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Wilder Penfield redrew the map of the brain — by opening the heads of living patients | Vox
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2018, Wilder Penfield’s approach to treating epilepsy seems like something out of a science fiction movie. Penfield — the celebrated Canadian-American neurosurgeon whose 127th birthday is celebrated today in a Google Doodle — pioneered the technique of removing a portion of the skull while a patient was still awake.\nPenfield developed the method, called the “Montreal Procedure,” in the 1930s. It helped him pinpoint the source of the seizure in the brain so he could remove it, and relieve patients of debilitating attacks.\nBut his work in epilepsy also increased our understanding of the architecture of the brain, mapping how its folds and areas relate to sensations in the body.\nPenfield’s surgeries helped epilepsy patients\nDescriptions of Penfield’s Montreal Procedure are an odd thing to behold. Patients stay calm and awake while the surgeon literally electrocutes their brain.\nKeeping the patients awake was crucial to the success of the procedure. Often in epilepsy, seizures originate from one scarred or damaged region of brain tissue. The brain surgeon’s goal is to identify that tissue while protecting healthy parts.\nWith the skull open and the brain exposed, Penfield would probe the brain’s surface with a small electrode. If he touched an area of the brain that related to feeling in the fingers, patients would report numbness in their fingers. Prodding different areas of the brain with small electrical impulses could get patients to suddenly retrieve memories, see flashes of light, or smell an odor. The electrode would essentially turn on, or off, the brain circuitry involved in those sensations and perceptions.\nPeople with epilepsy often get “auras” — an odd, specific sensation (a smell, or taste, or thought) before a seizure. If Penfield found the area of the brain that produced the aura, he could remove it, which then greatly reduced the risk of seizures in patients.\nPenfield could do this while patients were awake because, ironically, the brain itself has no pain receptors. And local anesthesia allowed him to remove part of the skull without causing much pain.\nIn treating epilepsy, Penfield sketched a new map of the brain\nThe Montreal Procedure helped many deal with the debilitating effects of epilepsy, but it also opened up a whole new avenue of understanding how the brain works. Since the electrical impulses would temporarily turn on, or off, a function of the brain, by slowly, meticulously, prodding the brains of his patients, Penfield was able to develop a map of brain function.\nHere’s a photograph from a 1937 Penfield report — it’d not for the extremely faint of heart.\n[Image: https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all]\nEach number in the image corresponds to a particular brain function and sensation Penfield mapped. No. 18 corresponds to “Slight twitching of arm and hand like a shock, and felt as if he wanted to move them,” according to the report. At No. 8, the patient “felt sensation of movement in the thumb,” but it didn’t actually move. At No. 13, the patient felt “numbness all down the right leg.”\nThis was the first time areas relating to speech were mapped, McGill University, which employed him, explains on its website.\nIn some instances when Penfield prodded a person’s brain, they would suddenly experience a detailed personal memory. This was among the first evidence to suggest that there are physical structures for memory in the brain. One of Penfield’s patients, when prodded with an electrode, responded, “I hear voices. It is late at night, around the carnival somewhere — some sort of traveling circus. I just saw lots of big wagons that they use to haul animals in.”\nPenfield and his colleagues used this brain map to develop a homunculus, a cartoon drawing of a human body, sized proportionally to the amount of brain space devoted to each body part.\n[Image: Sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all]\nAs the homunculus shows, we use a lot of our brainpower for dexterity (see the huge hands), speech (see the giant lips and tongue), smell, and sight. And we don’t have a whole lot of mental hardware devoted to our chests.\nPenfield’s explorations of the brain helped scientists target the malfunctions that led to speech disorders and problems with memory. And the Montreal Neurological Institute, which Penfield co-founded at McGill, became a premier surgical treatment center for epilepsy.\nHe’s also made an impression on popular culture. Science fiction author Philip K Dick named a device to control emotions of people the “Penfield mood organ.”\nPenfield was borne in Spokane, Washington, but did most of his groundbreaking work at McGill in Canada, where he’s celebrated as a national hero. In 1934, he gained Canadian citizenship, and he later became known as “the greatest living Canadian.” He was immortalized in a 60-second Canadian television spot that depicted one of his patients, mid-surgery, declaring, “I smell burnt toast!” during the procedure. Hence the toast in today’s Google Doodle."},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Science","item":"https://www.vox.com/science"}]}]</script><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=415 415w, 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5.7-5.3 8.3-5.3 3 0 5.4 7.5 7.7 18.8-2.1 2.3-4.2 6.7-5.2 7.5-.4-4-3.1-6.5-6.6-6.5-4 0-6.7 3.8-6.7 7 0 3.6 2.5 6 5.8 6 6.9 0 8.8-6.5 13.1-12.3C92.9 51.9 96 58 101.3 58c6.3 0 12.1-5.4 15.1-9.2l-.6-.9c-1.9 1.9-3.8 3.1-6 3.1-3.9 0-6.7-8.4-8.8-18.6 1.3-1.7 3.3-6.1 4.7-7.7.9 1.8 2.9 5.2 7.5 5.2zm133.7-13.4h2.1l.2-1h-26l-.2 1h3.8c3.3 0 6 2.3 6 6.8 0 2.6-1.1 5.8-2.9 9.8L213 70.4 208.7 22c-.4-3.8 1.6-5.5 5.8-5.5h2.4l.2-1h-36.7l-.4 1h2.3c2.9 0 4 1.8 4.3 5.2l6.6 62.7h15.4l25.9-54.8c4.2-8.1 8.3-13.1 12.4-13.1z"></path></svg></a><div class="_1bn7g9f7">Wilder Penfield redrew the map of the brain — by opening the heads of living patients</div><div class="_1bn7g9f9"><button aria-controls="drawer_:Rb6:" aria-label="Open Drawer" class="_1bn7g9fg"><svg width="23" height="17" class="_1bn7g9fb" viewBox="0 0 23 17" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><line x1="0.867188" y1="1.53857" x2="22.8672" y2="1.53857" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></line><line x1="0.867188" y1="8.53857" x2="22.8672" y2="8.53857" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></line><line x1="0.867188" y1="15.5386" x2="22.8672" y2="15.5386" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></line></svg></button></div></div></nav><div class="duet--navigation--wiki-banner _1juo5fm2"><div class="_1agbrix3 _1juo5fm4 _1agbrixy"><h2 class="_1juo5fm8">Clarity in this chaotic news cycle</h2><div class="_1juo5fm6"><div class="_1juo5fm9"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">There’s an overwhelming amount of news, but not enough context. At Vox, we do things differently. We’re not focused on being the first to break stories — <b>we’re focused on helping you understand what actually matters.</b> We report urgently on the most important issues shaping our world, and dedicate time to the issues that the rest of the media often neglects. But we can’t do it alone.</p></div><div class="_1juo5fm7"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1juo5fma">We rely on readers like you to fund our journalism. <strong>Will you support our work and become a Vox Member today?</strong></p><a class="duet--cta--button bl2rg41 bl2rg40 _1juo5fmb" href="https://www.vox.com/support-now?itm_campaign=feb-2025-wiki&itm_medium=site&itm_source=wikibanner"><span>Join today</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--page-layout--post _1agbrix0 _1agbrix8 _1agbrix9 _1agbrixa"><main id="content"><div class="_1ugw7dwo _1ugw7dw1 _1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw22"><div class="_1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dwp" data-concert="tablet_leaderboard"></div></div><div class="_1ugw7dwq _1ugw7dw1 _1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dw24"><div class="_1ugw7dw0 _1ugw7dwr" data-concert="desktop_leaderboard_variable"></div></div><article><div class="duet--article--lede duet--page-layout--standard-article"><div class="duet--ledes--standard-lede _135mano0 _1agbrix3"><div class="_135mano1"><div class="dz06u40"><div class="dz06u43"><span class="_160ma52z"><ul class="_1g6d7eud"><li class=""><a href="/science" class="_1g6d7eu3 xkp0cg5">Science</a></li></ul></span></div><div class=""><h1 class="h74scy1 h74scy0 h74scy6 xkp0cga xkp0cg9">Wilder Penfield redrew the map of the brain — by opening the heads of living patients</h1><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup h74scyh h74scyg xkp0cga">The Canadian neurosurgeon pioneered a dramatic new approach to treating epilepsy.</p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="_135mano3"><div class="_160ma521 _160ma520"><div class="_160ma528 _160ma52g"><div class="duet--article--article-byline xkp0cga _15r56j10"><p class=""><span>by</span> <span><span></span> <span class="_15r56j12 _15r56j13"><a href="/authors/brian-resnick">Brian Resnick</a></span></span></p></div><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o3 _1rf9w8o1 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 xkp0cga">Updated <time dateTime="2018-01-26T15:41:16+00:00">Jan 26, 2018, 3:41 PM UTC</time></span></div><div class="_160ma52i _160ma52h _160ma52o _160ma52p"><div class="_160ma52r _160ma52q"><span class="_160ma52z"><ul class="duet--article--share-buttons _9txrgw0"><li><button aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="_9txrgw1"><svg class="_9txrgwc" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Facebook</title><path d="M27.0174 21.7497L27.8495 16.3604H22.6403V12.8637C22.6403 11.3906 23.3668 9.95151 25.7019 9.95151H28.0714V5.36435C28.0714 5.36435 25.9212 5 23.866 5C19.5761 5 16.7707 7.57929 16.7707 12.2529V16.3604H12V21.7497H16.7707V34.7746C17.727 34.924 18.707 35 19.7055 35C20.704 35 21.6841 34.9214 22.6403 34.7746V21.7497H27.0174Z" fill=""></path></svg></button></li><li><div class="_9txrgwn"><button aria-label="Copy link" class="_9txrgw1"><svg class="_9txrgwc" width="40" height="40" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Link</title><path d="M16.9691 32.9499C14.2358 35.6832 9.78321 35.6832 7.04996 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src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agbrixm _1agbrixw"><img alt="" data-chromatic="ignore" fetchPriority="high" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 700px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=415 415w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.1305903398927%2C100%2C93.738819320215&w=2400"/></div></div><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg2 xptnl11">McGill University</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="_135mano5"><div class="_1jvzqea1 _1jvzqea0"><div class="_1j8rw6n0 _1j8rw6n1"><div class="_1j8rw6n3"><img alt="Brian Resnick" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" width="36" height="36" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="_1j8rw6n4" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/author_profile_images/14855/me.0.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 1x, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/author_profile_images/14855/me.0.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 2x" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/author_profile_images/14855/me.0.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96"/></div><div class="_1j8rw6n5"><a class="_1j8rw6n6" href="/authors/brian-resnick">Brian Resnick</a> <span class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1j8rw6n7">was Vox’s science and health editor and is the co-creator of Unexplainable, Vox’s podcast about unanswered questions in science.</span></div></div></div></div></div><div id="zephr-anchor" class="_1agbrixz"><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Even in 2018, Wilder Penfield’s approach to treating epilepsy seems like something out of a science fiction movie. Penfield — the celebrated Canadian-American neurosurgeon whose 127th birthday is <a href="http://www.google.com/doodles/wilder-penfields-127th-birthday">celebrated today in a Google Doodle</a> — pioneered the technique of removing a portion of the skull while a patient was still awake.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Penfield developed the method, called the “Montreal Procedure,” in the 1930s. It helped him pinpoint the source of the seizure in the brain so he could remove it, and relieve patients of debilitating attacks.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">But his work in epilepsy also increased our understanding of the architecture of the brain, mapping how its folds and areas relate to sensations in the body.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="penfields-surgeries-helped-epilepsy-patients" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg1"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">Penfield’s surgeries helped epilepsy patients</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Descriptions of Penfield’s Montreal Procedure are an odd thing to behold. Patients stay calm and awake while the surgeon literally electrocutes their brain.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Keeping the patients awake was crucial to the success of the procedure. Often in epilepsy, seizures originate from one scarred or damaged region of brain tissue. The brain surgeon’s goal is to identify that tissue while protecting healthy parts.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">With the skull open and the brain exposed, Penfield would probe the brain’s surface with a small electrode. If he touched an area of the brain that related to feeling in the fingers, patients would report numbness in their fingers. Prodding different areas of the brain with small electrical impulses could get patients to suddenly retrieve memories, see flashes of light, or smell an odor. The electrode would essentially turn on, or off, the brain circuitry involved in those sensations and perceptions.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">People with epilepsy often get “auras” — an odd, specific sensation (a smell, or taste, or thought) before a seizure. If Penfield found the area of the brain that produced the aura, he could remove it, which then greatly reduced the risk of seizures in patients.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Penfield could do this while patients were awake because, ironically, the brain itself has <a href="https://www.brainline.org/author/brian-greenwald/qa/can-brain-itself-feel-pain">no pain receptors</a>. And local anesthesia allowed him to remove part of the skull without causing much pain.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="in-treating-epilepsy-penfield-sketched-a-new-map-of-the-brain" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg1"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">In treating epilepsy, Penfield sketched a new map of the brain</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The Montreal Procedure helped many deal with the debilitating effects of epilepsy, but it also opened up a whole new avenue of understanding how the brain works. Since the electrical impulses would temporarily turn on, or off, a function of the brain, by slowly, meticulously, prodding the brains of his patients, Penfield was able to develop a map of brain function.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Here’s a photograph from a 1937 Penfield <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.873.4232&rep=rep1&type=pdf">report</a> — it’d not for the extremely faint of heart.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div style="position:relative"><div class="_1agbrixj"><div class=""><div style="background-image:none" class="duet--media--content-warning licp6k0"><div class="duet--article--image-gallery-image _1j8uwx0" style="aspect-ratio:0.982183" id="dngyOmltYWdlOjEzMDg5Nw=="><a class="_1j8uwx1" href="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100" data-pswp-height="449" data-pswp-width="441" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><img alt="" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, (max-width: 1023px) 50vw, 700px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></a></div></div></div><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg2 xptnl11">American Neurological Association</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Each number in the image corresponds to a particular brain function and sensation Penfield mapped. No. 18 corresponds to “Slight twitching of arm and hand like a shock, and felt as if he wanted to move them,” according to the report. At No. 8, the patient “felt sensation of movement in the thumb,” but it didn’t actually move. At No. 13, the patient felt “numbness all down the right leg.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">This was the first time areas relating to speech were mapped, McGill University, which employed him, <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/mcgill-pioneers/penfield">explains</a> on its website.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">In some instances when Penfield prodded a person’s brain, they would suddenly experience a detailed personal memory. This was among the first evidence to suggest that there are physical structures for memory in the brain. One of Penfield’s patients, when prodded with an electrode, responded, “I hear voices. It is late at night, around the carnival somewhere — some sort of traveling circus. I just saw lots of big wagons that they use to haul animals in.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Penfield and his colleagues used this brain map to develop a homunculus, a cartoon drawing of a human body, sized proportionally to the amount of brain space devoted to each body part.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div style="position:relative"><div class="_1agbrixj"><div class=""><div style="background-image:none" class="duet--media--content-warning licp6k0"><div class="duet--article--image-gallery-image _1j8uwx0" style="aspect-ratio:1.333333" id="dngyOmltYWdlOjEzMDkwMQ=="><a class="_1j8uwx1" href="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100" data-pswp-height="768" data-pswp-width="1024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><img alt="Sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London." data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, (max-width: 1023px) 50vw, 700px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></a></div></div></div><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><figcaption class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg2 xptnl12">Sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London.</figcaption> <cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg2 xptnl11">Dr. Joe Kiff /Wikipedia</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">As the homunculus shows, we use a lot of our brainpower for dexterity (see the huge hands), speech (see the giant lips and tongue), smell, and sight. And we don’t have a whole lot of mental hardware devoted to our chests.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Penfield’s explorations of the brain helped scientists target the malfunctions that led to speech disorders and problems with memory. And the Montreal Neurological Institute, which Penfield co-founded at McGill, became a premier surgical treatment center for epilepsy.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">He’s also made an impression on popular culture. Science fiction author Philip K Dick named a device to control emotions of people the “Penfield mood organ.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Penfield was borne in Spokane, Washington, but did most of his groundbreaking work at McGill in Canada, where he’s celebrated as a national hero. In 1934, he gained Canadian citizenship, and he later became known as <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhpenf.html">“the greatest living Canadian.”</a> He was immortalized in a 60-second Canadian television spot that depicted one of his patients, mid-surgery, declaring, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUOG2g4hj8s">“I smell burnt toast!”</a> during the procedure. 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preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=96 96w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.725%2C0%2C66.55%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="Is it time to worry about bird flu?" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=128 128w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-1247141604.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.087499999999999%2C0%2C99.825%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Explainers</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-02-14T12:00:00+00:00">Feb 14</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/explainers/399776/auto-draft">Is it time to worry about bird flu?</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">There’s more to bird flu than expensive eggs.</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Kim Mas</span></span><span><span class="u2goo40"> and </span><span>Sean Collins</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh _102m78f3"><img alt="We can see factory farm pollution all the way from space" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="We can see factory farm pollution all the way from space" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/WAM7290-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Future Perfect</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-02-09T11:00:00+00:00">Feb 9</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/future-perfect/398131/factory-farm-air-pollution-space-north-carolina">We can see factory farm pollution all the way from space</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">But communities of color face the worst ammonia pollution on the ground, a new study reveals.</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Sam Delgado</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh _102m78f3"><img alt="How safe is donating your eggs?" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-1676793776.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=13.794351918899%2C0%2C72.411296162201%2C100&w=16 16w, 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style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-1676793776.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.9666666666667%2C100%2C92.066666666667&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-1676793776.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.9666666666667%2C100%2C92.066666666667&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-1676793776.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.9666666666667%2C100%2C92.066666666667&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-1676793776.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.9666666666667%2C100%2C92.066666666667&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-1676793776.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.9666666666667%2C100%2C92.066666666667&w=96 96w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-1676793776.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.9666666666667%2C100%2C92.066666666667&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-1676793776.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C3.9666666666667%2C100%2C92.066666666667&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Health</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-02-07T11:01:00+00:00">Feb 7</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/health/393095/egg-donation-donors-donating-side-effects-fertility">How safe is donating your eggs?</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Egg donation is common. How well do we understand the risks?</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Anna North</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh _102m78f3"><img alt="Should I throw out my kid’s Froot Loops?" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' 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src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2186326236.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Life</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-01-23T12:45:00+00:00">Jan 23</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/life/396193/red-dye-3-40-foods-fda-bans-kids">Should I throw out my kid’s Froot Loops?</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Food dyes and kids, explained.</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Anna North</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 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href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24758546/GettyImages_1259132714.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=33.333333333333%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24758546/GettyImages_1259132714.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=33.333333333333%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24758546/GettyImages_1259132714.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=33.333333333333%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24758546/GettyImages_1259132714.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=33.333333333333%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=64 64w, 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100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24758546/GettyImages_1259132714.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24758546/GettyImages_1259132714.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24758546/GettyImages_1259132714.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, 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style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/gettyimages-162779740.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.4871527777778%2C100%2C44.444444444444&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/gettyimages-162779740.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.4871527777778%2C100%2C44.444444444444&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/gettyimages-162779740.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.4871527777778%2C100%2C44.444444444444&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/gettyimages-162779740.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.4871527777778%2C100%2C44.444444444444&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/gettyimages-162779740.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C8.4871527777778%2C100%2C44.444444444444&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Future Perfect</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-01-15T13:30:00+00:00">Jan 15</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/future-perfect/394923/trump-maha-science-lab-animals">Animal rights advocates are ready for Trump’s war on science</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Cuts to science spending may save lab animals — at a cost.</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Celia Ford</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--ad--native-ad-linkset _1yq350v3 _1yq350v4 _1yq350v9 hidden" data-native-ad-id="container"><div><div class="hidden"><div class="dynamic-native-ad-native_ad_linkset_link"></div></div><a href="/" aria-label="Advertisement"><div class=""><div class="_1yq350v6"><span 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If Penfield found the area of the brain that produced the aura, he could remove it, which then greatly reduced the risk of seizures in patients."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Penfield could do this while patients were awake because, ironically, the brain itself has \u003ca href=\"https://www.brainline.org/author/brian-greenwald/qa/can-brain-itself-feel-pain\"\u003eno pain receptors\u003c/a\u003e. And local anesthesia allowed him to remove part of the skull without causing much pain."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHeadingBlockType","__typename":"CoreHeadingBlockType","contents":{"html":"In treating epilepsy, Penfield sketched a new map of the brain"},"headingId":"in-treating-epilepsy-penfield-sketched-a-new-map-of-the-brain","level":2,"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The Montreal Procedure helped many deal with the debilitating effects of epilepsy, but it also opened up a whole new avenue of understanding how the brain works. Since the electrical impulses would temporarily turn on, or off, a function of the brain, by slowly, meticulously, prodding the brains of his patients, Penfield was able to develop a map of brain function."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Here\u0026rsquo;s a photograph from a 1937 Penfield \u003ca href=\"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.873.4232\u0026rep=rep1\u0026type=pdf\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e \u0026mdash; it\u0026rsquo;d not for the extremely faint of heart."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreImageBlockType","__typename":"CoreImageBlockType","alt":"","hideCredit":false,"placement":"default","credit":{"html":"American Neurological Association","plaintext":"American Neurological Association"},"caption":{"html":"","plaintext":""},"contentWarning":{"plaintext":""},"thumbnail":{"size":"original","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100","normalizedRatio":0.982183,"originalHeight":449,"originalWidth":441,"cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":100}},"image":{"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjEzMDg5Nw==","alt":""}},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Each number in the image corresponds to a particular brain function and sensation Penfield mapped. No. 18 corresponds to \u0026ldquo;Slight twitching of arm and hand like a shock, and felt as if he wanted to move them,\u0026rdquo; according to the report. At No. 8, the patient \u0026ldquo;felt sensation of movement in the thumb,\u0026rdquo; but it didn\u0026rsquo;t actually move. At No. 13, the patient felt \u0026ldquo;numbness all down the right leg.\u0026rdquo;"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"This was the first time areas relating to speech were mapped, McGill University, which employed him, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/mcgill-pioneers/penfield\"\u003eexplains\u003c/a\u003e on its website."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"In some instances when Penfield prodded a person\u0026rsquo;s brain, they would suddenly experience a detailed personal memory. This was among the first evidence to suggest that there are physical structures for memory in the brain. One of Penfield\u0026rsquo;s patients, when prodded with an electrode, responded, \u0026ldquo;I hear voices. It is late at night, around the carnival somewhere \u0026mdash; some sort of traveling circus. I just saw lots of big wagons that they use to haul animals in.\u0026rdquo;"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Penfield and his colleagues used this brain map to develop a homunculus, a cartoon drawing of a human body, sized proportionally to the amount of brain space devoted to each body part."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreImageBlockType","__typename":"CoreImageBlockType","alt":"","hideCredit":false,"placement":"default","credit":{"html":"Dr. Joe Kiff /Wikipedia","plaintext":"Dr. Joe Kiff /Wikipedia"},"caption":{"html":"Sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London.","plaintext":"Sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London."},"contentWarning":{"plaintext":""},"thumbnail":{"size":"original","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100","normalizedRatio":1.333333,"originalHeight":768,"originalWidth":1024,"cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":100}},"image":{"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjEzMDkwMQ==","alt":""}},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"As the homunculus shows, we use a lot of our brainpower for dexterity (see the huge hands), speech (see the giant lips and tongue), smell, and sight. And we don\u0026rsquo;t have a whole lot of mental hardware devoted to our chests."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Penfield\u0026rsquo;s explorations of the brain helped scientists target the malfunctions that led to speech disorders and problems with memory. And the Montreal Neurological Institute, which Penfield co-founded at McGill, became a premier surgical treatment center for epilepsy."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"He\u0026rsquo;s also made an impression on popular culture. Science fiction author Philip K Dick named a device to control emotions of people the \u0026ldquo;Penfield mood organ.\u0026rdquo;"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Penfield was borne in Spokane, Washington, but did most of his groundbreaking work at McGill in Canada, where he\u0026rsquo;s celebrated as a national hero. In 1934, he gained Canadian citizenship, and he later became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhpenf.html\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;the greatest living Canadian.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/a\u003e He was immortalized in a 60-second Canadian television spot that depicted one of his patients, mid-surgery, declaring, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUOG2g4hj8s\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;I smell burnt toast!\u0026rdquo;\u003c/a\u003e during the procedure. Hence the toast in today\u0026rsquo;s Google Doodle."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false}],"__isResolvedResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","id":"dngyOnBvc3Q6MTMwOTE0","wpId":130914,"featuredImage":{"image":{"originalUrl":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all","wpId":130905,"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjEzMDkwNQ==","title":"","alt":"","originalHeight":559,"originalWidth":786,"thumbnails":{"social":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,10.049194991055,100,73.616873811687","mimeType":"imageJpg","normalizedRatio":1.91,"cropCoordinates":{"height":73.61687381168693,"width":100}}}}},"__isContentResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","dek":{"plaintext":"The Canadian neurosurgeon pioneered a dramatic new approach to treating epilepsy.","html":"The Canadian neurosurgeon pioneered a dramatic new approach to treating epilepsy."},"robots":{"index":true,"follow":true},"canonicalUrlOverride":"","originalPublishedAt":"2018-01-26T05:00:01+00:00","publishedAt":"2018-01-26T15:41:16+00:00","__isFeedContentResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","seo":{"headline":"Wilder Penfield redrew the map of the brain — by opening the heads of living patients","description":"Today would be Penfield’s 127th birthday."},"social":{"headline":"Wilder Penfield redrew the map of the brain — by opening the heads of living patients","description":"The Canadian neurosurgeon pioneered a dramatic new approach to treating epilepsy.","image":null},"promo":{"headline":"Wilder Penfield redrew the map of the brain — by opening the heads of living patients"},"ledeMedia":{"__typename":"LedeMediaImageType","image":{"title":"","alt":"","originalHeight":559,"originalWidth":786,"thumbnails":{"social":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,10.049194991055,100,73.616873811687","mimeType":"imageJpg","normalizedRatio":1.91,"cropCoordinates":{"height":73.61687381168693,"width":100}},"horizontal":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,3.1305903398927,100,93.738819320215","cropCoordinates":{"height":93.73881932021467,"width":100}},"square":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=9.85368956743,0,71.119592875318,100","cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":71.11959287531806}}},"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjEzMDkwNQ=="}},"updatedAt":"2018-01-26T15:41:21+00:00","createdAt":"2018-01-26T15:41:16+00:00","hasAffiliateLinks":false,"additionalBylines":"","status":"publish","wordCount":808,"package":null,"streams":{"nodes":[]},"liveStatus":{"startAt":null,"status":false,"endAt":null},"isPaywallEligible":true,"seoArticleBody":"Even in 2018, Wilder Penfield\u0026rsquo;s approach to treating epilepsy seems like something out of a science fiction movie. Penfield \u0026mdash; the celebrated Canadian-American neurosurgeon whose 127th birthday is celebrated today in a Google Doodle \u0026mdash; pioneered the technique of removing a portion of the skull while a patient was still awake.\nPenfield developed the method, called the \u0026ldquo;Montreal Procedure,\u0026rdquo; in the 1930s. It helped him pinpoint the source of the seizure in the brain so he could remove it, and relieve patients of debilitating attacks.\nBut his work in epilepsy also increased our understanding of the architecture of the brain, mapping how its folds and areas relate to sensations in the body.\nPenfield’s surgeries helped epilepsy patients\nDescriptions of Penfield\u0026rsquo;s Montreal Procedure are an odd thing to behold. Patients stay calm and awake while the surgeon literally electrocutes their brain.\nKeeping the patients awake was crucial to the success of the procedure. Often in epilepsy, seizures originate from one scarred or damaged region of brain tissue. The brain surgeon\u0026rsquo;s goal is to identify that tissue while protecting healthy parts.\nWith the skull open and the brain exposed, Penfield would probe the brain\u0026rsquo;s surface with a small electrode. If he touched an area of the brain that related to feeling in the fingers, patients would report numbness in their fingers. Prodding different areas of the brain with small electrical impulses could get patients to suddenly retrieve memories, see flashes of light, or smell an odor. The electrode would essentially turn on, or off, the brain circuitry involved in those sensations and perceptions.\nPeople with epilepsy often get \u0026ldquo;auras\u0026rdquo; \u0026mdash; an odd, specific sensation (a smell, or taste, or thought) before a seizure. If Penfield found the area of the brain that produced the aura, he could remove it, which then greatly reduced the risk of seizures in patients.\nPenfield could do this while patients were awake because, ironically, the brain itself has no pain receptors. And local anesthesia allowed him to remove part of the skull without causing much pain.\nIn treating epilepsy, Penfield sketched a new map of the brain\nThe Montreal Procedure helped many deal with the debilitating effects of epilepsy, but it also opened up a whole new avenue of understanding how the brain works. Since the electrical impulses would temporarily turn on, or off, a function of the brain, by slowly, meticulously, prodding the brains of his patients, Penfield was able to develop a map of brain function.\nHere\u0026rsquo;s a photograph from a 1937 Penfield report \u0026mdash; it\u0026rsquo;d not for the extremely faint of heart.\n[Image: https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10096901/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_12.05.40_PM.png?quality=90\u0026strip=all]\nEach number in the image corresponds to a particular brain function and sensation Penfield mapped. No. 18 corresponds to \u0026ldquo;Slight twitching of arm and hand like a shock, and felt as if he wanted to move them,\u0026rdquo; according to the report. At No. 8, the patient \u0026ldquo;felt sensation of movement in the thumb,\u0026rdquo; but it didn\u0026rsquo;t actually move. At No. 13, the patient felt \u0026ldquo;numbness all down the right leg.\u0026rdquo;\nThis was the first time areas relating to speech were mapped, McGill University, which employed him, explains on its website.\nIn some instances when Penfield prodded a person\u0026rsquo;s brain, they would suddenly experience a detailed personal memory. This was among the first evidence to suggest that there are physical structures for memory in the brain. One of Penfield\u0026rsquo;s patients, when prodded with an electrode, responded, \u0026ldquo;I hear voices. It is late at night, around the carnival somewhere \u0026mdash; some sort of traveling circus. I just saw lots of big wagons that they use to haul animals in.\u0026rdquo;\nPenfield and his colleagues used this brain map to develop a homunculus, a cartoon drawing of a human body, sized proportionally to the amount of brain space devoted to each body part.\n[Image: Sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098397/1024px_Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all]\nAs the homunculus shows, we use a lot of our brainpower for dexterity (see the huge hands), speech (see the giant lips and tongue), smell, and sight. And we don\u0026rsquo;t have a whole lot of mental hardware devoted to our chests.\nPenfield\u0026rsquo;s explorations of the brain helped scientists target the malfunctions that led to speech disorders and problems with memory. And the Montreal Neurological Institute, which Penfield co-founded at McGill, became a premier surgical treatment center for epilepsy.\nHe\u0026rsquo;s also made an impression on popular culture. Science fiction author Philip K Dick named a device to control emotions of people the \u0026ldquo;Penfield mood organ.\u0026rdquo;\nPenfield was borne in Spokane, Washington, but did most of his groundbreaking work at McGill in Canada, where he\u0026rsquo;s celebrated as a national hero. In 1934, he gained Canadian citizenship, and he later became known as \u0026ldquo;the greatest living Canadian.\u0026rdquo; He was immortalized in a 60-second Canadian television spot that depicted one of his patients, mid-surgery, declaring, \u0026ldquo;I smell burnt toast!\u0026rdquo; during the procedure. Hence the toast in today\u0026rsquo;s Google Doodle.","excludedFromHomepage":false,"packages":{"nodes":[]},"ledeMediaData":{"__typename":"LedeMediaImageType","caption":{"html":"","plaintext":""},"credit":{"plaintext":"McGill University","html":"McGill University"},"hideCredit":false,"image":{"thumbnails":{"horizontal":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,3.1305903398927,100,93.738819320215"},"square":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=9.85368956743,0,71.119592875318,100"},"vertical":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10098931/Screen_Shot_2018_01_25_at_4.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=9.85368956743,0,56.895674300254,100"}},"title":"","credit":{"plaintext":"McGill University","html":"McGill University"},"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjEzMDkwNQ=="}}}},"errors":[]}]},"nodeId":"dngyOnBvc3Q6MTMwOTE0","primaryCategoryNodeId":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjgxMw==","primaryPackageNodeId":null,"primaryStreamNodeId":null,"navProps":{"stickyNav":{"enable":true,"headline":"Wilder Penfield redrew the map of the brain — by opening the heads of living patients"},"commentCountProps":null,"variant":"standard","template":"standard"},"mostPopularArticles":[{"author":{"fullName":"Zack Beauchamp"},"image_url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/gettyimages-2198363650.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0%2C10.752607989199%2C100%2C78.494784021602","publishDate":"2025-02-13T14:31:44","tags":["approach-gives-people-advice-or-frameworks","ideas","latest-news","members-only-manual-article","pagetype:story","parsely_smart:entity:Article One of the United States Constitution","parsely_smart:entity:Constitution of the United States","parsely_smart:entity:Donald Trump","parsely_smart:entity:Elon Musk","parsely_smart:entity:Republican Party (United States)","parsely_smart:entity:United States Agency for International Development","parsely_smart:entity:United States Congress","parsely_smart:iab:Law, Gov’t \u0026 Politics","parsely_smart:iab:Legal Issues","parsely_smart:iab:Politics","politics","stream-dngyOnN0cmVhbTozOTU2ODA=","vox","world-politics"],"title":"How to stop Trump’s power grab","url":"/politics/399530/trump-power-grab-musk-protest-resistance-strategy","uid":"0"},{"author":{"fullName":"Avishay Artsy"},"image_url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/gettyimages-2198246263.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0%2C10.732984293194%2C100%2C78.534031413613","publishDate":"2025-02-15T13:00:00","tags":["approach-dissects-something-complicated","donald-trump","pagetype:story","parsely_smart:entity:Afrikaners","parsely_smart:entity:Apartheid","parsely_smart:entity:Black people","parsely_smart:entity:Discrimination","parsely_smart:entity:F. 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At Vox, we do things differently. We\u0026#8217;re not focused on being the first to break stories — \u003cb\u003ewe\u0026#8217;re focused on helping you understand what actually matters.\u003c/b\u003e We report urgently on the most important issues shaping our world, and dedicate time to the issues that the rest of the media often neglects. 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