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<span>Ergonomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergonomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flight instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flight_instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flight instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flight_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MCP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MCP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>MCP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MCP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PFD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PFD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>PFD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PFD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ND" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ND"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>ND</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ND-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EICAS/ECAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EICAS/ECAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>EICAS/ECAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EICAS/ECAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FMS/MCDU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FMS/MCDU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>FMS/MCDU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FMS/MCDU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back-up_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back-up_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Back-up instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back-up_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerospace_industry_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerospace_industry_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aerospace industry technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerospace_industry_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cockpit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuurkajuit" title="Stuurkajuit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stuurkajuit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="قمرة القيادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قمرة القيادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabina_de_vuelu" title="Cabina de vuelu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cabina de vuelu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_kabin%C9%99si" title="Pilot kabinəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pilot kabinəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F" title="ককপিট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ককপিট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabina_de_pilotatge" title="Cabina de pilotatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cabina de pilotatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokpit" title="Kokpit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kokpit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caban_peilot" title="Caban peilot – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caban peilot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cockpit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girdinskurbmu" title="Girdinskurbmu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Girdinskurbmu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cockpit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabina_de_vuelo" title="Cabina de vuelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabina de vuelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اتاقک خلبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتاقک خلبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poste_de_pilotage" title="Poste de pilotage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poste de pilotage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A2%85%EC%8B%A4" title="조종실 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조종실" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="कॉकपिट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉकपिट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotska_kabina" title="Pilotska kabina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pilotska kabina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokpit" title="Kokpit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kokpit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabina_di_pilotaggio" title="Cabina di pilotaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cabina di pilotaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1" title="תא הטייס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תא הטייס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cockpit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കോക്‌പിറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോക്‌പിറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वैमानिक कक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वैमानिक कक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokpit" title="Kokpit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kokpit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လေယာဉ် ဦးခန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေယာဉ် ဦးခန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cockpit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%A6%E5%B8%AD" title="操縦席 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="操縦席" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rerkabin" title="Førerkabin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Førerkabin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕਾਕਪਿੱਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਕਪਿੱਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokpit_(lotnictwo)" title="Kokpit (lotnictwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kokpit (lotnictwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabine_de_pilotagem" title="Cabine de pilotagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cabine de pilotagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin%C4%83_de_pilotaj" title="Cabină de pilotaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cabină de pilotaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Кабина экипажа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кабина экипажа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cockpit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotska_kabina" title="Pilotska kabina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pilotska kabina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotska_kabina" title="Pilotska kabina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pilotska kabina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjaamo" title="Ohjaamo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohjaamo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rarkabin" title="Förarkabin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förarkabin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కాక్‌పిట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాక్‌పిట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokpit" title="Kokpit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kokpit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%83" title="Кабіна екіпажу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кабіна екіпажу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the flight deck of an aircraft. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cockpit (disambiguation)">Cockpit (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv/320px-seek%3D36-Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="320" height="180" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="Baïonnette_CDG.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv/Ba%C3%AFonnette_CDG.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cockpit of an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A319" title="Airbus A319">Airbus A319</a> during landing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm/220px-seek%3D20.346-Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight,_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport,_Hyderabad.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight,_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport,_Hyderabad.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm/Cockpit_of_a_GoIndigo_A320_flight%2C_shot_at_Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airport%2C_Hyderabad.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Cockpit of an <a href="/wiki/IndiGo" title="IndiGo">IndiGo</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320-200">A320</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cockpit</b> or <b>flight deck</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the area, on the front part of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Submersible" title="Submersible">submersible</a>, from which a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">pilot</a> controls the vehicle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polet_Antonov_An-124-100_cockpit_Petrov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Polet_Antonov_An-124-100_cockpit_Petrov.jpg/220px-Polet_Antonov_An-124-100_cockpit_Petrov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Polet_Antonov_An-124-100_cockpit_Petrov.jpg/330px-Polet_Antonov_An-124-100_cockpit_Petrov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Polet_Antonov_An-124-100_cockpit_Petrov.jpg/440px-Polet_Antonov_An-124-100_cockpit_Petrov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Cockpit of an <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-124" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonov An-124">Antonov An-124</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/220px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/330px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/440px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Cockpit of an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a>. Most Airbus cockpits are <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpits</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> technology.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg/220px-Robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg/330px-Robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg/440px-Robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robin_DR400" title="Robin DR400">Robin DR400</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hornet_moth_dh87b_g-adne_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hornet_moth_dh87b_g-adne_arp.jpg/220px-Hornet_moth_dh87b_g-adne_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hornet_moth_dh87b_g-adne_arp.jpg/330px-Hornet_moth_dh87b_g-adne_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hornet_moth_dh87b_g-adne_arp.jpg/440px-Hornet_moth_dh87b_g-adne_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>1936 <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet_Moth" title="De Havilland Hornet Moth">de Havilland Hornet Moth</a>. Note the bifurcated <i>split stick</i> control column.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_747-400_(British_Airways).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boeing_747-400_%28British_Airways%29.jpg/220px-Boeing_747-400_%28British_Airways%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boeing_747-400_%28British_Airways%29.jpg/330px-Boeing_747-400_%28British_Airways%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boeing_747-400_%28British_Airways%29.jpg/440px-Boeing_747-400_%28British_Airways%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>View of a cockpit seen from outside of a <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">Boeing 747-400</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cockpit of an aircraft contains <a href="/wiki/Flight_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight instrument">flight instruments</a> on an instrument panel, and the controls that enable the pilot to fly the aircraft. In most airliners, a door separates the cockpit from the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">aircraft cabin</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, all major <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Airport_security_repercussions_due_to_the_September_11_attacks#Increased_security_on_aircraft" title="Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks">fortified</a> their cockpits against access by <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijackers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word cockpit seems to have been <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_(sailing)" title="Cockpit (sailing)">used as a nautical term</a> in the 17th century, without reference to <a href="/wiki/Cock_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cock fighting">cock fighting</a>. It referred to an area in the rear of a ship where the <a href="/wiki/Cockswain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockswain">cockswain</a>'s station was located, the cockswain being the pilot of a smaller "boat" that could be dispatched from the ship to board another ship or to bring people ashore. The word "cockswain" in turn derives from the old English terms for "boat-servant" (<i>coque</i> is the French word for "shell"; and <i>swain</i> was old English for boy or servant).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Midshipmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Midshipmen">midshipmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_mate" title="Master's mate">master's mates</a> were later <a href="/wiki/Berth_(sleeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berth (sleeping)">berthed</a> in the cockpit, and it served as the action station for the ship's surgeon and his mates during battle. Thus by the 18th century, "cockpit" had come to designate an area in the rear lower deck of a warship where the wounded were taken. The same term later came to designate the place from which a sailing vessel is steered, because it is also located in the rear, and is often in a well or "pit".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cockpit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockpit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a convergent etymology does involve reference to <a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cock fighting</a>. According to the <i>Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology</i>, the buildings in London where the king's cabinet worked (the <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">Treasury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a>) were called the "Cockpit" because they were built on the site of a theater called <i>The Cockpit</i> (torn down in 1635), which itself was built in the place where a "cockpit" for cock-fighting had once stood prior to the 1580s. Thus the word Cockpit came to mean a control center.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original meaning of "cockpit", first attested in the 1580s, is "a pit for fighting cocks", referring to the place where <a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cockfights</a> were held. This meaning no doubt influenced both lines of evolution of the term, since a cockpit in this sense was a tight enclosure where a great deal of stress or tension would occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockpit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockpit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From about 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>cockpit</i> came to be used informally to refer to the driver's cabin, especially in high performance <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">cars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this is official terminology used to describe the compartment<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the driver occupies in a <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> car. </p><p>In an <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliner</a>, the cockpit is usually referred to as the <i>flight deck</i>, the term deriving from its use by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> for the separate, upper platform in large <a href="/wiki/Flying_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying boats">flying boats</a> where the pilot and co-pilot sat.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the USA and many other countries, however, the term cockpit is also used for airliners.<sup id="cite_ref-Express_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Express-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seat of a <a href="/wiki/Inshore_powerboat_racing" title="Inshore powerboat racing">powerboat racing craft</a> is also referred to as the cockpit.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ergonomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first airplane with an enclosed cabin appeared in 1912 on the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Type_F" title="Avro Type F">Avro Type F</a>; however, during the early 1920s there were many passenger aircraft in which the crew remained open to the air while the passengers sat in a cabin. Military biplanes and the first single-engined fighters and attack aircraft also had open cockpits, some as late as the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> when enclosed cockpits became the norm. </p><p>The largest impediment to having closed cabins was the material used to make the windows. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Perspex</a> becoming available in 1933, windows were either safety glass, which was heavy, or <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">cellulose nitrate (i.e.: guncotton)</a>, which yellowed quickly and was extremely flammable. In the mid-1920s many aircraft manufacturers began using enclosed cockpits for the first time. Early airplanes with closed cockpits include the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.VII" title="Fokker F.VII">Fokker F.VII</a>, the 1926 German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_W_34" title="Junkers W 34">Junkers W 34</a> transport, the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a>, the 1927 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Vega" title="Lockheed Vega">Lockheed Vega</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">Spirit of St. Louis</a></i> and the passenger aircraft manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> companies during the mid-1930s. Open-cockpit airplanes were almost extinct by the mid-1950s, with the exception of training planes, crop-dusters and <a href="/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft" title="Homebuilt aircraft">homebuilt aircraft</a> designs. </p><p>Cockpit windows may be equipped with a sun shield. Most cockpits have windows that can be opened when the aircraft is on the ground. Nearly all glass windows in large aircraft have an <a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">anti-reflective coating</a>, and an internal heating element to melt ice. Smaller aircraft may be equipped with a transparent <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">aircraft canopy</a>. </p><p>In most cockpits the pilot's control column or <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a> is located centrally (<a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">centre stick</a>), although in some military fast jets the <a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">side-stick</a> is located on the right hand side. In some commercial airliners (i.e.: Airbus—which features the <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpit</a> concept) both pilots use a side-stick located on the outboard side, so Captain's side-stick on the left and First-officer's seat on the right. </p><p>Except for some helicopters, the <i>right seat</i> in the cockpit of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> is the seat used by the <a href="/wiki/Co-pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-pilot">co-pilot</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Captain_(airlines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (airlines)">captain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilot</a> in command sits in the <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="left_seat"></span><span class="vanchor-text">left seat</span></span></i>, so that they can operate the throttles and other pedestal instruments with their <a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">right hand</a>. The tradition has been maintained to this day, with the co-pilot on the right hand side.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The layout of the cockpit, especially in the military fast jet, has undergone standardisation, both within and between aircraft, manufacturers and even nations. An important development was the "Basic Six" pattern, later the "Basic T", developed from 1937 onwards by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, designed to optimise pilot <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">instrument</a> scanning. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Ergonomics and Human Factors</a> concerns are important in the design of modern cockpits. The layout and function of cockpit displays controls are designed to increase pilot <a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">situation awareness</a> without causing information overload. In the past, many cockpits, especially in fighter aircraft, limited the size of the pilots that could fit into them. Now, cockpits are being designed to accommodate from the 1st <a href="/wiki/Percentile" title="Percentile">percentile</a> female physical size to the 99th percentile male size. </p><p>In the design of the cockpit in a military fast jet, the traditional "knobs and dials" associated with the cockpit are mainly absent. Instrument panels are now almost wholly replaced by electronic displays, which are themselves often re-configurable to save space. While some hard-wired dedicated switches must still be used for reasons of integrity and safety, many traditional controls are replaced by multi-function re-configurable controls or so-called "soft keys". Controls are incorporated onto the stick and throttle to enable the pilot to maintain a head-up and eyes-out position – the Hands On Throttle And Stick or <a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a> concept. These controls may be then further augmented by control media such as head pointing with a <a href="/wiki/Helmet-mounted_display" title="Helmet-mounted display">Helmet Mounted Sighting System</a> or <a href="/wiki/Direct_voice_input" title="Direct voice input">Direct voice input</a> (DVI). Advances in auditory displays allow for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Voice_Output&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct Voice Output (page does not exist)">Direct Voice Output</a> of aircraft status information and for the spatial localisation of warning sounds for improved monitoring of aircraft systems. </p><p>The layout of control panels in modern airliners has become largely unified across the industry. The majority of the systems-related controls (such as electrical, fuel, hydraulics and pressurization) for example, are usually located in the ceiling on an overhead panel. Radios are generally placed on a panel between the pilot's seats known as the pedestal. Automatic flight controls such as the <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> are usually placed just below the windscreen and above the main instrument panel on the glareshield. A central concept in the design of the cockpit is the <a href="/wiki/Design_Eye_Position" title="Design Eye Position">Design Eye Position</a> or "DEP", from which point all displays should be visible. </p><p>Most modern cockpits will also include some kind of <a href="/wiki/Bitching_Betty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitching Betty">integrated warning system</a>. </p><p>A study undertaken in 2013, to assess methods for cockpit-user menu navigation, found that <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> produced the "best scores".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, all major <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Airport_security_repercussions_due_to_the_September_11_attacks#Increased_security_on_aircraft" title="Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks">fortified</a> their cockpits against access by <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijackers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Express_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Express-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight_instruments">Flight instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flight instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TridentFlightDeck.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TridentFlightDeck.JPG/220px-TridentFlightDeck.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TridentFlightDeck.JPG/330px-TridentFlightDeck.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TridentFlightDeck.JPG/440px-TridentFlightDeck.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A later analogue cockpit (1970s) of a <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">Hawker Siddeley Trident</a> airliner</figcaption></figure> <p>In the modern electronic cockpit, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">electronic flight instruments</a> usually regarded as essential are MFD, PFD, ND, EICAS, FMS/CDU and back-up instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MCP">MCP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: MCP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mode_control_panel" title="Mode control panel">Mode control panel</a>, usually a long narrow panel located centrally in front of the pilot, may be used to control heading, speed, altitude, vertical speed, vertical navigation and lateral navigation. It may also be used to engage or disengage both the autopilot and the autothrottle. The panel as an area is usually referred to as the "glareshield panel". MCP is a Boeing designation (that has been informally adopted as a generic name for the unit/panel) for a unit that allows for the selection and parameter setting of the different autoflight functions, the same unit on an Airbus aircraft is referred to as the FCU (Flight Control unit). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PFD">PFD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: PFD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Primary_flight_display" title="Primary flight display">primary flight display</a> is usually located in a prominent position, either centrally or on either side of the cockpit. It will in most cases include a digitized presentation of the attitude indicator, air speed and altitude indicators (usually as a tape display) and the vertical speed indicator. It will in many cases include some form of heading indicator and ILS/VOR deviation indicators. In many cases an indicator of the engaged and armed autoflight system modes will be present along with some form of indication of the selected values for altitude, speed, vertical speed and heading. It may be pilot selectable to swap with the ND. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ND">ND</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ND"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A navigation display, which may be adjacent to the PFD, shows the route and information on the next <a href="/wiki/Waypoint" title="Waypoint">waypoint</a>, wind speed and wind direction. It may be pilot selectable to swap with the PFD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EICAS/ECAM"><span id="EICAS.2FECAM"></span>EICAS/ECAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: EICAS/ECAM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS), used by Boeing and <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>, or the Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM), used by <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, allow the pilot to monitor the following information: values for N1, N2 and N3, fuel temperature, fuel flow, the electrical system, cockpit or cabin temperature and pressure, control surfaces and so on. The pilot may select display of information by means of button press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FMS/MCDU"><span id="FMS.2FMCDU"></span>FMS/MCDU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: FMS/MCDU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flight management system/control and/or display unit may be used by the pilot to enter and check for the following information: flight plan, speed control, navigation control, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back-up_instruments">Back-up instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Back-up instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a less prominent part of the cockpit, in case of failure of the other instruments, there will be a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">integrated standby instrument system</a> along with a magnetic compass, showing essential flight information such as speed, altitude, attitude and heading. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerospace_industry_technologies">Aerospace industry technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aerospace industry technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.S. the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>) have researched the ergonomic aspects of cockpit design and have conducted investigations of airline industry accidents. Cockpit design disciplines include <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human Factors Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Ergonomics</a>. </p><p>Aircraft designs have adopted the fully digital "glass cockpit". In such designs, instruments and gauges, including navigational map displays, use a user interface markup language known as <a href="/wiki/ARINC_661" title="ARINC 661">ARINC 661</a>. This standard defines the interface between an independent cockpit display system, generally produced by a single manufacturer, and the avionics equipment and user applications it is required to support, by means of displays and controls, often made by different manufacturers. The separation between the overall display system, and the applications driving it, allows for specialization and independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)" title="Bridge (nautical)">Bridge (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_(locomotive)" title="Cab (locomotive)">Cab (locomotive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_center" title="Command center">Command center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_room" title="Control room">Control room</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1852602813"><i>The Aircraft Cockpit – from stick-and-string to fly-by-wire</i>, by L. F. E. Coombes, 1990, Patrick Stephens Limited, Wellingborough.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080322001541/http://www.biblio.com/books/36089559.html"><i>Fighting Cockpits: 1914 – 2000</i>, by L. F. E. Coombes, 1999, Airlife Publishing Limited, Shrewsbury.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=731"><i>Control In The Sky: The Evolution and History of The Aircraft Cockpit</i>, by L. F. E. Coombes, 2005, Pen and Sword Books Limited, Barnsley.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=133&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roderick Bailey <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPFMp0oWzCEC&pg=PA189">Forgotten Voices of D-Day: A New History of the Normandy Landings</a></i>, p. 189, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Cockpit". <i>Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cockpit&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Ships+and+the+Sea&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockpit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cockpit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockpit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801042626/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cockpit">Cockpit</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Cavell <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zoJ4B4nyS7oC&pg=PA12">Midshipmen and Quarterdeck Boys in the British Navy, 1771–1831</a></i>, p. 12, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Barnhart, <i>Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology</i>, New York: Harper Collins, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-coc5.htm">"World Wide Words: Cockpit"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Wide+Words%3A+Cockpit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Fqa%2Fqa-coc5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Levinson and Karen Christensen <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8NMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present</a></i>, p. 145, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/safety/cockpit-crash-tests/Cockpit_safety.html">"Cockpit safety"</a>. <i>Formula1.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Formula1.com&rft.atitle=Cockpit+safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.formula1.com%2Fen%2Fchampionship%2Finside-f1%2Fsafety%2Fcockpit-crash-tests%2FCockpit_safety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2017" class="citation news cs1">Richards, Giles (22 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jul/22/formula-one-fia-defends-decision-halo-cockpit">"FIA defends decision to enforce F1 halo cockpit protection device for 2018"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=FIA+defends+decision+to+enforce+F1+halo+cockpit+protection+device+for+2018&rft.date=2017-07-22&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2017%2Fjul%2F22%2Fformula-one-fia-defends-decision-halo-cockpit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-39670012">"Sunderland flying boat replica cockpit unveiled"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. 21 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sunderland+flying+boat+replica+cockpit+unveiled&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-south-west-wales-39670012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> By David D. Allyn <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYJ5AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">Yardarm and Cockpit Hardcover</a></i>, p. 225, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Express-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Express_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Express_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfey2017" class="citation news cs1">Godfey, Kara (25 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.express.co.uk/travel/articles/809436/flight-secret-pilot">"FLIGHTS REVEALED: Pilot reveals what REALLY goes on in a cockpit...and it may surprise you"</a>. <i>The Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express&rft.atitle=FLIGHTS+REVEALED%3A+Pilot+reveals+what+REALLY+goes+on+in+a+cockpit...and+it+may+surprise+you&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft.aulast=Godfey&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Farticles%2F809436%2Fflight-secret-pilot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Wartinger <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jkCsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">A Driver's Guide to Safe Boat Racing (2008)</a></i>, p. 17, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_F._Spence1994" class="citation book cs1">Charles F. Spence (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1EYLBxBJpecC"><i>The Right Seat Handbook: A White-Knuckle Flier's Guide to Light Planes</i></a>. McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-060148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-060148-2"><bdi>978-0-07-060148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+Seat+Handbook%3A+A+White-Knuckle+Flier%27s+Guide+to+Light+Planes&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-07-060148-2&rft.au=Charles+F.+Spence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1EYLBxBJpecC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, N. A., Harvey, C., Plant, K. L. and Bolton, L., 2013, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23384222/">To twist, roll, stroke or poke. A study of input devices for menu navigation in the cockpit"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomics (journal)">Ergonomics</a></i>, Vol. <b>56</b> (4), pp. 590–611</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083905/http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=5470">"Press Release – FAA Sets New Standards for Cockpit Doors"</a>. Faa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=5470">the original</a> on 2014-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release+%E2%80%93+FAA+Sets+New+Standards+for+Cockpit+Doors&rft.pub=Faa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress_releases%2Fnews_story.cfm%3FnewsId%3D5470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockpit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockpit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aircraft_cockpits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aircraft cockpits">Aircraft cockpits</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a 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