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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blind spot (vision)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="نقطة عمياء (رؤية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقطة عمياء (رؤية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="অন্ধবিন্দু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অন্ধবিন্দু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сляпо петно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сляпо петно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slijepa_mrlja" title="Slijepa mrlja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slijepa mrlja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_cec" title="Punt cec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punt cec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slep%C3%A1_skvrna" title="Slepá skvrna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slepá skvrna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinder_Fleck_(Auge)" title="Blinder Fleck (Auge) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blinder Fleck (Auge)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BB%CF%8C_%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_(%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7)" title="Τυφλό σημείο (όραση) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυφλό σημείο (όραση)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_ciego" title="Punto ciego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punto ciego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinda_makulo_(biologio)" title="Blinda makulo (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blinda makulo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نقطه کور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقطه کور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_aveugle" title="Point aveugle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point aveugle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%B9%EC%A0%90" title="맹점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맹점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AE" title="Կույր բիծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կույր բիծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slijepa_pjega" title="Slijepa pjega – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slijepa pjega" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_buta_(penglihatan)" title="Titik buta (penglihatan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titik buta (penglihatan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_cieco" title="Punto cieco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punto cieco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הכתם העיוור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכתם העיוור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86_(%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3_,%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಗಾಬಿ ಚುಕ್ಕೆ (ಕುರುಡು ತಾಣ ,ಬ್ಲೈಂಡ್ಸ್ಪಾಟ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಬಿ ಚುಕ್ಕೆ (ಕುರುಡು ತಾಣ ,ಬ್ಲೈಂಡ್ಸ್ಪಾಟ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Соқыр дақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соқыр дақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regos_nervo_diskas" title="Regos nervo diskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regos nervo diskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81" title="അന്ധബിന്ദു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്ധബിന്ദു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_buta" title="Titik buta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Titik buta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinde_vlek_(biologie)" title="Blinde vlek (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blinde vlek (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E7%82%B9" title="盲点 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="盲点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_blinde_flekk" title="Den blinde flekk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den blinde flekk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plamka_%C5%9Blepa" title="Plamka ślepa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plamka ślepa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_cego" title="Ponto cego – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponto cego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Слепое пятно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слепое пятно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blind spot (vision)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slep%C3%A1_%C5%A1kvrna_(oko)" title="Slepá škvrna (oko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slepá škvrna (oko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slepa_pega" title="Slepa pega – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slepa pega" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Слепа мрља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слепа мрља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinda_fl%C3%A4cken" title="Blinda fläcken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blinda fläcken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Сукыр тап – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сукыр тап" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="จุดบอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จุดบอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сліпа пляма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сліпа пляма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%B9" title="بلائنڈ اسپاٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلائنڈ اسپاٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E9%BB%9E_(%E7%9C%BC)" title="盲點 (眼) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盲點 (眼)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q371090#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Blindpoint of human eye</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Blind spot (disambiguation)">Blind spot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Special:EditPage/Blind spot (vision)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Blind+spot%22+vision">"Blind spot" vision</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Blind+spot%22+vision+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Blind+spot%22+vision&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Blind+spot%22+vision+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blind+spot%22+vision">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blind+spot%22+vision&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_eye_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="In vertebrate eyes, the nerve fibers route before the retina, blocking some light and creating a blind spot where the fibers pass through the retina and out of the eye. In octopus eyes, the nerve fibers route behind the retina, and do not block light or disrupt the retina. In the example, 4 denotes the vertebrate blind spot, which is notably absent in the octopus eye. In both images, 1 denotes the retina and 2 the nerve fibers, including the optic nerve (3)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Evolution_eye_2.svg/300px-Evolution_eye_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Evolution_eye_2.svg/450px-Evolution_eye_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Evolution_eye_2.svg/600px-Evolution_eye_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_70x15" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:15px; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold; font-size:13; line-height:15px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_230x15" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:15px; font-size:13px; font-weight:bold; font-size:13; line-height:15px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a> </span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_eye_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Evolution_eye_2.svg/300px-Evolution_eye_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Evolution_eye_2.svg/450px-Evolution_eye_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Evolution_eye_2.svg/600px-Evolution_eye_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_eye_2.svg" title="File:Evolution eye 2.svg"> </a></div>In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> eyes, the nerve fibers route <i>before</i> the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, blocking some light and creating a blind spot where the fibers pass through the retina and out of the eye. In <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">octopus eyes</a>, the nerve fibers route <i>behind</i> the retina, and do not block light or disrupt the retina. In the example, <b>4</b> denotes the vertebrate blind spot, which is notably absent in the octopus eye. In both images, <b>1</b> denotes the retina and <b>2</b> the nerve fibers, including the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> (<b>3</b>).</div> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg/250px-Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg/375px-Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg/500px-Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a> and the blind spot of a human eye<sup id="cite_ref-Wandell1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wandell1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>blind spot</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Scotoma" title="Scotoma">scotoma</a></b>, is an obscuration of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_field" title="Visual field">visual field</a>. A particular blind spot known as the <i>physiological blind spot</i>, "blind point", or <i>punctum caecum</i> in medical literature, is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cells</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">optic disc</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> passes through the optic disc.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory&11Scholarpedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory&11Scholarpedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, the corresponding part of the field of vision is invisible. Via processes in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, the blind spot is <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolated</a> based on surrounding detail and information from the other <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a>, so it is not normally perceived. </p><p>Although all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> have this blind spot, <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopod eyes</a>, which are only superficially similar because they <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye#Convergent_evolution" title="Cephalopod eye">evolved independently</a>, do not. In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina. </p><p>The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by <a href="/wiki/Edme_Mariotte" title="Edme Mariotte">Edme Mariotte</a> in France. At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory. </p><p>The blind spot in humans is located about 12–15° temporally and 1.5° below the horizontal and is roughly 7.5° high and 5.5° wide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blind_spot_test">Blind spot test</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blind_spot_(vision)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Blind spot test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="border:solid 1px #AAAAAA;">Demonstration of the blind spot </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" height="50px" style="border: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0;"> </td> <td style="border: 0; font-size: 0.7cm; width:0.4cm;"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="border: 0; max-width: 8cm; width: 8cm;"> </td> <td style="border: 0; font-size: 0.7cm; width:0.4cm;"><b>L</b> </td> <td style="border: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" height="50px" style="border: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" bgcolor="#ffebad" style="border:solid 1px #AAAAAA; text-align: left;"><b>Instructions:</b> Close one eye and focus the other on the appropriate letter (<b>R</b> for right or <b>L</b> for left). Place your eye a distance from the screen approximately equal to three times the distance between the <b>R</b> and the <b>L</b>. Move your eye towards or away from the screen until you notice the other letter disappear. For example, close your right eye, look at the "L" with your left eye, and the "R" will disappear. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Night_blind_spot">Night blind spot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blind_spot_(vision)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Night blind spot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_blind_spot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Night_blind_spot.png/220px-Night_blind_spot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Night_blind_spot.png/330px-Night_blind_spot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Night_blind_spot.png/440px-Night_blind_spot.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption>Night blind spot</figcaption></figure> <p>It is estimated that once fully adapted to darkness, the rods are 10,000 times more sensitive to light than the cones, making them the primary receptors for night vision. Since the cones are concentrated near the fovea, the rods are also responsible for much of the peripheral vision. The concentration of cones in the fovea can make a night blind spot in the center of the field of vision.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blind_spot_(vision)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_blind_spot" title="Bias blind spot">Bias blind spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filling-in" title="Filling-in">Filling-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_eccentricity" title="Horizontal eccentricity">Horizontal eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_idiopathic_blind_spot_enlargement_syndrome" title="Acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement syndrome">Acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blind_spot_(vision)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wandell1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wandell1995_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrian_A._Wandell1995" class="citation book cs1">Brian A. Wandell (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5uhqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Foundations of Vision</i></a>. Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-853-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-853-7"><bdi>978-0-87893-853-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Vision&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-853-7&rft.au=Brian+A.+Wandell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5uhqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlind+spot+%28vision%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory&11Scholarpedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory&11Scholarpedia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, R., & Cavanagh, P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/The_Blind_Spot">"The Blind Spot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a>. Retrieved on 2011-05-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-1472F, Military Standard, Human Engineering, Design Criteria For Military Systems, Equipment, And Facilities (23 Aug 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1400-1499/MIL-STD-1472F_208/">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 17: Aeromedical Factors". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak"><i>Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge</i></a> (FAA-H-8083-25C ed.). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 2023-07-17. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17%3A+Aeromedical+Factors&rft.btitle=Pilot%27s+Handbook+of+Aeronautical+Knowledge&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=FAA-H-8083-25C&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fregulations_policies%2Fhandbooks_manuals%2Faviation%2Fphak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlind+spot+%28vision%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This 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