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Any substantive edit to this page should reflect <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content">talk page</a>.</td> <td class="mbox-imageright"> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 1px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.1em"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;"><span id="WP:NFC"></span><span id="WP:NONFREE"></span><span id="WP:FAIR"></span><small><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:<br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NFC" title="Wikipedia:NFC" class="mw-redirect">WP:NFC</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NONFREE" title="Wikipedia:NONFREE" class="mw-redirect">WP:NONFREE</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAIR" title="Wikipedia:FAIR" class="mw-redirect">WP:FAIR</a></small></th> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" style=""> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nutshell.png" class="image" title="Nutshell.png"><img alt="" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Nutshell.png" width="30" height="30" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Non-free or copyrighted content can only be used in specific cases and only in as few cases as possible. <p>Non-free media may be used in articles only if:</p> <ol> <li>Its usage would be considered <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> in United States copyright law,</li> <li>It's used for a purpose that can't be fulfilled by free material (text or images, existing or to be created),</li> <li>The usage of the non-free media complies with the above and the rest of the Non-free content criteria, and</li> <li>It has a valid <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FURG" title="Wikipedia:FURG" class="mw-redirect">rationale</a> indicating why its usage would be considered fair use within Wikipedia policy and US law.</li> </ol> </td> </tr> </table> <dl> <dd> <div class="dablink">"WP:FU" redirects here. For <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fair_use" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fair use">Wikipedia:WikiProject Fair use</a>, see <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WPFU" title="Wikipedia:WPFU" class="mw-redirect">WP:WPFU</a>.</div> <div class="dablink">"WP:FUI" redirects here. For <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Motto_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Motto of the day">Wikipedia:Motto of the day</a>'s frequently used idea area, see <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOTD/FUI" title="Wikipedia:MOTD/FUI" class="mw-redirect">WP:MOTD/FUI</a>.</div> </dd> </dl> <p>On Wikipedia, our goal is to be a <b><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_culture_movement" title="Free culture movement">free content</a></b> encyclopedia, with free content defined as any content granting the right to redistribute, study, modify and improve, and otherwise use the works for <b>any purpose</b> in <b>any medium</b>, even <b>commercially</b>. But, because <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_Libre" title="Gratis versus Libre">free as in cost and free as in freedom</a> are two entirely different things, images freely available on the internet may still be inappropriate for Wikipedia. <i>Any</i> content which does not satisfy any of the criteria, such as "non-commercial use" only images, images with permission for use on Wikipedia only, or images that are fully <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a> are classified as <b>non-free</b>.</p> <p>The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing policy of the Wikimedia Foundation</a> requires that all content hosted on Wikipedia be free content. However, there are exceptions. The policy allows projects to adopt an <i>exemption doctrine policy</i>, allowing the use of non-free content within narrowly defined limits. There are situations where acquiring a freely licensed image for a particular subject may not be possible; in these cases non-free content can be used on Wikipedia, but only within the doctrine of <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>. The use of non-free images on Wikipedia must fall within <a href="#Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines" title="">purposely stricter standards</a> than defined by <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a> as defined by our non-free content criteria as described below.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Policy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Rationale"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rationale</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Policy_2"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Policy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Enforcement"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Enforcement</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Guideline_examples"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Guideline examples</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Acceptable_use"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Acceptable use</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Text"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Text</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Audio_clips"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Audio clips</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Images"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Images</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Unacceptable_use"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Unacceptable use</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Text_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Text</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Multimedia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Multimedia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Images_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Images</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Non-free image use in list articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Non-free_image_use_in_galleries"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Non-free image use in galleries</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Implementation_and_enforcement"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Implementation and enforcement</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation of policy and guidelines</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Legal_position"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Legal position</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#In_general"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">In general</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Applied_to_Wikipedia"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Applied to Wikipedia</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Other_Wikimedia_projects"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Other Wikimedia projects</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Policy" id="Policy"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Policy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Policy</span></h2> <table class="messagebox"> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="image" title="Yes check.svg"><img alt="" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="30" height="30" border="0"/></a></td> <td><b>The following section of this page is an <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">official policy</a> on Wikipedia.</b> It is considered a standard that all users should follow. <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold_in_updating_pages" title="Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages" class="mw-redirect">Feel free</a> to edit this section as needed, but please make sure that changes you make to this policy reflect <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> before you make them.</td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear: both; width: 99%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 3px; background: #F3F9FF; border: 1px solid #8888aa; text-align: left"> <p><b>Transcluded from <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria</a>; this is the part of the current page that is official policy</b></p> <dl> <dd><i>For the full non-free content use guideline (including this policy and its criteria) see <strong class="selflink">Wikipedia:Non-free content</strong>.</i></dd> <dd><i>As per the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy">March 23, 2007 Wikimedia Foundation Licensing policy resolution</a> this document serves as the <b>Exemption Doctrine Policy</b> for the English Wikipedia.</i></dd> </dl> <a name="Rationale" id="Rationale"></a> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Rationale</span></h3> <ul> <li>To support Wikipedia's mission to produce perpetually <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free</a> content for unlimited distribution, modification and application by all users in all media.</li> <li>To minimize legal exposure by limiting the amount of non-free content, using more narrowly defined criteria than apply under <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">United States fair use law</a>.</li> <li>To facilitate the judicious use of non-free content to support the development of a quality encyclopedia.</li> </ul> <a name="Policy_2" id="Policy_2"></a> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Policy</span></h3> <p>For the purposes of this policy "non-free content" means all copyrighted images, audio and video clips, and other media files that lack a <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Free_licenses" title="Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Free licenses">free content license</a>. There is no automatic entitlement to use non-free content in an article. Such material may be used on the English Wikipedia only where all 10 of the following criteria are met.</p> <ol> <li><span id="FUC1"></span><span id="NFCC1"></span><span id="1"></span><b>No free equivalent.</b> Non-free content is used only where no free equivalent is available, or could be created, that would serve the same encyclopedic purpose. Where possible, non-free content is transformed into free material instead of using a fair-use defense, or replaced with a freer alternative if one of acceptable quality is available; "acceptable quality" means a quality sufficient to serve the encyclopedic purpose. (As a quick test, before adding non-free content requiring a rationale, ask yourself: "Can this non-free content be replaced by a free version that has the same effect?" and "Could the subject be adequately conveyed by text without using the non-free content at all?" If the answer to either is yes, the non-free content probably does not meet this criterion.)</li> <li><span id="FUC2"></span><span id="NFCC2"></span><span id="2"></span><b>Respect for commercial opportunities.</b> Non-free content is not used in a manner that is likely to replace the original market role of the original copyrighted media.</li> <li><span id="FUC3"></span><span id="NFCC3"></span><span id="3"></span> <ol type="a"> <li><span id="FUC3a"></span><span id="NFCC3a"></span><span id="3a"></span><b>Minimal usage.</b> Multiple items of non-free content are not used if one item can convey equivalent significant information.</li> <li><span id="FUC3b"></span><span id="NFCC3b"></span><span id="3b"></span><b>Minimal extent of use</b>. An entire work is not used if a portion will suffice. Low- rather than high-resolution/fidelity/bit rate is used (especially where the original could be used for deliberate copyright infringement). This rule also applies to the copy in the File: namespace.</li> </ol> </li> <li><span id="FUC4"></span><span id="NFCC4"></span><span id="4"></span><b>Previous publication.</b> Non-free content must have been published or publicly displayed outside Wikipedia.</li> <li><span id="FUC5"></span><span id="NFCC5"></span><span id="5"></span><b>Content.</b> Non-free content meets general Wikipedia content standards and is encyclopedic.</li> <li><span id="FUC6"></span><span id="NFCC6"></span><span id="6"></span><b>Media-specific policy.</b> The material meets Wikipedia's media-specific policy. For example, images must meet <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Wikipedia:Image use policy</a>.</li> <li><span id="FUC7"></span><span id="NFCC7"></span><span id="7"></span><b>One-article minimum.</b> Non-free content is <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Orphaned_non-free_use_Wikipedia_files" title="Category:Orphaned non-free use Wikipedia files">used in at least one article</a>.</li> <li><span id="FUC8"></span><span id="NFCC8"></span><span id="8"></span><b>Significance.</b> Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding.</li> <li><span id="FUC9"></span><span id="NFCC9"></span><span id="9"></span><b>Restrictions on location.</b> Non-free content is allowed only in articles (not <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DISAMBIGUATION" title="Wikipedia:DISAMBIGUATION" class="mw-redirect">disambiguation pages</a>), and only in article <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NS" title="Wikipedia:NS" class="mw-redirect">namespace</a>, subject to <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria_exemptions" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria exemptions">exemptions</a>. (To prevent an image category from displaying thumbnails, add __NOGALLERY__ to it; images are linked, not inlined, from talk pages when they are a topic of discussion.)</li> <li><span id="FUC10"></span><span id="NFCC10"></span><span id="10"></span><b>Image description page.</b> The image or media description page contains the following: <ol type="a"> <li><span id="FUC10a"></span><span id="NFCC10a"></span><span id="10a"></span>Attribution of the source of the material and, if different from the source, of the copyright holder. <i>See: <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#When_uploading_an_image" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources#When uploading an image</a></i>.</li> <li>A copyright tag that indicates which Wikipedia policy provision is claimed to permit the use. <i>For a list of image copyright tags, see <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free content" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free content</a></i>.</li> <li><span id="FUC10c"></span><span id="NFCC10c"></span><span id="10c"></span>The name of each article (a link to each article is also recommended) in which fair use is claimed for the item, and a separate, specific fair-use rationale for each use of the item, as explained at <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_use_rationale_guideline" title="Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline">Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline</a>. The rationale is presented in clear, plain language and is relevant to each use.</li> </ol> </li> </ol> <a name="Enforcement" id="Enforcement"></a> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Enforcement</span></h3> <ul> <li>A file with a valid non-free-use rationale for some (but not all) articles it is used in will not be deleted. Instead, the file should be removed from the articles for which it lacks a non-free-use rationale, or a suitable rationale added.</li> <li>A file on which non-free use is claimed that is used in no article (criterion 7) may be deleted seven days after notification.</li> <li>A file in use in an article and uploaded after 13 July 2006 that does not comply with this policy 48 hours after notification to the uploading editor <i>will be deleted</i>. To avoid deletion, the uploading editor or another Wikipedian will need to provide a convincing non-free-use defence that satisfies all 10 criteria. For an image in use in an article that was uploaded before 13 July 2006, the 48-hour period is extended to seven days. <ul> <li>Note that it is for users seeking to include or retain content to provide a valid rationale, not for those seeking to remove or delete it to show that one cannot be created. See <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof" title="Burden of proof">burden of proof</a>.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Deletion criteria for non-free content are specified in <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#Images.2Fmedia" title="Wikipedia:CSD" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion</a>.</p> </div> <table style="padding:0.3em; float:right; margin-left:15px; margin-bottom:8px; border:1px solid #A3B1BF; background:#f5faff; text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:1.5em;;"> <tr> <th style="background:#cee0f2; padding:0.3em; font-size:1.1em;"><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia copyright</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em; font-size:0.9em; background-color:#cee0f2;">Policy</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright policy</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violation policy</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">Reusing Wikipedia content</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">Text of the GFDL</a><br/></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em; font-size:0.9em; background-color:#cee0f2;">Guidelines</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">Public domain content</a><br/> <strong class="selflink">Non-free content</strong><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Category:Wikipedia copyright">Copyright information index</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em; font-size:0.9em; background-color:#cee0f2;">Processes</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Suspected_copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Suspected copyright violations">Suspected copyright violations</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Copyright problems</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em; font-size:0.9em; background-color:#cee0f2;">Resources</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems">General help</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_assistance" title="Wikipedia:Copyright assistance">Copyright assistance</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions" title="Wikipedia:Media copyright questions">Media copyright questions</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requesting_copyright_permission" title="Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission">Requesting copyright permission</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags" title="Wikipedia:Image copyright tags">Image copyright tags</a><br/> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Donating_copyrighted_materials" title="Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials">Donating copyrighted material</a></td> </tr> </table> <p><a name="Guideline_examples" id="Guideline_examples"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Guideline examples">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Guideline examples</span></h2> <p><span id="Acceptable_use"></span><span id="Examples_of_acceptable_use"></span> Non-free content that meets all of the <i>policy</i> criteria above but does not fall under one of the designated categories below may or may not be allowable, depending on what the material is and how it is used. These examples are not meant to be exhaustive, and depending on the situation there are exceptions. When in doubt as to whether non-free content may be included, please make a judgement based on the spirit of the policy, not necessarily the exact wording. If you want help in assessing whether a use is acceptable, please ask at <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions" title="Wikipedia:Media copyright questions">Wikipedia:Media copyright questions</a>. <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyrights">Wikipedia talk:Copyrights</a>, <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems">Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems</a>, and <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content">Wikipedia talk:Non-free content</a> may also be useful. These are places where those who understand copyright law and Wikipedia policy are likely to be watching.</p> <dl> <dd><i>See also:</i> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches">Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches</a>, a guide to evaluating the acceptability of non-free images.</dd> </dl> <p><a name="Acceptable_use" id="Acceptable_use"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Acceptable use">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Acceptable use</span></h3> <p><a name="Text" id="Text"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Text">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Text</span></h4> <p>Brief <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotations</a> of copyrighted text may be used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea. Copyrighted text must be attributed and used verbatim. Any alterations must be clearly marked, i.e. [brackets] for added text, an ellipsis (...) for removed text, and emphasis noted after the quotation as "(emphasis added)" or "(emphasis in the original)". Extensive quotation of copyrighted text is prohibited.</p> <p><a name="Audio_clips" id="Audio_clips"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Audio clips">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Audio clips</span></h4> <ol> <li>Music clips may be used to identify a musical style, group, or iconic piece of music when accompanied by appropriate sourced commentary and attributed to the copyright holder. Samples should generally not be longer than 30 seconds or 10% of the length of the original song, whichever is shorter (see <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Music samples">Wikipedia:Music samples</a>).</li> <li>Spoken word clips of historical events, such as speeches by public figures, may be used when accompanied by appropriate sourced commentary and attributed to the speaker/author.</li> <li>For further information, see <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Music samples">Wikipedia:Music samples</a>.</li> </ol> <p><a name="Images" id="Images"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Images">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Images</span></h4> <p>Some copyrighted images may be used on Wikipedia, providing they meet both the legal criteria for fair use, and Wikipedia's own guidelines for non-free content. Copyrighted images that reasonably can be replaced by free/<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre" class="mw-redirect">libre</a> images are not suitable for Wikipedia.</p> <ol> <li><b>Cover art:</b> Cover art from various items, for identification <i>only in the context of</i> critical commentary <i>of that item</i> (not for identification <i>without</i> critical commentary).</li> <li><b>Team and corporate logos:</b> For identification. See <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Logos" title="Wikipedia:Logos">Wikipedia:Logos</a>.</li> <li><b>Stamps and currency:</b> For identification of the stamp or currency, <i>not</i> its subject.</li> <li><b>Other promotional material:</b> Posters, programs, billboards, ads. For critical commentary.</li> <li><b>Film and television screen shots:</b> For critical commentary and discussion of the cinema and television.</li> <li><b>Screenshots from software products:</b> For critical commentary.</li> <li><b>Paintings and other works of visual art:</b> For critical commentary, including images illustrative of a particular technique or school.</li> <li><span id="Iconic"></span><b>Images with iconic status or historical importance:</b> As subjects of commentary.</li> </ol> <p><span id="Counterexamples"></span><span id="Examples_of_unacceptable_use"></span></p> <p><a name="Unacceptable_use" id="Unacceptable_use"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unacceptable use">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Unacceptable use</span></h3> <p><a name="Text_2" id="Text_2"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Text">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Text</span></h4> <ol> <li>Unattributed pieces of text from a copyrighted source.</li> <li>Excessively long copyrighted excerpts.</li> <li>An image of a newspaper article or other publication that contains long legible sections of copyrighted text. If the text is important as a source or quotation, it should be worked into the article in text form with the article cited as a source.</li> <li>All copyrighted text poses legal problems when making spoken word audio files from Wikipedia articles, and should be avoided in such files, because the resulting audio file cannot be licensed under the GFDL.</li> </ol> <p><a name="Multimedia" id="Multimedia"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Multimedia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Multimedia</span></h4> <ol> <li>Excessive quantities of short audio clips in a single article. A smaller number may be appropriate if each is accompanied by commentary in the accompanying text.</li> <li>A long audio excerpt, to illustrate a stylistic feature of a contemporary band; see above for acceptable limits.</li> <li>A short video excerpt from a contemporary film, without sourced commentary in the accompanying text.</li> </ol> <p>The use of non-free media (whether images, audio or video clips) in galleries, discographies, and navigational and user-interface elements generally fails the test for significance (criterion #8).</p> <p><a name="Images_2" id="Images_2"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Images">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Images</span></h4> <ol> <li>An album cover as part of a discography, as per the above.</li> <li>A rose, cropped from a record album, to illustrate an article on roses.</li> <li>A map, scanned or traced from an atlas, to illustrate the region depicted. Use may be appropriate if the map itself is a proper subject for commentary in the article: for example, a controversial map of a disputed territory, if the controversy is discussed in the article.</li> <li>An image whose subject happens to be a war, to illustrate an article on the war, unless the image has achieved iconic status as a representation of the war or is historically important in the context of the war (e.g. <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a>).</li> <li>An image to illustrate an article passage about the image, if the image has its own article (in which case the image may be described and a link provided to the article about the image)</li> <li>A photo from a press agency (e.g. <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>), unless the photo itself is the subject of sourced commentary in the article. This applies mostly to contemporary press photos and not necessarily to historical archives of press photos.</li> <li>A Barry Bonds baseball card, to illustrate the article on <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bonds" title="Barry Bonds">Barry Bonds</a>. The use may be appropriate to illustrate a passage on <i>the card itself</i>; see the <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ripken" title="Billy Ripken">Billy Ripken</a> article.</li> <li>A magazine or book cover, to illustrate the article on the person whose photograph is on the cover. However, if the cover itself is the subject of sourced discussion in the article, and if the cover (or book) does not have its own article, it may be appropriate. Similarly, a photo of a copyrighted statue (and there is no <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama" class="mw-redirect">freedom of panorama</a> in the country where the statue is) can only be used to discuss the statue itself, not the subject of it.</li> <li>An image with an unknown or unverifiable origin. This does not apply to historical images, where sometimes only secondary sources are known, as the ultimate source of some historical images may never be known with certainty.</li> <li>A chart or graph. These can almost always be recreated from the original data.</li> <li>A commercial photograph reproduced in high enough resolution to potentially undermine the ability of the copyright holder to profit from the work.</li> <li><span id="unacceptable_use_images_of_living_people"></span><span id="UULP"></span> Pictures of people still alive, groups still active, and buildings still standing; provided that taking a new free picture as a replacement (which is almost always considered possible) would serve the same encyclopedic purpose as the non-free image. This includes non-free promotional images. <dl> <dd><i>However, for some retired or disbanded groups, or retired individuals whose notability rests in large part on their earlier visual appearance, a new picture may not serve the same purpose as an image taken during their career, in which case the use would be acceptable.</i></dd> </dl> </li> </ol> <p><a name="Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles" id="Non-free_image_use_in_list_articles"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-free image use in list articles">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Non-free image use in list articles</span></h3> <p>In articles and sections of articles that consist of several small sections of information for a series of elements common to a topic, such as a list of characters in a fictional work, non-free images should be used judiciously to present the key visual aspects of the topic. It is inadvisable to provide a non-free image for each entry in such an article or section. The following considerations should be made to reduce the number of new non-free images associated with such lists:</p> <ol> <li>Images that show multiple elements of the list at the same time, such as a cast shot or montage for a television show, are strongly preferred over individual images. Such an image should be provided by the copyright holder or scanned/captured directly from the copyrighted work, instead of being created from multiple non-free images by the user directly (as the "extent" of use is determined by the number and resolution of non-free <i>images</i>, and not the number of <i>files</i>.)</li> <li>Images which are discussed in detail in the context of the article body, such as a discussion of the art style, or a contentious element of the work, are preferable to those that simply provide visual identification of the elements.</li> <li>An image that provides a representative visual reference for other elements in the article, such as what an alien race may look like on a science-fiction television show, is preferred over providing a picture of each element discussed.</li> <li>If another non-free image of an element of an article is used elsewhere within Wikipedia, either referring to its other use or, more preferably, repeating its use on the list are strongly preferred over including a new, separate, non-free image. If duplicating the use of a non-free image, please be aware that a separate non-free fair use rationale must be supplied for the image for the new use.</li> <li>For media that involves live actors, do not supply an image of the actor in their role if an appropriate free image of the actor exists on their page (as per <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" title="Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect">WP:BLP</a> and above), if there is little difference in appearance between actor and role. However, if there is a significant difference due to age or makeup and costuming, then, when needed, it may be appropriate to include a non-free image to demonstrate the role of the actor in that media.</li> <li>Barring the above, images that are used only to visually identify elements in the article should be used as sparingly as possible. Consider restricting such uses to major characters and elements or those that cannot be described easily in text, as agreed to by editor consensus.</li> </ol> <dl> <dd>In general, using zero, one, or two images of major characters is likely acceptable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may not be factual or accurate" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">dubious</a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content#Dubious" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content">discuss</a></span></i>]</span></sup>, while using more than five is likely unacceptable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may not be factual or accurate" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">dubious</a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content#June_2008" title="Wikipedia talk:Non-free content">discuss</a></span></i>]</span></sup> Editors must also recall that every image must satisfy all of the <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NFCC" title="Wikipedia:NFCC" class="mw-redirect">non-free content criteria</a> and no images that fail any of these criteria should be used.</dd> </dl> <p><a name="Non-free_image_use_in_galleries" id="Non-free_image_use_in_galleries"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-free image use in galleries">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Non-free image use in galleries</span></h3> <p>The use of non-free images arranged in a <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Gallery" title="Wikipedia:Gallery" class="mw-redirect">gallery</a> is usually unacceptable, but should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Exceptions should be very well-justified and alternate forms of presentation (including with fewer images) strongly considered.</p> <p><a name="Implementation_and_enforcement" id="Implementation_and_enforcement"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Implementation and enforcement">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Implementation and enforcement</span></h2> <p>Non-free images need a copyright tag, source information, and use rationales. We have various <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Non-free content" class="mw-redirect">copyright tag templates</a>. Be sure to describe the source from which the image was obtained. A separate <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FURG" title="Wikipedia:FURG" class="mw-redirect">use rationale</a> must be written each time the image is used in an article, specific to that particular use. All of these go in the <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_description_page" title="Wikipedia:Image description page" class="mw-redirect">image description page</a> at the time the image file is uploaded.</p> <p><a name="Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines" id="Explanation_of_policy_and_guidelines"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Explanation of policy and guidelines">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Explanation of policy and guidelines</span></h2> <p><a name="Background" id="Background"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Background</span></h3> <p>"Free" content is defined as that which meets the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://freedomdefined.org/Definition" class="external text" title="http://freedomdefined.org/Definition" rel="nofollow">"Definition of Free Cultural Works"</a>.</p> <p>Material that is not free is permitted only if it meets the restrictions of this policy. This has been explicitly declared since May 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Mission_statement" class="external text" title="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Mission_statement" rel="nofollow">stated mission</a> of the <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, which runs Wikipedia, is "to empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:free_content" class="extiw" title="w:en:free content">free license</a> or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally." These concerns are embodied in the above requirements that all non-free content must meet, and our policy of <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#Images.2FMedia" title="Wikipedia:CSD" class="mw-redirect">deleting non-compliant content</a>. Being generous to the world sometimes means being hard on ourselves. Please understand that these rules are not arbitrary; they are central to our mission.</p> <p>Wikipedia distributes content throughout the world with no restrictions on how people use it. Legally, we could use any copyrighted material for ourselves that is either licensed to us by the owner, or that fits the definition of "fair use" under US copyright law. However, we favor content that everyone can use, not just Wikipedia. We want them to be free to use, redistribute, or modify the content, for any purpose, without significant legal restrictions, particularly those of <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>.</p> <p>To honor its mission, Wikipedia accepts incoming copyright licenses only if they meet Wikipedia's definition of "free" use. This is a higher standard than we would need just for our own use. But our ability to use a work does not guarantee that others may use it. We reject licenses that limit use exclusively to Wikipedia or for non-commercial purposes. Commercial use is a complex issue that goes well beyond a company's for-profit status, another reason to be careful. In fact, we reject any licenses with significant limitations. That is not free enough.</p> <p>Similarly, Wikipedia imposes higher fair-use standards on itself than US copyright law. There are some works, such as important photographs, significant modern artworks, that we cannot realistically expect to be released under a free content license, but that are hard to discuss in an educational context without including examples from the media itself. In other cases such as cover art / product packaging, a non-free work is needed to discuss a related subject. This policy allows such material to be used if it meet U.S. legal tests for fair use, but we impose additional limitations. Just because something is "fair use" on a Wikipedia article in the US <i>does not</i> mean it is fair use in another context. A downstream user's commercial use of content in a commercial setting may be illegal even if our noncommercial use is legal. Use in another country with different fair use and fair dealing laws may be illegal as well. That would fail our mission. We therefore limit the media content we offer, to make sure what we do offer has the widest possible legal distribution.</p> <p>We do not want downstream re-users to rely solely on our assurances. They are liable for their own actions, no matter what we tell them. We therefore <i>show</i> them and let them make their own decision. To that end we require a copyright tag describing the nature of a copyrighted work, sourcing material saying exactly where any non-free content comes from, and a detailed <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_media_rationale_guideline" title="Wikipedia:Non-free media rationale guideline" class="mw-redirect">non-free media rationale</a> for every use of copyrighted content in every article, justifying why use in that article is permitted.</p> <p>A further goal of minimizing licensed and fair-use material is to encourage creation of original new content, rather than relying on borrowed content that comes with restrictions.</p> <p><a name="Legal_position" id="Legal_position"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legal position">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Legal position</span></h3> <p><a name="In_general" id="In_general"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In general">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">In general</span></h4> <p>Under <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a>, creative works published in the United States prior to 1923 are in the <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. Some creative works published in the United States between 1923 and 1963 are still copyrighted. It is illegal (among other things) to reproduce or make <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_works" title="Derivative works" class="mw-redirect">derivative works</a> of copyrighted works without legal justification.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Unless a thorough search is conducted to determine that a copyright has expired or not been renewed, it should be regarded as copyrighted.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Certain works have no copyright at all. Most material <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">published</a> in the United States before 1923, works published before 1978 without a <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_notice" title="Copyright notice" class="mw-redirect">copyright notice</a>, with an expired copyright term, or produced by the <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" title="Government of the United States" class="mw-redirect">US federal government</a>, among others, is <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, i.e. has no copyright. Some such as photos and scans of 2-dimensional objects and other "slavish reproductions", short text phrases, typographic logos, and product designs, do not have a sufficient degree of creativity apart from their functional aspects to have a copyright.</p> <p>Copyright law only governs creative expressions that are "fixed in a tangible medium of expression," not the ideas or information behind the works. It is legal to reformulate ideas based on written texts, or create images or recordings inspired by others, as long as there is no copying (see <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> for how much reformulation is necessary).</p> <p>If material does have a copyright, it may only be copied or distributed under a license (permission) from the copyright holder, or under the doctrine of <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>. If there is a valid license, the user must stay within the scope of the license (which may include limitations on amount of use, geographic or business territory, time period, nature of use, etc.). Fair use, by contrast, is a limited right to use copyrighted works without permission, highly dependent on the specific circumstances of the work and the use in question. It is a doctrine incorporated as a clause in United States copyright code, arising out of a concern that strict application of copyright law would limit criticism, commentary, scholarship, and other important <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> rights. A comparable concept of <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> exists in some other countries, where standards may vary.</p> <p>Any materials that were published in other nations, and which are copyrighted under the laws of that nation, should be considered to be copyrighted in the United States under the <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URAA" title="URAA" class="mw-redirect">URAA</a>.</p> <p><a name="Applied_to_Wikipedia" id="Applied_to_Wikipedia"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Applied to Wikipedia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Applied to Wikipedia</span></h4> <p>Never use materials that infringe the copyrights of others. This could create legal liabilities and seriously hurt the project.</p> <p>Uploading an image file, audio or video file, or text quotation into Wikipedia, and adding that file to a project page, both raise copyright concerns. Editors who do either must make sure their contributions are legal. If there is any doubt as to legality, ask others for help, try to find a free equivalent, or use your own words to make the same point. Also, consider asking the copyright holder to release the work under an appropriate <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL" title="GFDL" class="mw-redirect">GFDL</a> license. See <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Boilerplate_request_for_permission" title="Wikipedia:Boilerplate request for permission" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Boilerplate request for permission</a> for a sample form letter.</p> <p>If a work has no copyright or is licensed to Wikipedia under an acceptable "free" license, it is a free work and may be used on Wikipedia without copyright concerns. See <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm" rel="nofollow">Cornell University's guide to copyright terms</a> for discussion of works that are not covered by copyright. Also see <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license" class="mw-redirect">free license</a> regarding free licenses and <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Free_licenses" title="Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Free licenses">Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Free licenses</a> for a list of copyright tags for these works. Restricted licenses to these works offer some legal rights, but Wikipedia ignores them because they are not free enough for its purposes. Instead, works covered by inadequate licenses are treated the same on Wikipedia as works with no licenses at all.</p> <p>If a work is not free, Wikipedia requires that it comply with Wikipedia's non-free use policy. As explained above, this policy is more restrictive than US law requires. Logically, material that satisfies the policy should also satisfy legal requirements as well. However, to be more certain of avoiding legal liability, and to understand the meaning of Wikipedia policy, editors should consider the legal rules as well. See <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> for further information, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-c.html" class="external text" title="http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-c.html" rel="nofollow">the Stanford University summary</a> of relevant cases, on the subject of fair use.</p> <p>Non-free material is used only if, in addition to other restrictions, we firmly believe that the use would be deemed fair use if we were taken to court. The Wikimedia Foundation reserves the right to remove unfree copyrighted content at any time. Note that citation sources and external links raise other copyright concerns that are addressed in other policies.</p> <p><a name="Other_Wikimedia_projects" id="Other_Wikimedia_projects"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other Wikimedia projects">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Other Wikimedia projects</span></h2> <p>This policy is specific to the English language Wikipedia. Other Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedias in other languages, may have different policies on non-free content. As of November 2008, 28 out of 52 Wikimedia projects do not allow any fair use. A list of projects and their policies on fair use <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" class="extiw" title="m:Fair use">can be read at Wikimedia Meta-wiki</a>. Specific information about different language versions of Wikipedia and their rules on fair use <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Images_on_Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="m:Images on Wikipedia">can also been seen at Meta</a>.</p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy">Foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:R._Baley/Free_photo_essay" title="User:R. Baley/Free photo essay" class="mw-redirect">Requesting a free photo</a> — "How-To" guide for acquiring free images (5 steps). More useful for novice editors still gaining experience with copyright licenses and uploading free images.</li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyright_issues" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyright issues">Wikipedia:Basic copyright issues</a> — An essay explaining the rationale behind the fair use policy</li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_FAQ" title="Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Wikipedia:Copyright problems</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_of_all_fair_use_images_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Deletion of all fair use images of living people">Wikipedia:Deletion of all fair use images of living people</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_requests_for_permission" title="Wikipedia:Example requests for permission">Wikipedia:Example requests for permission</a>: how to ask a rights holder for free use of existing materials</li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria_exemptions" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria exemptions">Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria exemptions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Removal_of_fair_use_images" title="Wikipedia:Removal of fair use images">Wikipedia:Removal of fair use images</a> — An essay regarding the removal of images from user and template spaces</li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches">Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-22/Dispatches</a> - Wikipedia Signpost article surveying non-free use policy</li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Comics/copyright" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics/copyright">Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics/copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fair_use" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fair use">Wikipedia:WikiProject Fair use</a></li> </ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-May/023760.html" class="external text" title="http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-May/023760.html" rel="nofollow">May 19, 2005 statement</a> by <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimbo_Wales" title="User:Jimbo Wales">Jimbo Wales</a></li> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> "A 1961 Copyright Office study found that fewer than 15% of all registered copyrights were renewed. For books, the figure was even lower: 7%. Barbara Ringer, "Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright" (1960) "Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright" (1960), reprinted in Library of Congress Copyright Office. Copyright law revision: Studies prepared for the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-sixth Congress, first [-second] session. (Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off, 1961), p. 220. ... A good guide to investigating the copyright and renewal status of published work is Samuel Demas and Jennie L. Brogdon, "Determining Copyright Status for Preservation and Access: Defining Reasonable Effort," Library Resources and Technical Services 41:4 (October, 1997): 323-334." <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm" rel="nofollow">, Hirtle, Peter (2007) <i>Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States</i> footnote 7</a>. Of the <i>total US material</i> first published between 1923 and 1963, the percentage of renewed copyrights is far lower, because most published material was never registered at all.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> To find out how to search for copyright registrations and renewals, see, e.g., <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ22.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ22.pdf" rel="nofollow">How to Investigate the Copyright Status of a Work</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/bin/page?forward=home" class="external text" title="http://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/bin/page?forward=home" rel="nofollow">Stanford's Copyright Renewal Database</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=United%20States%20Copyright%20Office" class="external text" title="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=United%20States%20Copyright%20Office" rel="nofollow">Project Gutenberg</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/cce/" class="external text" title="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/cce/" rel="nofollow">Iinformation about <i>The Catalog of Copyright Entries</i></a>.</li> </ol> <p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/documentary-film-program/film/a-fair-y-use-tale" class="external text" title="http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/documentary-film-program/film/a-fair-y-use-tale" rel="nofollow">A Fair(y) Use Tale</a> by Media Education Foundation</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/public_domain/" class="external text" title="http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/public_domain/" rel="nofollow">Coverage of U.S. fair use law by</a> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://fairuse.stanford.edu/" class="external text" title="http://fairuse.stanford.edu/" rel="nofollow">Coverage of U.S. fair use law by</a> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectualproperty/copypol2.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectualproperty/copypol2.htm" rel="nofollow">Guidance about fair use from .Edu site</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html" class="external text" title="http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html" rel="nofollow">U.S. Copyright Office summary of fair use</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/resources/publications/fair_use_in_online_video/" class="external text" title="http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/resources/publications/fair_use_in_online_video/" rel="nofollow">Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Online Video</a> - <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> <a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Social_Media" title="Center for Social Media">Center for Social Media</a>. July 7, 2008.</li> </ul>   <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">Wikipedia content guidelines</a></span></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <span dir="ltr"><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-free_content" title="Category:Wikipedia non-free content">Wikipedia non-free content</a></span></div></div>  <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="column-one"> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"> <h5>Views</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-project" class="selected"><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="View the project page [c]" accesskey="c">Project page</a></li> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Non-free_content" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></li> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="/web/20090423001207/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Non-free_content&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. 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