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aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 特性 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关特性子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-原子及物理性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原子及物理性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 原子及物理性質 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原子及物理性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電子排列的爭議" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電子排列的爭議"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 電子排列的爭議 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電子排列的爭議-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 同位素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-產狀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#產狀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 產狀 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-產狀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 化合物 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化合物-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关化合物子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-鎳(0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鎳(0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 鎳(0) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鎳(0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鎳(I)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鎳(I)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 鎳(I) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鎳(I)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鎳(II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鎳(II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 鎳(II) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鎳(II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鎳(III)及鎳(IV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鎳(III)及鎳(IV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 鎳(III)及鎳(IV) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鎳(III)及鎳(IV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 歷史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-世界生產" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#世界生產"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 世界生產 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-世界生產-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-提取與精煉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#提取與精煉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 提取與精煉 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-提取與精煉-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关提取與精煉子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-提取與精煉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-電精煉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電精煉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 電精煉 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電精煉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蒙德法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蒙德法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 蒙德法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蒙德法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-金屬價值" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#金屬價值"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 金屬價值 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-金屬價值-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 應用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在生物中的用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在生物中的用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 在生物中的用途 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在生物中的用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-毒性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#毒性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 毒性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-毒性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-另見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#另見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 另見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-另見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">镍</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。153种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" > 153种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%8D" title="ኒኬል – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒኬል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="निकल – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निकल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="نيكل – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="نيكل – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيكل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="نيكل – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نیکل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нікель – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нікель – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="နီကယ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နီကယ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="নিকেল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="དང་གཤའ་དཀར། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དང་གཤའ་དཀར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikl" title="Nikl – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikl" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C4%95k" title="Ngiĕk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngiĕk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikil" title="Nikil – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nikil" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5" title="نیکڵ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichele" title="Nichele – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nichele" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikl" title="Nikl – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicel" title="Nicel – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nicel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ނިކަލް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނިކަލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Νικέλιο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικέλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelo" title="Nikelo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نیکل – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkeli" title="Nikkeli – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikkeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicil" title="Nicil – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niceal" title="Niceal – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Niceal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B2" title="નિકલ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિકલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickyl" title="Nickyl – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nickyl" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="ניקל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="निकल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikal" title="Nikal – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C3%A8l" title="Nikèl – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nikèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Նիկել – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A7%D5%B2" title="Նիքէղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիքէղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelo" title="Nikelo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nikelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB" title="ニッケル – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニッケル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nikle" title="nikle – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nikle" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნიკელი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%A9k%C9%9Bl%C9%A9" title="Nɩkɛlɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nɩkɛlɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ನಿಕಲ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಕಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BC%88" title="니켈 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니켈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEkel" title="Nîkel – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîkel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolum" title="Niccolum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Niccolum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ckel" title="Néckel – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Néckel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACchel" title="Nìchel – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nìchel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelis" title="Nikelis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%B7elis" title="Niķelis – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Niķelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никели – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Никели" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikela" title="Nikela – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konuk%C5%8Dreko" title="Konukōreko – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konukōreko" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD" title="നിക്കൽ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="နီကယ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီကယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztac_tepoztli" title="Iztac tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Iztac tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_(Metall)" title="Nickel (Metall) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nickel (Metall)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Niquèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeli" title="Nikeli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nikeli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ନିକେଲ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିକେଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2" title="ਨਿਕਲ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikiel" title="Nikiel – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikiel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACchel" title="Nìchel – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nìchel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نکل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نېکل – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نېکل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Níquel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikil" title="Nikil – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nikil" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichelu" title="Nichelu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nichelu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="निकेल – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="निकेल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACchel" title="Nìchel – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nìchel" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nichel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikl" title="Nikl – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikl" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelj" title="Nikelj – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyakari" title="Niyakari – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Niyakari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeli" title="Nikeli – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikeli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Никл – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nikkel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeli" title="Nikeli – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nikeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிக்கல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="నికెల్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నికెల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Никел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="นิกเกิล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิกเกิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Никель" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%DB%90%D9%84" title="نىكېل – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىكېل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нікель – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84" title="نکل – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel%27" title="Nikel' – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nikel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nickel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nikel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Никелион – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Никелион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="ניקל – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" 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<tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:10px"> <table class="nogrid Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show;padding:0; border: none;border-spacing:1px;border-collapse:separate;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83953186">.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav span{display:block;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav td{border:none;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#ff6666}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_predicted{background-color:#ffa1a1}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth .navbox-title{background-color:#ffdead}.mw-parser-output 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block{background-color:#ffcc66}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block_predicted{background-color:#FDA}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block{background-color:#F0908C}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block_predicted{background-color:#F0B6B4}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown{background-color:#e8e8e8}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">鋰（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">鈹（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">鈉（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">鎂（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">鋁（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">鈣（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">鈧（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">鈦（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">釩（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">鉻（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">錳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">鐵（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">鈷（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">鎳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">銅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">鋅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">鎵（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">鍺（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">銣（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">鍶（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">釔（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">鋯（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">鈮（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">鉬（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">釕（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">銠（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">鈀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">鎘（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">銦（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">錫（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">銻（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">銫（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">鋇（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">鑭（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">鈰（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">鐠（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">釹（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">鉕（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">釤（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">銪（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">釓（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">鋱（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">鏑（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">鈥（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">鉺（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">銩（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">鐿（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">鎦（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">鉿（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">鉭（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">鎢（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">錸（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">鋨（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">銥（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">鉑（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">鉈（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">鉛（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">鉍（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">釙（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砈（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">鍅（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">鐳（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">錒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">釷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">鏷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">錼（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">鈽（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">鋂（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">鋦（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">鉳（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">鉲（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">鑀（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">鐨（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">鍆（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">鍩（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">鑪（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">𨭎（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">𨨏（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">𨭆（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">鿬（預測為鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">－ ↑ 镍 ↓ <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">钯</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">钴</a> ← 镍 → <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">外觀</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">有银白色金属光泽 <a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_chunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg/250px-Nickel_chunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg/375px-Nickel_chunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg/500px-Nickel_chunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="632" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">概況</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名稱·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">符號</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">序數</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">镍（nickel）·Ni·28</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">元素類別</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="过渡金属">过渡金属</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">週期</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="元素分区">區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">10</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a>·<a href="/wiki/D%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="D区元素">d</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">標準原子質量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">58.6934(4)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="氬">Ar</a>] 3d8 4s2 或 [<a href="/wiki/Argon" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d9 4s1 2, 8, 16, 2 或 2, 8, 17, 1 <div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_028_Nickel_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="镍的电子層（2, 8, 16, 2 或 2, 8, 17, 1）"><img alt="镍的电子層（2, 8, 16, 2 或 2, 8, 17, 1）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Electron_shell_028_Nickel_-_no_label.svg/153px-Electron_shell_028_Nickel_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Electron_shell_028_Nickel_-_no_label.svg/230px-Electron_shell_028_Nickel_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Electron_shell_028_Nickel_-_no_label.svg/306px-Electron_shell_028_Nickel_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>镍的电子層（2, 8, 16, 2 或 2, 8, 17, 1）</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">歷史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">發現</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%BE%99%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9" title="阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特">阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特</a>（1751年）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">分離</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特（1751年）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">物理性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">物態</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="固態">固態</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="室溫">室温</a>） 8.908 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a>−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a>時液體密度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">7.81 g·cm−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1728 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，1455 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，2651 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3186 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，2913 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，5275 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">17.48 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">377.5 kJ·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="比熱容">比熱容</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">26.07 J·mol−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" title="蒸氣壓">蒸氣壓</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td>壓/Pa </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>1 k </td> <td>10 k </td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>溫/K </td> <td>1783 </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>2154 </td> <td>2410 </td> <td>2741 </td> <td>3184 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">原子性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">4<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>, 3, 2, 1<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>, -1 （弱<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼性">鹼性</a>氧化物）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1.91（鲍林标度）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一：737.1 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a> 第二：1753.0 kJ·mol−1 第三：3395 kJ·mol−1 （<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%A8" title="电离能表">更多</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="原子半径">原子半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">124 <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="皮米">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="共价半径">共价半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">124±4 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="范德华半径">范德华半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">163 pm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nickel_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Nickel_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nickel_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Nickel_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nickel_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Nickel_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>镍的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B1%E7%BA%BF" title="原子谱线">原子谱线</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">雜項</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶体结构</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="立方晶系">面心立方</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁序</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="铁磁性">铁磁</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">電阻率</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（20 °C）69.3 n Ω·m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">90.9 W·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">膨脹係數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（25 °C）13.4 µm·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">聲速</a>（細棒）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（室溫）4900 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">m·s−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%B0%8F%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="杨氏模量">杨氏模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">200 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E5%88%87%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="剪切模量">剪切模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">76 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="体积模量">体积模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">180 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE%E6%AF%94" title="泊松比">泊松比</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.31</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度">莫氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">4.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="维氏硬度试验">維氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">638 MPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="布氏硬度试验">布氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">700 MPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-02-0">7440-02-0</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">同位素<div style="float:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_nickel_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox nickel isotopes"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_nickel_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox nickel isotopes（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_nickel_isotopes" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox nickel isotopes"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="镍的同位素">镍的同位素</a> <div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（t1/2） </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#衰变" title="放射性">衰變</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變方式">方式</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" title="衰变能">能量</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>） </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">56Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造同位素">人造</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">6.075 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日">天</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="正电子发射">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">1.111 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7-56" class="mw-redirect" title="鈷-56">56Co</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">58Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">68.0769% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定</a>，帶30粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">59Ni </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">8.1×104 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">1.073 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7-59" class="mw-redirect" title="鈷-59">59Co</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="正电子发射">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.051 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7-59" class="mw-redirect" title="鈷-59">59Co</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">60Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">26.2231% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶32粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">61Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">1.1399% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶33粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">62Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">3.6345% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶34粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">63Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">人造 </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">101.2 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.067 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85-63" class="mw-redirect" title="銅-63">63Cu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">64Ni </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">0.9256% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶36粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>鎳</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">niè</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>（英語：Nickel），是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>为Ni，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>为28，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">原子量</a>為7001586934000000000♠58.6934 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">u</a>。鎳是一種有光澤的銀白色<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="金屬">金屬</a>，其銀白色帶一點淡金色。鎳屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡金屬">過渡金屬</a>，質硬，具延展性。純鎳的化學活性相當高，這種活性可以在反應<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D" title="表面積">表面積</a>最大化的粉末狀態下看到，但大塊的鎳金屬與周圍的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>反應緩慢，因為其表面已形成了一層帶保護性質的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>。即使如此，由於鎳與氧之間的活性夠高，所以在地球表面還是很難找到自然的金屬鎳。地球表面的自然鎳都被封在較大的<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3" title="鐵隕石">鎳鐵隕石</a>裏面，這是因為隕石在太空的時候接觸不到氧氣的緣故。在地球上，這種自然鎳總會和<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>結合在一起，這點反映出它們都是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="超新星核合成">超新星核合成</a>主要的最終產物。一般認為地球的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%A0%B8" title="地核">地核</a>就是由鎳鐵混合物所組成的<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>。 鎳的使用（天然的隕鎳鐵合金）最早可追溯至公元前3500年。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%BE%99%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9" title="阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特">阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特</a>於1751年最早分離出鎳，並將它界定為化學元素，儘管他最初把鎳<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="礦石">礦石</a>誤認為銅的礦物。鎳的外語名字來自德國礦工傳說中同名的淘氣妖精（Nickel，與英語中魔鬼別稱"Old Nick"相近），這是由於鎳銅礦不能用煉銅的方法煉出銅來，所以被比擬成妖魔。鎳最經濟的主要來源為鐵礦石<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="褐鐵礦">褐鐵礦</a>，含鎳量一般為1-2%。鎳的其他重要礦物包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%85%E9%8E%82%E9%8E%B3%E7%A4%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硅鎂鎳礦（页面不存在）">硅鎂鎳礦</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E9%BB%83%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" title="鎳黃鐵礦">鎳黃鐵礦</a>。鎳的主要生產地包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%9F%8F%E7%AB%8B%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="索德柏立盆地">索德柏立區</a>（一般認為該處是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3" title="隕石">隕石</a>撞擊坑）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%96%80%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="新喀里多尼亞">新喀里多尼亞</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="諾里爾斯克">諾里爾斯克</a>。 由於鎳在室溫時的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a>緩慢，所以一般視為具有耐腐蝕性。歷史上，因為這一點鎳被用作<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%8D%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="電鍍">電鍍</a>各種表面，例如金屬（如鐵及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%8A%85" title="黃銅">黃銅</a>）、化學裝置內部及某些需要保持閃亮銀光的合金（例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8E%B3%E9%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鎳銀（页面不存在）">鎳銀</a>）。世界鎳生產量中的約6%仍被用於抗腐蝕純鎳電鍍。鎳曾經是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%B9%A3" title="硬幣">硬幣</a>的常見成份，但現時這方面已大致上被較便宜的鐵所取代，尤其是因為有些人的皮膚對鎳<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%95%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="過敏">過敏</a>。儘管如此，英國還是在皮膚科醫生的反對下，於2012年開始再使用鎳鑄造錢幣<a href="#cite_note-anna-5">[5]</a>。 只有四種元素在室溫時具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵磁性">鐵磁性</a>，鎳就是其中一種。<a href="#cite_note-CoeySkumryev1999-6">[6]</a>含鎳的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E9%8E%B3%E9%88%B7%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="鋁鎳鈷合金">鋁鎳鈷合金</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%A3%81%E4%BD%93" title="永磁体">永磁体</a>，其磁力強度介乎於含鐵的永久磁鐵與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="稀土磁鐵">稀土磁鐵</a>之間。鎳在現代世界的地位主要來自於它的各種<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>。全世界鎳產量中的約68%被用於生產<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%8F%BD%E9%8B%BC" title="不鏽鋼">不鏽鋼</a>。其他常見的合金，還有一些的新的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%BA%AB%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="高溫合金">高溫合金</a>，就幾乎就佔盡了餘下的世界鎳用量。用於製作化合物的化學用途只佔了鎳產量的不到3%<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-1-7">[7]</a>。鎳化合物在化學製造有好幾種特定的用途，例如作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%8E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雷尼鎳">氫化反應的催化劑</a>。<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>某些微生物和植物的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>用鎳作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9" title="活性位点">活性位點</a>，因此鎳是它們重要的養分。<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特性">特性</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：特性">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原子及物理性質">原子及物理性質</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：原子及物理性質">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni@CNT2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ni%40CNT2.jpg/220px-Ni%40CNT2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ni%40CNT2.jpg/330px-Ni%40CNT2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ni%40CNT2.jpg/440px-Ni%40CNT2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>纳米镍晶体在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E7%AE%A1" title="碳纳米管">碳纳米管</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E5%B0%84%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" title="透射电子显微镜">电子显微照片</a>。比例尺的长度是5 nm。<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></figcaption></figure> 鎳是有光澤的銀白色<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="金屬">金屬</a>，其銀白色帶一點淡金色，可被高度磨光。只有四種元素在室溫上下具有鐵磁性，鎳就是其中一種，其餘三種為鐵、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="鈷">鈷</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%93" class="mw-redirect" title="釓">釓</a>。其<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="居里温度">居里溫度</a>為355 °C，即大塊的鎳在這個溫度以上就會失去磁性<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。镍是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="面心立方晶系">面心立方晶系</a>的，晶格参数0.352 nm，计算出的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="原子半径">原子半径</a>为0.124 nm。这种晶体结构在70 GPa以下都是稳定的。镍坚硬、有延展性、对过渡金属来说有较高的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BC%E7%94%B5%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="导电率">导电率</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AF%BC%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="热导率">热导率</a>。理想的镍晶体的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="抗压强度">抗压强度</a>预测为34 GPa，但由于晶体<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E9%94%99" title="位错">位错</a>的形成和运动，真正的大块镍永远不会有这么高的强度。不过，这个抗压强度已经在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="纳米粒子">纳米粒子</a>中达到。<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電子排列的爭議">電子排列的爭議</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：電子排列的爭議">编辑</a>]</div> 鎳原子共有兩種<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">電子排列</a>：[Ar] 4s2 3d8及[Ar] 4s1 3d9，而兩者的能量非常接近（符號[Ar]指的是其核心結構與氬相似）。對於哪一種排列的能量較低仍存在分歧<a href="#cite_note-Scerri-13">[13]</a>。化學教科書引用的鎳電子排列為[Ar] 3d8 4s2<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>或與前者相同的[Ar] 4s2 3d8<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>。這種排列遵從<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="構造原理">馬德隆能量排序規則</a>，預測4s的位置被填滿後才開始填3d的位置。這一點是有實驗支持的，鎳原子最低的能量態為4s2 3d8能階，更確切來說是3d8(3F) 4s2 3F的J = 4能階<a href="#cite_note-NIST-16">[16]</a> 然而，這兩種排列實際上都會各自衍生出一系列不同能量的態<a href="#cite_note-NIST-16">[16]</a>。這兩組能量互相交疊，而排佈[Ar] 4s1 3d9的各態平均能量比[Ar] 4s2 3d8的要低。因此，原子計算的研究文獻引用鎳的基態排佈時用的是[Ar] 4s1 3d9<a href="#cite_note-Scerri-13">[13]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同位素">同位素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：同位素">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎳的同位素">鎳的同位素</a></div> 天然鎳共有五種穩定的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>：58Ni、60Ni、61Ni、62Ni和64Ni，其中58Ni的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="豐度">豐度</a>最高（68.077%）。<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3-62" title="鎳-62">62Ni</a>是現存元素中每核子束縛能最高的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="核素">核素</a>，其束縛能比<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="铁的同位素">58Fe</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5-56" title="鐵-56">56Fe</a>還要高，而56Fe很多時候被誤以為是擁有束縛能最高的原子核<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>。已被發現的鎳<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a>共有18種，其中最穩定的三種為59Ni（半衰期76000年）、63Ni（半衰期100.1年）和56Ni（半衰期6.077天）。其他餘下的放射性同位素半衰期皆少於60小時，其中大部份的半衰期更少於30秒。此元素擁有一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%BC%82%E8%83%BD%E7%B4%A0" title="核同质异能素">亞穩態</a><a href="#cite_note-Audi-18">[18]</a>。 恆星“死亡”過程中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="矽燃燒過程">矽燃燒過程</a>會產生鎳-56，在之後的Ia型<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>爆炸時會大量放出鎳-56。這些超新星在中期到後期時，其<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AE%8A%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="光變曲線">光變曲線</a>的形狀顯示的正是鎳-56的衰變，經電子捕獲而衰變成鈷-56，並最終衰變成鐵-56<a href="#cite_note-Nucleos-19">[19]</a>。鎳-59是一種長命的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%BA%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇宙源核素（页面不存在）">宇宙源</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a>，其半衰期為76000年。鎳-59在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同位素地質學（页面不存在）">同位素地質學</a>中有多種用途：它被用於鋻定隕石的着陸年份，和判定冰與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物">沉積物</a>中外太空塵埃的豐度。<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3-60" class="mw-redirect" title="鎳-60">镍-60</a>是鐵-60的子體衰變產物，而鐵-60是一種已絕跡的放射性核素，其半衰期為260萬年。由於鐵-60的半衰期是如此長，所以如果<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>的物質含有足夠高濃度的鐵-60，那麼它的耐久性就很有可能會影響到鎳-60的同位素構成測量結果。因此，外太空物質中的鎳-60豐度，可能會為太陽系的起源及其早期歷史提供線索。鎳-62的每核子束縛能比其他任何元素的任何同位素都高（每核子8.7946 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>）<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>。任何比鎳-62重的同位素，都不能在不損失能量的情況下，通過<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="核融合">核融合</a>來進行合成。1999年發現的鎳-48是已知重金屬同位素的核子中質子比率最高的。鎳-48含質子28個，中子20個，故具有雙<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%95%B0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="幻数 (物理学)">幻數</a>（跟<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a>-208一樣），因此性質異常穩定<a href="#cite_note-Audi-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>。 在各種鎳同位素的原子質量中，原子質量最輕的只有48<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">u</a>（48Ni），最重的則有78u（78Ni）。最近的測量結果指出，鎳-78的半衰期為0.11秒；科學家們相信，鎳-78這種同位素在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="超新星核合成">超新星核合成</a>過程中合成比鐵重的元素時具有重要作用<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="產狀">產狀</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：產狀">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/220px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/330px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/440px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>圖為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%9D%A2%E9%AB%94%E9%9A%95%E9%90%B5" title="八面體隕鐵">八面體隕鐵</a>，可見上面有由兩種鎳鐵──錐紋石和鎳紋石所組成的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E8%8A%B1%E7%B4%8B" title="魏德曼花紋">魏德曼花紋</a></figcaption></figure> 鎳在地球上最常見的產狀有：與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a>和鐵組成的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E9%BB%83%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" title="鎳黃鐵礦">鎳黃鐵礦</a>、與硫組成的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%9D%E7%A1%AB%E9%8E%B3%E7%A4%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="針硫鎳礦（页面不存在）">針硫鎳礦</a>、與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷</a>組成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%A0%B7%E9%8E%B3%E7%A4%A6" title="紅砷鎳礦">紅砷鎳礦</a>及與砷和硫組成的鎳<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%89%9B%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="方鉛礦">方鉛礦</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>。 鎳估計蘊藏量最高的地區是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%96%80%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="新喀里多尼亞">新喀里多尼亞</a>（共佔45%）<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2012-24">[24]</a>。 就世界資源方面來說，平均含鎳量達1%的已知陸上資源最少蘊含13億公噸的鎳（約為已知蘊含量的兩倍）。其中六成磚紅壤礦床，另外四成為硫化物礦床<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2012-24">[24]</a>。 根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地球物理學">地球物理學</a>的證據，有假說指出地球上大部份的鎳都集中在地球的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%A0%B8" title="外核">外核</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%A0%B8" title="內地核">內核</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E7%B4%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="錐紋石">錐紋石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E7%B4%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="鎳紋石">鎳紋石</a>是兩種天然產生的鎳鐵<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>。鐵鎳在錐紋石中的比例一般在90:10與95:5之間，同時也有可能存在雜質（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="鈷">鈷</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>）；而鎳紋石的含鎳量則在20%至65%之間。這兩種礦物基本上都只能在<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3" title="鐵隕石">鎳鐵隕石</a>中找到<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化合物">化合物</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：化合物">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="镍化合物">镍化合物</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png/170px-Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png/255px-Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png/340px-Nickel-tetracarbonyl-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>四羰基鎳</figcaption></figure> 最常見的鎳<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化態</a>為+2，但Ni0、Ni+和Ni3+的化合物都有名，此外還有三種奇特的氧化態Ni2-、Ni1-和Ni4+<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-26">[26]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鎳(0)">鎳(0)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：鎳(0)">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%95%8D" title="四羰基镍">四羰基鎳</a>（Ni(CO)4）是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7" title="路德维希·蒙德">路德維希·蒙德</a>所發現的<a href="#cite_note-MondNa-27">[27]</a>。它在室溫下是一種具揮發性的液體，而且毒性猛烈。四羰基鎳在加熱後（180 °C）會分解成鎳與一氧化碳。<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <dl><dd>Ni(CO)4 ⇌ Ni + 4 CO</dd></dl> 蒙德法就利用了上述這一過程來精煉鎳。<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="配合物">配合物</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C(1,5-%E7%8E%AF%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%AF)%E9%95%8D" title="双(1,5-环辛二烯)镍">雙-(1，5環辛二烯)鎳</a>是鎳氧化態也是0，由於它的配位子<a href="/wiki/1,5-%E7%8E%AF%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%AF" title="1,5-环辛二烯">1,5-環辛二烯</a>很容易就能被置換在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%8D%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机镍化学">有機鎳化學</a>中是一種很有用的催化劑。<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鎳(I)">鎳(I)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：鎳(I)">编辑</a>]</div> 鎳(I)配合物並不常見，其中一個例子是四面體配合物NiBr(PPh3)3。此氧化態很多時候會含有Ni-Ni鍵，例如K4[Ni2(CN)6]，此化合物呈暗紅色，具<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="抗磁性">抗磁性</a>，用<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0%E6%B1%9E%E9%BD%90" title="钠汞齐">鈉汞齊</a>還原K2[Ni2(CN)6]可得，在水中會產生氧化反應，同時會放出氫<a href="#cite_note-InorgChemH-30">[30]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate(I)_ion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png/150px-Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png/225px-Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png/300px-Structure_of_hexacyanodinickelate%28I%29_ion.png 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>[Ni2(CN)6]4-離子的結構<a href="#cite_note-InorgChemH-30">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鎳(II)">鎳(II)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：鎳(II)">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_of_various_Ni(II)_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg/450px-Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg/675px-Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg/900px-Color_of_various_Ni%28II%29_complexes_in_aqueous_solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7138" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>各種含鎳(II)配合物水溶液，有着各種不同的顏色。左起，[Ni(NH3)6]2+、[Ni(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%BA" title="乙二胺">C2H4(NH2)2</a>)3]2+、[NiCl4]2-和[Ni(H2O)6]2+。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel(II)-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/170px-Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/255px-Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/340px-Nickel%28II%29-sulfate-hexahydrate-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="結晶水">水合</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%95%8D" title="硫酸镍">硫酸鎳</a>晶體</figcaption></figure> 鎳(II)能與所有常見的陰離子生成化合物，即硫化物、硫酸鹽、碳酸鹽、氫氧化物、羧酸鹽及鹵化物。把鎳金屬或其氧化物溶在硫酸裏，就能大量生產出<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%95%8D" title="硫酸镍">硫酸鎳(II)</a>。它有六水合物及七水合物<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>。 一些鎳(II)的四配位配合物（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C(%E4%B8%89%E8%8B%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%86%A6)%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%95%8D" title="双(三苯基膦)二氯化镍">雙-(三苯基膦)氯化镍</a>）有着兩種不同的分子幾何形式──四面體及平面四方。四面體配合物具<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="順磁性">順磁性</a>，而平面四方配合物則具<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="抗磁性">抗磁性</a>。鎳配合物中的這種平面─四面體平衡，還有八面體結構，是其他較重的<a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">10族金屬</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鈀">鈀</a>(II)與<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑">鉑</a>(II)的二價電子配合物中所沒有的，因為它們基本上只有平面四方結構<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-26">[26]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%8C%82%E9%95%8D" title="二茂镍">二茂鎳</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%94%AE%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="反键轨道">反键轨道</a>上填充有电子，使其结构的稳定性降低，易被氧化，也易分解。<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_antimonide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nickel_antimonide.jpg/170px-Nickel_antimonide.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nickel_antimonide.jpg/255px-Nickel_antimonide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nickel_antimonide.jpg/340px-Nickel_antimonide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>銻化鎳(III)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鎳(III)及鎳(IV)">鎳(III)及鎳(IV)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：鎳(III)及鎳(IV)">编辑</a>]</div> 鎳(III)及鎳(IV)氧化態的簡單化合物只有氟化物及氧化物，而唯一例外就是KNiIO6，可算是<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%A2%98%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="過碘酸鹽">過碘酸根離子</a>[IO6]5-的正式鹽<a href="#cite_note-InorgChemH-30">[30]</a>。混合氧化物BaNiO3中含有鎳(IV)，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E9%95%8D" title="三氧化二镍">氧化鎳(III)</a>中則含有鎳(III)，它們及鎳的其他氧化物都可被用作各種<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%84%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="蓄電池">蓄電池</a>的陰極，種類包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E9%8E%98%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="鎳鎘電池">鎳鎘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E9%90%B5%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鎳鐵電池">鎳鐵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A7%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="氫氧電池">氫鎳</a>（用氫氣的）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E6%B0%AB%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鎳氫電池">鎳氫</a>（用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氢化物">金屬氫化物</a>的），也有一些生產商會用鎳氧化物來作<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鋰離子電池">鋰離子電池</a>的陰極<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>。σ-予體配位子（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%86%87" title="硫醇">硫醇</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="磷化氫">磷化氫</a>）可用於穩定鎳(III)<a href="#cite_note-InorgChemH-30">[30]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> 由於鎳礦石很容易被誤認為銀礦石，因此對這種金屬的認識和使用是相對近期的事。然而，偶然使用到鎳是一件自古已有的事，可追溯至公元前3500年。從現今<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞">敘利亞</a>境內出土的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85" class="mw-redirect" title="青銅">青銅</a>含鎳量可高至2%<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>。此外，中國有文獻指出當地在公元前1700至1400年期間已經有使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%93%9C" title="白铜">白銅</a>（一種銅鎳合金）。英國早在17世紀就已經从中國進口這種白銅，但這種合金含鎳的事實要到1822年才被發現<a href="#cite_note-McNeil-35">[35]</a>。 中世紀的德國人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="厄尔士山脉">厄爾斯山脈</a>發現了一種跟銅礦石很像的紅色礦物。然而，礦工們卻未能從中提煉到銅，因此他們就把這種困擾歸咎於他們傳說中的妖精Nickel（與英語中魔鬼別稱"Old Nick"相近）。他們把這種礦石命名為“銅妖”（Kupfernickel，其中Kupfer是銅的意思）<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEC-I-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEC-II-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-JEC-III-39">[39]</a>。這種礦石就是現在的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%A0%B7%E9%8E%B3%E7%A4%A6" title="紅砷鎳礦">紅砷鎳礦</a>，它是一種鎳的砷化物。1751年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%BE%99%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9" title="阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特">阿克塞尔·弗雷德里克·克龙斯泰特</a>男爵嘗試從銅妖礦石中煉出銅來──但卻煉出一種白色的金屬，因此他用為礦石命名的妖精名字，來為這種金屬命名<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>。 鎳在被发现以後的唯一來源就是罕見的銅妖礦石。直至1822年，才開始從製作<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7%E8%97%8D%E8%89%B2" title="鈷藍色">鈷藍色</a>染料的副產品中取得鎳。最早大規模生產鎳的國家是挪威，他們自1848年開始就從本地含鎳量高的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%BB%83%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" title="磁黃鐵礦">磁黃鐵礦</a>生產鎳。鐵的生產在1889年中引入了鎳，因此鎳的需求量增加。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%96%80%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="新喀里多尼亞">新喀里多尼亞</a>的鎳礦床在1865年被發現，於1875年至1915年間為全世界提供了大部份的鎳。之後發現了更多大型的鎳礦床，使得真正的大規模生產鎳變得可行，這些礦床為1883年發現的加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%9F%8F%E7%AB%8B%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="索德柏立盆地">索德柏立盆地</a>，1920年發現的俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="諾里爾斯克">諾里爾斯克</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E8%B5%AB" title="塔爾納赫">塔爾納赫</a>和1924年發現的南非<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%9A%97%E7%A4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅倫斯基暗礁（页面不存在）">梅倫斯基暗礁</a>（Merensky Reef）<a href="#cite_note-McNeil-35">[35]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nickel2.jpg/220px-Nickel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nickel2.jpg/330px-Nickel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nickel2.jpg/440px-Nickel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>由純鎳鑄造的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E7%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭盾">荷蘭硬幣</a>。</figcaption></figure> 鎳從十九世紀開始就成為了鑄造硬幣的材料。在美國，Nickel（鎳，或其簡稱Nick）這個暱稱原本指的是由銅及鎳鑄成的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E9%B9%B01%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%86%E7%A1%AC%E5%B8%81" title="飞鹰1美分硬币">1美分飛鷹硬幣</a>，這種硬幣在1857-58年間把純銅的成份中的12%換成了的鎳。之後1859-64年流通的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%B4%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%80%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%86%E7%A1%AC%E5%B8%81" title="印第安人头像一美分硬币">印第安頭像硬幣</a>也用了一樣的合金成份，因此也用上了這個暱稱。要注意的是在之後1865年，在鎳成份提高至21%後，這個暱稱就被改作稱呼<a href="/wiki/3%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%86%E9%95%8D%E5%B8%81" title="3美分镍币">3美分硬幣</a>。1866年，<a href="/wiki/5%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%86%E7%A1%AC%E5%B9%A3#盾牌鎳幣" class="mw-redirect" title="5美分硬幣">5美分盾牌硬幣</a>名正言順地以25%的鎳含量（其餘75%為銅）承繼了這個暱稱。時至今日，5美分硬幣當年的合金比例與暱稱仍然在美國通用。瑞士於1881年最早使用幾乎以純鎳鑄造的硬幣，而當中最有名的鎳幣當數1922年至1981年非大戰期間，由加拿大（當時世界最大的鎳生產國）鑄造含鎳量達99.9%的<a href="/w/index.php?title=5%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%86%E7%A1%AC%E5%B9%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5加分硬幣（页面不存在）">5加分硬幣</a>，而高含鎳量就使得這些硬幣帶磁性<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>。第二次世界大戰期間的1942-45年，由於鎳在裝甲中的功用使得它成了戰爭資源，所以美國和加拿大都把硬幣中的大部分或全部的鎳成份換掉<a href="#cite_note-JEC-I-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>。 <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="世界生產">世界生產</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：世界生產">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_world_production_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nickel_world_production_zh.svg/230px-Nickel_world_production_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nickel_world_production_zh.svg/345px-Nickel_world_production_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nickel_world_production_zh.svg/460px-Nickel_world_production_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>鎳產量的時間趨勢<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title="美國地質調查局">美國地質調查局</a>的報告指出，鎳最大的生產國為菲律賓、印尼、俄羅斯、加拿大及澳洲<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2012-24">[24]</a>。在俄羅斯以外的歐洲地區中，最大的鎳礦床位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭">芬蘭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>。平均含鎳量達1%的已知陸上資源最少蘊含13億公噸的鎳（約為已知蘊含量的兩倍）。其中六成磚紅壤礦床，另外四成為硫化物礦床。此外，在大面積的海床上有含鎳資源的錳殼及礦瘤，尤其是在太平洋的海床上<a href="#cite_note-usgs1-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄勒岡州">俄勒岡州</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE_(%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B7%9E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德爾 (俄勒岡州)（页面不存在）">里德爾</a>市（Riddle）是美國唯一在本土對鎳進行過商業開採的地方，當地有一個面積為幾平方英里的矽鎂鎳礦表層礦床。該礦場於1987年關閉<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B7%B9%E7%A4%A6%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鷹礦計劃（页面不存在）">鷹礦計劃</a>打算在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="密歇根州">密歇根州</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%B9%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="密西根上半島">上半島</a>處開發一個新的鎳礦場<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>。 <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>礦場產量及蘊藏量<a href="#cite_note-usgs1-44">[44]</a> </th> <th>2012年 </th> <th>2011年 </th> <th>蘊藏量 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a></td> <td align="right">230,000</td> <td align="right">215,000</td> <td align="right">20,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="博茨瓦納">博茨瓦納</a></td> <td align="right">26,000</td> <td align="right">26,000</td> <td align="right">490,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></td> <td align="right">140,000</td> <td align="right">209,000</td> <td align="right">7,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></td> <td align="right">220,000</td> <td align="right">220,000</td> <td align="right">3,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">中國</a></td> <td align="right">91,000</td> <td align="right">89,800</td> <td align="right">3,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哥倫比亞">哥倫比亞</a></td> <td align="right">80,000</td> <td align="right">76,000</td> <td align="right">1,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a></td> <td align="right">72,000</td> <td align="right">71,000</td> <td align="right">5,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="多明尼加共和國">多明尼加共和國</a></td> <td align="right">24,000</td> <td align="right">21,700</td> <td align="right">970,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="印尼">印尼</a></td> <td align="right">320,000</td> <td align="right">290,000</td> <td align="right">3,900,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="馬達加斯加">馬達加斯加</a></td> <td align="right">22,000</td> <td align="right">5,900</td> <td align="right">1,600,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%96%80%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="新喀里多尼亞">新喀里多尼亞</a></td> <td align="right">140,000</td> <td align="right">131,000</td> <td align="right">12,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律賓">菲律賓</a></td> <td align="right">330,000</td> <td align="right">270,000</td> <td align="right">1,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a></td> <td align="right">270,000</td> <td align="right">267,000</td> <td align="right">6,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a></td> <td align="right">42,000</td> <td align="right">44,000</td> <td align="right">3,700,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>其他國家</td> <td align="right">120,000</td> <td align="right">103,000</td> <td align="right">4,600,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>世界總和（公噸，準確至1,000公噸）</td> <td align="right">2,100,000</td> <td align="right">1,940,000</td> <td align="right">75,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="提取與精煉">提取與精煉</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：提取與精煉">编辑</a>]</div> 傳統上，大部份硫礦石都要經過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%BA%AB%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高溫冶金學（页面不存在）">高溫冶金</a>技巧，來造出一種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AB%E6%BB%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硫滓（页面不存在）">硫滓</a>，以作精煉之用。由於近來<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%95%E6%B3%95%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="濕法冶金學（页面不存在）">濕法冶金學</a>的進展，所以現時不少的鎳精煉都用這些方法來進行。硫礦床傳統上是用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB%E6%B5%AE%E9%81%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泡沫浮選法（页面不存在）">泡沫浮選法</a>按濃度處理，再經高溫冶金提取金屬。而在濕法冶金的過程中，鎳礦石經浮選法處理後（若Ni-Fe比率太低則改用微差浮選法），就被送上熔煉。在產出硫滓以後，就用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%9D%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9-%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="謝里特-戈登法（页面不存在）">謝里特-戈登法</a>（Sherritt-Gordon processes）處理<a href="#cite_note-ASM-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>。首先，加入<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AB" title="硫化氫">硫化氫</a>將銅移除，留下只剩鈷及鎳的精礦。之後使用溶劑萃取法，把鈷及鎳分開，最終的鎳成品純度高於99.9%。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Nickel_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>圖左為經<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="電解">電精煉</a>處理過的鎳礦瘤，從圖右礦瘤上的孔中可見有由鎳<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="電解質">電解質</a>構成的綠色鹽晶體。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電精煉">電精煉</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：電精煉">编辑</a>]</div> 第二種常見的精煉方法就是，把金屬的硫滓瀝取到鎳的鹽溶液中，然後對鎳溶液使用電解冶金法，這樣就能在陰極的表面上形成電解鎳<a href="#cite_note-ASM-48">[48]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蒙德法">蒙德法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：蒙德法">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_kugeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nickel_kugeln.jpg/220px-Nickel_kugeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nickel_kugeln.jpg/330px-Nickel_kugeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nickel_kugeln.jpg/440px-Nickel_kugeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>由<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%95" title="蒙德法">蒙德法</a>所作的高純度鎳球。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%95" title="蒙德法">蒙德法</a></div> 要從氧化鎳中取得最高純度的鎳就要用到<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%95" title="蒙德法">蒙德法</a>，它可將鎳精礦的純度提升至高於99.99%<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。這種方法的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="專利">專利</a>由出生於德國的英國化學家<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7" title="路德维希·蒙德">路德維希·蒙德</a>（Ludwig Mond）取得，並於20世紀開始前就已經被工業生產所使用。鎳在蒙德法中於40–80℃的溫度下與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>反應，生成<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%95%8D" title="四羰基镍">四羰基鎳</a>。鐵也會在同樣的反應中生成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%93%81" title="五羰基铁">五羰基鐵</a>，但反應速度緩慢。如有需要的話，可用蒸餾法分離。這過程中也會生成<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8C%E9%92%B4" title="八羰基二钴">八羰基二鈷</a>，但它在反應溫度下會分解成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%9B%E9%92%B4" title="十二羰基四钴">十二羰基四鈷</a>，一種不具揮發性的固體<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-1-7">[7]</a>。 有兩種方法可以從四羰基鎳中再提取鎳。第一種方法，把四羰基鎳在高溫下傳進反應室，反應室內有數萬粒的鎳珠，一直被持續攪拌。然後四羰基鎳就會分解出純鎳，並依附到鎳珠的表面上。第二種方法，把四羰基鎳在230℃的溫度下傳進較小的反應室，它會分解出細粉末狀的純鎳。分解副產品一氧化碳在蒙德法中會被循環再用。用這方法生成的高純度鎳被稱為“羰基鎳”<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="金屬價值">金屬價值</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：金屬價值">编辑</a>]</div> 鎳的市場價格於2006年至2007年初期一直大輻攀升；以2007年4月5日為準，鎳的交易價格為每<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%99%B8" title="公噸">公噸</a>52,300美元，或每<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E5%8F%B8" title="盎司">盎司</a>1.47美元<a href="#cite_note-LME-52">[52]</a>。價格在這高峰過後又大幅回落，以2013年9月19日為準，鎳的交易價格則為每公噸13,788美元，或每盎司0.39美元<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/5%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%86%E7%A1%AC%E5%B9%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="5美分硬幣">5美分硬幣</a>含有1.25克的鎳（0.04盎司），以2007年4月的價格結算，值6.5美分；再加上3.75克的銅，值3美分；所以這個硬幣的金屬值9美分。由於5美分硬幣面值只有5美分，所以很多人想把硬幣熔掉賺錢。然而，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%91%84%E5%B9%A3%E5%B1%80" title="美國鑄幣局">美國鑄幣局</a>有見及此，已於2006年12月14日開始執行法例，並有30天公眾諮詢期，凡熔掉或出口1美分或5美分硬幣即屬違法<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>。最高判處罰款一萬美元及／或入獄五年。 以2013年9月19日為準，5美分硬幣（含鎳及銅）熔掉後的價值為0.0450258美元，為面值的90%<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用">應用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：應用">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbinenschaufel_RB199.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Turbinenschaufel_RB199.jpg/200px-Turbinenschaufel_RB199.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Turbinenschaufel_RB199.jpg/300px-Turbinenschaufel_RB199.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Turbinenschaufel_RB199.jpg/400px-Turbinenschaufel_RB199.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>高溫鎳合金<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B4%E6%B0%A3%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="噴氣發動機">噴氣發動機</a>（RB189型）的渦輪機葉片</figcaption></figure> 現時美國鎳用途佔產量的比例如下：46%用於生產鎳鋼，34%用於生產非鐵<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%BA%AB%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="高溫合金">高溫合金</a>，14%用於電鍍，剩下的6%則屬其他用途<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2012-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSYB2006-56">[56]</a>。 鎳被用於各種特定及容易認出的工業品及消費品，其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%8F%BD%E9%8B%BC" title="不鏽鋼">不鏽鋼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E9%8E%B3%E9%88%B7%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="鋁鎳鈷合金">鋁鎳鈷</a>磁鐵、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%B9%A3" title="硬幣">硬幣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%84%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="蓄電池">蓄電池</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%90%89%E4%BB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="電吉他">電吉他</a>弦線、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="麥克風">麥克風</a>收音盒及多種特殊合金。特別需要強調的是，鎳是一種合金金屬，它的主要用途是鎳鋼及鎳<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B8%E9%93%81" title="铸铁">鑄鐵</a>，而它們的種類繁多。鎳還被廣泛用於其他合金，例如鎳黃銅及鎳青銅，及含有各種金屬元素的其他合金（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%AB%98%E9%8E%B3%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="英高鎳合金">英高鎳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%AB%98%E9%8E%B3%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="英高鎳合金">英高合金</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%A7%E7%88%BE%E5%90%88%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫內爾合金（页面不存在）">莫內爾合金</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8E%B3%E8%92%99%E5%85%8B%E5%90%88%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鎳蒙克合金（页面不存在）">鎳蒙克合金</a>），而各種合金元素則包括銅、鉻、鋁、鉛、鈷、銀及金<a href="#cite_note-ASM-48">[48]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MagnetEZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/220px-MagnetEZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/330px-MagnetEZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/440px-MagnetEZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>由<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E9%8E%B3%E9%88%B7%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="鋁鎳鈷合金">鋁鎳鈷合金</a>製作的“馬蹄磁鐵”。鋁鎳鈷合金的成份一般為8-12%鋁，15-26%鎳，5-24%鈷，最多1%的鈦，而餘下的則用鐵。其後發現了鐵、鈷、鎳的一種合金的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AF%E9%A0%91%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="矯頑性">矯頑性</a>比當時最好磁鐵高出一倍後，鋁鎳鈷合金的研發就在1931年開始了。鋁鎳鈷合金磁鐵現時在多種應用上正被<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="稀土磁鐵">稀土磁鐵</a>所取代。</figcaption></figure> 由於鎳具有良好的抗腐蝕性，所以以前的人偶爾會用鎳來代替裝飾用的銀。1859年開始，有些國家偶爾會把鎳用作便宜的鑄幣原料（見上文），但到了20世紀後期硬幣中的鎳基本已被較便宜<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%8F%BD%E9%8B%BC" title="不鏽鋼">不鏽鋼</a>（即<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>）所取代，而美國硬幣則是這趨勢中重要的例外。 對某些貴金屬而言，鎳是一種極佳的合金用劑，因此鎳被用於所謂的火試金法，專門探收各種<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑系元素">鉑系元素</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。就這一點而言，鎳能夠從鉑系元素的礦石中探收到全部六種的元素，甚至還能稍微地探收到一點金。高通量的鎳礦也可能從事其他鉑系元素的開採（主要是<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑">鉑</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鈀">鈀</a>），這類礦場的例子有俄羅斯的諾里爾斯克和加拿大的索德柏立盆地。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E6%B3%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發泡金屬（页面不存在）">發泡</a>鎳及網格鎳可被用於<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E6%80%A7%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="鹼性燃料電池">鹼性燃料電池</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣體擴散電極（页面不存在）">氣體擴散電極</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>。 鎳及其合金常被用作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96" title="氢化">氫化反應</a>的催化劑。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%8E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雷尼鎳">雷尼鎳</a>是一種常用的鎳催化劑形式，它是一種有多孔結構的鎳鋁合金，但很多時候也會用其他催化劑，例如相關的“雷尼型”催化劑。 鎳是一種天然的磁致伸縮材料，亦即是說，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>下這種材料的長度會有少許改變<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>。而就鎳的個案而言，長度的變化是減少的（即材料收縮），又稱負磁致伸縮，輻度約為一百萬分之五十。 鎳也被用於燒結<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E9%8E%A2" title="碳化鎢">碳化鎢</a>或其他硬金屬工業品，用量約為重量的6-12%。鎳可使碳化鎢帶磁性，並為燒結碳化鎢部件提供抗腐蝕性，不過它的硬度就比燒結用的鈷要低<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D%E6%B0%A2%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" title="镍氢电池">鎳氫電池</a>，可充電重複使用的環保電池。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="在生物中的用途">在生物中的用途</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：在生物中的用途">编辑</a>]</div> 儘管到1970年代才被確認，但鎳在微生物和植物的生理上有着重要的角色<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>。植物酶<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B2%E9%85%B6" title="脲酶">脲酶</a>（一種促進<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="尿素">尿素</a>水解的酶）中就含有鎳。鎳鐵類<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6" title="氢化酶">氫化酶</a>除含有<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%A1%AB%E7%B0%87" title="铁硫簇">鐵硫簇</a>以外還含有鎳。這種鎳鐵類氫化酶的特性就是能使氫氧化。有一種含鎳的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%A1%E5%92%AF" title="四吡咯">四吡咯</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="輔酶">輔酶</a>──輔因子F430，可在甲基<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%85%B6M" title="辅酶M">輔酶M</a>還原酶中找到，該還原酶是產甲烷<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a>的能量來源。其中一種的一氧去氫酶含有鐵鎳硫簇<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>。其他含鎳的酶包括一種罕見的細菌類<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E6%AD%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6" title="超氧化物歧化酶">超氧化物歧化酶</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>，和存在於細菌及幾種寄生於<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="錐蟲">錐體蟲</a>的真核寄生體中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%99%E4%BA%8C%E9%86%9B%E9%85%B6I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乙二醛酶I（页面不存在）">乙二醛酶I</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>（在如酵母菌及哺乳類等較高等生物中的這種酶所用的是二價電子的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%85" class="mw-redirect" title="鋅">鋅</a>，Zn2+<a href="#cite_note-aronsson_1978-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-ridderstroem_1996-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="毒性">毒性</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：毒性">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E9%81%8E%E6%95%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="鎳過敏">镍过敏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_allergy" class="extiw" title="en:Nickel allergy">Nickel allergy</a>）</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/20px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/30px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>中的醫學内容仅供参考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="Wikipedia:医学声明">醫學聲明</a>。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84001320">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox nounderlines" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background-color:#f0f0f0; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-color: #aaaaaa; border-style:solid; border:1px; border-collapse:collapse; empty-cells:show; width:305px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:120%; text-align:center; background:#d6e0dc;">镍 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_chunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg/200px-Nickel_chunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg/300px-Nickel_chunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nickel_chunk.jpg/400px-Nickel_chunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="632" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">危险性 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%81%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="全球化学品统一分类和标签制度">GHS危险性符号</a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中有害物质的标签图案"><img alt="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中有害物质的标签图案" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中对人体有害物质的标签图案"><img alt="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中对人体有害物质的标签图案" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%81%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="全球化学品统一分类和标签制度">GHS提示词</a> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GHS%E5%8D%B1%E9%99%A9%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E" title="GHS危险说明">H-术语</a> </td> <td>H317, H351, H372, H412 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GHS%E9%98%B2%E8%8C%83%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E" title="GHS防范说明">P-术语</a> </td> <td>P273, P280, P314, P333+313<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; height: 85px; width: 75px;"> <div style="position: absolute; height: 75px; width: 75px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NFPA_704.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/75px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/113px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/150px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div title="可燃性" style="background: transparent; width: 75px; height: 2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; top: 3px; font-size: large;">0</div> <div title="健康" style="background: transparent; width: 37.5px; height: 2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; top: 21px; font-size: large;">2</div> <div title="反應性" style="background: transparent; width: 37.5px; height: 2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; top: 21px; left: 37.5px; font-size: large;">0</div> <div title="其它危險" style="background: transparent; width: 75px; height: 2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; top: 44px; font-size: small;"> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">若非注明，所有数据均出自<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="标准状态">标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）</a>下。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 美國政府為鎳及其化合物設定了的最低風險量，其量為在15-364天期間吸入0.2 µg/m3<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>。一般相信<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E9%95%8D" title="硫化镍">硫化鎳</a>的煙霧及塵埃為<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="致癌物質">致癌物質</a>，及其他各種鎳的化合物也有可能是致癌的<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%95%8D" title="四羰基镍">四羰基鎳</a>[Ni(CO)4]是一種毒性很強的氣體。金屬羰基化合物的毒性取決於該金屬本身的毒性，及該羰基化合物釋出劇毒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>氣的能力，而四羰基鎳也不例外；而且四羰基鎳在空氣中會爆炸<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>。 美國規定的每天鎳飲食攝取最大耐受量為1000 µg<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>，而估計的平均鎳攝取量為每天69-162 µg<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>。相對大量的鎳（與<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鉻">鉻</a>）會在煮食過程中從不鏽鋼廚具<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%80%9D%E5%8F%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瀝取（页面不存在）">瀝取</a>到食物中，其量與每天平均攝取量相若。例如在煮過10次後，一份蕃茄醬的含鎳量就有88 µg<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>。 過敏體質的人可能會對鎳有<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%95%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="過敏反應">過敏反應</a>，造成皮膚過敏，即<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A%E7%82%8E" title="皮膚炎">皮膚炎</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%97%E7%9A%B0%E7%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="汗皰疹">汗皰疹</a>的患者可能也會對鎳過敏。鎳是接觸性過敏的一大來源，部份成因是作<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="耳環">耳環</a>用的珠寶首飾上的鍍鎳<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>。受鎳過敏形響的耳洞一般會發紅並變癢。由於這個問題，所以現時不少耳環都採用了不含鎳的材料。對於會與人體皮膚接觸的產品，其最大可含鎳量是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>所管制的。在2002年，研究人員發現1歐元及2歐元的硬幣含鎳量遠高於標準。相信是由<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%8D%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="電鍍">電鍍</a>反應所造成的<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>。鎳在2008年獲美國接觸性皮膚炎協會選為年度過敏原。<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> 報告指出，缺氧誘導因子（HIF-1）的鎳誘導活化和缺氧誘導基因的調升，都是由細胞的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%A3%9E%E8%A1%80%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="抗壞血酸鹽">抗壞血酸鹽</a>的水平低下所引致。在培養基中加入抗壞血酸鹽後，細胞內的抗壞血酸鹽水平增加，然後由金屬誘導穩定化的HIF-1與取決於HIF-1α的基因表象都有了逆轉<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>。 鎳化合物中毒性最強的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E6%88%8A%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B0%E9%95%8D" title="环戊二烯基亚硝酰镍">環戊二烯基亞硝酰鎳</a>(C5H5)NiNO。它是一種血紅色的液體，并被认为是有史以来最有毒的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机金属化学">有机金属化合物</a>。据说其毒性与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%95%8D" title="四羰基镍">四羰基镍</a>相当。<a href="#cite_note-tocn-87">[87]</a> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="另見">另見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：另見">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%95%8D%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="Category:镍化合物">分類:鎳化合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%8E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雷尼鎳">雷尼鎳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%BA%AB%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="高溫合金">高溫合金</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料">參考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%8D&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：參考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. 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E. 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Scientific Reports. 2015, 5: 15033. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...515033S">Bibcode:2015NatSR...515033S</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4602218">PMC 4602218</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26459370">PMID 26459370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep15033">doi:10.1038/srep15033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.atitle=Nickel+clusters+embedded+in+carbon+nanotubes+as+high+performance+magnets&rft.au=Briones-Leon%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Domanov%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Eisterer%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lang%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Peterlik%2C+Herwig&rft.au=Pichler%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Saito%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Sato%2C+Yuta&rft.au=Suenaga%2C+Kazu&rft.au=Weschke%2C+Eugen&rft.au=Zechner%2C+Georg&rft.aufirst=Hidetsugu&rft.aulast=Shiozawa&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.pages=15033&rft.volume=5&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4602218&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4602218&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...515033S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep15033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26459370&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics. Wiley. 1996: 449. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-14286-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-14286-7">ISBN 0-471-14286-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.au=Kittel%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Solid+State+Physics&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-14286-7&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sharma, A.; Hickman, J.; Gazit, N.; Rabkin, E.; Mishin, Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173750">Nickel nanoparticles set a new record of strength</a>. Nature Communications. 2018, 9 (1): 4102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.4102S">Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.4102S</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173750">PMC 6173750</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291239">PMID 30291239</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06575-6">doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06575-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.atitle=Nickel+nanoparticles+set+a+new+record+of+strength&rft.au=Gazit%2C+N.&rft.au=Hickman%2C+J.&rft.au=Mishin%2C+Y.&rft.au=Rabkin%2C+E.&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.pages=4102&rft.volume=9&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6173750&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6173750&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9.4102S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06575-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30291239&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Scerri-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri_13-1">13.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Scerri, Eric R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=SNRdGWCGt1UC&pg=PA239">The periodic table: its story and its significance</a>. 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The Nickel Institute. 2001-11-08 [2008-11-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nidi.org/index.cfm/ci_id/160.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2006-09-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.btitle=Trends+of+Nickel+in+Coins+%E2%80%93+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.date=2001-11-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Nickel+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidi.org%2Findex.cfm%2Fci_id%2F160.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Canada used nickel plating on its five-cent coins in 1945 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604121254/http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. [2013-06-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140">原始内容</a>存档于2013-06-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.btitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fds%2F2005%2F140&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs1-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgs1_44-0">44.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs1_44-1">44.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2013-nicke.pdf">Nickel</a> (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries. January 2013 [2014-03-27]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509061155/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/mcs-2013-nicke.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.atitle=Nickel&rft.date=2013-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey%2C+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fnickel%2Fmcs-2013-nicke.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212005749/http://www.oregongeology.com/sub/publications/OG/OBv15n10.pdf">The Nickel Mountain Project</a> (PDF). Ore Bin. 1953, 15 (10): 59–66 [2014-03-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregongeology.com/sub/publications/OG/OBv15n10.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2012-02-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.atitle=The+Nickel+Mountain+Project&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Ore+Bin&rft.pages=59-66&rft.volume=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregongeology.com%2Fsub%2Fpublications%2FOG%2FOBv15n10.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005035552/http://www.environmentwriter.org/resources/backissues/chemicals/nickel.htm">Environment Writer: Nickel</a>. National Safety Council. 2006 [2009-01-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentwriter.org/resources/backissues/chemicals/nickel.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-10-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.btitle=Environment+Writer%3A+Nickel&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Safety+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmentwriter.org%2Fresources%2Fbackissues%2Fchemicals%2Fnickel.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation news">First primary nickel mine in U.S. moves forward. Mining Engineering. 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ASM International. 2000: 4–13. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87170-685-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87170-685-0">ISBN 978-0-87170-685-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.atitle=Uses+of+Nickel&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.btitle=ASM+Specialty+Handbook%3A+Nickel%2C+Cobalt%2C+and+Their+Alloys&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-685-0&rft.pages=4-13&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DIePhmnbmRWkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511173417/https://blog-en.condorchem.com/nickel-cobalt-mining-extraction-procedures/">Nickel / cobalt mining extraction procedures</a>. Industrial wastewater & air treatment. 2019-09-06 [2021-05-05]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog-en.condorchem.com/nickel-cobalt-mining-extraction-procedures/">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-11） （美国英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.atitle=Nickel+%2F+cobalt+mining+extraction+procedures&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Industrial+wastewater+%26+air+treatment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog-en.condorchem.com%2Fnickel-cobalt-mining-extraction-procedures%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mond, L.; Langer, K.; Quincke, F. Action of carbon monoxide on nickel. Journal of the Chemical Society. 1890, 57: 7⧼英語⧽49–753. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCT8905700749">doi:10.1039/CT8905700749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.atitle=Action+of+carbon+monoxide+on+nickel&rft.au=Langer%2C+K.&rft.au=Quincke%2C+F.&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.aulast=Mond&rft.date=1890&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=7%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22en%22%3E-%7B%E2%A7%BC%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E2%A7%BD%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3A%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE49-753&rft.volume=57&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCT8905700749&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Neikov, Oleg D.; Naboychenko, Stanislav; Gopienko, Victor G and Frishberg, Irina V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429043250/https://books.google.com/books?id=6aP3te2hGuQC&pg=PA371">Handbook of Non-Ferrous Metal Powders: Technologies and Applications</a>. Elsevier. 2009-01-15: 371– [2012-01-09]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85617-422-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85617-422-0">ISBN 978-1-85617-422-0</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6aP3te2hGuQC&pg=PA371">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.au=Neikov%2C+Oleg+D.%3B+Naboychenko%2C+Stanislav%3B+Gopienko%2C+Victor+G+and+Frishberg%2C+Irina+V&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Non-Ferrous+Metal+Powders%3A+Technologies+and+Applications&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85617-422-0&rft.pages=371-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aP3te2hGuQC%26pg%3DPA371&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-LME-52"><a href="#cite_ref-LME_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228180212/http://www.lme.com/nickel_graphs.asp">LME nickel price graphs</a>. London Metal Exchange. [2009-06-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lme.com/nickel_graphs.asp">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.btitle=LME+nickel+price+graphs&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=London+Metal+Exchange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lme.com%2Fnickel_graphs.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803071203/http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/nickel/">Nickel Prices and Nickel Price Charts</a>. [2014-03-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/nickel/">原始内容</a>存档于2020-08-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.btitle=Nickel+Prices+and+Nickel+Price+Charts&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomine.com%2Finvestment%2Fmetal-prices%2Fnickel%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=724">United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160527072103/http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=724">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, The United States Mint, press release, December 14, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617065505/http://www.coinflation.com/">United States Circulating Coinage Intrinsic Value Table</a>. 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[2008-11-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/myb1-2006-nicke.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2017-07-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.aulast=Kuck&rft.btitle=Mineral+Yearbook+2006%3A+Nickel&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fnickel%2Fmyb1-2006-nicke.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Buchanan, D. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013249/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wp5U4oNWMjUC">Platinum-Group Element Exploration</a>. Elsevier. 2012: 122 [2014-04-17]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780444597151" title="Special:网络书源/9780444597151">ISBN 9780444597151</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wp5U4oNWMjUC">原始内容</a>存档于2014-04-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.au=Buchanan%2C+D.+L.&rft.btitle=Platinum-Group+Element+Exploration&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780444597151&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwp5U4oNWMjUC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kharton, Vladislav V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428222821/https://books.google.com/books?id=5n5Fwf5D2EMC&pg=PT166">Solid State Electrochemistry II: Electrodes, Interfaces and Ceramic Membranes</a>. 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Nature. 2002, 419 (6903): 132. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.419..132N">Bibcode:2002Natur.419..132N</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12226655">PMID 12226655</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F419132a">doi:10.1038/419132a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.atitle=High+nickel+release+from+1-+and+2-euro+coins&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.aulast=Nestle&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6903&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=132&rft.volume=419&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.419..132N&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F419132a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12226655&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203033929/http://www.nickelallergyinformation.com/2008/06/nickel-named-2008-contact-alle.htm">Nickel Named 2008 Contact Allergen of the Year</a>. [2009-06-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickelallergyinformation.com/2008/06/nickel-named-2008-contact-alle.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.btitle=Nickel+Named+2008+Contact+Allergen+of+the+Year&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickelallergyinformation.com%2F2008%2F06%2Fnickel-named-2008-contact-alle.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Salnikow, k.; Donald, S. P.; Bruick, R. K.; Zhitkovich, A.; Phang, J. M.; Kasprzak, K. S. Depletion of intracellular ascorbate by the carcinogenic metal nickel and cobalt results in the induction of hypoxic stress. J. Biol. 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W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=2KTdG3xA0eIC&pg=PA464&dq=Cyclopentadienyl+nickel+nitrosyl+toxic#v=onepage&q=Cyclopentadienyl%20nickel%20nitrosyl%20toxic&f=false">The Organic Chemistry of Nickel: Organonickel Complexes</a>. 2012-12-02: 464. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780323146906" title="Special:网络书源/9780323146906">ISBN 9780323146906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%8D&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.btitle=The+Organic+Chemistry+of+Nickel%3A+Organonickel+Complexes&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780323146906&rft.pages=464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2KTdG3xA0eIC%26pg%3DPA464%26dq%3DCyclopentadienyl%2Bnickel%2Bnitrosyl%2Btoxic%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DCyclopentadienyl%2520nickel%2520nitrosyl%2520toxic%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="元素周期表（过渡金属）" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">IA 1</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">IIA 2</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">IIIB 3</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">IVB 4</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">VB 5</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">VIB 6</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">VIIB 7</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">VIIIB 8</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">VIIIB 9</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">VIIIB 10</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">IB 11</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">IIB 12</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">IIIA 13</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">IVA 14</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">VA 15</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">VIA 16</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">VIIA 17</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">VIIIA 18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">B</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">C</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">Al</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">Si</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">Cl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">K</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">Sc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">Ti</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">V</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">Mn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">Fe</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">Co</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ni</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">Cu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">Zn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">Ga</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">Ge</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">As</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">Se</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">Y</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">Zr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">Nb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">Tc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">Ru</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">Rh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">Pd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">Ag</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">Cd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">In</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">Sn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">Sb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">Te</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">Ba</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">La</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">Ce</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">Pr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">Nd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">Pm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">Sm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">Eu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">Gd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">Tb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">Dy</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">Ho</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">Er</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">Tm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">Yb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">Lu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">Hf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">Ta</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">Re</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">Os</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">Ir</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">Pt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">Au</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">Hg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">Tl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">Pb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">Bi</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">Po</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">Fr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">Ra</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">Pa</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">Np</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">Pu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">Am</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">Cm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">Bk</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">Cf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">Es</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">Fm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">Md</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">No</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">Lr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">Rf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">Db</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">Sg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">Bh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">Hs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">Mt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">Ds</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">Rg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">Cn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">Nh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">Fl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">Mc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">Lv</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">Ts</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="相關項目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關項目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0%E8%99%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="0號元素">0號元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="扩展元素周期表">扩展元素周期表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="同位素列表">同位素列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地球的地殼元素豐度列表">地球的地殼元素豐度列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">元素列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="過渡金屬（第一過渡系）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC1" title="Template:過渡金屬1"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC1" title="Template talk:過渡金屬1"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC1" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:過渡金屬1"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="過渡金屬（第一過渡系）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡金屬">過渡金屬</a>（第一過渡系）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">钪</a> Sc 原子序：21 原子量：44.9559 熔点（K）：1814 沸点（K）：3103 电负度：1.36 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">钛</a> Ti 原子序：22 原子量：47.867 熔点（K）：1941 沸点（K）：3560 电负度：1.54 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">钒</a> V 原子序：23 原子量：50.9415 熔点（K）：2163 沸点（K）：3653 电负度：1.63 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">铬</a> Cr 原子序：24 原子量：51.9961 熔点（K）：2130 沸点（K）：2945 电负度：1.66 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">锰</a> Mn 原子序：25 原子量：54.9380 熔点（K）：1517 沸点（K）：2235 电负度：1.55 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a> Fe 原子序：26 原子量：55.845 熔点（K）：1808 沸点（K）：3023 电负度：1.83 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">钴</a> Co 原子序：27 原子量：58.9331 熔点（K）：1768 沸点（K）：3200 电负度：1.88 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">镍</a> Ni 原子序：28 原子量：58.6934 熔点（K）：1728 沸点（K）：3186 电负度：1.91 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a> Cu 原子序：29 原子量：63.546 熔点（K）：1357 沸点（K）：2840 电负度：1.9 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">锌</a> Zn 原子序：30 原子量：65.409 熔点（K）：692 沸点（K）：1180 电负度：1.65 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119445481">法国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119445481">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042133-8">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531440305171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091772">美国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000216326&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568497">日本</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123294&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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