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for no man buyeth their merchandise any more: <a href="/nkjv/revelation/18.htm">New King James Version</a> “And the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her, for no one buys their merchandise anymore: <a href="/nasb_/revelation/18.htm">New American Standard Bible</a> “And the merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her, because no one buys their cargo any more— <a href="/nasb/revelation/18.htm">NASB 1995</a> &#8220And the merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her, because no one buys their cargoes any more— <a href="/nasb77/revelation/18.htm">NASB 1977 </a> “And the merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her, because no one buys their cargoes any more; <a href="/lsb/revelation/18.htm">Legacy Standard Bible </a> “And the merchants of the earth cry and mourn over her, because no one buys their cargo anymore— <a href="/amp/revelation/18.htm">Amplified Bible</a> “And merchants of the earth will weep and grieve over her, because no one buys their cargo (goods, merchandise) anymore— <a href="/csb/revelation/18.htm">Christian Standard Bible</a> The merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her, because no one buys their cargo any longer— <a href="/hcsb/revelation/18.htm">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a> The merchants of the earth will also weep and mourn over her, because no one buys their merchandise any longer— <a href="/asv/revelation/18.htm">American Standard Version</a> And the merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her, for no man buyeth their merchandise any more; <a href="/cev/revelation/18.htm">Contemporary English Version</a> Every merchant on earth will mourn, because there is no one to buy their goods. <a href="/erv/revelation/18.htm">English Revised Version</a> And the merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her, for no man buyeth their merchandise any more; <a href="/gwt/revelation/18.htm">GOD'S WORD® Translation</a> "The merchants of the earth cry and mourn over her, because no one buys their cargo anymore. <a href="/gnt/revelation/18.htm">Good News Translation</a> The merchants of the earth also cry and mourn for her, because no one buys their goods any longer; <a href="/isv/revelation/18.htm">International Standard Version</a> The world's businesses cry and mourn over her, because no one buys their cargo anymore— <a href="/msb/revelation/18.htm">Majority Standard Bible</a> And the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her, because there is no one left to buy their cargo? <a href="/net/revelation/18.htm">NET Bible</a> Then the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn for her because no one buys their cargo any longer-- <a href="/nheb/revelation/18.htm">New Heart English Bible</a> The merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her, for no one buys their merchandise any more; <a href="/wbt/revelation/18.htm">Webster's Bible Translation</a> And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buyeth their merchandise any more: <a href="/wey/revelation/18.htm">Weymouth New Testament</a> And the merchants of the earth weep aloud and lament over her, because now there is no sale for their cargoes-- <a href="/web/revelation/18.htm">World English Bible</a> The merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her, for no one buys their merchandise any more: <div class="vheading2">Literal Translations</div><a href="/lsv/revelation/18.htm">Literal Standard Version</a> And the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her, because no one buys their cargo anymore; <a href="/blb/revelation/18.htm">Berean Literal Bible</a> And the merchants of the earth weep and mourn for her, because no one buys their cargo any longer-- <a href="/ylt/revelation/18.htm">Young's Literal Translation</a> 'And the merchants of the earth shall weep and sorrow over her, because their lading no one doth buy any more; <a href="/slt/revelation/18.htm">Smith's Literal Translation</a> And the wholesale merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for their cargo will none purchase more:<div class="vheading2">Catholic Translations</div><a href="/drb/revelation/18.htm">Douay-Rheims Bible</a> And the merchants of the earth shall weep, and mourn over her: for no man shall buy their merchandise any more. <a href="/cpdv/revelation/18.htm">Catholic Public Domain Version</a> And the businessmen of the earth shall weep and mourn over her, because no one will buy their merchandise anymore: <a href="/nabre/revelation/18.htm">New American Bible</a> The merchants of the earth will weep and mourn for her, because there will be no more markets for their cargo: <a href="/nrsvce/revelation/18.htm">New Revised Standard Version</a> And the merchants of the earth weep and mourn for her, since no one buys their cargo anymore,<div class="vheading2">Translations from Aramaic</div><a href="/lamsa/revelation/18.htm">Lamsa Bible</a> And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buys their merchandise any more: <a href="/aramaic-plain-english/revelation/18.htm">Aramaic Bible in Plain English</a> And the merchants of The Earth will weep and grieve over her, and there is no one buying their cargo again:<div class="vheading2">NT Translations</div><a href="/anderson/revelation/18.htm">Anderson New Testament</a> And the merchants of the earth shall weep and lament over her, because no one buys their merchandise any more; <a href="/godbey/revelation/18.htm">Godbey New Testament</a> And the merchants of the earth are weeping and mourning over her; because no one any longer buys their merchandise: <a href="/haweis/revelation/18.htm">Haweis New Testament</a> And the merchants of the earth wept and wailed over her: because no man buyeth their merchandise any more: <a href="/mace/revelation/18.htm">Mace New Testament</a> the merchants of the earth shall bewail and mourn over her, because there are none to purchase their cargo: <a href="/wey/revelation/18.htm">Weymouth New Testament</a> And the merchants of the earth weep aloud and lament over her, because now there is no sale for their cargoes-- <a href="/worrell/revelation/18.htm">Worrell New Testament</a> "And the merchants of the earth weep and mourn over her; because no one buys their merchandise any more; <a href="/worsley/revelation/18.htm">Worsley New Testament</a> And the merchants of the earth shall bewail and mourn over her, because no one will buy their merchandize any more: <a href="/parallel/revelation/18-11.htm">Additional Translations ...</a></div></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="audio" id="audio"></a><div class="vheadingv">Audio Bible</div><iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LJfD7KQcx0I?start=3724" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="vheadingv">Context</div><a href="/bsb/revelation/18.htm">Lament over Babylon</a> …10In fear of her torment, they will stand at a distance and cry out: “Woe, woe to the great city, the mighty city of Babylon! For in a single hour your judgment has come.” 11<a href="/greek/2532.htm" title="2532: Kai (Conj) -- And, even, also, namely. ">And</a> <a href="/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: hoi (Art-NMP) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.">the</a> <a href="/greek/1713.htm" title="1713: emporoi (N-NMP) -- A merchant, trader; one on a journey. From en and the base of poreuomai; a tradesman.">merchants</a> <a href="/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: tēs (Art-GFS) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the.">of the</a> <a href="/greek/1093.htm" title="1093: gēs (N-GFS) -- Contracted from a primary word; soil; by extension a region, or the solid part or the whole of the terrene globe.">earth</a> <a href="/greek/2799.htm" title="2799: klaiousin (V-PIA-3P) -- To weep, weep for, mourn, lament. Of uncertain affinity; to sob, i.e. Wail aloud.">will weep</a> <a href="/greek/2532.htm" title="2532: kai (Conj) -- And, even, also, namely. ">and</a> <a href="/greek/3996.htm" title="3996: penthousin (V-PIA-3P) -- To mourn, lament, feel guilt. From penthos; to grieve.">mourn</a> <a href="/greek/1909.htm" title="1909: ep’ (Prep) -- On, to, against, on the basis of, at. ">over</a> <a href="/greek/846.htm" title="846: autēn (PPro-AF3S) -- He, she, it, they, them, same. From the particle au; the reflexive pronoun self, used of the third person, and of the other persons.">her,</a> <a href="/greek/3754.htm" title="3754: hoti (Conj) -- Neuter of hostis as conjunction; demonstrative, that; causative, because.">because there is</a> <a href="/greek/3762.htm" title="3762: oudeis (Adj-NMS) -- No one, none, nothing. ">no one</a> <a href="/greek/3765.htm" title="3765: ouketi (Adv) -- No longer, no more. Also ouk eti from ou and eti; not yet, no longer.">left</a> <a href="/greek/59.htm" title="59: agorazei (V-PIA-3S) -- To buy. From agora; properly, to go to market, i.e. to purchase; specially, to redeem.">to buy</a> <a href="/greek/846.htm" title="846: autōn (PPro-GM3P) -- He, she, it, they, them, same. From the particle au; the reflexive pronoun self, used of the third person, and of the other persons.">their</a> <a href="/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: ton (Art-AMS) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the."></a> <a href="/greek/1117.htm" title="1117: gomon (N-AMS) -- A cargo, freight. From gemo; a load, i.e. a cargo, or wares.">cargo—</a> 12cargo of gold, silver, precious stones, and pearls; of fine linen, purple, silk, and scarlet; of all kinds of citron wood and every article of ivory, precious wood, bronze, iron, and marble;…<div class="cred"><a href="//berean.bible">Berean Standard Bible</a> · <a href="//berean.bible/downloads.htm">Download</a></div> <a name="crossref" id="crossref"></a><div class="vheading">Cross References</div><div id="crf"><a href="/ezekiel/27-12.htm">Ezekiel 27:12-25</a> Tarshish was your merchant because of your great wealth of goods; they exchanged silver, iron, tin, and lead for your wares. / Javan, Tubal, and Meshech were your merchants. They exchanged slaves and bronze utensils for your merchandise. / The men of Beth-togarmah exchanged horses, war horses, and mules for your wares. ... <a href="/isaiah/47-15.htm">Isaiah 47:15</a> This is what they are to you—those with whom you have labored and traded from youth—each one strays in his own direction; not one of them can save you. <a href="/jeremiah/51-8.htm">Jeremiah 51:8-9</a> Suddenly Babylon has fallen and been shattered. Wail for her; get her balm for her pain; perhaps she can be healed. / “We tried to heal Babylon, but she could not be healed. Abandon her! Let each of us go to his own land, for her judgment extends to the sky and reaches to the clouds.” <a href="/zephaniah/1-11.htm">Zephaniah 1:11</a> Wail, O dwellers of the Hollow, for all your merchants will be silenced; all who weigh out silver will be cut off. <a href="/james/5-1.htm">James 5:1-3</a> Come now, you who are rich, weep and wail over the misery to come upon you. / Your riches have rotted and moths have eaten your clothes. / Your gold and silver are corroded. Their corrosion will testify against you and consume your flesh like fire. You have hoarded treasure in the last days. <a href="/isaiah/13-19.htm">Isaiah 13:19-22</a> And Babylon, the jewel of the kingdoms, the glory of the pride of the Chaldeans, will be overthrown by God like Sodom and Gomorrah. / She will never be inhabited or settled from generation to generation; no nomad will pitch his tent there, no shepherd will rest his flock there. / But desert creatures will lie down there, and howling creatures will fill her houses. Ostriches will dwell there, and wild goats will leap about. ... <a href="/jeremiah/50-37.htm">Jeremiah 50:37</a> A sword is against her horses and chariots and against all the foreigners in her midst, and they will become like women. A sword is against her treasuries, and they will be plundered. <a href="/ezekiel/26-17.htm">Ezekiel 26:17-18</a> Then they will lament for you, saying, “How you have perished, O city of renown inhabited by seafaring men—she who was powerful on the sea, along with her people, who imposed terror on all peoples! / Now the coastlands tremble on the day of your downfall; the islands in the sea are dismayed by your demise.”’ <a href="/nahum/3-4.htm">Nahum 3:4-7</a> because of the many harlotries of the harlot, the seductive mistress of sorcery, who betrays nations by her prostitution and clans by her witchcraft. / “Behold, I am against you,” declares the LORD of Hosts. “I will lift your skirts over your face. I will show your nakedness to the nations and your shame to the kingdoms. / I will pelt you with filth and treat you with contempt; I will make a spectacle of you. ... <a href="/isaiah/23-1.htm">Isaiah 23:1-9</a> This is the burden against Tyre: Wail, O ships of Tarshish, for Tyre is laid waste, without house or harbor. Word has reached them from the land of Cyprus. / Be silent, O dwellers of the coastland, you merchants of Sidon, whose traders have crossed the sea. / On the great waters came the grain of Shihor; the harvest of the Nile was the revenue of Tyre; she was the merchant of the nations. ... <a href="/jeremiah/25-34.htm">Jeremiah 25:34-36</a> Wail, you shepherds, and cry out; roll in the dust, you leaders of the flock. For the days of your slaughter have come; you will fall and be shattered like fine pottery. / Flight will evade the shepherds, and escape will elude the leaders of the flock. / Hear the cry of the shepherds, the wailing of the leaders of the flock, for the LORD is destroying their pasture. <a href="/1_timothy/6-9.htm">1 Timothy 6:9-10</a> Those who want to be rich, however, fall into temptation and become ensnared by many foolish and harmful desires that plunge them into ruin and destruction. / For the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil. By craving it, some have wandered away from the faith and pierced themselves with many sorrows. <a href="/isaiah/24-8.htm">Isaiah 24:8-12</a> The joyful tambourines have ceased; the noise of revelers has stopped; the joyful harp is silent. / They no longer sing and drink wine; strong drink is bitter to those who consume it. / The city of chaos is shattered; every house is closed to entry. ... <a href="/jeremiah/48-31.htm">Jeremiah 48:31-33</a> Therefore I will wail for Moab; I will cry out for all of Moab; I will moan for the men of Kir-heres. / I will weep for you, O vine of Sibmah, more than I weep for Jazer. Your tendrils have extended to the sea; they reach even to Jazer. The destroyer has descended on your summer fruit and grape harvest. / Joy and gladness are removed from the orchard and from the fields of Moab. I have stopped the flow of wine from the presses; no one treads them with shouts of joy; their shouts are not for joy. <a href="/ezekiel/28-16.htm">Ezekiel 28:16-18</a> By the vastness of your trade, you were filled with violence, and you sinned. So I drove you in disgrace from the mountain of God, and I banished you, O guardian cherub, from among the fiery stones. / Your heart grew proud of your beauty; you corrupted your wisdom because of your splendor; so I cast you to the earth; I made you a spectacle before kings. / By the multitude of your iniquities and the dishonesty of your trading you have profaned your sanctuaries. So I made fire come from within you, and it consumed you. I reduced you to ashes on the ground in the eyes of all who saw you.</div> <a name="tsk" id="tsk"><div class="vheading">Treasury of Scripture</div>And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buys their merchandise any more:the merchants.<a href="/revelation/18-3.htm">Revelation 18:3,9,15,20,23</a> For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies… <a href="/revelation/13-16.htm">Revelation 13:16,17</a> And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: … <a href="/isaiah/23-1.htm">Isaiah 23:1-15</a> The burden of Tyre. Howl, ye ships of Tarshish; for it is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in: from the land of Chittim it is revealed to them… buyeth.<a href="/proverbs/3-14.htm">Proverbs 3:14</a> For the merchandise of it is better than the merchandise of silver, and the gain thereof than fine gold.<a href="/matthew/22-5.htm">Matthew 22:5</a> But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his farm, another to his merchandise:<a href="/john/2-16.htm">John 2:16</a> And said unto them that sold doves, Take these things hence; make not my Father's house an house of merchandise.<div class="vheading">Jump to Previous</div><a href="/revelation/18-9.htm">Aloud</a> <a href="/revelation/13-17.htm">Buy</a> <a href="/matthew/13-44.htm">Buyeth</a> <a href="/matthew/13-46.htm">Buys</a> <a href="/acts/27-18.htm">Cargo</a> <a href="/1_kings/10-11.htm">Cargoes</a> <a href="/revelation/18-9.htm">Crying</a> <a href="/revelation/11-6.htm">Desire</a> <a href="/revelation/18-9.htm">Earth</a> <a href="/revelation/3-17.htm">Goods</a> <a href="/james/4-9.htm">Grieve</a> <a href="/revelation/18-9.htm">Lament</a> <a href="/2_peter/2-3.htm">Merchandise</a> <a href="/revelation/18-3.htm">Merchants</a> <a href="/revelation/18-9.htm">Mourn</a> <a href="/1_corinthians/10-25.htm">Sale</a> <a href="/revelation/18-8.htm">Sorrow</a> <a href="/2_peter/2-3.htm">Traders</a> <a href="/revelation/18-9.htm">Weep</a> <a href="/revelation/5-5.htm">Weeping</a><div class="vheading2">Jump to Next</div><a href="/revelation/18-15.htm">Aloud</a> <a href="/genesis/41-57.htm">Buy</a> <a href="/genesis/33-19.htm">Buyeth</a> <a href="/leviticus/22-11.htm">Buys</a> <a href="/ezekiel/27-25.htm">Cargo</a> <a href="/revelation/18-12.htm">Cargoes</a> <a href="/revelation/18-15.htm">Crying</a> <a href="/revelation/18-14.htm">Desire</a> <a href="/revelation/18-23.htm">Earth</a> <a href="/revelation/18-12.htm">Goods</a> <a href="/1_samuel/2-33.htm">Grieve</a> <a href="/judges/11-40.htm">Lament</a> <a href="/revelation/18-12.htm">Merchandise</a> <a href="/revelation/18-15.htm">Merchants</a> <a href="/revelation/18-15.htm">Mourn</a> <a href="/leviticus/25-14.htm">Sale</a> <a href="/revelation/18-16.htm">Sorrow</a> <a href="/revelation/18-15.htm">Traders</a> <a href="/revelation/18-15.htm">Weep</a> <a href="/revelation/18-15.htm">Weeping</a><div class="vheading2">Revelation 18</div>1. <a href="/revelation/18-1.htm">Babylon is fallen.</a> 4. <a href="/revelation/18-4.htm">People commanded to depart out of her.</a> 9. <a href="/revelation/18-9.htm">The kings of the earth, with the merchants and mariners, lament over her.</a> 20. <a href="/revelation/18-20.htm">The saints rejoice for the judgments of God upon her.</a> </div></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script> <script id="b817b7107f1d4a7997da1b3c33457e03"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=cb0edd8b-b416-47eb-8c6d-3cc96561f7e8&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-2'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-0' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-3'> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-1' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div>  <div align="center" id='div-gpt-ad-1531425649696-0'> </div> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:200px;height:200px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3753401421161123" data-ad-slot="3592799687"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </td></tr></table></div></div></div><div id="combox"><div class="padcom"><a name="study" id="study"></a><div class="vheading"><table width="100%"><tr><td width="99%" valign="top"><a href="/study/revelation/18.htm">Study Bible</a></td><td width="1%" valign="top"><a href="/study/revelation/" title="Book Summary and Study">Book ◦</a> <a href="/study/chapters/revelation/18.htm" title="Chapter summary and Study">Chapter </a></tr></table></div>And the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her This phrase highlights the global impact of Babylon's fall, symbolizing a powerful economic center. Merchants represent those who profit from trade and commerce, and their mourning indicates the loss of economic prosperity. In biblical context, Babylon often symbolizes a system of worldly wealth and corruption. The merchants' grief reflects their dependence on this system, reminiscent of <a href="/ezekiel/27.htm">Ezekiel 27</a>, where the fall of Tyre, another great trading city, leads to widespread lamentation. This mourning is not out of love for Babylon but for the loss of their own wealth and status.because there is no one left to buy their cargo— The cessation of trade underscores the complete destruction of Babylon's economic power. This phrase suggests a sudden and total collapse, leaving merchants without a market for their goods. Historically, cities like Babylon and Tyre were centers of trade, and their fall would have had significant economic repercussions. Theologically, this can be seen as a judgment against materialism and the idolatry of wealth, echoing Jesus' teachings in <a href="/matthew/6-19.htm">Matthew 6:19-21</a> about storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth. The prophecy serves as a warning against placing trust in worldly systems that are ultimately temporary and subject to divine judgment.<div class="vheading2">Persons / Places / Events</div>1. <a href="/topical/m/merchants_of_the_earth.htm">Merchants of the Earth</a> These are the traders and business people who have profited from the wealth and luxury of Babylon. Their mourning signifies the collapse of the economic system they relied upon. 2. <a href="/topical/b/babylon.htm">Babylon</a> Symbolically represents a powerful, corrupt system or city that has fallen under God's judgment. It is often interpreted as a representation of worldly wealth and decadence. 3. <a href="/topical/w/weeping_and_mourning.htm">Weeping and Mourning</a> This reaction indicates the deep loss and despair felt by those who have placed their trust in material wealth and the corrupt systems of the world.<div class="vheading2">Teaching Points</div><a href="/topical/t/the_transience_of_earthly_wealth.htm">The Transience of Earthly Wealth</a> Earthly wealth is temporary and unreliable. Christians are encouraged to focus on eternal treasures rather than material possessions. <a href="/topical/t/the_danger_of_idolatry.htm">The Danger of Idolatry</a> Placing trust in wealth or economic systems can become a form of idolatry. Believers should ensure their trust is in God alone. <a href="/topical/g/god's_sovereign_judgment.htm">God's Sovereign Judgment</a> God's judgment is inevitable and just. The fall of Babylon serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority over all earthly powers. <a href="/topical/t/the_call_to_spiritual_readiness.htm">The Call to Spiritual Readiness</a> Christians should live in a state of spiritual readiness, understanding that worldly systems can collapse suddenly. <a href="/topical/c/compassion_for_the_lost.htm">Compassion for the Lost</a> The mourning of the merchants can remind believers to have compassion for those who are lost in materialism and to share the hope of the Gospel.<div class="vheading2">Lists and Questions</div><a href="/top10/lessons_from_revelation_18.htm">Top 10 Lessons from Revelation 18</a> <a href="/q/who_are_revelation's_two_witnesses.htm">Who are the two witnesses in Revelation?</a> <a href="/q/who's_the_whore_of_babylon.htm">Who is the Whore of Babylon in biblical prophecy?</a> <a href="/q/what_is_babylon's_fall_in_rev_18_2.htm">What does Revelation 18:2 mean by Babylon's fall?</a> <a href="/q/evidence_babylon_enriched_all_nations.htm">Revelation 18:3 - Does any historical or archaeological evidence support the claim that 'all the nations' and world merchants became wealthy solely because of Babylon?</a><a name="commentary" id="commentary"></a><div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/ellicott/revelation/18.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</a></div>(11-13) And the merchants of the earth . . .--Better, The merchants of the earth weep and mourn (not "shall weep;" the vividness of the description is intensified by the use of the present tense) over her; because their cargo no one buyeth any longer--the cargo of gold, &c. The list of the cargoes and merchandise is not without arrangement. The various goods are placed in groups. The treasures come first--gold, silver, precious stones, and pearls. The soft goods used for raiment are placed next--fine linen, purple, silk and scarlet; in the description of Dives, clothed in purple and fine linen (Byssus, the same word as here), we have a suggestive resemblance. Materials used in giving splendour to the furnishing of houses come next. Thyine wood, and every article (vessel, as in the English version, is hardly wide enough in meaning) of ivory, costly wood, brass, iron, and marble. The thyine wood was derived probably from a kind of citron-tree of African growth; the wood was sweet-scented, and was a favourite wood for doors, panels, and ceilings; its rich brown hue was often relieved by inlaid ivory. To articles used in furniture aromatics succeed. Cinnamon, amomum (this is omitted in the English version, but authority is in favour of its insertion), odours, ointments, and frankincense. Cinnamon, on its use, comp. <a href="/context/exodus/30-2.htm" title="A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof; foursquare shall it be: and two cubits shall be the height thereof: the horns thereof shall be of the same.">Exodus 30:2-3</a>; it was one of the perfumes employed to enhance the delight of the voluptuary (<a href="/proverbs/7-17.htm" title="I have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon.">Proverbs 7:17</a>). It is doubtful whether it is the same as our modern cinnamon. Amomum, a kind of sweet-scented shrub, yielding an ointment much used for the hair. Odours, employed in incense. Next come articles of food--wine, oil, fine meal, wheat, cattle, and sheep. Then come the equipages--horses and chariots. The chariot (rheda) was a vehicle much used in Rome by the wealthy classes. Lastly, the traffic in human beings closes the list. Slaves (literally, bodies, and souls of men. There is perhaps an allusion specially to those slaves who were attached to the chariots or litters used by the rich. The traffic in slaves ("persons of men") is mentioned as part of the commerce of Tyre (<a href="/ezekiel/27-13.htm" title="Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, they were your merchants: they traded the persons of men and vessels of brass in your market.">Ezekiel 27:13</a>). The number of slaves in Rome was enormous. "Souls of men." The climax of wicked worldliness is reached in this last; it gives the finishing touch to the picture of society wholly engrossed in pleasure and indolence and selfishness, which lays every market under tribute to add to its luxuriousness, and sacrifices not only the happiness, but the lives and liberties of their fellow-creatures, to their own enjoyment. It has been said that the general description here does not suit Rome, as Rome never was, and never could be, a commercial centre; but the picture is designed to show the corrupt luxury and voluptuousness of society in great Babylon, not necessarily the accumulated merchandize of a great commercial city. The various wares are "for her use and consumption," not for her to sell. All the avenues from every distant spot of the earth found their focus in Rome; her existence, her political supremacy, and her luxuriousness of living, created and sustained all the commercial activity here described; with her fall, the hope of their gains passed from the merchants of the earth. Compare the language of Gibbon:--"The most remote countries of the ancient world were ransacked to supply the pomp and delicacy of Rome. The forests of Scythia afforded some valuable furs; amber was brought from the shores of the Baltic and the Danube; and the barbarians were astonished at the price which they received for so useless a commodity. There was a considerable demand for Babylonian carpets and other manufactures of the East; but the most important and unpopular branch of foreign trade was carried on with Arabia and India. Every year, about the time of the summer solstice, a fleet of an hundred and twenty vessels sailed from Myos-hormos, a port of Egypt on the Red Sea. The coast of Malabar or the island of Ceylon was the usual term of their navigation, and it was in those markets that the merchants from the more remote countries of Asia expected their arrival. The return of the fleet was fixed to the months of December or January; and as soon as their rich cargo had been transported on the backs of camels, from the Red Sea to the Nile, and had descended that river as far as Alexandria, it was poured without delay into the capital of the Empire. The objects of Oriental traffic were splendid and trifling: silk, a pound of which was esteemed in value not inferior to a pound of gold; precious stones also, among which the pearl claimed the first rank after the diamond, and a variety of aromatics that were consumed in religious worship and the pomp of funerals. The labour and risk of the voyage was rewarded with almost incredible profits; but the profits were made upon Roman subjects, and a few individuals were enriched at the expense of the public" (Gibbon's Decline and Fall, vol. i., Rev. ii.).<div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/pulpit/revelation/18.htm">Pulpit Commentary</a></div>Verse 11. - And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her. Weep and mourn; the historical present (see on ver. 9). The kings have been mentioned; the merchants and next the seamen are referred to, showing the wide distribution of "Babylon," and forbidding the application to a single state or city. The description which follows is analogous to that in <a href="/ezekiel/27.htm">Ezekiel 27</a>; <a href="/isaiah/23.htm">Isaiah 23</a>. For no man buyeth their merchandise any more; their cargo. We are naturally reminded of the action of the second beast in forbidding to buy and sell (<a href="/revelation/13-17.htm">Revelation 13:17</a>). Alford here recognizes the difficulty in applying the prophecy to Rome, either pagan or papal, and adds, "I leave this difficulty unsolved .... The details of this mercantile lamentation far more nearly suit London than Rome." (See the interpretation given of the harlot and Babylon on Revelation 17:1.) <a href="/commentaries/revelation/18-11.htm">Parallel Commentaries ...</a> <a name="lexicon" id="lexicon"></a><div class="vheading">Greek</div>And Καὶ (Kai) Conjunction <a href="/greek/strongs_2532.htm">Strong's 2532: </a> And, even, also, namely. the οἱ (hoi) Article - Nominative Masculine Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_3588.htm">Strong's 3588: </a> The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the. merchants ἔμποροι (emporoi) Noun - Nominative Masculine Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_1713.htm">Strong's 1713: </a> A merchant, trader; one on a journey. From en and the base of poreuomai; a tradesman. of the τῆς (tēs) Article - Genitive Feminine Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_3588.htm">Strong's 3588: </a> The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the. earth γῆς (gēs) Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_1093.htm">Strong's 1093: </a> Contracted from a primary word; soil; by extension a region, or the solid part or the whole of the terrene globe. will weep κλαίουσιν (klaiousin) Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_2799.htm">Strong's 2799: </a> To weep, weep for, mourn, lament. Of uncertain affinity; to sob, i.e. Wail aloud. and καὶ (kai) Conjunction <a href="/greek/strongs_2532.htm">Strong's 2532: </a> And, even, also, namely. mourn πενθοῦσιν (penthousin) Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_3996.htm">Strong's 3996: </a> To mourn, lament, feel guilt. From penthos; to grieve. over ἐπ’ (ep’) Preposition <a href="/greek/strongs_1909.htm">Strong's 1909: </a> On, to, against, on the basis of, at. her, αὐτήν (autēn) Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Feminine 3rd Person Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_846.htm">Strong's 846: </a> He, she, it, they, them, same. From the particle au; the reflexive pronoun self, used of the third person, and of the other persons. because [there is] ὅτι (hoti) Conjunction <a href="/greek/strongs_3754.htm">Strong's 3754: </a> Neuter of hostis as conjunction; demonstrative, that; causative, because. no one οὐδεὶς (oudeis) Adjective - Nominative Masculine Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_3762.htm">Strong's 3762: </a> No one, none, nothing. left οὐκέτι (ouketi) Adverb <a href="/greek/strongs_3765.htm">Strong's 3765: </a> No longer, no more. Also ouk eti from ou and eti; not yet, no longer. to buy ἀγοράζει (agorazei) Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_59.htm">Strong's 59: </a> To buy. From agora; properly, to go to market, i.e. to purchase; specially, to redeem. their αὐτῶν (autōn) Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural <a href="/greek/strongs_846.htm">Strong's 846: </a> He, she, it, they, them, same. From the particle au; the reflexive pronoun self, used of the third person, and of the other persons. cargo— γόμον (gomon) Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular <a href="/greek/strongs_1117.htm">Strong's 1117: </a> A cargo, freight. From gemo; a load, i.e. a cargo, or wares. <div class="vheading">Links</div><a href="/niv/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 NIV</a> <a href="/nlt/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 NLT</a> <a href="/esv/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 ESV</a> <a href="/nasb/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 NASB</a> <a href="/kjv/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 KJV</a> <a href="//bibleapps.com/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 BibleApps.com</a> <a href="//bibliaparalela.com/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 Biblia Paralela</a> <a href="//holybible.com.cn/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 Chinese Bible</a> <a href="//saintebible.com/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 French Bible</a> <a href="/catholic/revelation/18-11.htm">Revelation 18:11 Catholic Bible</a> <a href="/revelation/18-11.htm">NT Prophecy: Revelation 18:11 The merchants of the earth weep (Rev. Re Apocalypse)</a></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="left"><a href="/revelation/18-10.htm" onmouseover='lft.src="/leftgif.png"' onmouseout='lft.src="/left.png"' title="Revelation 18:10"><img src="/left.png" name="lft" border="0" alt="Revelation 18:10" /></a></div><div id="right"><a href="/revelation/18-12.htm" onmouseover='rght.src="/rightgif.png"' onmouseout='rght.src="/right.png"' title="Revelation 18:12"><img src="/right.png" name="rght" border="0" alt="Revelation 18:12" /></a></div><div id="botleft"><a href="#" onmouseover='botleft.src="/botleftgif.png"' onmouseout='botleft.src="/botleft.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botleft.png" name="botleft" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="botright"><a href="#" onmouseover='botright.src="/botrightgif.png"' onmouseout='botright.src="/botright.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botright.png" name="botright" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="bot"><iframe width="100%" height="1500" scrolling="no" src="/botmenubhnew2.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></td></tr></table></div></body></html>