parser-output .takson-bakterie .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .takson-archeony .naglowek{color:black;background:#f3e0e0}.mw-parser-output .takson-eukarionty .naglowek{color:black;background:#faf0e6}.mw-parser-output .takson-inne .naglowek{color:white;background:red}</style> <table class="infobox takson-eukarionty"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Brunatnice</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Seaweed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fucus sp. (morszczyn)"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seaweed.jpg/240px-Seaweed.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seaweed.jpg/360px-Seaweed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seaweed.jpg/480px-Seaweed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span><br /><i>Fucus</i> sp. (<a href="/wiki/Morszczyn" title="Morszczyn">morszczyn</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów">Systematyka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">Domena</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty">eukarionty</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">Podkrólestwo</a> </th> <td> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia)">Typ</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">stramenopile</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gromada_(biologia)" title="Gromada (biologia)">Gromada</a> </th> <td> <p>brunatnice </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Klasyfikacja_biologiczna" title="Klasyfikacja biologiczna">Nazwa systematyczna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:var(--color-base, black); text-align:center;"><i>Phaeophyta</i> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" title="Systematyka"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/36px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/48px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Phaeophyceae">Systematyka w Wikispecies</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phaeophyceae" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phaeophyceae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phaeophyceae">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Brunatnice</b> (<i>Phaeophyta</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Gromada_(biologia)" title="Gromada (biologia)">gromada</a> <a href="/wiki/Protisty" title="Protisty">protistów</a> roślinopodobnych, zaliczanych do <a href="/wiki/Glony" title="Glony">glonów</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budowa">Budowa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Budowa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Budowa"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brunatnice to organizmy wielokomórkowe, brak wśród nich form jednokomórkowych. Charakteryzuje je ogromna rozpiętość rozmiarów (do 60 metrów) oraz różnorodna organizacja <a href="/wiki/Plecha" title="Plecha">plechy</a> u poszczególnych grup tych organizmów. Formy najprostsze reprezentują tzw. budowę <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterotrychalny&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterotrychalny (strona nie istnieje)">heterotrychalną</a>, przypominającą rozgałęzione nici. Formy bardziej zaawansowane prezentują budowę <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchymatyczną</a> lub <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparenchymatyczny&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudoparenchymatyczny (strona nie istnieje)">pseudoparenchymatyczną</a>, charakteryzującą się zróżnicowaniem morfologicznym oraz utworzeniem jednej centralnej lub wielu osi ciała, od których wyrastają ogałęzienia plechy. U najwyżej rozwiniętych brunatnic obserwuje się plechę tkankową, tworzoną na skutek aktywności <a href="/wiki/Merystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Merystem">merystemów</a>, co najbardziej zbliża je do <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_telomowe" title="Rośliny telomowe">roślin telomowych</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aciana_kom%C3%B3rkowa" title="Ściana komórkowa">Ściana komórkowa</a> komórek brunatnic zbudowana jest z dwóch warstw: wewnętrznej <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celulozowej</a> i zewnętrznej <a href="/wiki/Pektyny" title="Pektyny">pektynowej</a> wysyconej polisacharydami: kwasami algilowymi i fukoidanami. Gamety i spory nie posiadają ścian komórkowych. </p><p>W cytoplazmie znajdują się <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasty</a> wtórne z 4 błonami. Są one drobne i liczne u form bardziej rozwiniętych, natomiast u prymitywnych chloroplasty są większe i mniej liczne. Występuje <a href="/wiki/Chlorofil_A" title="Chlorofil A">chlorofil A</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorofil_C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorofil C (strona nie istnieje)">chlorofil C</a> (brak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorofil_B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorofil B (strona nie istnieje)">chlorofilu b</a>). <a href="/wiki/Barwnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwnik">Barwniki</a> pomocnicze to <a href="/wiki/Fukoksantyna" title="Fukoksantyna">fukoksantyna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiolaksantyna" title="Wiolaksantyna">wiolaksantyna</a> oraz <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Karoten" title="Β-Karoten">β-karoten</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozmnażanie"><span id="Rozmna.C5.BCanie"></span>Rozmnażanie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Rozmnażanie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Rozmnażanie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Występuje <a href="/wiki/Rozmna%C5%BCanie" title="Rozmnażanie">rozmnażanie</a> płciowe (<a href="/wiki/Izogamia" title="Izogamia">izogamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anizogamia" title="Anizogamia">anizogamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oogamia" title="Oogamia">oogamia</a>) oraz bezpłciowe przez <a href="/wiki/Zoospory" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoospory">zoospory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aplanospory" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplanospory">aplanospory</a> lub fragmentację plech. Występuje u nich przemiana pokoleń. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odżywianie"><span id="Od.C5.BCywianie"></span>Odżywianie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Odżywianie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Odżywianie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brunatnice to organizmy samożywne (tj. <a href="/wiki/Autotrofizm" title="Autotrofizm">autotroficzne</a>). Zdarzają się jednak wśród nich <a href="/wiki/Heterotrofizm" title="Heterotrofizm">heterotrofy</a>. Materiałami zapasowymi są: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chryzolaminaryna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chryzolaminaryna (strona nie istnieje)">chryzolaminaryna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laminaryna" title="Laminaryna">laminaryna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glicerol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glicerol">glicerol</a> oraz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannitan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannitan (strona nie istnieje)">mannitan</a> (pochodna <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitolu</a>). Nie wytwarzają skrobi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematyka">Systematyka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Systematyka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Systematyka"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ich pozycja w systematyce jest dyskusyjna. Zaliczane są do grupy <i><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></i>, a z nią do <a href="/wiki/Supergrupa_(biologia)" title="Supergrupa (biologia)">supergrupy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>. Prawdopodobnie najbliżej spokrewnioną siostrzaną grupą są <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCnowiciowce" title="Różnowiciowce">różnowiciowce</a> (<i>Xanthophyceae</i>). </p><p>W obrębie tej grupy organizmów wyróżnia się kilka <a href="/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_(biologia)" title="Rząd (biologia)">rzędów</a>. Są to: </p> <ul><li>Rząd <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectorpales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectorpales (strona nie istnieje)">Ectorpales</a></i> (kłoskowce), <i>Pylaiella</i> sp.</li> <li>Rząd <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutleriales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cutleriales (strona nie istnieje)">Cutleriales</a></i> (katleriowce), np. <i>Cutleria</i> sp.</li> <li>Rząd <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyotales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyotales (strona nie istnieje)">Dictyotales</a></i> (diktjotowce), np. <i>Dictyota dichotoma</i></li> <li>Rząd <i><a href="/wiki/Laminariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminariales">Laminariales</a></i> (listownicowce), np. <i><a href="/wiki/Laminaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminaria">Laminaria</a></i> sp.</li> <li>Rząd <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fucales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fucales (strona nie istnieje)">Fucales</a></i> (morszczynowce), np. <i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i> sp., <i><a href="/wiki/Fucus_vesiculosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fucus vesiculosus">Fucus vesiculosus</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, A.G.B. &amp; Roger, A.J. 2004.The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes. Current Biology 14, R693-696.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunatnice&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Szweykowscy A. i J., <i>Botanika</i>, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2002.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a>&#160;(<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">takson</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85100540">sh85100540</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4146491-6">4146491-6</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576161">00576161</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph867738">ph867738</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007538713605171">987007538713605171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/brown-algae">science/brown-algae</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/pheophycees-algues-brunes/">pheophycees-algues-brunes</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielka_Encyklopedia_Rosyjska" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Rosyjska">БРЭ</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/1890167">1890167</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&amp;url_prefix=https://snl.no/&amp;id=brunalger">brunalger</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0183474.xml">0183474</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&amp;url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&amp;id=brunalger">brunalger</a></span></li></ul> </div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div>Identyfikatory zewnętrzne:</div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P838" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P838">BioLib</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14858">14858</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/3533">3533</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P846" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P846">GBIF</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7073593">7073593</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3151" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3151">identyfikator iNaturalist</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48220">48220</a></span>,&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/497515">497515</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=10686">10686</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P685" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P685">NCBI</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=2870">2870</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P842" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P842">identyfikator taksonu Fossilworks</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=306705">306705</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>:&#8201;<span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NF4S">7NF4S</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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