CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c70582c91a404a',cH: 'HeQYZzsZ_THf9yFwVRLoopxve9n2FzYPqGDSprxHZdk-1741318303-1.2.1.1-Fz5YDjHsOLGPc0X0OYCQmZfjWpaTveDXIsIVL7hgvPD4Y2wrZROZ1N21ez0e.Q0q',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=macroscopic%20heat%20conduction%20models%20in%20microchannel&__cf_chl_tk=I90_5.gh5i4SjbTl2aiRUtcj4ArQY9sEab37tjw_8yU-1741318303-1.0.1.1-dtNbZh7ic3obsm0MxjHwijziNwRMsR4.5uyQjPiXWGs",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741318303',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=macroscopic%20heat%20conduction%20models%20in%20microchannel&__cf_chl_f_tk=I90_5.gh5i4SjbTl2aiRUtcj4ArQY9sEab37tjw_8yU-1741318303-1.0.1.1-dtNbZh7ic3obsm0MxjHwijziNwRMsR4.5uyQjPiXWGs",md: "6W20xC2iH3W9rkArcCxqNDL3dh.m958P8X2kSYcVtcc-1741318303-1.2.1.1-awteHyqBpng1JH2fRSqlqfezVMYqmeT9GCTIXWsxtHM4cpH9louMRItPWPevBuk49iUnjDHIc7RNxx_gYcSf_gMeq_zgZNGd9IvNY6Qf6XK63dquGwKjI37CmeN9o4bPpFPm4hSkpT0zKjo.gDywnbGChWrUpqpeTaBCNODkjQUSRhu9B00LSm3.Rl5.VlUyGJMntgdcz5eCR5nVqtaKmnuOjlkM4VblNPeKh8SnKYxkMxn2PihhFC1TMzSZdNZ2ks4RukajUD84hOel_JVsOzxqcWzTJGX9_y_8XvFmwSF_u.2LirHpkwzX6EAvvVbTjrF4iNWN15ca0s7maO6SgXJZyGyUBAbW04aq4TRATOBApk75QMZEDUpz5BMHFblRspieI3Ju1cCmNaoGNjPxz95fFPymnUBo_Fd4BPNFmJX.NYt0AwE29QLdmBvZ4_LOGS_5VgHf_yBkFkVGw_W345H7FuED7voqKSHYPU2jiQzq4kHiXk3usT624hYSo4hmUkvspnQRnN_0ss6.h8R8RRtKCBGI7COe.j6RPfy_OAspTCUZ_xDMdOQa8plf4AMYWozVctJA2Q5QWrVcRegL5ngIUhb1avdfU4ywxmg6Yj.8ui4xbFPQN0qDTLh5sKfeqT.cwukCWtSnBhjJEp41WZrWba9zofSXNwik3jWF_eBspd3jgPYV7UuSnVKySYJKXbXXYDMnGXiRRROKU7lgRS.8tAys3TgOEx.2FT9zeFQlymO80YfzMpaZYVfJ2kLxswLTbggS94.w6v5UcWABVjUPjJabld0whTkXGB7S2EE8vFHuaY7bvuboRJum8gusTEPCoftZYeD3Fj5Zh2x_LVIl69Doplk8IQ44RSLS72bxptIBoQgNjmBfU46GXYow43AmGwC_QUNS1CsWnHcqzLa0A1RFkvKJLfpliDEGu8Qsy3qKo6j5GwRFmibQOloNP3gir1iYJkc2AuGcr.pkA8Dl0EimnZR7balY6l1N8xQEDEH4817nSjQJLBta7aY2DsEuuGWa31ro4YE4h5dLww_gOoq7XZG4pgUbRD0P9if5v8OyZXpSmgQ5B0DV25FpOWlLWNt.3Aw265.mJYcIblFyqek.dmIQVIfhBxq0X4pOjwR2gF6TkMy2dB74MiA9YxYbSDB0V3SCjL.FoQa2i4x4oJ4IOSrgk1xfTOBjP7RzL5.Ua3B9cYuZN4k0CDFGcNrKuEfXvH9.FIEoBFYExJLbQFcyml0TXGP1kjoncoTrw8nMKFeUUJ.sd8e4nssOXZDCSxQ_AW1RmGrAuUYWQyMD4cXhd4b0IWCpcCnBOKGFpz16Phlur7Jb9wk.XAtBtyw8vd8BR8xlTXiRNe8wTUNc6mRLOOIODDcHkbiQ.G8",mdrd: "TrTgj2dflxicEmPbkOTfqPpTKAtxxpga0esUMeb45KU-1741318303-1.2.1.1-MGA.MIeIr9_ll3hyocmvyOO84gAV0zqF8RPl7do7UdL1bzWJ9z40nTDfKVxxgCXXw16QRMEHcQli_PZCEyL7CbZjr7g8w81qhpuXYqs1tz_TIM6l_sHcUsB5PpmQw4y3k32le7GWZUOIP4RIyducN.bl0a6XlCF7kQPY378w9UZq2HT.phodIHtuo9_Z10Dybv25gBIZoNccXmxWzaXNSPCcTtYXkkYx8xM9UWdzlqPxAcKKfHN_Uldp5rF_Wo3KePznD07yJPDI0bdyWHyzUSik90jUCmPZvcUi3gtJOwQnHLXyZDdZDkOGAblsT4PtCk1nRPHF0So1glrmCJgzORhSU1c5Lv4XFCqWrYOlzE7d0QBNy7w9MkcxT9CIQAeHeqqaSx3a093pdHXvPnRlMYdZ6JurcQz.nVtTSPjov3LmbdRKOUbYqQdhob6x7Z6k4dms4ZSkhtZEa1DDnwCqoey9z9V.D5sLU0TPzCc8L2Trb5NMl1LrmsA6GWJFwq84TLSWyP63qZDrUDhxW6DvMD8KREb9NFl04S4tRy6OdB3QxrpFQ8imcWXLnxvol1h_nFDuvz7m8GIjbfWAUd1SNyEHrlc_Uq8PaL7TSAbsPQLNM9STWyDURHZ2_suoz3TTE7_U.sxt52E9m4jy7Sb0UAQfzrmKZtXSzkZk4d9qLowpZttQFdPibRgxU4.HuVruTk0hItQyMVR61XC5tPldYSPxbXnGZuHxV3yIQCsYVPto6pN912ACAb22DPietarWuqk_AiyY1VFjI5XB70puolJaVsVhS24aeeN_70giBcCAxv6EMvg8r_9tU_3kcTNoqDaTBaB0nX2h0BaWg_PJWVl1lmKJA.8g78MYHDxumdim5xhexbPK1uVdh4xbm9qkmYSv8yC9Re_xQaDQpco4YiUIpWq6DqSzyVDY86EPRWDdbxig9ExpPaerNlirPzBFId4fAy1GK2JFCtmWudePaqUnFGtRCGPJDZKPxykYK24TRtD7eaCLjlaimMTVDJ.7KKHs7FDwctXKq4fAxV_5x4eLi51pfzkpIgkU2dnysus_SSxmwmuBhW2gDGwEQ8cjN8mGt6qNI18einf3euZ.3D377qM5uTLb.4EpJS.MW.ccX1dqzqBTqIO_.tRqL9OrMxXm_Ynq57uyVfP_gLkUjfq.YpqPd441R3ABLV4kiKM2jf_Np1xEu8Vzsv3Ch71gKFhghROacSMwoiPem9CBpmIx6vslQeEETH2I05bsqtLvJW5de.2bqbxOxHxdaT0cjsa5m6_RHDZ595omPrKHf27OVqLQwkzSHXkIcqGaakzr5wLdqwmGKIrcLFs23gcx.rZmuQ.yoTHiHDcvKMj1y5tm2jVeHtRs2..hPiSKS6lNBxYhmo1Va2L6pazGGL9HoL7jx5Oj._Q6xkkqhb1XlFLW_2FDYLU3YkbokV_ziN0qwOaMG4Zb2Grloe7YeVHSFkSufL9yy7wZkK8vs84_QCTQOxlQNQ0iyed55B8Sdtmob3NqTEGQrlIBofgv4ieqw65dYQEXZU70I8GdQHgDtVW8Q.p8XoQktaAuUB9mKNCXdrdfY2n74t4YXdx3gw520MElvfvPpwaSmVQaiO6Q7fQKBxPgBO_kI3RmiuH5gaxAzRM4f.6KcspJxVYzike6rSJnu4SJVLzEF9hmrfiiAZl34s9UWWS0hkM3Y2Ukmsrb09SekosACVypyNRBedOXt6VMQ.GX3tsLbD.gpV36.A8bfI8Lem0zn6NJjVMWxa38a2e1_jhTl4ABImmnUCIwruviWZJ1nyZTsE40QEGeS5VJ6In5E1mqnmqASj1b03A.6PZijwnDH_36.MopRmWghfQV4iw_BDl5.F.klayxObJbz7_T7Y3HiRoB2.60V36Lhel2HkBHiC49NhhgpSCvuC07CAvFRv5W2X.VHpox1MJc_r6XdkihJTQIDK9HF9XPB8uiTAzp29jp4F7g0qD5"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c70582c91a404a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=macroscopic%20heat%20conduction%20models%20in%20microchannel&__cf_chl_rt_tk=I90_5.gh5i4SjbTl2aiRUtcj4ArQY9sEab37tjw_8yU-1741318303-1.0.1.1-dtNbZh7ic3obsm0MxjHwijziNwRMsR4.5uyQjPiXWGs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>