CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Help:Citation Style 1 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1a42de5d-8db8-4f69-b1cc-024ccec3117e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Help","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":12,"wgPageName":"Help:Citation_Style_1","wgTitle":"Citation Style 1","wgCurRevisionId":1253555412,"wgRevisionId":1253555412,"wgArticleId":32979012,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia citation administration","Wikipedia how-to","Citation Style 1 templates"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Help:Citation_Style_1","wgRelevantArticleId":32979012,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Wikipedia:CS1","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false, "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgDiscussionToolsFeaturesEnabled":{"replytool":true,"newtopictool":true,"sourcemodetoolbar":true,"topicsubscription":false,"autotopicsub":false,"visualenhancements":false,"visualenhancements_reply":false,"visualenhancements_pageframe":false},"wgDiscussionToolsFallbackEditMode":"source","wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8614496","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","ext.discussionTools.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.discussionTools.init","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.discussionTools.init.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Help:Citation Style 1 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="ext-discussiontools-replytool-enabled ext-discussiontools-newtopictool-enabled ext-discussiontools-sourcemodetoolbar-enabled skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-12 ns-subject mw-editable page-Help_Citation_Style_1 rootpage-Help_Citation_Style_1 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Help%3ACitation+Style+1" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Help%3ACitation+Style+1" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Help%3ACitation+Style+1" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Help%3ACitation+Style+1" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Templates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Templates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Templates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Templates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Templates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Templates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Specific source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_the_templates_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_the_templates_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>How the templates work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-How_the_templates_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle How the templates work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-How_the_templates_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Editors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Translators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia's_Manual_of_Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia's_Manual_of_Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Date format compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia's_Manual_of_Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_range,_multiple_sources_in_same_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_range,_multiple_sources_in_same_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Date range, multiple sources in same year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_range,_multiple_sources_in_same_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Auto-formatting citation template dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Titles and chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-|script-<param>=_language_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#|script-<param>=_language_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>|script-<param>= language codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-|script-<param>=_language_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_and_publisher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_and_publisher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Work and publisher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_and_publisher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edition_identifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edition_identifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Edition identifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edition_identifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Using_|format=" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_|format="> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.1</span> <span>Using |format=</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_|format=-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.2</span> <span>Online sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Link_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.3</span> <span>Link formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.4</span> <span>Pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pages_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.5</span> <span>Special characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12.6</span> <span>Access date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Web archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Identifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration_or_subscription_required" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration_or_subscription_required"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Registration or subscription required</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration_or_subscription_required-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15.1</span> <span>Access indicators for url-holding parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15.2</span> <span>Access indicator for named identifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_of_free_DOIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_of_free_DOIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15.3</span> <span>Tracking of free DOIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_of_free_DOIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Quote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anchors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anchors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Anchors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anchors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Display options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-et_al." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#et_al."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18.1</span> <span>et al.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-et_al.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accept-this-as-written_markup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Accept-this-as-written markup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accept-this-as-written_markup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_not_included" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_not_included"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Elements not included</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_not_included-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TemplateData" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TemplateData"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>TemplateData</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-TemplateData-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle TemplateData subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-TemplateData-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-User:InternetArchiveBot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User:InternetArchiveBot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>User:InternetArchiveBot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User:InternetArchiveBot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Common issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Help</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Citation Style 1</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC:Citation_Style_1" title="সহায়:Citation Style 1 – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সহায়:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A6:Citation_Style_1" title="मदद:Citation Style 1 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मदद:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1" title="Hjælp:CS1 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjælp:CS1" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%AE%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:Citation_Style_1" title="Βοήθεια:Citation Style 1 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοήθεια:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DB%B1" title="راهنما:شیوه یادکرد ۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهنما:شیوه یادکرد ۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A6:Citation_Style_1" title="મદદ:Citation Style 1 – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદદ:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:Citation_Style_1" title="സഹായം:Citation Style 1 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഹായം:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:Citation_Style_1" title="Bantuan:Citation Style 1 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bantuan:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F1" title="Help:出典表記形式1 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Help:出典表記形式1" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelp:CS1" title="Hjelp:CS1 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjelp:CS1" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AA%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%B1" title="لارښود:سرچينو تګلار۱ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لارښود:سرچينو تګلار۱" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_CS1/2" title="Википедия:Шаблоны цитирования CS1/2 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Шаблоны цитирования CS1/2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94:Citation_Style_1" title="උදවු:Citation Style 1 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උදවු:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Help:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_1" title="مدد:حوالو صورت 1 – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مدد:حوالو صورت 1" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Slog_navajanja_1" title="Pomoč:Slog navajanja 1 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomoč:Slog navajanja 1" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:CS1" title="Помоћ:CS1 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Помоћ:CS1" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:Citation_Style_1" title="సహాయం:Citation Style 1 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహాయం:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87_1" title="วิธีใช้:แบบอย่างการอ้างอิง 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิธีใช้:แบบอย่างการอ้างอิง 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:Kaynak_Bi%C3%A7emi_1" title="Yardım:Kaynak Biçemi 1 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yardım:Kaynak Biçemi 1" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:Citation_Style_1" title="Довідка:Citation Style 1 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довідка:Citation Style 1" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1" title="Help:引文格式1 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Help:引文格式1" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1" title="Help:引文格式1 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Help:引文格式1" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8614496#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-help" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="View the help page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Help page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Help:Citation_Style_1" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&oldid=1253555412" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3ACitation_Style_1"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3ACitation_Style_1"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Help%3ACitation_Style_1&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8614496" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CS1&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CS1">Wikipedia:CS1</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Help page for citation templates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="HELP:CS1"></span><span id="WP:CS1"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1&redirect=no">HELP:CS1</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CS1&redirect=no">WP:CS1</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> This is an introductory how-to for Wikipedia's most frequently used citation style. It does not cover every option of every citation template. See individual templates' documentation (e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a>) for details beyond this basic cheatsheet.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notice"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/40px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/60px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/80px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;">This help page has <a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Help:Citation_Style_1/" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Help:Citation Style 1/">testcases</a> demonstrating various uses.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Citation Style 1</b> (<b>CS1</b>) is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">reference citation</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">templates</a> that can be modified to create different styles for different referenced materials. Its purpose is to provide a set of default formats for references on Wikipedia. It includes a series of templates that in turn use <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a>. </p><p>The use of CS1 or of templates is not compulsory; per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESTYLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESTYLE">WP:CITESTYLE</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Wikipedia does not have a single <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">house style</a>. Editors may choose any option they want; one article need not match what is done in other articles or what is done in professional publications or recommended by academic <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a>. However, citations <i>within a given article</i> should follow a consistent style.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">WP:CITEVAR</a> additionally states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page.</p></blockquote> <p>CS1 uses (in addition to Wikipedia's own <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>) elements of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Publication_Manual_of_the_American_Psychological_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</a></i>, with significant adaptations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Style" data-mw-thread-id="h-Style"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Style"></span>Style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Style"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of templates that use a name starting with <i>cite</i>; many were developed independently of CS1 and are not compliant with the CS1 style. There are also a number of templates that use one of the general use templates as a meta-template to cite a specific source. </p><p>To be compliant with CS1, a template must: </p> <ul><li>Use <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> or one of the templates listed below.</li> <li>Use a period as a punctuation mark to separate fields and end the citation.</li> <li>Use a semicolon as a punctuation mark to separate authors and editors.</li> <li>Format the title of longer works in italics.</li> <li>Format the title of short works such as chapters in quotes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Templates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Templates"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Templates"></span>Templates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Templates"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Templates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_use" data-mw-thread-id="h-General_use-Templates"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-General_use-Templates"></span>General use<span data-mw-comment-end="h-General_use-Templates"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of templates that implement Citation Style 1 for one or more types of citations but are not restricted to any specific source. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="max-width:55em;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th> <td>Indicates that the corresponding tool or gadget can generate the template anytime user wishes. However, this does not mean that the tool or gadget fully supports all parameters or provides an interface for them. In fact, none of the mentioned items do so. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Sometimes </th> <td>Indicates that the corresponding tool or gadget may or may not generate the corresponding template. For more information, see associated footnote. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>General-use CS1 templates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Template </th> <th scope="col">Use </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Citoid" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Citoid">Citoid</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_expander" title="Wikipedia:Citation expander">Citation expander</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0">RefToolbar 2.0</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProveIt" title="Wikipedia:ProveIt">ProveIt</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/User:Odie5533/SnipManager" title="User:Odie5533/SnipManager">SnipManager</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> preprints</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>audio and visual sources</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>liner notes from albums, DVDs, CDs and similar audio-visual media</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>books</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>conference papers</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>edited collections</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>television or radio programs and episodes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>interviews</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>academic and scientific papers published in journals</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Cite magazine</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>magazines and newsletters</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>archived public mailing lists</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>maps</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>news articles in print, video, audio or web</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Sometimes<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>online newsgroups</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">Cite podcast</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>audio or video <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>press releases</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Cite report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>reports by government departments, instrumentalities, operated companies, etc.</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">Cite serial</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>audio or video serials</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>signs, plaques and other visual sources</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>speeches</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">Cite tech report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>technical reports</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>theses</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td>web sources not characterized by another template</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citation expander will only attempt to tidy up the citation and will not add new content</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_source" data-mw-thread-id="h-Specific_source-Templates"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Specific_source-Templates"></span>Specific source<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Specific_source-Templates"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specific source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of templates that are CS1 compliant, because they use a CS1 template as a base, but are tied to a specific source; these are listed in <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates">Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="How_the_templates_work" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_the_templates_work"></span>How the templates work<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_the_templates_work"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: How the templates work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CS1 uses a series of templates that provide a consistent output. The main difference is in parameters optimized for the subject. For example, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> has fields for title and chapter, whereas <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> has fields for journal and title. </p><p>This help page uses the names most commonly used across the templates series; see each template's documentation for details. </p><p>CS1 templates present a citation generally as: </p> <ul><li>With author:</li></ul> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAuthorn.d." class="citation journal cs1">Author (n.d.). "Title". <i>Work</i>. Publisher. Identifiers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Work&rft.atitle=Title&rft.au=Author&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li>Without author:</li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Title". <i>Work</i>. Publisher. n.d. Identifiers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Work&rft.atitle=Title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <p>(where "n.d." could also be any other valid date formatted per the MOS) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors" data-mw-thread-id="h-Authors-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Authors-How_the_templates_work"></span>Authors<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Authors-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An author may be cited using separate parameters for the author's surname and given name by using <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first=</code> respectively. If a cited source has multiple authors, subsequent authors can be listed in the citation using <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last2=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first2=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last3=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first3=</code>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Unlimited_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Unlimited-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For symmetry with the other numbered parameters, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last1=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first1=</code> are available as well, as shown in the following example: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen |last2=Hawking |first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}</code></dd></dl> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkingHawking" class="citation book cs1">Hawking, Stephen; Hawking, Lucy. <i>George's Secret Key to the Universe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George%27s+Secret+Key+to+the+Universe&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hawking%2C+Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <p>For symmetry with similar parameters for editors and other contributors (discussed further below), longer parameter forms are also available for authors: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-first=</code>, as well as numbered variants like <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-last<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-first<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-first=</code> (with <var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var> referring to this author's number in the list). Because the shorthand parameters might erroneously have been used also for editors and other types of contributors by some Wikipedians in the past, please make sure that the parameters actually refer to authors when expanding <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first=</code> parameters to their longer equivalents (equivalent parameters for editors etc. exist as well, see <a href="#Editors">below</a>). </p><p>If a cited source has a large number of authors, one can limit the number of authors displayed when the citation is published by using the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=</code> parameter as described in detail in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Display_options">Display options</a> section of this help page. </p><p>If a cited author is notable and the author has a Wikipedia article, the author's name can be linked with <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-link=</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Prefix-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a citation includes multiple notable authors, one may use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-link<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-link=</code>, etc. This method is used because the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code>- and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first=</code>-type parameters do not allow wikilinking. However, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-link=</code> cannot be used to link to an external website; the external link will not render correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Prefix-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is an example of a wikilinked author credit: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}</code></dd></dl> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkingHawking" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking, Stephen</a>; Hawking, Lucy. <i>George's Secret Key to the Universe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George%27s+Secret+Key+to+the+Universe&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hawking%2C+Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <p>When an author is cited, the date of the cited work is displayed after the author's name, as shown in the example below: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe |date=2007}}</code></dd></dl> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkingHawking2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking, Stephen</a>; Hawking, Lucy (2007). <i>George's Secret Key to the Universe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George%27s+Secret+Key+to+the+Universe&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hawking%2C+Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <p>If no author is cited, the date appears after the title, as shown in the example below: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{cite book |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe |date=2007}}</code></dd></dl> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>George's Secret Key to the Universe</i>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George%27s+Secret+Key+to+the+Universe&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <p>If the cited source does not credit an author, as is common with newswire reports, press releases or company websites use: </p> <dl><dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=</code></dd></dl> <p>This HTML comment alerts fact-checking and citation-fixing editors, and potentially bots, that the cited source did not name an author—the author was not overlooked. Without this entry editors and bots would waste time researching cited sources for a non-existent author credit. </p><p>When using <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=</code> avoid citations like <code>{{cite news |work=Weekday Times |author=''Weekday Times'' editors |title=...}}</code>, unless the article is on a field in which the majority of professional journals covering that field use such a citation style. </p><p>Editors should use an <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=</code> organizational citation when the cited source, such as a committee report, specifically names an official body or a sub-unit of the publisher as the collective author of the work, e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=Commission on Headphone Safety</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=Rules Sub-committee</code>. Do not use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=</code> to assert what you think was probably the collective author when the source itself does not specifically specify a collective author; doing so is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">original research</a> and falsification of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">source verifiability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliability</a>. </p><p><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=</code> should never hold the name of more than one author. Separate individual authors into enumerated individual <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> parameters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editors" data-mw-thread-id="h-Editors-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Editors-How_the_templates_work"></span>Editors<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Editors-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Editors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An editor may be cited using separate parameters for the editor's last and first name. A single or first editor would use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor-first=</code>; subsequent editors would use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor2-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor2-first=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor3-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor3-first=</code>, etc. </p><p>If an editor has a Wikipedia article, you may wikilink to that Wikipedia article using <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor-link=</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Prefix-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a cited work has multiple editors, you may use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor2-link=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor3-link=</code>, etc. to wikilink to each editor's Wikipedia article. This method is used because <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor-first=</code> do not allow wikilinking. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor-link=</code> cannot be used to link to an external website. </p><p>If a cited source has a large number of editors, one can limit the number of editors displayed when the citation is published using the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-editors=</code> parameter as described in detail in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Display_options">Display options</a> section of this help page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translators" data-mw-thread-id="h-Translators-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Translators-How_the_templates_work"></span>Translators<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Translators-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A translator may be cited using separate parameters for the translator's last and first name. A single or first translator would use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator-first=</code>; subsequent translators would use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator2-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator2-first=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator3-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator3-first=</code>, etc. </p><p>If a translator has a Wikipedia article, you may wikilink to that Wikipedia article using <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator-link=</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Prefix-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a cited work has multiple translators, you may use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator2-link=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator3-link=</code>, etc. to wikilink to each translator's Wikipedia article. This method is used because <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator-last=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator-first=</code> do not allow wikilinking. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator-link=</code> cannot be used to link to an external website. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others" data-mw-thread-id="h-Others-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Others-How_the_templates_work"></span>Others<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Others-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>others</b>: This parameter is used to credit contributors other than an author or an editor, such as an illustrator. You should include both the type of contribution and the name of the contributor, for example <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|others=Illustrated by John Smith</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Prefix-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dates-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Dates-How_the_templates_work"></span>Dates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Dates-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dates are indicated by these parameters: </p> <ul><li><b>date</b>: Date of publication edition being referenced, in the same format as other dates in citations in the same article. Must not be wikilinked. <ul><li>or: <b>year</b>: Year of publication edition being referenced. Do not use in combination with <b>date</b>, except in the rare case that <em>both</em> of the following conditions are met: <ol><li>the publication-date format in the template is YYYY-MM-DD</li> <li>the citation requires a <code><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates_and_reference_anchors" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors">CITEREF</a></code> <a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year" title="Template:Sfn">disambiguator</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li><b>orig-date</b>: Original publication date or year, for display (in square brackets) after the <b>date</b> (or <b>year</b>). For clarity, please supply specifics, for instance <code>|orig-date=first published 1859</code> or <code>|orig-date=composed 1904</code>. This parameter displays only if there is a value for <b>date</b> (or <b>year</b>). Alias: <b>origyear</b>.</li></ul> <p>When a source does not have a publication date, use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=n.d.</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=nd</code> </p><p>Acceptable date formats are shown in the "Acceptable date formats" table of the <a href="/wiki/Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Dates,_months_and_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates, months and years</a>. Further points: </p> <ul><li>Prescriptions about date formats apply only when the date is expressed in terms of Julian or Gregorian dates, or when the date contains one of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn or fall, winter). Sources are at liberty to use other ways of expressing dates, such as "spring/summer" or a date in a religious calendar; editors should report the date as expressed by the source. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SEASON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SEASON">Although the seasons are not normally capitalized</a>, they are capitalized when used as dates in CS1 templates, and the capitalization of the season stated by the source may be altered to follow this convention. In cases where the date as expressed in the source is not compatible with the template software, the citation should be created without using a template.</li> <li>Do not wikilink.</li> <li>Access and archive dates in references should be in either the format used for <a href="/wiki/MOS:DATEUNIFY" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATEUNIFY">publication dates</a>, or YYYY-MM-DD.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia's_Manual_of_Style" data-mw-thread-id="h-Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia's_Manual_of_Style-Dates"><span id="Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia.27s_Manual_of_Style"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia's_Manual_of_Style-Dates"></span>Date format compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia's_Manual_of_Style-Dates"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Date format compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CS1 uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Dates,_months,_and_years" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates, months, and years</a> (<a href="/wiki/MOS:DATEFORMAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATEFORMAT">MOS:DATEFORMAT</a>) as the reference for all date format checking performed by <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a>. For various reasons, CS1 is not fully compliant with MOS:DATEFORMAT. This table indicates CS1 compliance with the listed sections of MOS:DATEFORMAT. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>CS1 compliance with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Section </th> <th scope="col">Compliant </th> <th scope="col">Comment </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Acceptable_date_formats" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Acceptable date formats table</a> </th> <td>yes </td> <td>Exceptions: linked dates not supported;<br/>sortable dates not supported (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Dts" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dts">dts</a>}}</code> etc.);<br/>proper name dates not supported with the exception of 'Easter YYYY' and 'Christmas YYYY';<br/>shortened month names longer than three characters or with terminating periods not supported;<br/>quarterly dates supported in the form 'First Quarter 2020' </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Unacceptable_date_formats" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Unacceptable date formats table</a> </th> <td>yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Consistency" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Consistency</a> </th> <td>yes<sup>†</sup> </td> <td rowspan="3">Article-level restrictions are beyond the scope of CS1<br/><sup>†</sup>CS1/CS2 templates follow the format specified by the article's <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">use dmy dates</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">use mdy dates</a>}}</code> templates; see <a href="#Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates">Auto-formatting citation template dates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Strong national ties to a topic</a> </th> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Retaining_existing_format" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Retaining existing format</a> </th> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Era_style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Era style</a> </th> <td>no </td> <td>Dates earlier than 100 not supported. Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Say_where_you_read_it" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">editors seldom read ancient manuscripts directly</a>; the specific, modern, published edition read by the editor is what goes in the source citation. Thus, the date of the source actually consulted should be provided in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code>, and the date of the ancient source may be provided in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|orig-date=</code>; the format of the orig-date value is not checked for errors. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Julian_and_Gregorian_calendars" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Julian and Gregorian calendars</a> </th> <td>limited </td> <td>Julian prior to 1582; Gregorian from 1582; assumes Gregorian in the overlap period of 1582 – c. 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Ranges" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Ranges</a> </th> <td>yes </td> <td>Exceptions: does not support the use of <code>&ndash;</code> or <code>&nbsp;</code><br/>does not support dates prior to 100;<br/>does not support solidus separator (/)<br/>does not support " to " as a date separator<br/>does not support YYYY–YY where the two-digit year is less than 13 (change to YYYY–YYYY to eliminate the error message) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates</a> </th> <td>yes </td> <td>Exceptions: does not support <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Circa" title="Template:Circa">circa</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Floruit" title="Template:Floruit">floruit</a>}}</code>;<br/>does not support dates prior to 100;<br/>Supports <code>c. </code> only with a single year value (no ranges or day/month combinations). </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Days_of_the_week" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Days of the week</a> </th> <td>no </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Seasons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Seasons</a> </th> <td>limited </td> <td>CS1 capitalizes seasons used as dates in citations, in line with external style guides </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Decades" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Decades</a> </th> <td>no </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Centuries_and_millennia" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Centuries and millennia</a> </th> <td>no </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Abbreviations_for_long_periods_of_time" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Abbreviations for long periods of time</a> </th> <td>no </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_range,_multiple_sources_in_same_year" data-mw-thread-id="h-Date_range,_multiple_sources_in_same_year-Dates"><span id="Date_range.2C_multiple_sources_in_same_year"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Date_range,_multiple_sources_in_same_year-Dates"></span>Date range, multiple sources in same year<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Date_range,_multiple_sources_in_same_year-Dates"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Date range, multiple sources in same year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If dates are used, the year range is 100 to present without era indication (AD, BC, CE, BCE). In the case where the same author has written more than one work in the same year, a lower-case letter may be appended to the year in the date parameter (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">|date=July 4, 1997b</span>) or the year parameter (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">|year=1997b</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates-Dates"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates-Dates"></span>Auto-formatting citation template dates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates-Dates"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Auto-formatting citation template dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citation Style 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">2</a> templates automatically render dates (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|access-date=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code>, etc.) in the style specified by the article's <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">use dmy dates</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">use mdy dates</a>}}</code> template. Editors may also choose how CS1/CS2 templates render dates by the use of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|cs1-dates=<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">keyword</var>></code> in the article's <span class="nowrap"><code>{{use xxx dates}}</code></span> template. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Acceptable <code>|cs1-dates=</code> keywords </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Keyword </th> <th scope="col">Definition </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>l</code> </th> <td rowspan="2">long-form publication and access- / archive-dates;<br/>this is the default case when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;border: none; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;">|cs1-dates=</code> is omitted or empty </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>ll</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>ls</code> </th> <td>long-form publication dates; abbreviated access- / archive-dates </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>ly</code> </th> <td>long-form publication dates; year-initial numeric access- / archive-dates (ymd) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>s</code> </th> <td rowspan="2">abbreviated publication and access- / archive-dates </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>ss</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>sy</code> </th> <td>abbreviated publication dates; year-initial numeric access- / archive-dates (ymd) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>y</code> </th> <td rowspan="2">year-initial numeric publication, access- and archive-dates (ymd);<br/>cs1|2 cannot reformat Month YYYY, Season YYYY, date-ranges of any form, or <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> dates into ymd format </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>yy</code> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Example: to have the CS1/CS2 templates in an article render their publication dates in the long form (fully spelled-out month names) with access-/archive-dates rendered in short form (abbreviated month names), write: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">use dmy dates</a>|date=November 2024|cs1-dates=ls}}</code></dd></dl> <p>This documentation page has <code>{{use dmy dates|date=November 2024|cs1-dates=y}}</code> at the top of this section so this cs1 template will render with ymd dates: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{cite web |title=Example Webpage |date=31 October 2017 |website=Example |url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://example.com/">https://example.com/</a> |access-date=Dec 5, 2017}}</code> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://example.com/">"Example Webpage"</a>. <i>Example</i>. 2017-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Example&rft.atitle=Example+Webpage&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This global setting may be overridden in individual CS1/CS2 templates by use of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|df=</code>; abbreviated date forms are not supported by <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|df=</code>. </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nota bene</i></span>: CS1/CS2 auto-date formatting does not apply when previewing an article section that does not contain a <span class="nowrap"><code>{{use xxx dates}}</code></span> template. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_chapters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Titles_and_chapters-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Titles_and_chapters-How_the_templates_work"></span>Titles and chapters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Titles_and_chapters-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Titles and chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>title</b>: The title of the cited source. Titles are displayed in italics, except for short works such as a <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a>}}</code> and cited articles in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a>}}</code>, and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">cite podcast</a>}}</code>, where the title is shown in quotation marks. For templates like these that show the title in quotation marks, any double quotation marks inside the title should be <a href="/wiki/MOS:QINQ" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:QINQ">converted</a> to single quotation marks. Use <a href="/wiki/MOS:CT" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CT">title case</a> unless the cited source covers a scientific, legal or other technical topic and sentence case is the predominant style in journals on that topic. Use either title case or sentence case consistently throughout the article. Do not omit a leading "The" from the title. Subtitles are typically separated from titles with ": " though " – " is also used. <a href="/wiki/MOS:TM" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:TM">As with trademarks</a>, Wikipedia <em>does not</em> attempt to emulate any stylistic flourishes used by the cited source's publisher, such as ALL-CAPS, all-lower-case, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Small Caps</span>, etc.; use either standard title case or sentence case consistently. If the cited source is itself notable and has a Wikipedia article, the title can be wikilinked. Wikilinking the title will make it impossible to use the "url" parameter to link to an external copy of the cited source, so only do this when citing works that do not need to be externally linked. A link to the actual source is preferred to a link to a Wikipedia article about the source.</li> <li><b>script-title</b>: Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., should not be italicized and may also read <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left">right-to-left</a> (RTL). To include titles in these languages, use <b>script-title</b>. Titles in <b>script-title</b> are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script. Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language. The prefix is one of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#|script-<param>=_language_codes">supported language codes</a> followed by a colon: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|script-title=ar:<bdi>العربية</bdi></code>. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation.</li> <li><b>trans-title</b>: If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets after the title and will be linked to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> if used.</li> <li><b>chapter</b>: The title of the cited chapter from the source, written in full. Displayed in quotes before the title. For websites arranged in sections the "at" parameter serves a similar function: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Featured News</code></li> <li><b>script-chapter</b>: Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., may possibly read <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left">right-to-left</a> (RTL). To include chapter titles in these languages, use <b>script-chapter</b>. Chapter titles in <b>script-chapter</b> are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script. Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language. The prefix is one of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#|script-<param>=_language_codes">supported language codes</a> followed by a colon: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|script-chapter=ar:<bdi>العربية</bdi></code>. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation. This field will be displayed following the transliterated title.</li> <li><b>trans-chapter</b>: If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the cited chapter title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets within the quotation marks that enclose the chapter field.</li></ul> <p>Titles containing certain characters will both display and link incorrectly unless those characters are replaced or encoded like this: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">Must be replaced with </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">newline </th> <td>space </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">[ </th> <td>&#91; </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">] </th> <td>&#93; </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">| </th> <td>&#124; </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="|script-<param>=_language_codes" data-mw-thread-id="h-|script-<param>=_language_codes-Titles_and_chapters"><span id=".7Cscript-.3Cparam.3E.3D_language_codes"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-|script-<param>=_language_codes-Titles_and_chapters"></span>|script-<<var>param</var>>= language codes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-|script-<param>=_language_codes-Titles_and_chapters"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: |script-<param>= language codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Language codes known to cs1|2 for languages that do not use a Latin script are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:16em"> <ul><li>ab: Abkhazian</li> <li>am: Amharic</li> <li>ar: Arabic</li> <li>be: Belarusian</li> <li>bg: Bulgarian</li> <li>bn: Bengali</li> <li>bo: Tibetan</li> <li>bs: Bosnian</li> <li>ce: Chechen</li> <li>dv: Divehi</li> <li>dz: Dzongkha</li> <li>el: Greek</li> <li>fa: Persian</li> <li>grc: Ancient Greek</li> <li>gu: Gujarati</li> <li>he: Hebrew</li> <li>hi: Hindi</li> <li>hy: Armenian</li> <li>ja: Japanese</li> <li>ka: Georgian</li> <li>kk: Kazakh</li> <li>km: Khmer</li> <li>kn: Kannada</li> <li>ko: Korean</li> <li>ku: Kurdish</li> <li>ky: Kyrgyz</li> <li>lo: Lao</li> <li>mk: Macedonian</li> <li>ml: Malayalam</li> <li>mn: Mongolian</li> <li>mni: Manipuri</li> <li>mr: Marathi</li> <li>my: Burmese</li> <li>ne: Nepali</li> <li>or: Odia</li> <li>ota: Ottoman Turkish</li> <li>pa: Punjabi</li> <li>ps: Pashto</li> <li>ru: Russian</li> <li>sd: Sindhi</li> <li>si: Sinhala</li> <li>sr: Serbian</li> <li>syc: Classical Syriac</li> <li>ta: Tamil</li> <li>te: Telugu</li> <li>tg: Tajik</li> <li>th: Thai</li> <li>ti: Tigrinya</li> <li>tt: Tatar</li> <li>ug: Uyghur</li> <li>uk: Ukrainian</li> <li>ur: Urdu</li> <li>uz: Uzbek</li> <li>yi: Yiddish</li> <li>yue: Cantonese</li> <li>zh: Chinese</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type" data-mw-thread-id="h-Type-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Type-How_the_templates_work"></span>Type<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Type-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>type</b>: Specifies the type of work cited. Appears in parentheses immediately after the title. Some templates use a default that can be overridden; example: <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> will show "(Press release)" by default. Other useful values are: Review, Systemic review, Report, Abstract, Meta-analysis, Original article, Oral history, Email, Website, Text, Document. Alias: <b>medium</b>, in <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, where typical values are: Motion picture, Moving image, Television production, Videotape, DVD, Blu-ray, Trailer, CD, Radio broadcast, Podcast, Sound.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language" data-mw-thread-id="h-Language-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Language-How_the_templates_work"></span>Language<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Language-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span id="csdoc_language"><b id="csdoc_language">language</b></span>: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|language=ru</code>; <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|lang=fr, pt-br</code>; <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|lang=Russian</code>; <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|language=French, Portuguese</code>. <a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/language/doc" title="Template:Citation Style documentation/language/doc">See the list of supported codes and names</a>. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of <a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources">Category:CS1 foreign language sources</a>. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">espagnol</i></span> at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: <b>lang</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_and_publisher" data-mw-thread-id="h-Work_and_publisher-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Work_and_publisher-How_the_templates_work"></span>Work and publisher<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Work_and_publisher-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Work and publisher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEHOW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEHOW">WP:CITEHOW</a></div> <ul><li><b>work</b>: Used by some templates such as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (where it is aliased to <b>website</b>), <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (aliased to <b>newspaper</b>), <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (aliased to <b>magazine</b>), <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (aliased to <b>journal</b>), and others where the citation is usually to a specific item (given in the "title" parameter) found in a larger work (this "work" parameter), most commonly an article in a website or print periodical, or an episode in a TV series. <em>Do not confuse this with the "publisher" parameter</em>, which is for the publishing company. If the work is notable and has an article in Wikipedia, it should be wiki-linked at first appearance in citations in the article. If the "title" is already linked-to externally, do not externally link to the "work". If the work title as given by the site/publication would be exactly or substantially the same as the name of the publisher, do not use the "publisher" parameter (see below for more detail).</li></ul> <dl><dd>On websites, in most cases "work" is the name of the website (as usually given in the logo/banner area of the site, and/or appearing in the <code class="nowrap" style=""><title></code> of the homepage, which may appear as the page title in your browser tab, depending on browser). Do not append ".com" or the like if the site's actual title does not include it (thus <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|work=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]</code>, not <code>Salon.com</code>). If no clear title can be identified, or the title explicitly is the domain name, then use the site's domain name. Do not falsify the work's name by adding descriptive verbiage like "Website of [Publisher]" or "[Publisher]'s Homepage". Capitalize for reading clarity, and omit "www.", e.g. convert "www.veterinaryresourcesuk.com" to "VeterinaryResourcesUK.com".</dd> <dd>Many journals use highly abbreviated titles when citing other journals (e.g. <i>J. Am. Vet. Med.</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</a></i>) because specialists in the field the journal covers usually already know what these abbreviations mean. Our readers usually do not, so these abbreviations should always be expanded.</dd> <dd>If the titled item being cited is part of some other larger work, as in a book in a series, a special issue of a periodical, or a sub-site at a domain (e.g., you are citing the law school's section of a university's website system), it is usually better to use the name of that more specific work than just that of the entire larger work. Various citation templates provide separate fields for such information, e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter=</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|series=</code> in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a>}}</code>. If the nature of the work and its relation to the site, book, or other context in which it is found is complicated or confusing, simply explain the situation after the citation template and before the <code class="nowrap"></ref></code> that closes the citation.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>publisher</b>: the name of the organization that actually published the source. The field should not include the corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc.", unless some ambiguity would result or the organization is usually known with that designation even in everyday use (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, which otherwise might be confused with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Records" title="Apple Records">Apple Records</a> and other publishers). "Publisher", "Publishing" and "Publications" can be abbreviated "Pubr.", "Pubg." and "Pubs." respectively, but some templates in this series include a period (full-stop) immediately after this parameter, so the period may have to be omitted; check the output if you abbreviate here. They are usually safe to omit, but are usefully included where the publisher's name might be confusing without it. This is most often the case when the publisher's name is something like "Joshua Martin Publications", which without the designation might be mistaken for a co-author/editor. A leading "The" can generally be omitted, again unless confusion might result (e.g., for <a href="/wiki/The_International_Cat_Association" title="The International Cat Association">The International Cat Association</a>, "The" is part of their official acronym, TICA). If the publisher is notable and has an article independent of the "work", the "publisher" parameter can include a wiki-link to that article, but should never externally link to the publisher's website. Whether the publisher needs to be included depends to an extent on the type of work and sometimes on its recognizability. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">WP:Citing sources</a>, and most off-Wikipedia citation guides, suggest that it should be used for books (even famous ones), but not necessarily other works. The "publisher" parameter should not be included for widely-known mainstream news sources, for major academic journals, or where it would be the same or mostly the same as the work. For example, the "publisher" parameter should be omitted in these examples: <dl><dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|work=[[Amazon.⁠com]]</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=Amazon Inc.</code></dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=The Aberdeen Times</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=The Aberdeen Times</code></dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=The New York Times Company</code></dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=[[USA Today]]</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]</code></dd> <dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher=[[Nature Research]]</code></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>If the work is self-published, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SELFPUB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SELFPUB">this is a very important fact</a> about <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">potential reliability of the source</a>, and needs to be specified; no consensus exists for the exact value of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publisher=</code> in such a case, but some printed style guides suggest "author", while many Wikipedia editors have used "self-published" for increased clarity. When an exhaustive attempt to discover the name of the publisher (try <a href="/wiki/Whois" class="mw-redirect" title="Whois">whois</a> for websites, and <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> for books, etc.) fails, use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publisher=</code> to explicitly indicate that this was checked, so other editors do not waste time duplicating your fruitless efforts. Do not guess at the publisher when this information is not clear. See next entry for co-published works and how to specify multiple publishers and their locations.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>location</b> (alias <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publication-place=</code>): Geographical place of publication (<em>not</em> where you found your copy, nor location of material in the source). This is usually <var style="padding-right: 1px;">City, Country</var>, or <var style="padding-right: 1px;">City, US State</var>. The city name by itself can be used for world-recognized cities like New York, London (except in articles about <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">Canadian</a> topics), Paris, Tokyo. Simply having a unique name does not mean it is globally recognizable; e.g., many people do not know where <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> is, especially if they are old enough that it was called <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> for much of their lives. If in doubt, be more not less specific, since "Toronto, Canada" and "San Francisco, California" do not actually hurt anything. Be more specific when a <var style="padding-right: 1px;">City, Country</var> would be ambiguous, e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=Hanley, Staffordshire, UK</code>, versus <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=Hanley, Worcestershire, UK</code>. Do not use sub-national postal abbreviations ("DE", "Wilts", etc.), per <a href="/wiki/MOS:POSTABBR" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:POSTABBR">MOS:POSTABBR</a>. The location parameter should be omitted when it is implied by the name of the work, e.g. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. The location parameter should be used when the location is part of a common appellation of but not the actual title of a periodical. For example, the newspaper formerly known as and sometimes still called the <i>San Jose Mercury News</i> is actually <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a></i> and can be entered with <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=The Mercury News</code> <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=San Jose, Calif.</code>, which yields: <i>The Mercury News</i>. San Jose, Calif. A similar example is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London (contrast <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>). Per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT">WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT</a>, provide the location of the edition you are using (e.g., if a publisher has operations in both New York and London and you have the London-published edition, use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=London</code>, even if the publisher's corporate HQ is in New York). If your edition specifically gives multiple locations, this can be indicated with, e.g., <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=New York / London</code>. This same technique can be used for co-published works, e.g.: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois / Los Angeles</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publisher=[[Council of Science Editors]] / [[Loyola Marymount University]] Press</code>; just get them in corresponding order in both parameters. The templates do <em>not</em> have separate <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|location1=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word; color: #8B0000;">|publisher1=</code>, etc., parameters. For historical publications that are still worth citing and still findable (e.g. via book digitizers – see the "via" parameter below), do not confuse the <em>printer</em> (printing press owner-operator) with the <em>publisher</em> (organization or person that sponsored the work); an edition may have a printer's name in larger type than the publisher, but for citation purposes we care about the publisher. If the distinction cannot be determined for certain in a particular case, list both. While some off-site publishers lean toward omitting publishing locations, they can serve more than purely bibliographical purposes on Wikipedia (e.g. an overabundance of material published in one place in an article about another place may reveal an editorial bias).</li> <li><b>publication-date</b>: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date or year are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.</li> <li><b>via</b> (optional): Name of the content deliverer (when they are <em>not</em> the publisher). "via" is not a replacement for "publisher", but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original, or when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, or as suggested in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">WP:The Wikipedia Library</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Credo_accounts/Citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Credo accounts/Citations">WP:Credo accounts/Citations</a>. See also <a href="#Registration_or_subscription_required">§ Registration or subscription required</a>. Typical uses of this parameter are identification of a book-scanning and -databasing project such as those provided by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>; journal indexing and search services through which we commonly find academic articles, e.g. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>; and other aggregators or indexers of previously-published content, such as <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. Use via only when a standard identifier cannot be used (see <a href="#Identifiers">§ Identifiers</a>). Example: <code>{{Cite dictionary |entry=skeptic |entry-url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/skeptic?s=t#collins-section |title=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |edition=Complete & Unabridged Digital |date=2012 |location=London |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |via=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=27 November 2024}}</code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pages-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pages-How_the_templates_work"></span>Pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pages-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>CS1/CS2 template support for<br/><code>|volume=</code>, <code>|issue=</code>, <code>|page(s)=</code> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Template </th> <th scope="col">|volume= </th> <th scope="col">|issue= </th> <th scope="col">|page(s)= </th> <th scope="col">|quote-page(s)= </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">cite arXiv</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">cite AV media notes</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">cite bioRxiv</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_citeseerx" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite citeseerx">cite citeseerx</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a>}}</code></li> <li>(as a book)</li></ul> </div> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a>}}</code></li> <li>(as a journal)</li></ul> </div> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">cite episode</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">cite interview</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">cite mailing list</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">cite map</a>}}</code></li> <li>(as book)</li></ul> </div> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">cite map</a>}}</code></li> <li>(as journal or magazine)</li></ul> </div> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">cite newsgroup</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">cite podcast</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">cite serial</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">cite sign</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">cite speech</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_ssrn" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite ssrn">cite ssrn</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">cite tech report</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An editor may use any <u>one</u> of the following parameters in a given citation to refer to the specific page(s) or place in a cited source that contains the information that supports the article text. If more than one of the following parameters are used in the same citation, the error message <span style="color:red">Extra <code>|pages=</code> or <code>|at=</code> (</span><a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#extra_pages" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a><span style="color:red">)</span> will display in the published citation. When more than one of the following parameters is used in error, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code> overrides both <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>; <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> overrides <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>. To resolve the error, remove extra parameters of this type until only one remains in the affected citation. </p> <ul><li><b>page</b>: page in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text, for example <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=52</code>. <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="pagehyphen"></span><b>Note:</b> For a hyphenated page, use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=12{{hyphen}}34</code>. This will not only properly display a hyphen, but also reduce the likelihood that an editor/bot will convert this to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=12{{endash}}34</code> by mistake.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="csdoc_pages"></span><b>pages</b>: pages in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text. Separate page ranges with an <a href="/wiki/En_dash#En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a>: – , for example <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=236–239</code>. Separate non-sequential pages either with commas or semicolons, for example <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=157, 159</code>. The form <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=461, 466–467</code> is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential pages. For page numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the page number in <a href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators, e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=((1,234{{endash}}1,235))</code>. For multiple hyphenated pages, use the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> to avoid the hyphens being converted to dashes, e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=((1{{hyphen}}2)), ((3{{hyphen}}4))</code>. <ul><li><b>Note:</b> CS1 citations do not record the total number of pages in a cited source; do not use this parameter for that purpose.</li></ul></li> <li><b>at</b>: place in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text when a page number is not given, is inappropriate or is insufficient. Common examples include column or col., paragraph or para. and section or sec. Depending on the source being cited, other indicators may be appropriate to use with the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code> parameter including, but not limited to, track, hours, minutes and seconds, act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, etc. Examples include <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Column 2</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Paragraph 5</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Back cover</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=Act III, Scene 2</code>.</li> <li><b>quote-page</b>: The number of a single page quoted in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote=</code>. Use either <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code>, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>. Displays preceded by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">p.</code> unless <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|no-pp=yes</code>. If hyphenated, use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Hyphen" title="Template:Hyphen">hyphen</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to indicate this is intentional (e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12</code>). Alias: none.</li> <li>OR: <b>quote-pages</b>: A list or range of pages quoted in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote=</code>. Use either <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code>, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">pp.</code> unless <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|no-pp=yes</code> is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">double parentheses</a> to tell the template to display the value of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code> without processing it, and use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Hyphen" title="Template:Hyphen">hyphen</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))</code>. Alias: none.</li></ul> <p>If the same source is reused with different pages, separate citations must be created. A way around this problem is to use a short citation <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code>, or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">rp</a>}}</code> to provide linked page number citations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edition_identifiers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Edition_identifiers-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Edition_identifiers-How_the_templates_work"></span>Edition identifiers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Edition_identifiers-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Edition identifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>edition</b>: Identifies the particular edition of a cited source when the source has more than one edition, such as "2nd", "Revised", etc. Note that this parameter automatically displays " ed." after your entry. For example, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|edition=Revised third</code> displays as: Revised third ed. The edition parameter can be omitted if there is no content difference between two editions of the same work; e.g. if a book was identically published in the UK and the US except, for example, ISBN number and cover art, it is not necessary to indicate either "UK" or "US" edition; or if citing minute:seconds of a film available in both a regular edition and a "Special Limited Collector's Edition", if the running time and cut are the same, it is not necessary to cite the particular edition.</li> <li><b>series</b>: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted. For journal series, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|series=</code> should be limited to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Original/New Series</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">First/Second/Third/... Series</code>, or similar.<sup id="cite_ref-c17_14.126_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c17_14.126-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="csdoc_volume"></span><b>volume</b>: For a source published in several volumes. This field is displayed in bold after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title parameter after the main title. Separate volume ranges with an <a href="/wiki/En_dash#En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a>: – , for example <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=I–IV</code>. Separate non-sequential volumes either with commas or semicolons, for example <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=I, III</code>. The form <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=I, III–V</code> is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential volumes. For volume numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the volume number in <a href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="csdoc_issue"></span><b>issue</b>: When the source is part of a series that is published periodically. Alias: <b>number</b>. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature''</code>. Please choose either <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|number=</code> depending on what nomenclature is actually used in a publication. If a publication carries both, issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=2 #143</code>. Separate ranges with an <a href="/wiki/En_dash#En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a>: – , and non-sequential numbers either with commas or semicolons. For numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the number in <a href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links-How_the_templates_work"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>url</b>: Adds a link to the title</li> <li><b>chapter-url</b>: Adds a link to the chapter.</li> <li><b>format</b>: Format of the document at its URL (e.g., PDF, XLS, etc.). Do not specify for HTML as it is implied as the default. Do not use this parameter for completely different purposes, with annotations such as "fee required" or "reprint"; its intent is to notify readers what the file format is (e.g. in case some browsers might have trouble with it, or some might prefer to save the link to disk rather than open it in the browser). Access restrictions can be shown using the appropriate <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-access=</code> parameter, see <a href="#Registration_or_subscription_required">Registration or subscription required</a>. Other notes about reprintings, etc., should be placed after the template, and before <code class="nowrap" style=""></ref></code>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Using_|format=" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_|format=-External_links"><span id="Using_.7Cformat.3D"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_|format=-External_links"></span>Using |format=<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_|format=-External_links"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Using |format="><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When MediaWiki encounters an external link URL with a '.pdf' or '.PDF' <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">extension</a>, it renders the external link with a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://example.com/document.pdf">PDF icon</a> in place of the usual <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://example.com/document">external-link icon</a>. To make rendered cs1|2 citations that link to PDF documents somewhat more accessible, cs1|2 automatically adds a parenthetical PDF annotation so that those readers using screen-reader technology can know the type of the linked file. This is imperfect because some on-line sources redirect .pdf URLs to .html landing pages (this is common for PDF documents behind paywalls or registration barriers). Because the parenthetical PDF annotation happens automatically, editors are not required to set <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|format=PDF</code>, though doing so causes no harm. The <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|format=PDF</code> parameter may be deleted as part of a more substantial edit but editors should consider that many cs1|2 templates are copied from en.Wikipedia to other-language Wikipedias when articles here are translated to that other language. Do not assume that other-language Wikipedias use up-to-date cs1|2 templates; many do not, so removing <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|format=PDF</code> here can affect readers/translators at other Wikipedias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Online_sources-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Online_sources-External_links"></span>Online sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Online_sources-External_links"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Online sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">Wikipedia:External links</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a></div> <p>Links to sources are regarded as conveniences and are not required, except when citing Web-only sources. There are many digital libraries with works that may be used as sources. </p> <ul><li>Links should be to full versions of the source.</li> <li>Online sources that require payment or subscription may be included per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a>.</li></ul> <p>Do not link to: </p> <ul><li>Sites that do not have permission to republish the work or that otherwise violate copyright.</li> <li>Commercial sites such as Amazon, unless no alternative exists.</li> <li>Reviews of the work.</li> <li>Very short extracts such as Google Books snippet view where there is not enough context to verify the content, unless the entire work is also freely available there. (See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BOOKLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BOOKLINKS">WP:BOOKLINKS</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Link_formats" data-mw-thread-id="h-Link_formats-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Link_formats-External_links"></span>Link formats<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Link_formats-External_links"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Link formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Links should be kept as simple as possible. For example, when performing a search for a Google Book, the link for <i>Monty Python and Philosophy</i> would look like: </p> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></dd></dl> <p>But can be trimmed to: </p> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></dd></dl> <p>or: </p> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&printsec=frontcover">https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&printsec=frontcover</a></dd></dl> <p>or: </p> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC">https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC</a> (if Google Books does not provide the cover page).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pages_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pages_2-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pages_2-External_links"></span>Pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pages_2-External_links"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A direct link to a specific page may be used if supported by the host. For example, the link to page 172 of <i>Monty Python and Philosophy</i> on Google Books: </p> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PA172">https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PA172</a></dd></dl> <p>like so: </p> <dl><dd><code>|page=[https://books.google.com/?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&pg=PA172 172]</code></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_characters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Special_characters-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Special_characters-External_links"></span>Special characters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Special_characters-External_links"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Special characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>URLs must begin with a supported <a href="/wiki/URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a>. <code>http://</code> and <code>https://</code> will be supported by all browsers; however, <code>ftp://</code>, <code>gopher://</code>, <code>irc://</code>, <code>ircs://</code>, <code>mailto:</code> and <code>news:</code> may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> host-names are currently not supported. </p><p>If URLs in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">citation template parameters</a> contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be <a href="/wiki/Percent-encoded" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent-encoded">percent-encoded</a>. For example, a space must be replaced by <code>%20</code>. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Character </th> <th scope="col">space </th> <th scope="col">" </th> <th scope="col">' </th> <th scope="col">< </th> <th scope="col">> </th> <th scope="col">[ </th> <th scope="col">] </th> <th scope="col">{ </th> <th scope="col">| </th> <th scope="col">} </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Encoding </th> <td>%20</td> <td>%22</td> <td>%27</td> <td>%3C</td> <td>%3E</td> <td>%5B</td> <td>%5D</td> <td>%7B</td> <td>%7C</td> <td>%7D </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Access_date" data-mw-thread-id="h-Access_date-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Access_date-External_links"></span>Access date<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Access_date-External_links"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Access date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>access-date</b>: The full date when the content pointed to by <b>url</b> was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires <b>url</b>; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the article's citations. It is <i>not required for linked documents that do not change.</i> For example, <b>access-date</b> is not required for links to copies of published research papers accessed via DOI or a published book, but should be used for links to news articles on commercial websites (these can change from time to time, even if they are also published in a physical medium). Note that <b>access-date</b> is the date that the URL was checked to not just be working, but to support the assertion being cited (which the current version of the page may not do). Can be <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1/accessdate" title="Help:Citation Style 1/accessdate">hidden or styled</a> by registered editors. Alias: <b>accessdate</b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_archives" data-mw-thread-id="h-Web_archives-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Web_archives-How_the_templates_work"></span>Web archives<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Web_archives-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Web archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">Wikipedia:Link rot</a></div> <ul><li><b>archive-url</b>. Alias: <b>archiveurl</b>.</li> <li><b>archive-date</b>. Alias: <b>archivedate</b>.</li></ul> <p>The original link may become unavailable. When an archived version is located, the original URL is retained and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> is added with a link to an archived copy of a web page, usually from services like WebCite and the Internet Archive. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code> must be added to show the date the page was archived, not the date the link was added. When <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> is used, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code> are required, else an error will show. When an archived link is used, the citation displays with the title linked to the archive and the original link at the end: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501102912/http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC"><i>Monty Python and Philosophy</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC">the original</a> on 2013-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+Python+and+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPQelKFNA5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><b>url-status</b>: To change the order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end, set <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=live</code>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC"><i>Monty Python and Philosophy</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501102912/http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+Python+and+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPQelKFNA5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <p>When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=unfit</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=usurped</code> suppresses display of the original URL (but <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> are still required). When the original URL is still 'live' but no longer supports the text in an article, set <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=deviated</code>. For further documentation of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=</code>, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web#csdoc_urlstatus" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web § csdoc urlstatus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identifiers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Identifiers-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Identifiers-How_the_templates_work"></span>Identifiers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Identifiers-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Identifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. <code>|rfc=822</code> or <code>|pmc=345678</code>. </p> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_arxiv">arxiv</b>: <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/help/arxiv_identifier">identifier</a>; for example: <code>|arxiv=hep-th/9205027</code> (before April 2007) or <code>|arxiv=0706.0001</code> (April 2007 – December 2014) or <code>|arxiv=1501.00001</code> (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: <b>eprint</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_asin">asin</b>: <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">Amazon Standard Identification Number</a>; if first character of <b>asin</b> value is a digit, use <b>isbn</b>. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example <code>|asin=B00005N5PF</code>. Aliases: <b>ASIN</b>. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_asin-tld">asin-tld</b>: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: <code>ae</code>, <code>au</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>ca</code>, <code>cn</code>, <code>de</code>, <code>es</code>, <code>fr</code>, <code>in</code>, <code>it</code>, <code>jp</code>, <code>mx</code>, <code>nl</code>, <code>pl</code>, <code>sa</code>, <code>se</code>, <code>sg</code>, <code>tr</code>, <code>uk</code>. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_bibcode">bibcode</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: <code>1974AJ.....79..819H</code>. Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_biorxiv">biorxiv</b>: <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a> id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. <code>10.1101/078733</code> for <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733">http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1101/078733">https://doi.org/10.1101/078733</a>; <code>10.1101/2020.07.24.220400</code> for <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400</a>). Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_citeseerx">citeseerx</b>: <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. <code>10.1.1.176.341</code> for <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341</a>). Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_doi">doi</b>: <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">Digital object identifier</a>; for example: <code>10.1038/news070508-7</code>. It is checked to ensure it begins with (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">10.</code>). Aliases: <b>DOI</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> DOIs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_doi_brokendate">doi-broken-date</b>: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org">https://doi.org</a>. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_eissn">eissn</b>: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial Number</a> for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>, but not an <a href="/wiki/Dash#En_dash" title="Dash">en dash</a> or a space; example <code>|eissn=1557-2986</code>. Aliases: <b>EISSN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> eISSNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_hdl">hdl</b>: <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a> identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example <code>|hdl=20.1000/100</code>. Aliases: <b>HDL</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_isbn">isbn</b>: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">International Standard Book Number</a>; for example: <code>978-0-8126-9593-9</code>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN" title="Wikipedia:ISBN">Wikipedia:ISBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISBN#Overview" title="ISBN">ISBN § Overview</a>.)</span> Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use <b>sbn</b>. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without <em>any</em> additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: <b>ISBN</b>. <ul><li>Use the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Format_ISBN" title="Template:Format ISBN">Format ISBN</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template within the parameter – in the form <code>|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}</code> – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.</li> <li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> ISBNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_ismn">ismn</b>: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">International Standard Music Number</a>; for example: <code>979-0-9016791-7-7</code>. <a href="/wiki/Hyphens" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphens">Hyphens</a> or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without <i>any</i> additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: <b>ISMN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_issn">issn</b>: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial Number</a>; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>, but not an <a href="/wiki/Dash#En_dash" title="Dash">en dash</a> or a space; example <code>|issn=2049-3630</code>. Aliases: <b>ISSN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> ISSNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_jfm">jfm</b>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_%C3%BCber_die_Fortschritte_der_Mathematik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik">Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik</a></i></span>; do not include "JFM" in the value; example <code>|jfm=53.0144.01</code>. Aliases: <b>JFM</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_jstor">jstor</b>: <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> reference number; for example: <code>|jstor=3793107</code>. Aliases: <b>JSTOR</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_lccn">lccn</b>: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example <code>|lccn=79-57364</code> or <code>|lccn=2004042477</code> or <code>|lccn=e09001178</code>. Aliases: <b>LCCN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_mr">mr</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews" title="Mathematical Reviews">Mathematical Reviews</a>; example <code>|mr=630583</code>. Aliases: <b>MR</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_oclc">oclc</b>: <a href="/wiki/OCLC_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC Number">OCLC Number</a> for looking up publications in the <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_catalog" title="Union catalog">union catalog</a>; example <code>|oclc=9355469</code>. Aliases: <b>OCLC</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_ol">ol</b>: <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example <code>|ol=7030731M</code>. Aliases: <b>OL</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_osti">osti</b>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information">Office of Scientific and Technical Information</a>; example <code>|osti=4367507</code>. Aliases: <b>OSTI</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_pmc">pmc</b>: <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>; use article number for <a href="/wiki/Open_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Open repository">open repository</a> full-text of a journal article, e.g. <code>|pmc=345678</code>. Do not include "PMC" in the value. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also the <b>pmid</b> parameter, below; these are two different identifiers</span>. Aliases: <b>PMC</b>. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_Embargo">pmc-embargo-date</b>: Date that <b>pmc</b> goes live; if this date is in the future, then <b>pmc</b> is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_pmid">pmid</b>: <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>; use unique identifier; example <code>|pmid=17322060</code> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also the <b>pmc</b> parameter, above; these are two different identifiers.</span> Aliases: <b>PMID</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_rfc">rfc</b>: <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a>; example <code>|rfc=3143</code>. Aliases: <b>RFC</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_sbn">sbn</b>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Book Number">Standard Book Number</a>; example <code>|sbn=356-02201-3</code>. Aliases: <b>SBN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> SBNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_ssrn">ssrn</b>: <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a>; example <code>|ssrn=1900856</code>. Aliases: <b>SSRN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_s2cid">s2cid</b>: <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a> corpus ID; example <code>|s2cid=37220927</code>. Aliases: <b>S2CID</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_zbl">zbl</b>: <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralblatt MATH">Zentralblatt MATH</a></span></span>; example <code>|zbl=0472.53010</code> For zbMATH search results like <code>JFM 35.0387.02</code> use <code>|jfm=35.0387.02</code>. Aliases: <b>ZBL</b>.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="ATAWM"></span>In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|eissn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|isbn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issn=</code>, and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|sbn=</code>) support a special <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Accept-this-as-written_markup">accept-this-as-written markup</a> which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">param</var>>=((<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">value</var>>))</code>). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. </p><p>For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Registration_or_subscription_required">access status</a> using the corresponding <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">param</var>>-access=</code> parameter. </p><p>For <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code> are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code> to manually select a specific source (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=pmc</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=doi</code>) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=none</code>). </p><p>It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link <i>identical</i> to a link also produced by an identifier. The <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> parameter (or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code>) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Convenience_links" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">convenience link</a> to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible. </p><p>A custom identifier can be specified through </p> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_id">id</b>: A <a href="/wiki/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique identifier</a>, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an <a href="/wiki/Category:External_link_templates" title="Category:External link templates">external link template</a> as applicable. For example, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id=NCJ 122967</code> will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id={{NCJ|122967}}</code> to append <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=122967">122967</a> instead.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registration_or_subscription_required" data-mw-thread-id="h-Registration_or_subscription_required-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Registration_or_subscription_required-How_the_templates_work"></span>Registration or subscription required<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Registration_or_subscription_required-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Registration or subscription required"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="csdoc_access_level"></span> Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAYWALL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAYWALL">Verifiability § Access to sources</a>. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifying claims in articles</a>. </p><p>Four access levels can be used: </p> <ul><li><a href="#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers">access indicator for named identifiers</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freely accessible"><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"/></span></span> <code>free</code>: the source is free to read for anyone</li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters">access indicators for url-holding parameters</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free registration required"><img alt="Free registration required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"/></span></span> <code>registration</code>: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><img alt="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"/></span></span> <code>limited</code>: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947"/></span></span> <code>subscription</code>: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("<a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a>")</li></ul></li></ul> <p>As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-Registration_or_subscription_required"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span>Access indicators for url-holding parameters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_Style_documentation/registration&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Access indicators for url-holding parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:URLACCESS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:URLACCESS&redirect=no">WP:URLACCESS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CONLINK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CONLINK">WP:CONLINK</a></div> <p>Online sources linked by <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url=</code>, and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url=</code> are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as <code>free</code>. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code> values if possible. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>URL-holding and access-indicator parameters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">URL </th> <th scope="col">Access </th> <th scope="col">Allowed keywords </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-access=</code></td> <td rowspan="7"><code>registration</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free registration required"><img alt="Free registration required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"/></span></span><br/><code>limited</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><img alt="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"/></span></span><br/><code>subscription</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947"/></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url-access=</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite web</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">url</span><span class="o">=</span>https://example.com/nifty_data.php <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">url-access</span><span class="o">=</span>registration <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">date</span><span class="o">=</span>2021-04-15 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>Nifty example data<span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> <p>which renders as: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://example.com/nifty_data.php">"Nifty example data"</a></span>. 2021-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nifty+example+data&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fnifty_data.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-Registration_or_subscription_required"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span>Access indicator for named identifiers<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_Style_documentation/registration&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Access indicator for named identifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as <code>limited</code>, <code>registration</code>, or <code>subscription</code>. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Identifier </th> <th scope="col">Access </th> <th scope="col">Allowed keywords </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|bibcode=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|bibcode-access=</code></td> <td rowspan="8"><code>free</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freely accessible"><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"/></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|hdl=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|hdl-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|jstor=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|jstor-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ol=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ol-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|osti=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|osti-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ssrn=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ssrn-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|s2cid=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|s2cid-access=</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: </p> <ul><li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|arxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|biorxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|citeseerx=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|medrxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pmc=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|rfc=</code></li></ul> <p>For embargoed <b>pmc</b> that will become available in the future, see <b id="csdoc_Embargo">pmc-embargo-date</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tracking_of_free_DOIs" data-mw-thread-id="h-Tracking_of_free_DOIs-Registration_or_subscription_required"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tracking_of_free_DOIs-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span>Tracking of free DOIs<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tracking_of_free_DOIs-Registration_or_subscription_required"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_Style_documentation/registration&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Tracking of free DOIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The template is able to recognize known free-to-read <a href="/wiki/DOI_registrant" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI registrant">DOI registrants</a>, based on a list in <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a>. Once a free registrant is identified, the <code>10.xxxx/...</code> part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under <i>local function build_free_doi_registrants_table()</i>. If <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi-access=free</code> is not set, it will place the page in <a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI" title="Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI">Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI</a>, which is routinely cleared by <a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" title="User:Citation bot">User:Citation bot</a>.</li> <li>The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear <code>10.xxxx/yyyy....</code> DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> under <i>local extended_registrants_t = {</i> with the format <code>['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},</code>. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format <code>['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},</code>.</li> <li>If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a>, leave a note at <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot" title="User talk:Citation bot">User talk:Citation bot</a> so the bot knows about it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quote" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quote-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quote-How_the_templates_work"></span>Quote<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quote-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Quote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_quote">quote</b>: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If <b>script-quote</b> is defined, use <b>quote</b> to hold a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ROMAN">Romanization</a> (if available) of the text in <b>script-quote</b>. <ul><li><b>script-quote</b>: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in <b>quote</b> (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#|script-<param>=_language_codes">supported language codes</a> to help browsers properly display the script: <dl><dd><code>... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...</code></dd></dl></li> <li><b id="csdoc_trans-quote">trans-quote</b>: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anchors" data-mw-thread-id="h-Anchors-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Anchors-How_the_templates_work"></span>Anchors<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Anchors-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Anchors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The module creates HTML IDs by default suitable for use with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">shortened footnotes</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation/doc" title="Template:Harvard citation/doc">Harv- and sfn-family templates</a>. These styles use in-text cites with a link that will jump to the ID created by the CS1 template. The ID is created from up to four author last names and the year, of the format <code>CITEREF<i>lastname(s)year</i></code>. </p><p><b><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=<var>ID</var></code></b>: Creates a custom ID equivalent to the value <var>ID</var>. This is useful where the author and/or date is unknown. The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a>}}</code> template may be used here to create an ID for the Harv- and sfn-family templates. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Examples of anchors </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Kind </th> <th scope="col">Wikitext </th> <th scope="col">ID created </th> <th scope="col">Targetable by </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Default, one name </th> <td><code>{{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}}</code> </td> <td><code>CITEREFHardcastle2006</code> </td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>|Hardcastle|2006|pp=12-34}}</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Default, two names </th> <td><code>{{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |first2=George A. |last2=Reisch |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}}</code> </td> <td><code>CITEREFHardcastleReisch2006</code> </td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>|Hardcastle|Reisch|2006|pp=12-34}}</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> </th> <td><code>|ref={{harvid|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006}}</code> </td> <td><code>CITEREFMonty_Python_and_Philosophy2006</code> </td> <td><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a>|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006|pp=12-34}}</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_options" data-mw-thread-id="h-Display_options-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Display_options-How_the_templates_work"></span>Display options<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Display_options-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Display options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These features are not often used, but can customize the display for use with other styles. </p> <ul><li><span id="csdoc_display"></span><b id="csdoc_mode">mode</b>: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|mode=cs1</code>, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (<code>.</code>); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|mode=cs2</code>, element separator is a comma (<code>,</code>); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use <b>postscript</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_author-mask">author-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_contributor-mask">contributor-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_editor-mask">editor-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_interviewer-mask">interviewer-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_subject-mask">subject-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_translator-mask">translator-mask</b>: <dl><dd>Replaces the name of the (first) author with <a href="/wiki/Dash#Em_dash" title="Dash">em dashes</a> or text. Set <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-mask</b> to a numeric value <i>n</i> to set the dash <i>n</i> em spaces wide; set <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-mask</b> to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-link</b>—in this case, the value of <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-link</b> will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a>. Do not use in a list generated by <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code>, <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-mask=</code>) to apply the mask to a specific <var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>.</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_display-authors"><span id="csdoc_displayauthors"></span>display-authors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-contributors"><span id="csdoc_displaycontributors"></span>display-contributors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-editors"><span id="csdoc_displayeditors"></span>display-editors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-interviewers"><span id="csdoc_displayinterviewers"></span>display-interviewers</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-subjects"><span id="csdoc_displaysubjects"></span>display-subjects</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-translators"><span id="csdoc_displaytranslators"></span>display-translators</b>: <dl><dd>Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=2</code> will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=0</code> is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=etal</code> displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.</dd></dl></li> <li><b id="csdoc_postscript">postscript</b>: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (<code>.</code>); for no terminating punctuation, specify <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=none</code> – leaving <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=</code> empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=</code> is ignored if <b>quote</b> is defined.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="et_al." data-mw-thread-id="h-et_al.-Display_options"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-et_al.-Display_options"></span>et al.<span data-mw-comment-end="h-et_al.-Display_options"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: et al."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>et al. is the abbreviation of the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">et alii</i></span> ('and others'). It is used to complete a list of authors of a published work, where the complete list is considered overly long. The abbreviation is widely used in English, thus it is not italicized per <a href="/wiki/MOS:FOREIGN" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:FOREIGN">MOS:FOREIGN</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accept-this-as-written_markup" data-mw-thread-id="h-Accept-this-as-written_markup-How_the_templates_work"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Accept-this-as-written_markup-How_the_templates_work"></span>Accept-this-as-written markup<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Accept-this-as-written_markup-How_the_templates_work"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Accept-this-as-written markup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are occasions where <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> emits error or maintenance messages because of, or makes changes to, the values assigned to a select set of parameters. Special markup can be used to enforce that a value will nonetheless be accepted as written. The markup for this is <code>((<var style="padding-right: 1px;">value</var>))</code>, i.e., wrap the entire parameter value in two sets of parentheses. Parameters that support this markup are: </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Parameters that support accept-this-as-written markup </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:10em">Parameter </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th> <td rowspan="6">The various <var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var> parameters (including their enumerated variants) are checked for extra comma and semicolon separator characters, which may indicate that the parameter is holding more than one name. If so, the list of names should be split up over multiple <var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-enumerated parameters. Corporate names, however, are sometimes comma-separated lists of names as well and so are erroneously flagged as a multiple-name error; markup can be used to indicate this.<br/><br/>Legitimate names may be caught by the <a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">generic-name test</a>. This markup can prevent legitimate names from being flagged as generic. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contributor<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|interviewer<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|subject<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|translator<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_doi"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code></a> </th> <td rowspan="5">Identifiers are checked for validity to the extent possible. In rare cases, identifiers actually used in published works deviate from the checked standard format but are nonetheless valid. If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier instead of overriding the error message. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_issue"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|eissn=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_issue"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|isbn=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_issn"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issn=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_sbn"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|sbn=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_issue"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=</code></a> </th> <td rowspan="2">Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of issues, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in issue ranges, etc. A hyphenated issue number and an issue range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit number with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more issues. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_issue"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|number=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_volume"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=</code></a> </th> <td>Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of volumes, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in volume ranges, etc. A hyphenated volume and an volume range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit volume with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more volumes. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_pages"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code></a> </th> <td rowspan="3">Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of pages, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in page ranges, etc. A hyphenated page number and a page range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit number with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more pages. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries; does not apply to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|p=</code>, or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code>. (This special markup is also supported by the plural page parameters <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code> (as well as other aliases) of the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">rp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Ran" title="Template:Ran">ran</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> citation templates. The family of <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>- and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>-style templates supports it as well in conjunction with <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code>.) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#csdoc_pages"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pp=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#Quote"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code> </th> <td>Trailing dots (periods) are normally removed from the value assigned to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code> as being redundant. There are cases where trailing dots are not redundant but are part of the title proper so should be retained. The parameter may also accept a number of special keywords (<code>none</code>, etc.) taking precedence over free text input to specify a title; if a value also matching a keyword is meant as actual title text, markup can be used to indicate this. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code> </th> <td>The parameter may also accept a number of special keywords (<code>none</code>, <code>doi</code>, <code>pmc</code>) taking precedence over free text input to specify a link target; if a value also matching a keyword is meant as actual link target, markup can be used to indicate this. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#Authors"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|vauthors=</code></a> </th> <td rowspan="2">Markup to suppress error messages and automatic Vancouver reformatting of allowed corporate names. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="#Editors"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|veditors=</code></a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Printing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Printing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Printing"></span>Printing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Printing"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When viewing the page, CS1 templates render the URL to the title to create a link; when printing, the URL is printed. <a href="/wiki/Help:External_link_icons" title="Help:External link icons">External link icons</a> are not printed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Elements_not_included" data-mw-thread-id="h-Elements_not_included"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Elements_not_included"></span>Elements not included<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Elements_not_included"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Elements not included"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all factually accurate pieces of information about a source are used in a Citation Style 1 citation. Examples of information not included: </p> <ul><li>The total number of pages in a cited source</li> <li>The name of the library that provided access to an electronic copy of a cited source</li> <li>The name of the library that owns a physical copy of a cited work</li> <li>The library record or shelf location of a physical copy of a cited work</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Tools" data-mw-thread-id="h-Tools"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tools"></span>Tools<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tools"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Help:Citation tools</a></div> <p><b>CS1 templates may be inserted manually or by use of tools:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TWL/Citoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TWL/Citoid">Citoid</a>, a tool built into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Visual_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Visual Editor">Visual Editor</a> that attempts to build a full citation based on a URL. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide#Using_Citoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">user guide</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar">RefToolbar</a> is part of the editing tool bar. Version 2.0 does not yet support all templates supported by version 1.0.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:ProveIt_GT" class="mw-redirect" title="User:ProveIt GT">ProveIt</a> provides a graphical interface for editing, adding, and citing references. It may be enabled per the documentation.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Reflinks">Reflinks</a> Adds references to templates while updating/filling-in title/dates/publisher/accessdates etc.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/">reFill</a> open source version of Reflinks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotero" title="Zotero">Zotero</a> can export citations in Wikipedia-ready format.</li> <li><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citer/">Citer</a> – generates shortened footnote or named reference for a given Google Books URL, ISBN, or DOI. Also supports some major news websites.</li></ul> <p><b><span class="anchor" id="Error_checking"></span>Error checking <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_scripts" title="Wikipedia:User scripts">scripts</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:Svick/HarvErrors" title="User:Svick/HarvErrors">User:Svick/HarvErrors</a> is a script that may be enabled to display errors when using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">Shortened footnotes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAREN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAREN">parenthetical referencing</a>. It does not warn when a long citation has been added but not a short one (using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Trappist_the_monk/HarvErrors" title="User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors">User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors</a> is very similar, but also contains additional warnings for potential issues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:BrandonXLF/CitationStyleMarker" title="User:BrandonXLF/CitationStyleMarker">User:BrandonXLF/CitationStyleMarker</a> highlights inconsistent (CS1 vs CS2) citation styles used in the same article. Only works with templated citations.</li></ul> <p><b><span class="anchor" id="Reliability"></span>Reliability scripts:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:Headbomb/unreliable" title="User:Headbomb/unreliable">User:Headbomb/unreliable</a> color codes URLs and DOIs in gray/red/pink/yellow depending on their broad reliability</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="TemplateData" data-mw-thread-id="h-TemplateData"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-TemplateData"></span>TemplateData<span data-mw-comment-end="h-TemplateData"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: TemplateData"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section documents interactions between <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TemplateData" title="Wikipedia:TemplateData">WP:TemplateData</a> and tools that use that data to edit Wikipedia such as <a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> and bots. Before making changes to the TemplateData be aware of these interactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User:InternetArchiveBot" data-mw-thread-id="h-User:InternetArchiveBot-TemplateData"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-User:InternetArchiveBot-TemplateData"></span><a href="/wiki/User:InternetArchiveBot" title="User:InternetArchiveBot">User:InternetArchiveBot</a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-User:InternetArchiveBot-TemplateData"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: User:InternetArchiveBot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>If an argument is set to "required" the argument will be added to all templates edited by IABot. This including adding empty arguments. For example, when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|website=</code> is "required" IABot makes the following edit: <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017%E2%80%9318_British_and_Irish_Cup&diff=prev&oldid=914629379">[1]</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Common_issues" data-mw-thread-id="h-Common_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Common_issues"></span>Common issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Common_issues"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Common issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="Help:CS1PROBS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:CS1PROBS&redirect=no">Help:CS1PROBS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <dl><dt><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|access-date=</code> does not show.</dt> <dd>If <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> is not supplied, then <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|access-date=</code> does not show; by design.</dd> <dt>The bare URL shows before the title.</dt> <dd>If the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code> field includes a newline or an invalid character then the link will be malformed; see <a href="#Web_links">Web links</a>.</dd> <dt>The title appears in red.</dt> <dd>If URL is supplied, then the title cannot be wikilinked.</dd> <dt>The URL is not linked and shows in brackets.</dt> <dd>The URL must include the <a href="/wiki/URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a> in order for MediaWiki to recognize it as a link. For example: <code>www.example.org/</code> vs. <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.example.org/">http://www.example.org/</a></code>.</dd> <dt>A field is truncated.</dt> <dd>A pipe (<code>|</code>) in the value will truncate it. Use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:!" title="Template:!">!</a>}}</code> instead.</dd> <dt>The template markup shows.</dt> <dd>Double open brackets [[ are used in a field without closing double brackets ]].</dd> <dt>The author shows in brackets with an external link icon.</dt> <dd>The use of an URL in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-link=</code> will break the link; this field is for the name of the Wikipedia article about the author, not a website.</dd> <dt>Multiple author or editor names are defined and one or more does not show</dt> <dd>The parameters must be used in sequence, i.e. if <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last1=</code> is not defined, then <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last2=</code> will not show. By design.</dd> <dt><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code> do not show.</dt> <dd>These parameters are mutually exclusive, and only one will show; by design.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Help:Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors" title="Help:CS1 errors">Help:CS1 errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Help:Citation merging (bundling)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_Unlimited-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Unlimited_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of authors that can be listed in the citation and displayed when published is unlimited.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_Prefix-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Prefix_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">If the English Wikipedia does not have an article about the author, but an article is available in another language entity of Wikipedia or if a <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> node for this author exists already, you can prefix the link using that Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">language prefix</a> (similar to <code>:en:</code> for the English Wikipedia) in order to create an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interwiki link</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking#Prefix_codes_for_linking_to_Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Help:Interwiki linking">prefix</a> for Wikidata nodes is <code>:d:</code> (or <code>:wikidata:</code>) to be followed by the Q<i><id></i> number of the corresponding entry. (Similar, <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> uses <code>:s:</code> (or <code>:wikisource:</code>), <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> <code>:wikt:</code> (or <code>:wiktionary:</code>) and <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <code>:c:</code> (or <code>:commons:</code>), followed by the corresponding article name.) Alternatively, if a suitable <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Interwiki_map" class="extiw" title="m:Interwiki map">custom interwiki prefix</a> is defined for another authority control repository, this can be used as well. For example, to link to an author's <a href="/wiki/VIAF" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF">VIAF</a> entry (with code <code><i><id></i></code>), <code>:VIAF:<i><id></i></code> can be used, even if this would resolve to an independent external site. In the absence of a local article such links can help to at least establish a connection to a particular author and, if an article gets created in the English Wikipedia as well in the future, these links can be fixed up by bots to point to the local article instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c17_14.126-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c17_14.126_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Some numbered series have gone on so long that, as with certain long-lived journals, numbering has started over again, preceded by n.s. (new series), 2nd ser. (second series), or some similar notation, usually enclosed in commas. (A change of publisher may also be the occasion for a change in series designation.) Books in the old series may be identified by o.s., 1st ser., or whatever complements the notation for the new series."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>For instance the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, was numbered volumes 1–35 from 1893 to 1912 (the first series). From 1913 to 1969, the volume numbering restarted at 1 and went up to 188 (the second series). In 1970, <i>Physical Review</i> split into different parts, <i>Physical Review A</i>, <i>Physical Review B</i>, <i>Physical Review C</i>, and <i>Physical Review D</i>, where volumes again restarted at 1 (the third series). Since there are two publications identified as <i>Physical Review, Volume 1</i>, there is a need to distinguish which is which by use of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|series=First Series</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|series=Second Series</code>. While <i>Physical Review A</i> is in the third series of the <i>Physical Review</i> <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">media franchise</a>, it is the first series of the publication known as <i>Physical Review A</i>. Since there is no confusion about what <i>Physical Review A, Volume 1</i> could be referring to, there is no need to clarify to which numbering series the journal belong.</p> <p>In particular, note that the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|series=</code> parameter is not to be used to distinguish the different parts of a <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">media franchise</a>, like <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_A" title="Physical Review A">Physical Review A</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Crystallographica_Section_A" title="Acta Crystallographica Section A">Acta Crystallographica Section A</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society,_Series_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B">Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B</a></i>.</p></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Chicago2017" class="citation book cs1">University of Chicago (2017). <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 14.126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226104201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226104201"><bdi>978-0226104201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=14.126&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0226104201&rft.au=University+of+Chicago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3ACitation+Style+1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br/>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Citation_Style_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Template talk:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citation_Style_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citation Style 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br/>templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>books</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>conference papers</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_document" title="Template:Cite document">Cite document</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>short, stand-alone, offline documents</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>edited collections</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>interviews</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>academic journals</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Cite magazine</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>magazines</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>public mailing lists</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>maps</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>news articles</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>online newsgroups</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>press releases</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Cite report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>unpublished reports</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>signs, plaques</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>speeches</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">Cite tech report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>technical reports</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>theses</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>web sources</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preprint templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">Cite bioRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX" title="Template:Cite CiteSeerX">Cite CiteSeerX</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv" title="Template:Cite medRxiv">Cite medRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN" title="Template:Cite SSRN">Cite SSRN</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audiovisual-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">Cite podcast</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">Cite serial</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 templates">Citation Style 1 templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates">Citation Style 1 specific-source templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Help talk:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1 noticeboard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b>Visit the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></i> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q & A</abbr> forum.</b></li></ul> <hr/> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQs</a></b> <b><abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wikipedia.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desks</a></b> <b><abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></b> <b><abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wikipedia">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Contributing<br/>to Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">IRC <span style="font-size:85%;">(live chat)</span> tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:List dos and don'ts">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Table_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Table dos and don'ts">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_title_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Article title dos and don'ts">Titles (of articles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to pages</a> and<br/><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">information pages</a> <abbr title="Topic specific informative and instructional pages">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Article deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations/references</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing for beginners</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Convert" title="Help:Convert">Convert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">Minor edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">edit conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Image deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">link color</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Page name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reset_password" title="Help:Reset password">Passwords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Simple vandalism cleanup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">simple archiving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:WP_search_protocol" title="Help:WP search protocol">WP search protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">Coding</a> <abbr title="Wikitext information consists of the syntax used to format a page">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Calculation" title="Help:Calculation">Calculations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Elevation" title="Help:Elevation">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Music symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual files</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's directories and indexes">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a> <small>(Encyclopedia proper)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Editor's index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Manual of Style </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual">Missing Manual</a></b> <hr/> <span class="noprint plainlinks" title="Edit Special:MyTalk"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MyTalk&action=edit&section=new&preload=Help:Contents/helpmepreload&preloadtitle=Help+me%21"><b>Ask for help on your talk page</b></a></span> <b><abbr title="If you need help, you can use this link to ask a question on your talk page; a volunteer will visit you there shortly!">(?)</abbr></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&oldid=1253555412">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&oldid=1253555412</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">Wikipedia how-to</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 templates">Citation Style 1 templates</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_citation_administration" title="Category:Wikipedia citation administration">Wikipedia citation administration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 16:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Citation_Style_1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-ccxtb","wgBackendResponseTime":1846,"wgDiscussionToolsPageThreads":[{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Style","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Templates","replies":[{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-General_use-Templates","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Specific_source-Templates","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-How_the_templates_work","replies":[{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Authors-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Editors-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Translators-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Others-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Dates-How_the_templates_work","replies":[{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Date_format_compliance_with_Wikipedia's_Manual_of_Style-Dates","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Date_range,_multiple_sources_in_same_year-Dates","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Auto-formatting_citation_template_dates-Dates","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Titles_and_chapters-How_the_templates_work","replies":[{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-|script-\u003Cparam\u003E=_language_codes-Titles_and_chapters","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Type-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Language-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Work_and_publisher-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Pages-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Edition_identifiers-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-External_links-How_the_templates_work","replies":[{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Using_|format=-External_links","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Online_sources-External_links","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Link_formats-External_links","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Pages_2-External_links","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Special_characters-External_links","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Access_date-External_links","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Web_archives-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Identifiers-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Registration_or_subscription_required-How_the_templates_work","replies":[{"headingLevel":5,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-Registration_or_subscription_required","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":5,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-Registration_or_subscription_required","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":5,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Tracking_of_free_DOIs-Registration_or_subscription_required","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Quote-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Anchors-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Display_options-How_the_templates_work","replies":[{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-et_al.-Display_options","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Accept-this-as-written_markup-How_the_templates_work","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Printing","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Elements_not_included","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Tools","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-TemplateData","replies":[{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-User:InternetArchiveBot-TemplateData","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Common_issues","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-See_also","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Notes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-References","replies":[]}],"wgPageParseReport":{"discussiontools":{"limitreport-timeusage":"0.132"},"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.392","walltime":"1.642","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13108,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":231019,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17605,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":77183,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1185.143 1 -total"," 21.74% 257.651 6 Template:Csdoc"," 11.29% 133.829 5 Template:Lang"," 9.17% 108.694 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.46% 100.230 1 Template:Wikipedia_referencing"," 7.60% 90.083 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.54% 77.473 282 Template:Para"," 6.44% 76.343 1 Template:Wikipedia_how-to"," 5.21% 61.731 1 Template:Ombox"," 5.00% 59.280 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.659","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26002554,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-ccxtb","timestamp":"20241127123759","ttl":40936,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> </body> </html>